900 Series HP 3000 Computer Systems MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Reference Manual Volume 1 HEWLETT PACKARD HP Part No. 36431-90001 Printed in U.S.A.
MKS and InterOpen are trademarks of Mortice Kern Systems Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of Unix Systems Laboratories, Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Printing History The following table lists the printings of this document, together with the respective release dates for each edition. The software version indicates the version of the software product at the time this document was issued. Many product releases do not require changes to the document. Therefore, do not expect a one-to-one correspondence between product releases and document editions. Edition Date Software Version First Edition Second Edition October 1992 ??? A.00.
Preface MPE/iX, Multiprogramming Executive with Integrated POSIX, is the latest in a series of forward-compatible operating systems for the HP 3000 line of computers. In HP documentation and in talking with HP 3000 users, you will encounter references to MPE XL, the direct predecessor of MPE/iX is a superset of MPE XL. All programs written for MPE XL will run without change under MPE/iX.
Chapter 3 Miscellaneous Information provides details on miscellaneous topics not covered in other chapters. Appendix A MPE/iX Implementation Considerations provides an overview of implementation considerations you need to understand when using MPE/iX Shell and Utilities on a 900 Series HP 3000 computer system.
Conventions Throughout this manual, the following conventions help you to distinguish between different elements of text and to learn about MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. Convention Description courier Literal user input, directory names, file names, and path names are expressed in normal Courier font (that is, typewriter font). bold courier Commands and command line options in a synopsis line or embedded in regular text are in bold Courier font.
Table of Contents Volume 1 Chapter 1. Commands and Utilities intro .......................................................................................................introduction to man pages 1-2 alias .........................................................................................display or create command aliases 1-8 ar .........................................................................................create and maintain library archives 1-11 asa .........................................
diff.......................................................................compare two text files and show differences diffh.....................................................................compare two text files and show differences bdiff.....................................................................compare two text files and show differences diff3 .......................................................................................................compare three text files diffb..................
lex......................................................................................................lexical analyzer generator line ............................................................................................copy one line of standard input ln.................................................................................................create a link to an existing file logname ..........................................................................................................
rmdir.................................................................................................................remove directory sccs2rcs...................................................................................SCCS to RCS conversion utility sed..............................................................................................stream editor (non-interactive) set ...............................................................................
write ...........................................................................................................write to another user xargs...............................................................................construct and execute command lines yacc ...................................................................................................parser generator language zcat ...............................................................................................
Contents-6
Tables 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-1 3-2 3-3 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 Escape Sequences in awk Literal Strings ............................................................................ 1-20 awk Order of Operations ...................................................................................................... 1-23 bc Operators ..........................................................................................................................
Contents-8
1 Commands and Utilities This chapter contains manual pages for all commands and utilities included in MPE/iX Shell and Utilities, arranged in alphabetical order (except for intro(1) which appears first). For details on how to read the manual page, see the intro(1) man page.
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) NAME intro — introduction to man pages DESCRIPTION A description of an individual topic (for example, a command) is loosely called the manual page for that topic, even if it is actually several pages long. This is often abbreviated to man page, as in: ‘‘Read the man page for ls.’’ This man page describes the parts of a man page with examples taken from real MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man pages.
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) The synopsis line shows options in bold Courier font. Note that the case of letters is important; for example, in the synopsis of ls, –f and –F are different options, with different effects. In the description of ls, all options are shown in one long string after the single dash. Another common option form is –x value where –x is a dash followed by a character, and value provides extra information for using that option.
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) The end of the sort synopsis is [file ...] This means a list of one or more file names; the ellipsis (...) stands for repetitions of whatever immediately precedes it. Since there are square brackets around the previous list, the list can be omitted if you like. The synopsis of ls ended in [pathname ...] As you might guess, this means that an ls command may end with an optional list of one or more path names.
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) The DESCRIPTION section often mentions the standard input and the standard output. The standard input is usually the terminal keyboard; the standard output is usually the display screen. The process of redirection can change this. Redirection is explained in the glossary of the User’s Guide, and in other parts of the MPE/iX Shell and Utilities documentation.
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) are the regerror(3) man page which describes all the errors that occur while processing regular expressions, the rcserror(3) man page which describes errors that are common to most RCS utilities and the syserror(3) man page which describes system errors that are produced by the operating system. Portability The PORTABILITY section includes two types of information: • Availability of a version of the command on existing UNIX systems (System V, BSD).
intro(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities intro(1) See Also The SEE ALSO section refers to other man pages that may contain information relevant to the man page you have just read. For example, consider the compress command; this command helps you shrink data files into a compact form to save storage space. Its SEE ALSO section refers you to uncompress(1), the command that restores shrunken data files to their original state.
alias(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities alias(1) NAME alias — display or create command aliases SYNOPSIS alias –tx [name[=value] ...] DESCRIPTION When the first word of a shell command line is not a shell keyword, the shell checks for the word in the list of currently defined aliases. If it finds a match, the shell replaces the alias with its associated string value. The result is a new command line that might begin with a shell function name, a built-in command, an external command or another alias.
alias(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities alias(1) Options alias accepts the following options: –t makes each name on the command line a tracked alias. Each tracked alias resolves to its full path name; thus the shell avoids searching the PATH directories whenever you invoke the command. The shell assigns the full path name of a tracked alias the first time that you invoke it. It reassigns a path name the first time you use the alias after changing the variable PATH or running the shell command cd.
alias(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities alias(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure because an alias could not be set. 2 Failure because of an invalid command line option. If you define alias to determine the values of a set of names, the exit status is the number of those names which are not currently defined as aliases.
ar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ar(1) NAME ar — create and maintain library archives SYNOPSIS ar –d [–v] archive member ... ar –r [–cuv] archive member ... ar –t [–v] archive [member ...] ar –x [–v] archive [member ...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. ar maintains archive libraries.
ar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ar(1) The following options modify the behavior of the main functions: –c suppresses the normally printed message when a new archive file is created. You can only use this in conjunction with the –r option. –u when used with –r, replaces the archive member only if the member file’s modification time is more recent than the archive member time. –v prints the command letter and the member name affected before performing each operation.
ar(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities ar(1) cannot access file ’filename’ - file ignored The program was unable to access the specified file for reading, so it was not added to the library. Acquire read access to the file and run the ar command again.
ar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ar(1) If the environment variable ECHO is defined, the ar utility displays the commands that are passed to the MPE/iX CI for execution. For example $ ECHO=1 ar -r mylib.a func1.o func2.o displays each of the commands submitted to the MPE/iX CI. For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
asa(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities asa(1) NAME asa — interpret ASA/FORTRAN carriage control SYNOPSIS asa [file ...] DESCRIPTION Historically, print-outs created by ASA/FORTRAN programs use the first character of each line to control the spacing between that line and the previous one. For example, if the first character is a blank, the rest of that line immediately follows the previous line; if it is a 1, that line should begin on a new page, and so on.
asa(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities asa(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: asa: write error on standard output: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: asa: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for asa. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid asa options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) NAME awk — data transformation, report generation language SYNOPSIS awk [–F ere] [–f prog] [–v var=value ...] [program] [var=value ...] [file ...] DESCRIPTION awk is a file-processing language which is well-suited to data manipulation and retrieval of information from text files. This reference page provides a full technical description of awk.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) The –v option lets you assign a value to a variable before the awk program begins running (that is, before the BEGIN action). For example, in awk -v v1=10 -f prog datafile awk assigns the variable v1 its value before the BEGIN action of the program (but after default assignments made to built-in variables like FS, and OFMT; these built-in variables have special meaning to awk, as described in later sections). awk divides input into records.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Variables and Expressions There are three types of variables in awk: identifiers, fields, and array elements. An identifier is a sequence of letters, digits, and underscores beginning with a letter or an underscore. For a description of fields, see the Input subsection. Arrays are associative collections of values called the elements of the array. Constructs of the form, identifier[subscript] where subscript has the form expr or expr,expr,....
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell Escape \a \b \f \n \r \t \v \ooo \xdd \/ \" \c and Utilities awk(1) Character audible bell backspace formfeed newline carriage return horizontal tab vertical tab octal value ooo hexadecimal value dd slash quote any other character c Table 1-1: Escape Sequences in awk Literal Strings awk supports full regular expressions (see regexp(3)). When awk reads a program, it compiles characters enclosed in slash characters (/) as regular expressions.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Symbol Table You can access the symbol table through the built-in array SYMTAB. SYMTAB[expr] is equivalent to the variable named by the evaluation of expr. For example, SYMTAB["var"] is a synonym for the variable var. Environment An awk program can determine its initial environment by examining the ENVIRON array.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) If two expressions are not separated by an operator, awk concatenates their string values. The operator ˜ yields 1 (true) if the regular expression on the right side matches the string on the left side. The operator !˜ yields 1 when the right side has no match on the left. To illustrate: $2 ˜ /[0-9]/ selects any line where the second field contains at least one digit.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Order of Operations grouping (A) $i V++ ++V field, array element V[a] increment, decrement V---V exponentiation AˆB +A -A unary plus, unary minus, logical NOT A*B A/B A+B A-B !A A%B multiplication, division, remainder addition, subtraction A B string concatenation AB A<=B A>=B A!=B A==B comparisons A˜B regular expression matching A!˜B A in V array membership A && B logical AND A || B logical OR A ? B : C conditional expression
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) awk actually creates ARGC and ARGV before doing anything else. It then walks through ARGV processing the arguments. If an element of ARGV is an empty string, awk skips it. If it contains an equals sign (=), awk interprets it as a variable assignment.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Field specifiers have the form $n where n runs from 1 through NF. Such a field specifier refers to the nth field of the current input record. $0 (zero) refers to the entire current input record. The getline function can read a value for a variable or $0 from the current input, from a file, or from a pipe. The result of getline is an integer indicating whether the read operation was successful.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Built-In Arithmetic Functions atan2(expr1, expr2) returns the arctangent of expr1/expr2 in the range of –π through π. exp(expr), log(expr), sqrt(expr) returns the exponential, natural logarithm, and square root of the numeric value of expr. If you omit (expr), these functions use $0 instead. int(expr) returns the integer part of the numeric value of expr. If you omit (expr), the function returns the integer part of $0.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) n = ord(expr) returns the integer value of first character in the string value of expr. This is useful in conjunction with %c in sprintf. n = split(string, array, regexp) splits the string into fields. regexp is a regular expression giving the field separator string for the purposes of this operation. This function assigns the separate fields, in order, to the elements of array; subscripts for array begin at 1. awk discards all other elements of array.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell g,G c s and Utilities awk(1) the shorter of e and f (suppresses non-significant zeros) single character of an integer value; first character of string string The lowercase x prints alphabetic hex digits in lowercase while the uppercase X prints alphabetic hex digits in uppercase. The other upper/lowercase pairs work similarly.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) A function definition can appear in the place of a pattern {action} rule. The parameter-list contains any number of normal (scalar) and array variables separated by commas. When you call a function, awk passes scalar arguments by value, and array arguments by reference. The names specified in the parameter-list are local to the function; all other names used in the function are global.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) # do-while loop do statement while (condition) # for loop for (expression1; condition; expression2) statement The for statement is equivalent to: expression1 while (condition) { statement expression2 } The for statement can also have the form for (i in array) statement awk performs the statement once for each element in array; on each repetition, the variable i contains the name of a subscript of array, running through all the subscripts in an arbitrary order.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) return [expr] returns from the execution of a function. If you specify an expr, the function returns the value of the expression as its result; otherwise, the function result is undefined. delete array[i] deletes element i from the given array. print expr, expr, ... is described in the Output subsection. printf fmt, expr, expr, ... is also described in the Output subsection. Output The print statement prints its arguments with only simple formatting.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) If you add |expr to a print or printf statement, awk treats the string value of expr as an executable command and runs it with the output from the statement piped as input into the command. As mentioned earlier, you can have only a limited number of files and pipes open at any time. To avoid going over the limit, use the close function to close files and pipes when you no longer need them.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) The next program interchanges the first and second fields of input lines: { tmp = $1 $1 = $2 $2 = tmp print } The following inserts line numbers so that output lines are left-aligned: {printf "%–6d: %s\n", NR, $0} The following prints input records in reverse order (assuming sufficient memory): { a[NR] = $0 # index using record number } END { for (i = NR; i>0; --i) print a[i] } The next program determines the number of lines starting with the same first field: {
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) The following program can be used to determine the number of lines in each input file: { ++a[FILENAME] } END { for (file in a) if (a[file] = = 1) print file, "has 1 line" else print file, "has", a[file], "lines" } The following program illustrates how you can use a two dimensional array in awk.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) As the following program reads in each line of input, it reports whether the line matches a predetermined value: function randint() { return (int((rand()+1)*10)) } BEGIN { prize[randint(),randint()] = "$100"; prize[randint(),randint()] = "$10"; prize[1,1] = "the booby prize" } { if (($1,$2) in prize) printf "You have won %s!\n", prize[$1,$2] } The following example prints lines, the first and last fields of which are the same, reversing the order of the fields: $
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Here is the standard recursive factorial function: function fact(num) { if (num <= 1) return 1 else return num * fact(num - 1) } { print $0 " factorial is " fact($0) } The following program illustrates the use of getline with a pipe. Here, getline sets the current record from the output of the wc command. The program prints the number of words in each input file.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: array "name" cannot be used as a scalar You attempted to use the array name which has been used earlier in the script as a scalar. A variable can be used as an array or a scalar but not as both. Make sure that you use name as either a scalar or an array but not as both. Message: Cause: Action: attempt to redefine builtin function You attempted to redefine one of the built-in awk functions.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: awk(1) function "funcname" nesting level > number There have been too many nested or recursive function calls. awk allows a maximum of number levels. Make sure that nested and recursive function calls do not exceed number levels of nesting. Message: Cause: Action: function "funcname" redefined You attempted to redefine an existing function. Choose a new name for your function that does not conflict with any other function name.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing script file You specified the –f option but did not follow it with the name of a script file. Provide the name of a script file following the –f option. Message: Cause: Action: Missing variable assignment You specified the –v option but did not follow it with a variable assignment. Provide a variable assignment following the –v option.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell awk(1) Message: Cause: Action: SYMTAB must have exactly one index You tried to reference the SYMTAB array using more than one index. Always reference SYMTAB with exactly one index. Message: Cause: Action: syntax error "regular expression error" in /line/ See regerror(3). See regerror(3). Message: Cause: Action: too deeply nested for in loop (LIMIT: number) For loops can only be nested number levels deep. Re-write the script to use fewer levels.
awk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities awk(1) LIMITS Most constructions in this implementation of awk are dynamic, limited only by memory restrictions of the target machine. The parser stack depth is limited to 150 levels. Attempting to process extremely complicated programs may result in an overflow of this stack, causing an error. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The ord function is an extension to traditional implementations of awk.
banner(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities banner(1) NAME banner — display text in large font SYNOPSIS banner [–c char] [–f fontfile] [–w n] [text...] DESCRIPTION banner writes the text arguments to the standard output in large letters using a default font. When no text arguments are present, banner reads text from the standard input. Options banner accepts the following options: –c char uses the single character char to form output characters instead of the default X.
banner(1) Message: Cause: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities banner(1) Action: Missing font file You specified the –f option but did not provide the name of a font file following it. Provide a font file following the –f option. Message: Cause: Action: Missing fill character You specified the –c option but did not provide a character following it. Provide a character following the –c option. Message: Cause: Action: Missing width after –w You specified the –w option but did not provide a width following it.
basename(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities basename(1) NAME basename — display file name component of path name SYNOPSIS basename name [suffix] DESCRIPTION basename strips off the leading part of a path name, leaving only the final component of the name, which is assumed to be the file name. To accomplish this, basename first checks to see if name consists of nothing but slash (/) characters. If so, basename replaces name with a single slash and the process is complete.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) NAME bc — arbitrary-precision arithmetic calculation language SYNOPSIS bc [–i] [–l] [file ...] DESCRIPTION bc is a programming language which can perform arithmetic calculations to arbitrary precision. You can use it interactively, by entering instructions from the terminal. It can also run programs taken from files. If you specify file arguments on the command line, they should be text files containing bc instructions.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) displays 4 By default, bc displays the result of any evaluated instruction followed by a newline. bc also saves the last value displayed in a special variable . so that you can use it in subsequent calculations. Numbers Numbers consist of an optional minus (–) sign followed by a sequence of zero or more digits, followed by an optional decimal point (.), followed by a sequence of zero or more digits.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell • and Utilities bc(1) An array is a list of values. Values in the list are called elements of the array. Each element in an array is numbered, beginning at zero. Such a number is known as a subscript or index of the array. Subscripts always appear in square brackets after the array. For example, a[0] refers to element zero in the array a. If a subscript value is a floating point number, the fractional part is discarded to make the subscript into an integer.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) There is also a function scale() which can determine the scale of any expression. For example, scale(1.1234) returns the result four, which is the scale of the number 1.1234. The result of the scale() function is always an integer (that is, it has a scale of 0). The maximum value for scale is given by the configuration variable {BC_SCALE_MAX} and the minimum value is 0.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) Long numbers are output with a maximum of 70 characters per line. If a number is longer than this, bc puts a backslash (\) at the end of the line, indicating that the number is continued on the next line. Internal calculations are performed in decimal, regardless of the input and output bases. Therefore, the number of places after the decimal point are dictated by the scale when numbers are expressed in decimal form.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) -A is the negation of the expression. !A is the logical complement of the expression. If A evaluates to zero, !A evaluates to one. If A is not zero, !A evaluates to zero. This operator is unique to this version of bc. ++V adds 1 to the value of V. The result of the expression is the new value of V. --V subtracts 1 from the value of V. The result of the expression is the new value of V.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) The next group of operators are all assignment operators. They assign values to objects. An assignment operation has a value: the value that is being assigned. Therefore you can write operations like a=1+(b=2). In this operation, the value of the assignment in parentheses is 2 because that is the value assigned to b. Therefore, the value 3 is assigned to a. The possible assignment operators are: V = B assigns the value of B to V. V ˆ= B is equivalent to V=VˆB.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) Comments and White Space A comment has the form /* Any string */ Comments can extend over more than one line of text. When bc sees /* at the start of a comment, it discards everything up to the next */. The only effect a comment has is to indicate the end of a token. As an extension, this version of bc also provides an additional comment convention using the # character.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) "string" is a string constant. When bc sees a statement with this format, it displays the contents of the string. For example, "Hello world!" tells bc to display Hello world! A newline character is not output after the string. This makes it possible to do things like foo = 15 "The value of foo is "; foo With these instructions, bc displays The value of foo is 15 statement ; statement ... is a sequence of statements on the same line.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) where initexp and endexp are expressions and relation is a relation. For example, a = 0 for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) a += i is equivalent to the while example given earlier. C programmers should note that all three items inside the parentheses must be specified; unlike C, bc does not let you omit any of these expressions. if (relation) statement tests whether the given relation is true.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) while (relation) statement repeatedly performs the given statement while relation is true. For example, i = 1 a = 0 while (i <= 10) { a += i ++i } adds the integers from 1 through 10 and stores the result in a. If the relation is not true when bc encounters the while loop, bc does not perform statement. print expression , expression ... displays the results of the expressions. Normally bc displays the value of each expression or string it encounters.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) quit terminates bc. In other implementations of bc, the interpreter exits as soon as it reads this token. This version of bc treats quit as a real statement, so you can use it in loops, functions, and so on. sh ... lets you send a line to the MPE/iX Shell for execution, as in sh more
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) To activate the subprogram you use a function call. This has the form name(expression[,expression] ...) where name is the name of the function, and the expressions are argument values for the function. A function call can be used anywhere you might use any other expression. The value of the function call is the value that the function returns.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) For example, define addarr(a[],l) { auto i, s for (i=0; i < l; ++i) s += a[i] return (s) } is a function that adds the elements in an array. The argument l stands for the number of elements in the array. The function uses two local names: a variable named i and a variable named s. These variables are local to the function addarr() and are unrelated to objects of the same name outside the function (or in other functions).
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) A return statement terminates a function, even if there are more statements left in the function. For example, define abs(i) { if (i < 0) return (-i) return (i) } is a function that returns the absolute value of its argument. If i is less than zero, the function takes the first return; otherwise, it takes the second. A function can also terminate by performing the last statement in the function. If so, the result of the function is zero.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) You can use the following functions if –l is specified on the command line. If it is not, the function names are not recognized. There are two names for each function: a full name, and a single character name for compatibility with POSIX.2. The full names are the same as the equivalent functions in the standard C math library. atan(expression) or a(expression) calculates the arctangent of expression, returning an angle in radians.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) Division resets the scale of a number to the value of scale. This can be used as follows to extract the integer portion of a number.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) This is a very useful function if you want to work with monetary values. For example, you can now rewrite sales_tax() to use round2(). define sales_tax(purchase,tax) { auto old_scale scale = 2 tax = round2(purchase*(tax/100)) scale = old_scale return (tax) } Here is a function which recursively calculates the factorial of its argument.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) FILES bc uses the following file: /usr/lib/lib.b File containing the library of functions loaded with –l. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: break statement found outside of loop bc encountered a break statement when it was not performing a for or while loop. Make sure that all break statements occur within for or while loops.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: bc(1) end of file in string starting on line num of filename bc encountered the end-of-file character when reading a string which begins on line num of the file filename. Make sure that the file filename contains a " to end each string. Action: exponent must be an integer from 0 to number. You specified an exponent that was not an integer in the range 0 to SHRT_MAX-1. Specify an exponent in the valid range.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities bc(1) Action: shell command failed to execute You specified the sh statement with command as its argument and bc failed to run command. Check the syntax of the specified command. Message: Cause: Action: sqrt of negative number You attempted to take the square root of a negative number. Only use the sqrt function with positive numbers.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –i option, the && and operators, the if ... else ... statement, the print statement, the sh statement, and the optional parentheses in the return statement are extensions to the POSIX standard. NOTES This section describes some additional details about bc that may be useful to know. Unlike the C language which uses lexical scoping rules, bc uses dynamic scoping.
bc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities bc(1) ibase=16 ten() 16 In this example, when the base is set to 10, ten() returns the decimal value 10; however, when the input base is changed to 16, the function returns the decimal value 16. This can be a source of confusing errors in bc programs. Finally, the library of functions loaded using the –l option is stored in the file /usr/lib/lib.b under your root directory. This is a simple text file which you can examine and change to add new functions as desired.
break(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities break(1) NAME break — exit from loop in shell script SYNOPSIS break [number] DESCRIPTION break exits from a for, select, until, or while loop in a shell script. If number is given, break exits from the given number of enclosing loops. The default value of number is 1. DIAGNOSTICS break always exits with an exit status of zero.
c(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities c(1) NAME c — produce multi-column output SYNOPSIS c [–hVv ] [–g gutterwidth] [–w pagewidth] [file ...] DESCRIPTION The c command reads lines from each input file, or from standard input if no file is specified. c produces multi-column output from this input. It places as many input lines across the page as will fit in the prescribed width, including a gutter between adjacent columns.
c(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities c(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Missing gutter size You specified the –g option without providing a value for gutterwidth. Provide a value for gutterwidth following the –g option.
c89(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities c89(1) NAME c89 – generic C compiler interface SYNOPSIS c89 [–cEgOs] [–D name[=value]] ... [–I directory] ... [–L directory] ... [–o output] [–P listfile] [–T stacksize] [–U name] ... [–Wphase,arg...] operand... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. c89 is an interface to the C compiler and linker on your system.
c89(1) MPE/iX Shell –O and Utilities c89(1) optimizes the executable output. –o output writes the executable output to the file output. If you specify the –c or –E option, no executable output is created. –P listfile specifies a listing file for the C compile. It passes listfile to the file equation for cclist. At present, it is not possible to create a listing file using the POSIX name syntax. You must use traditional MPE/iX names with this option. For example, c89 –c –P listing.mygroup.sys foo.
c89(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities c89(1) –Wl is used to set the output file name. –WL is used to set the capabilities and privilege level of the program. It should be noted that if –WL is not specified, cap=ph is passed to the link editor by default. If you do specify –WL, this default is not passed. –Wc is used to turn on the extension in the compiler that supports long pointers. Operands c89 accepts the following operands: –l library searches the library named liblibrary.a.
c89(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities c89(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: cannot mix -g and -O You specified both the –g and –O options on the command line. These two options are mutually exclusive. Consult the DESCRIPTION section and correct the command line. cannot mix -s and -E You specified both the –s and –E options on the command line.
c89(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities c89(1) unknown option –option You specified an option that is not valid for c89. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid c89 options. For specific C compiler and link editor error messages, refer to Appendix A of the HP C/iX Reference Manual (Part Number 31506-90005) and to Appendix A of the HP Link Editor/iX Reference Manual (Part Number 32650-90030). PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
calendar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities calendar(1) NAME calendar — appointment reminder system SYNOPSIS calendar [–] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. With no options, calendar displays all current appointments on the standard output.
calendar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities calendar(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES MAILER contains the name of the utility that calendar uses to send mail. If this variable is not set, calendar uses mailx as the default mail utility. FILES calendar file used in the current directory, or user’s home directory. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: calendar file: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
calendar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities calendar(1) For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
callci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities callci(1) NAME callci — run a MPE/iX CI command from the MPE/iX Shell SYNOPSIS callci command_string callci – DESCRIPTION The callci command allows you to run a MPE/iX Command Ineterpretor (MPE/iX CI) command while in the MPE/iX Shell. It concatenates all arguments specified on the command line together with appropriate spaces and then uses the HPCICOMMAND intrinsic to submit the resulting string to the MPE/iX CI for execution.
callci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities callci(1) MPE/iX NOTES callci is available as both a built-in shell utility and an external utility. For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
cat(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cat(1) NAME cat — concatenate and display text files SYNOPSIS cat [–su] [–v[et]] [file ...] DESCRIPTION cat displays and concatenates files. It copies each file argument to the standard output. If you specify no files or give – as a file name, cat reads the standard input. Options cat accepts the following options: –e displays a $ character at the end of each line. This option only works if you also specify –v.
cat(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for cat. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid cat options. Message: Cause: Action: write error on standard output: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability cat(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –e, –s, –t, and –v options are extensions to the POSIX standard.
cd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cd(1) NAME cd — change working directory SYNOPSIS cd [directory] cd old new DESCRIPTION The command cd directory changes the working directory of the current shell execution environment (see sh(1)) to directory. If directory is an absolute path name, beginning with /, this is the target directory. If directory is a relative path name, cd assumes it is relative to the current working directory.
cd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cd(1) If either directory is a symbolic link to another directory, the behavior depends upon the setting of the shell’s –o logical flag. See set(1) for more information. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES CDPATH contains a list of directories for cd to search under when directory is a relative path name. HOME contains the name of your home directory. This is used when you do not specify directory on the command line.
cd(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities cd(1) pattern "old" not found in "dir" You tried a command of the form cd old new However, the name of the current directory dir does not contain any string matching the regular expression old. Ensure that the name of the current directory contains the regular expression old. Action: Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2.
chgrp(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chgrp(1) NAME chgrp — change the group ownership of files and/or directories SYNOPSIS chgrp [–fR] group pathname ... DESCRIPTION chgrp sets the group ID to group for the files and directories named by the pathname arguments. group may be a group name from the group database, or a numeric group ID. Options chgrp accepts the following options: –f does not issue an error message if chgrp cannot change the group ID. In this case, chgrp always returns a status of zero.
chgrp(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities chgrp(1) Action: fatal error during "–R" option You specified the –R option but some file or directory in the directory structure was inaccessible. Make sure that you have access to all files in the directory structure. Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
chmod(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chmod(1) NAME chmod — change access permissions of a file SYNOPSIS chmod [–fR] mode pathname DESCRIPTION chmod changes the access permissions or modes of the specified files or directories. Modes determine who can read, change or execute a file. Options chmod accepts the following options: –f Does not issue error messages concerning file access permissions, even if chmod encounters such errors.
chmod(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chmod(1) x Execute permission. If this is off, you cannot execute the file. X Execute/search permission for a directory; or execute permission for a file only when the current mode has at least one of the execute bits set. w Write permission. If this is off, you cannot write to the file. s On POSIX-compliant and UNIX systems, this stands for setuid on execution or setgid on execution permission. t On UNIX systems, this stands for the sticky bit.
chmod(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chmod(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — unable to access a specified file — unable to change the modes on a specified file — unable to read the directory containing item to change — encountered a fatal error when using the –R option 2 Failure due to any of the following: — missing or invalid mode argument — too few arguments.
chmod(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities chmod(1) Unknown or missing operator in symbolic mode "modestring" When using the symbolic mode to indicate new access permissions, you specified a string modestring which was either missing an operator or contained an operator that chmod does not recognize. Make sure that all mode values in symbolic mode contain one of the following operators: +, -, or =.
chown(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chown(1) NAME chown — change the ownership of files and/or directories SYNOPSIS chown [–fR] owner [:group] pathname ... DESCRIPTION chown sets the user ID to owner for the files and directories named by pathname arguments. owner can be a user name from the user database the user database, or a numeric user ID.
chown(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chown(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: fatal error during "–R" option You specified the –R option but some file or directory in the directory structure was inaccessible. Check all files in the directory structure to make sure that you have access to them. Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
chown(1) SEE ALSO chgrp(1), chmod(1) 1-94 Commands and Utilities MPE/iX Shell and Utilities chown(1)
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) NAME ci — check in a file under RCS SYNOPSIS ci [–B] [–ddate] [–Ffile...] [–f[rev]] [–G] [–g] [–h[rev]] [–I] [–k[rev]] [–l[rev]] [–mmsg] [–Nname] [–nname] [–O] [–q[rev]] [–Rdiff_exec] [–r[rev]] [–sstate] [–T] [–t[txtfile]] [–u[rev]] [–wlogin] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) out again because all RCS commands automatically check to see if a file is compressed before performing an operation on them. The checked-out working file is not compressed. Note: If an RCS file is in the midst of a check-in operation, it cannot be accessed by any RCS command. Options ci accepts the following options: –B forces ci to check in the revision using binary format.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) checked-in revision, rather than computing them locally. It also generates a default log message noting the login name of the user and the actual check-in date. This option is useful for software distribution. A revision that is sent to several sites should be checked in with the –k option at these sites to preserve the original revision number, date, author, and state.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) If the user has locked the tip revision of a branch, the new revision is appended to that branch. The new revision number is obtained by incrementing the tip revision number. If the user locked a non-tip revision, ci starts a new branch at that revision by incrementing the highest branch number at that revision. The default initial branch and level numbers are 1.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) Files The person who enters the command must have read/write permission for the directories containing the RCS file and the working file, and read permission for the RCS file itself. A number of temporary files are created. A semaphore file is created in the directory containing the RCS file. ci always creates a new RCS file and unlinks the old one. This strategy makes links to RCS files useless.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: ci(1) Can’t find a revision number in workfile You attempted to check in workfile using the –k option, but workfile does not contain any RCS keywords that provide the revision number. Specify the desired revision number on the command line using the –r option. Can’t find a state in workfile You attempted to check in workfile using the –k option, but workfile does not contain any RCS keywords that provide the state.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities ci(1) cannot change file format of existing RCS file filename You attempted to check a text file in as a binary file, or vice versa, and revisions already existed in the other format. Check the file in using the existing format. Message: Cause: Action: Cannot find branchpoint rev You attempted to check in a branch revision for which there is no branch point. Make sure that the revision number that you are attempting to create is correct.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell ci(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing date for –d option You specified the –d option, but did not provide a date as its argument. Provide the missing date. Message: Cause: Action: Missing message for –m option You specified the –m option, but did not provide a log message as its argument. Provide the missing log message.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities ci(1) Action: Redefinition of revision number You have specified more than one revision to be checked in. The –f, –h, –k, –l, –q, –r, and –u options can each take a revision as an argument; however, only one option per command line may specify a revision. Specify, at most, a single revision. Message: Cause: Action: Redefinition of symbolic name You specified multiple –n or –N options with accompanying symbolic names.
ci(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ci(1) MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of ci has the following limitations: • Due to the fact that the comma (,) is not a valid character in MPE/iX file names, the traditional ,v naming convention is not currently implemented. This means that you must have a subdirectory named RCS under your current directory or RCS will not work properly.
cksum(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cksum(1) NAME cksum — compute checksum and byte count for file SYNOPSIS cksum [–ciprt] [file ...] DESCRIPTION cksum calculates and displays a checksum for each input file. A checksum is an error-checking technique used by many programs as a quick way to compare files that have been moved from one location to another to ensure that no data has been lost. cksum also displays the number of eight-bit bytes in each file.
cksum(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cksum(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for cksum. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid cksum options PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
cmp(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cmp(1) NAME cmp — compare two files SYNOPSIS cmp [–blsx] file1 file2 [seek1[seek2]] DESCRIPTION cmp compares two files. If either file name is –, cmp reads the standard input for that file. By default, cmp begins the comparison with the first byte of each file. If you specify seek1 and/or seek2, cmp uses it as a byte offset into file1 or file2 (respectively), and comparison begins at that offset instead of at the beginning of the files.
cmp(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cmp(1) Message: Cause: Action: too few or too many args You specified an incorrect number of arguments on the command line. Make sure that you specify two file names and no more than two seek addresses on the command line. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for cmp. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid cmp options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) NAME co — check out a file under RCS SYNOPSIS co [–ddate] [–f[rev]] [–Ffile...] [–G] [–g] [–h] [–I] [–jjoinlist] [–K] [–k] [–l[rev]] [–O] [–p[rev]] [–q[rev]] [–r[rev]] [–sstate] [–u[rev]] [–w[author]] [–x] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) Options co accepts the following options: –ddate retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch with a check-in date/time that is less than or equal to date. The date and time may be given in free format and are converted to local time. Below we give some examples of formats for date: 22-April-1982, 17:20-CDT 2:25 AM, Dec.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) rev2. co determines all the changes needed to change root into rev1 and applies those changes to a copy of rev2. This is particularly useful if rev1 and rev2 are the ends of two branches that have root as a common ancestor. If rev1 < root < rev2 on the same branch, joining generates a new revision which is like rev2 but with all changes that lead from rev1 to root undone.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) –r[rev] retrieves the latest revision number that is less than or equal to rev. If rev indicates a branch rather than a revision, the latest revision on that branch is retrieved. If rev is omitted, the latest revision on the default branch is retrieved (see the –b option for rcs(1)). rev is composed of one or more numeric or symbolic names separated by a dot (.).
co(1) MPE/iX Shell Keyword $Author$ $Date$ $Header$ $Id$ $Locker$ $Log$ $Name$ $RCSfile$ $Revision$ $Source$ $State$ and Utilities co(1) Meaning The login name of the user who checked in the revision. The date and time the revision was checked in. A standard header containing the full path name of the RCS file, the revision number, the date, the author, and the state. Same as $Header$, except that the RCS file name is without a path.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred while checking out one of the specified files. The RCS file name, the working file name, and the revision number retrieved are written to the diagnostic output. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: 1-114 –K has precedence over –k You specified both the –K option and the –k option. These two options are mutually exclusive.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities co(1) Can’t parse date/time: dates You specified a date/time string with the –d option that was not properly formatted. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for the proper format for the date/time string provided with the –d option. Message: Cause: Action: Can’t preserve mode of filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Can’t rewrite rcsfile; saved in: new_rcsfile: system error See syserror(3).
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Message: Cause: Action: No filename present for –F option. You specified the –F option, but did not provide a file name as its argument. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Action: No input file. You failed to specify an input file on the command line. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Redefinition of –option option You specified the –d, –j, –s, or –w option more than once on the command line.
co(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities co(1) PORTABILITY All UNIX systems. The –F, –G, –g, –I, –K, –O, –q, and –Y options are extensions to traditional implementations of co. NOTE The –d option accepts no date before 1970. Some unusual date formats may not be recognized. Links to the RCS and working files are not preserved.
colon(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities colon(1) NAME : (colon) — do nothing, successfully SYNOPSIS : [argument ...] DESCRIPTION The : (colon) command simply yields an exit status of zero (success). This can be surprisingly useful, for example, when you are evaluating shell expressions for their side effects. EXAMPLES : ${VAR:="default value"} sets VAR to a default value if and only if it is not already set.
comm(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities comm(1) NAME comm — compare sorted files and show differences SYNOPSIS comm [–123] file1 file2 DESCRIPTION comm locates identical lines within files sorted in the same collating sequence, and produces three columns; the first contains lines found only in the first file, the second lines only in the second file, and the third lines which are in both files.
comm(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Message: Cause: Action: strcoll error, cannot malloc space. There are not enough free system resources to allocate string space. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for comm. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid comm options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability comm(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems.
command(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities command(1) NAME command — execute a simple command SYNOPSIS command [–p] command-name[argument...] command [–V–v] command-name DESCRIPTION command causes the shell to suppress its function lookup and execute the given commandname and arguments as though they made up a standard command line. In most cases, if command-name is not the name of a function, the results are the same as omitting command.
command(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities command(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES command uses the following environment variable: PATH contains a list of directories for command to use when searching for command-name except as described under the –p option. DIAGNOSTICS If you specified –v, possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 command was unable to find command-name or an error occurred. 2 Failure due to invalid command line argument.
compress(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities compress(1) NAME compress — Lempel-Ziv compression of a file SYNOPSIS compress [–cDdfVv] [–b bits] [file ...] DESCRIPTION compress compresses each input file using Lempel-Ziv compression techniques. If you do not specify any input files, compress reads data from the standard input and writes the compressed result to the standard output. On UNIX and POSIX-compliant systems, the output files have the same names as the input files but with a .Z suffix.
compress(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities compress(1) –f forces compression even if the resulting file is larger or the output file already exists. When you do not specify this option, files which are larger after compression are not compressed. compress does not print an error message if this happens. –V prints the version number of compress. –v prints statistics giving the amount of compression achieved.
compress(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities compress(1) Message: Cause: Action: exec "uncompress": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: filename has num other links: unchanged You specified a file that had more than one link. compress will not compress such a file. Remove the additional links, or use –f option.
compress(1) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities compress(1) unable to create tempfile name compress was unable to create a temporary file in the directory named by TMPDIR, the /tmp directory, or the current directory. Make sure that you have appropriate permissions to create a temporary file in one of these three directories. Message: Cause: Action: unknown error An unknown compression error occurred. Contact your system manager.
continue(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities continue(1) NAME continue — skip to next iteration of loop in shell script SYNOPSIS continue [n] DESCRIPTION continue skips to the next iteration of an enclosing for, select, until, or while loop in a shell script. If a number n is given, execution continues at the loop-control of the nth enclosing loop. The default value of n is 1. DIAGNOSTICS The exit status of continue is always zero.
cp(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cp(1) NAME cp — copy files SYNOPSIS cp [–cfimp] file1 file2 cp [–fimp] file ... directory cp –R [–fimp] source... directory cp –r [–fimp] source... directory DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. cp copies files to a target named by the last argument on its command line.
cp(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cp(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — an argument had a trailing slash (/) but was not a directory — unable to find a file — unable to open an input file for reading — unable to create or open an output file — a read error occurred on an input file — a write error occurred on an output file — the input and output files were the same file — encountered a fatal error when using –r or –R.
cp(1) MPE/iX Shell cp(1) Message: Cause: Action: cannot find file "filename" You specified a filename that does not exist. Check the path and spelling of filename. Message: Cause: Action: cannot mkdir "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot open file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Cannot reset permissions on file "filename": system err or" See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
cp(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities cp(1) Action: source "name" and target "name" are identical You specified source and target files that are actually the same file (for example, because of links). No further action is required. Message: Cause: Action: special file "filename"system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: stat error for "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
cp(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities cp(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –f and –m options are extensions to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES When copying byte stream files, cp performs in the POSIX-compliant manner described in this man page. When copying non-byte stream files, cp calls the MPE/iX CI COPY command to perform the task. See the MPE/iX Reference Supplement (32650-90353) for details on how the COPY command works.
cpio(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(1) NAME cpio — archiver to copy and back up files SYNOPSIS cpio –o [–aBcvyz] [–C blocksize] [–O file] [–V volpat] cpio –i [–BbcdfmrsStuv6qyz] [–C blocksize] [–I file] [–V volpat] [pattern ...] cpio –p [–aBdlmruv] directory DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. The cpio command manipulates files called cpio archives.
cpio(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(1) –a resets the access time of each file accessed for copying to the archive to what it was before the copy took place. –B uses buffers of 5120 bytes for input and output rather than the default 512 byte buffers. –b causes 16-bit words to be swapped within each longword and bytes to be swapped within each 16-bit word of each extracted file. This facilitates the transfer of information between different CPU architectures.
cpio(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(1) –S for portability reasons, swaps pairs of 16-bit words within longwords only when extracting files. This option does not affect the headers. –s for portability reasons, swaps pairs of bytes within each 16-bit word only when extracting files. –s does not affect the headers. –t prevents files extraction, producing instead a table of file names contained in the archive. See the description of the –v option.
cpio(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages 1-136 Message: Cause: Action: –6 not supported You specified the –6 option, which is not currently implemented. Do not use the –6 option. Message: Cause: Action: –I: Must specify –i option You specified the –I option, but did not specify the –i option. To use the –I option, you must specify the –i option.
cpio(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(1) cpio may also produce several of the error messages listed on the pax(1) man page. See that man page for more details. PORTABILITY x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All non-Berkeley UNIX systems after Version 7. The –q, –V, –y, and –z options are extensions to traditional implementations of cpio. MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of cpio has the following limitations: • It converts non-byte stream files to byte stream files before archiving them.
csplit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities csplit(1) NAME csplit — split a text file, according to criteria SYNOPSIS csplit [–Aaks] [–f prefix] [–n number] file arg arg ... DESCRIPTION csplit takes a text file as input and breaks up its contents into pieces, based on criteria given by the arg value(s) on the command line. For example, you can use csplit to break up a text file into chunks of ten lines each, then save each of those chunks in a separate file.
csplit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities csplit(1) Splitting Criteria csplit processes the args on the command line sequentially. The first argument breaks off the first chunk of the file, the second argument breaks off the next chunk (beginning at the first line remaining in the file), and so on. Thus each chunk of the file begins with the first line remaining in the file and goes to the line given by the next arg.
csplit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities csplit(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — because csplit was unable to open the input or output files — a write error on the output file.
csplit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities csplit(1) Message: Cause: Action: cannot create temporary file: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: csplit argument must be one of ... You specified an argument to csplit that did not look like a regular expression, line number, or repeat count. Check the syntax of your command line, correct any mistakes, and re-enter it. Message: Cause: Action: error in regular expression regexp: regular expression error See regerror(3).
csplit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities csplit(1) Message: Cause: Action: need at least one section argument You did not specify any splitting criteria. Specify at least one argument which defines splitting criteria. Message: Cause: num1 digits specified (limit allowed) You specified an argument to the –n option that was greater than the number of digits allowed by csplit (that is, limit). Message: Cause: Action: output file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
ctags(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ctags(1) NAME ctags — produce tags file for ex, more, and vi SYNOPSIS ctags [–aBFwx] [–f tagfile] sourcefile ... DESCRIPTION By default, ctags generates a file named tags in the current directory which summarizes the C function, macro, and typedef definitions found in the sourcefiles named on the command line. See tags(2) for a description of the format of the tags file.
ctags(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities produces a human-readable report on the standard output. The report gives the definition name, the line number of where it appears in the file, the name of the file in which it appears, and the text of that line. ctags arranges this output in columns and sorts it in order by tag name according to the current locale’s collation sequence. This option does not produce a tags file.
ctags(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ctags(1) Message: Cause: Action: pipe to command "cmd": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: tag file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: tmp file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: unable to pipe to sort command: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
ctags(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO more(1), sort(1), vi(1), tags(2) 1-146 Commands and Utilities and Utilities ctags(1)
cut(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cut(1) NAME cut — selectively display fields or characters from input lines SYNOPSIS cut –b list [–n] [file...] cut –c list [file...] cut –f list [–d char] [–s] [file...] DESCRIPTION cut reads input from files and selectively copies sections of the input lines to the standard output. If you do not specify any files, or you specify a file named –, cut reads from the standard input. Options cut accepts the following options: –b list invokes byte position mode.
cut(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cut(1) does not display lines that do not contain a field separator character. Normally, cut displays lines that do not contain a field separator character in their entirety. –s EXAMPLES cut –f 2,2 -d " " /etc/profile displays the second space-delineated field in the system profile. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred.
cut(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities cut(1) Action: Missing character after –d You specified the –d option, but did not provide a field separator character as its argument. Provide the missing field separator character. Message: Cause: Action: Must specify "–f", "–b" or "–c" option You did not specify any of the –f, –b, or –c options. Specify one of the three options.
date(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities date(1) NAME date — set and display date and time SYNOPSIS date [–cu] [timespec] date [–cu] [+format] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. date either displays the operating system’s idea of the current date and time, or sets it to a new value.
date(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities date(1) Field Descriptors date recognizes the following field descriptors: %A the full weekday name in the current locale (for example, Sunday, in English). %a the abbreviation for the weekday in the current locale (for example, Sun, in English). %B the full month name in the current locale (for example, February, in English). %b the abbreviation for the month name in the current locale (for example, Feb, in English).
date(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities date(1) %u the weekday number with Monday being 1 and Sunday being 7. %V the week number in the year, with Monday being the first day of the week (01 to 53). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, it is week 1 of the new year; otherwise it is week 53 of the previous year. %W the week number in the year, with Monday being the first day of the week (00 to 53). All days before the first Monday of the new year are in week 0.
date(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities date(1) %OU the week number of the year (with Sunday as the first day of the week) using the current locale’s alternate numeric symbols. %Ou the weekday number using the current locale’s alternate numeric symbols with Monday being 1 and Sunday being 7. %OV the week number in the year using the current locale’s alternate numeric symbols, with Monday being the first day of the week.
date(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities date(1) bad format or date output longer than number bytes The format string supplied to date is invalid, or the output is longer than number bytes where number is the value of the configuration variable LINE_MAX (see also getconf(1)). Confirm that the date format string on the command line is valid. or modify your date format to produce a shorter output string.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) NAME dc — arbitrary precision desk calculator SYNOPSIS dc [file] DESCRIPTION dc is a desk calculator program that takes input in reverse Polish notation (see Reverse Polish Notation later in this man page). If you do not specify a file on the command line, dc reads input from the standard input; otherwise, it reads input from the file and then from the standard input (if there is no quit command in the file). dc sends output to the standard output.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) Reverse Polish Notation To use dc you must understand reverse Polish notation. This is a way to write arithmetic expressions. The form is a bit tricky for people to understand, since it is geared towards making it easy for the computer to perform calculations; however, most people can get used to the notation with a bit of practice. Reverse Polish notation stores values in a stack.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell 4 5 + 2 * 4 5 2 + * 4 5 2 * - and Utilities dc(1) (18) (28) (-6) If you are experimenting with dc to see how this works, you can type p to print out the top value on the stack and f to print out the full stack. The Scaling Factor One of dc’s great virtues is its ability to deal with numbers of arbitrary size and precision — dc is not constrained by the hardware’s restrictions on number size or precision.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) - pops the top two values from the stack, subtracts the first popped from the second, then pushes the result onto the stack. The number of decimal places in the result is the maximum number of decimal places in the two operands; the scaling factor has no effect. * pops the top two values from the stack, multiplies them, then pushes the result onto the stack.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) k pops the top value off the stack and uses it as the default scaling factor (see the section on The Scaling Factor). Lx pops the top value off the register stack x (see the S command) and pushes that value onto the main stack. If the register has never contained a value, dc treats this as an error. (Contrast this behavior with the way that the lx operator works.) This operator also pops the array component of the specified register.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) Numbers in Different Bases Programmers often find it useful to perform arithmetic with numbers in bases other than ten, for example, octal (base 8) or hexadecimal (base 16) numbers. Several commands help make this possible. I pushes the current input base onto the stack. i pops the top value of the stack and uses this as the base when interpreting further input. For example, 8i tells dc that from now on, it is to interpret input numbers as octal values.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) dc outputs long numbers with a maximum of 70 characters per line. If a number is longer than this, dc puts a backslash \ at the end of the line, indicating that the number continues on the next line. dc always prints a value of zero as 0, regardless of the output base and regardless of the number of decimal places that are normally attached to the value.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1)
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) An array is just a list of values. Values in the list are referred to by number; for example, you can ask for the 12th value in the list. The numbers used to refer to values are called the subscripts of the array. The beginning of the list has the subscript 0 and the maximum subscript for any array is 2047. There are two array operations: :x stores a value in array x.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) Other Commands !command executes the rest of the line as a system command. For example, !cp file1 file2 executes the given cp command. ? reads an input line from the input source (for example, the terminal) and executes that line. This is useful when you are executing a command string but want to obtain input in the middle of the string. EXAMPLE The following sequence of commands prints out the first 12 elements of the Fibonacci sequence.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: can not execute number You attempted to use the x operator to execute a string, but the value on the top of the stack was a number. Only use the x operator when there is a string on top of the stack.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: dc(1) negative argument to Q You attempted to use the Q operator but the value on the top of the stack was negative. Q cannot take a negative argument. Make sure that the stack has a positive number on top when using the Q operator. Message: Cause: Action: negative index You attempted to use a negative number as an array index. Use a positive number as an array index.
dc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dc(1) Message: Cause: Action: scale too big You specified a scaling factor that was too large for dc to handle. Specify a smaller scaling factor. Message: Cause: Action: sqrt of negative number You attempted to take the square root of a negative number. Only use the v (square root) operator on positive numbers. Message: Cause: Action: stack too deep You attempted to put more values on the stack than it was able to hold.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dd(1) NAME dd — copy and convert input blocks SYNOPSIS dd [bs=s] [cbs=s] [conv=conversion] [count=n] [ibs=s] [if=file] [imsg=string] [iseek=n] [obs=s] [of=file] [omsg=string] [seek=n] [skip=n] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. dd reads and writes data by blocks.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dd(1) ibs and obs are equal, since this avoids buffer copying. The default block size is 1b. bs=size supercedes any settings of ibs=size or obs=size. If you specify bs=size and you request no other conversions than noerror, notrunc, or sync, dd writes the data from each input block as a separate output block; if the input data is less than a full block and you did not request sync conversion, the output block is the same size as the input block.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dd(1) sync pads any input block shorter than ibs to that size with null bytes before conversion and output. If you also specified block or unblock, dd uses spaces instead of null bytes for padding. ucase converts lowercase input to uppercase. unblock converts fixed-length records to variable-length records by reading a number of bytes equal to the size of the conversion buffer, deleting all trailing spaces, and appending a newline character.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dd(1) of=file writes output data to file. If you don’t specify this option, dd writes data to the standard output. dd truncates the output file before writing to it, unless you specified the seek=n operand. If you specify seek=n, but do not specify conv=notrunc, dd preserves only those blocks in the output file over which it seeks. If the size of the seek plus the size of the input file is less than the size of the output file, this can result in a shortened output file.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: 1-172 and Utilities dd(1) badly formed number "num" You specified num as a number (for example, a block size), but num did not have the form of a number recognized by dd. Make sure that num is a valid number, and if it is followed by a letter to indicate the block size unit, check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page under the bs= option for a list of valid letters.
dd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dd(1) Message: Cause: Action: seek output: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: The option "option" does not contain a "=" You specified option without providing the required equals sign (=). Provide the missing equals sign. Message: Cause: Action: unknown conversion "conv" You specified a conversion value following conv= that dd did not recognize. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid conversion values.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) NAME diff, diffh, bdiff — compare two text files and show differences SYNOPSIS diff [–befHhimnrstw] [–C n] [–c[n]] [–Difname] path1 path2 diffh [–befimnrstw] [–C n] [–c[n]] [–Difname] path1 path2 bdiff [–befimnrstw] [–C n] [–c[n]] [–Difname] path1 path2 [n] DESCRIPTION The diff command attempts to determine the minimal set of changes needed to convert a file named path1 into path2. If either (but only one) file name is –, diff reads from standard input.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) –C n is equivalent to -cn. –c[n] shows n lines of context before and after each change. The default value for n is 3. diff marks lines removed from path1 with –, lines added to path2 with + and lines changed in both files with !. –Difname displays output that is the appropriate input to the C preprocessor to generate the contents of path2 when ifname is defined, and the contents of path1 when ifname is not defined.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) EXAMPLES The following example illustrates the effect of the –c option on the output of the diff command. The following two files, price1 and price2, are compared with and without the use of the –c option. The contents of price1 are as follows: Company X Price List: $ 0.39 $ 5.00 $ 12.00 $ 15.99 $ 20.00 $ 25.00 $ 30.00 $ 35.00 $ 45.00 $ 75.88 $ 99.99 $125.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell 4c4 < $ 5.00 --> $ 5.49 6a7 > $ 17.00 14d14 < $125.00 and Utilities diff(1) -- Candy Apple Sampler Pack -- Candy Apple Sampler Pack -- Simulated Naugahyde cleaner -- Emperor’s New Clothes The addition of the –c option, as in diff -c price1 price2 results in the following output: *** price1 Wed Mar 04 10:08:40 1992 --- price2 Wed Mar 04 10:09:10 1992 *************** *** 1,9 **** Company X Price List: $ 0.39 -- Package of Groat Clusters ! $ 5.00 -- Candy Apple Sampler Pack $ 12.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) $ 99.99 -- Kiddie Destructo-Bot - $125.00 -- Emperor’s New Clothes --- 12,14 ---diff –c marks lines removed from price1 with –, lines added to price1 with + and lines changed in both files with !. In the example, diff shows the default 3 lines of context around each changed line. One line was changed in both files (marked with !), one line was added to price1 (marked with +), and one line was removed from price1 (marked with –).
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) Message: Cause: Action: "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: files too large, trying "–h" option ... You specified the –H option, but there were not enough free system resources to handle the files. diff will now try to compare the files using the –h option. If you are comparing these two files again, specify the –h option on the command line for faster operation.
diff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff(1) Message: Cause: Action: strcoll error, cannot malloc space. There are not enough free system resources to allocate string space. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: too many lines in file "filename" The file filename contained more than the value of the configuration variable INT_MAX. Without the –h option, diff cannot handle a file that large. Use the –h option.
diff3(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff3(1) NAME diff3 — compare three text files SYNOPSIS diff3 [–EeHhXx3] file1 file2 file3 [mark1[mark3]] DESCRIPTION The diff3 command compares three versions of a text file found in file1, file2, and file3 on a line by line basis using the diff(1) command. diff3 marks ranges of disagreeing text lines with one of the following headers: ====1 only file1 is different. ====2 only file2 is different. ====3 only file3 is different.
diff3(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities –x produces an editor script of only those changes where all three files differ. –3 produces an editor script containing changes which occur only in file3.
diff3(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities diff3(1) child process: system error diff3 was unable to fork to run diff due to a system error. See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Action: "diff" command failed For some reason, diff returned an unexpected error code and was unable to complete its function. Contact your system manager. Message: Cause: Action: diffnvs3: expecting ‘---’; got ‘string’ diff3 received unexpected output from diff. Contact your system manager.
diff3(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diff3(1) LIMITS The longest input line is restricted to 1024 characters. PORTABILITY All UNIX systems. The –E, –H, –h, and –X options are extensions to traditional implementations of diff3. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
diffb(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diffb(1) NAME diffb — compare binary files and show differences SYNOPSIS diffb [–n] [–C n] [–c[n]] file1 file2 DESCRIPTION The diffb utility indicates which bytes differ in the binary files file1 and file2. Output consists of descriptions of the changes in a style reminiscent of the ed text editor. Each description is headed by a line showing the type of change being performed.
diffb(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities diffb(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 The files were identical. 1 The files were compared successfully and found to be different. 2 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: missing number after –C You specified the –C option without provide a number as its argument. Provide the missing number.
dirname(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dirname(1) NAME dirname — display directory components of path name SYNOPSIS dirname pathname DESCRIPTION dirname strips off the trailing part of a file name. The result is the path name of the directory that contains the file. This is useful in shell scripts. Note: dirname makes no attempt to validate the path name; for validation, use pathchk(1). dirname follows these rules: • If pathname is //, return it. • Otherwise, if it is all slashes, return one slash.
dirname(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. MPE/iX Shell x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems.
dot(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dot(1) NAME . (dot) — execute shell file in current environment SYNOPSIS . file [argument ...] DESCRIPTION . (dot) executes a shell script in the current environment and then returns. Normally the shell executes a command file in a subshell so that changes to the environment by commands like cd, set, and trap are local to the command file. The . (dot) command circumvents this feature. If there are slashes in the file name, . (dot) looks for the named file.
dot(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities dot(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
du(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities du(1) NAME du — summarize file space usage SYNOPSIS du [–a–s [–ktx] [pathname ...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. du reports the amount of file space used by the files indicated by the given pathnames.
du(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities du(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for du. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid du options. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –t option is an extension to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES This release of MPE/iX does not provide the lstat() API. As a result, this command cannot return information on the link itself.
echo(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities echo(1) NAME echo — display arguments SYNOPSIS echo argument... DESCRIPTION echo writes its arguments to the standard output.
echo(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities echo(1) Messages Because this utility is built into the MPE/iX Shell, see the sh(1) man page for a complete list of error messages that you may receive when using it. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. UNIX System V. The POSIX.2 standard does not include the escape sequences, so a strictly conforming application cannot use them. printf is suggested as a replacement.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) NAME ed, red — line-oriented text editor SYNOPSIS ed [–bsx] [–p prompt] [file] red [–bsx] [–p prompt] [file] DESCRIPTION ed is a text editor that lets you manipulate text files interactively. ed reads the text of a file into memory and stores it in an area called a buffer. Various commands let you edit the text in the buffer. Finally, you can write the contents of the buffer back out to the file, overwriting the old contents of the file.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) You can construct each address out of the following components: . The single dot character represents the current line number. Many commands set the current line number. For example, the e command sets it to the last line of the new file being edited. $ The dollar sign refers to the last line in the buffer. n The number n refers to the nth line in the buffer.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) If you specify only a1 and the command requires both a1 and a2, the command operates as though you specified a range of a1;. command > is equivalent to .,.+22 (that is, page forward) except that it never attempts to address any line beyond $. < is equivalent to .–22,. (that is, page backward) except that it never addresses any line before line 1. Commands Commands generally take a maximum of zero, one, or two addresses, depending upon the particular command.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) displays a count of the bytes in the file unless it is in quiet mode. If you have changed the current buffer since the last time its contents were written out, ed displays a warning message and does not execute the command. If you enter the e command a second time, ed and executes the command. f [file] changes the remembered file name to file. ed displays the new remembered file name. If you do not specify file, ed displays the current remembered file name.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) .kl marks the addressed line with the mark name l which is a single lowercase letter of the alphabet. This lets you refer to a marked line with the construct ´l. This is called an absolute address because it always refers to the same line, regardless of changes to the buffer. .,.l displays the addressed range of lines, representing non-printable (control) characters visibly. ed sets the current line number to the last line so displayed.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) which a substitution occurred. If ed makes no such replacements, ed considers it an error. flags can be zero or more of the following: n replaces the nth matching string in the line instead of the first one. g replaces every matching string in each line, not just the first one. l displays the new current line in the format of the l command. n displays the new current line in the format of the n command.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) 1,$W [file] is similar to the w command except that this command appends data to the given file if the file already exists. 1,$w [file] writes the addressed lines of the buffer to the named file. This does not change the current line number. If you do not provide file, ed uses the remembered file name; if there is no remembered file name, file becomes the remembered name. If the output file does not exist, ed creates it.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) FILES ed uses the following files: /tmp/e∗ This is the paging file. It holds a copy of the file being edited. You can change the directory for temporary files using the environment variable TMPDIR (see environ(3)). ed.hup ed writes the current buffer to this file when it receives a hang-up signal. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 A non-usage error occurs 2 Usage error.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities ed(1) Destination cannot straddle source in ’m’ and ’t’ You specified a range of lines to be moved or copied by m or t that included the destination address. Ensure that the specified range of lines for m or t does not include the destination address. Message: Cause: Action: File filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: File read error An error occurred while reading a file into the page buffer.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell ed(1) Message: Cause: Action: ’m’ and ’t’ require destination address You issued an m or t command but did not provide a destination address. Provide a destination address with the m or t command. Message: Cause: Action: Mark name must be lower case You attempted to use the k command to mark an addressed line with a character other than a lowercase letter. Use k to mark the line with a lowercase letter. Message: Cause: Action: Missing trailing delimiter after pattern.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities ed(1) no space for line table There were not enough free system resources to allocate initial resources for ed. Free up more system resources and restart program. Only one file name is allowed. You specified more than one file name on the command line when you invoked ed. Specify only one file name when invoking ed.
ed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ed(1) Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option". You specified an option that is not valid for ed. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid ed options. Message: Cause: Action: Wrong number of addresses for command You specified the wrong number of addresses for the command that you entered. Check the Commands subsection of this man page for a list of ed commands and the number of addresses that you can specify with each.
env(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities env(1) NAME env — display environment, set environment for process SYNOPSIS env [–i] [variable=value ...] [command argument ...] env [–] [variable=value ...] [command argument ...] DESCRIPTION If you call env with no arguments, it displays the environment that it received from its parent (presumably the shell). Arguments of the form variable=value let you add new variables or change the value of existing variables of the environment.
env(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities 2 An invalid command line argument. 126 env found command but was unable to invoke it. 127 env was unable to find command. env(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: too many environment variables You specified more than 512 environment variables in a single env command. Do not use more than 512 environment variables in a single env command. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for env.
eval(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities eval(1) NAME eval — evaluate arguments in shell SYNOPSIS eval [argument ...] DESCRIPTION The shell evaluates each argument as it would for any command. eval then concatenates the resulting strings, separated by spaces, and evaluates and executes this string in the current shell environment. EXAMPLE The command: for a in 1 2 3 do eval x$a=fred done sets variables x1, x2 and x3 to fred.
eval(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO exec(1), sh(1) 1-210 Commands and Utilities and Utilities eval(1)
ex(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ex(1) NAME ex — text editor SYNOPSIS ex [–eRrsvx] [–c command] [–t tag] [–w size] [file ...] DESCRIPTION ex is the line-editor mode of the Vi text editor. It supports the following options: –c command begins editing by executing the specified editor command. You can specify multiple commands by separating them with an or-bar (|). command can be any ex command except those that enter input mode, such as insert or append. –e invokes ex.
exec(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities exec(1) NAME exec — execute a command in place of the current shell SYNOPSIS exec [command_line] DESCRIPTION The argument to exec is a command_line for another command. exec runs this command without creating a new process. Some people picture this as overlaying the command on top of the currently executing shell. When the command exits, control returns to the parent of the shell. Input and output redirections are valid in the command_line.
exec(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities exec(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
exit(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities exit(1) NAME exit — exit from the shell SYNOPSIS exit [expression] DESCRIPTION exit terminates the shell. On a POSIX-compliant system, the value of expression should be between 0 and 255. The EXIT trap is raised by the exit command, unless exit is being invoked inside an EXIT trap. DIAGNOSTICS exit returns the value of the arithmetic expression to the parent process as the exit status of the shell.
expand(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expand(1) NAME expand — expand tabs to spaces SYNOPSIS expand [–t tablist] [file ...] expand [–number] [–number,number...] [file ...] DESCRIPTION expand reads text input from the files specified on the command line, converts tabs into spaces, and writes the result to the standard output. If you do not specify any files on the command line, expand reads from the standard input. expand preserves backspace characters. By default, tab stops are set every eight columns.
expand(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expand(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: Bad tab stop specification You specified an illegal character in a tab stop specification, or you did not specify tab stops in ascending order. Re-enter the command with a valid tab specification. Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: insufficient memory There were not enough free system resources for expand to expand all tabs to spaces.
export(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities export(1) NAME export — mark names for export SYNOPSIS export [name[=value] ...] export –p DESCRIPTION export marks each name so that the current shell exports it automatically to the environment of all commands executed from that shell. Exported variables are thus available in the environment to all subsequent commands. Several commands (for example, cd(1), date(1), vi(1)) look at environment variables for configuration or option information.
export(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. MPE/iX Shell x/OPEN Portability and Utilities export(1) Guide 4.0. export is a special built-in command of the Bourne Shell and KornShell on UNIX systems. NOTE This is a special built-in command of the shell. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
expr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expr(1) NAME expr — evaluate expression SYNOPSIS expr expression DESCRIPTION The set of arguments passed to expr constitutes an expression to be evaluated. Each command argument is a separate token of the expression. expr writes the result of the expression on the standard output. This command is primarily intended for arithmetic and string manipulation on shell variables. expr recognizes the following operators.
expr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expr(1) expr1 ∗ expr2 expr1 / expr2 expr1 % expr2 performs multiplication, division, or modulus on the two expressions. If either expression is not a number, expr exits with an error. expr1 : re match expr1 re matches the regular expression re against expr1 treated as a string.
expr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expr(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 The result of expression is true. 1 The result of expression is false. 2 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: divide by 0 You attempted to divide a number by 0. Do not divide numbers by 0. Message: Cause: internal tree error You specified an expression that expr was unable to evaluate, due to either syntax errors or unusual complexity.
expr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expr(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
false(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities false(1) NAME false — fail, quietly SYNOPSIS false [argument ...] DESCRIPTION The false command simply returns an exit status of 1 (failure). It ignores any arguments given on the command line. This can be useful in shell scripts. DIAGNOSTICS false always returns an exit status of 1. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. NOTE This command is provided as both an external utility and a built-in shell utility.
fc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fc(1) NAME fc — display, fix, edit and re-enter previous commands SYNOPSIS fc [–r] [–e editor] [first [last]] fc –l [–nr] [first [last]] fc –s [old=new] [specifier] DESCRIPTION fc displays, edits, and re-enters commands which have been input to an interactive shell. fc stands for fix commands. The environment variable HISTSIZE contains the number of commands that are accessible. If HISTSIZE is not defined, 128 commands are accessible.
fc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fc(1) (b) If the command specifier is a negative number –n, fc edits the command that came n commands before the current command. (c) If the command specifier is a string, fc edits the most recent command beginning with that string. When you use the first form of the SYNOPSIS to edit a command, you can omit either last or both first and last. If you omit last, fc edits the single command specified by first.
fc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fc(1) HISTSIZE gives the maximum number of previous commands that are accessible. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 If you specified –l, this indicates successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — missing history file — cannot find the desired line in the history file — cannot create temporary file 2 An invalid command line option or argument.
file(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities file(1) NAME file — determine file type SYNOPSIS file [–c] [–f filelist] [–m magic] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. file makes a guess at the type of each file argument by inspecting the attributes and (for an ordinary file) reading an initial part of the file.
file(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities file(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: cannot allocate buffer: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: filename: cannot open: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: file "filename ...": Line too long A line in the file containing the list of file names is too long.
file(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities file(1) misplaced & in magic file You specified a magic file containing a line beginning with a & that did not follow a regular template line. Either create a template line before the offending line, or remove the offending line. Message: Cause: Action: Missing file list You specified the –f option but did not provide a file list as an argument. Provide the missing file list.
file(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities file(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. All options are extensions to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of file first examines a file’s MPE/iX file code and type and if it is a non-byte stream file, file reports this information. If it is a byte stream file, file proceeds as described in the DESCRIPTION section of this man page. In addition, this release of MPE/iX does not provide the lstat() API.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) NAME find — find files within file tree SYNOPSIS find directory ... expression DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. find walks down the given file hierarchy starting at directory, and finds files which match the criteria given by expression. Each directory, file, and special file is checked against expression.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) –cpio cpio-file writes the file found to the target file cpio-file in cpio format. This is equivalent to find ... | cpio -o >cpio-file This primary matches if the command succeeds. –ctime number matches if someone changed the attributes of the file during the 24-hour period beginning number days ago. –depth processes directories after their contents. If present, this primary always matches.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) –name pattern compares the current file name to pattern. If there is no match, expression fails. The pattern uses the same syntax as file name generation (see sh(1)). It attempts to match as many trailing path name components as specified in pattern. –ncpio cpio-file writes the file found to the target file cpio-file in cpio –c format. This is equivalent to find ... | cpio -oc >cpio-file This primary matches if the command succeeds.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) If you use octal mode, find only uses the bottom twelve bits of the mask. With an initial minus sign (–), find again matches only if at least all the limits in mask are set in the file permissions lists. –print displays the current file name. This primary always matches. –prune stops traversing deeper into the tree at this point. If present, this primary always matches. –prune has no effect if –depth is also specified.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: "–type c" is invalid You specified the –type primary but did not follow with a valid character to represent the file type. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid characters for use with the –type primary. bad number specification in "string" You specified an option that takes a numeric value (for example, –atime, –ctime), but you did not specify a valid number after the option.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) Message: Cause: Action: must specify option after –primary You specified –primary, but did not provide the argument that it requires. Specify a valid argument after –primary. Message: Cause: non-terminated "primary" argument list You specified the –exec or –ok primary and did not terminate the argument list following it with a semicolon (;). Terminate the argument list following –exec or –ok with a semicolon.
find(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities find(1) –follow, –inum, –level, –ncpio, and –none primaries are extensions to the standard. POSIX MPE/iX NOTES This release of MPE/iX does not provide the lstat() API. As a result, this command cannot return information on the link itself. It attempts to determine when a symbolic link has been referenced, but can only return the information on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
fmt(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fmt(1) NAME fmt — simple text formatter SYNOPSIS fmt [–bCcjns] [–l n] [–p n] [–w n] [file ...] DESCRIPTION fmt is a simple text formatter intended for modest tasks such as formatting mail messages, and for use within the Vi family of text editors. Formatted output is written to the standard output. fmt reads input from the file arguments on the command line; when there are none of these, it reads from the standard input.
fmt(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fmt(1) –n ignores indent and inter-word space of input lines and squeezes multiple spaces into one. Normally, fmt preserves indentation and inter-word spacing of input lines on output. –p n sets the output page offset to n characters (default 0). fmt adds this offset to the prevailing line indent. –s does not join short lines to form longer lines. This prevents sample lines of code and other such formatted text from being unduly combined.
fmt(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fmt(1) PORTABILITY 4.2 BSD UNIX and up. LIMITS Does not center and justify simultaneously — centering takes priority. Does not hyphenate. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
fold(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fold(1) NAME fold — break lines into shorter lines SYNOPSIS fold [–bs] [–w width] [–width] [file...] DESCRIPTION fold reads the standard input, or each file, if you specify any. Each input line is broken into lines no longer than width characters. If you do not specify width on the command line, the default line length is 80. The output is sent to the standard output.
fold(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fold(1) Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for fold. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid fold options.
frombyte(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities frombyte(1) NAME frombyte — convert a byte stream files to MPE record files SYNOPSIS frombyte –b [bytestream_file] record_file DESCRIPTION The frombyte utility copies a byte stream file to an MPE record file. It creates either a fixedrecord 80-byte ASCII file (MPE text file) or a fixed-record 120-word binary file. If bytestream_file is omitted, frombyte reads from standard input.
frombyte(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities frombyte(1) Message: Cause: unable to open output file "filename" frombyte was unable to open the output file. ACTION Make sure that the necessary file system structures exist and that you have appropriate permissions to create a new file, or purge an existing file with the same name if it exists.
functions(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities functions(1) NAME functions — display or modify shell functions SYNOPSIS functions [–tux] name name ... DESCRIPTION functions lets you modify the attributes of the functions specified by the list of names in the command line. It is a built-in alias of sh(1) defined with alias functions=’typeset -f’ If no function names are specified, functions displays all currently defined functions with the attributes specified by the options.
functions(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO export(1), set(1), sh(1), typeset(1) 1-246 Commands and Utilities and Utilities functions(1)
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getconf(1) NAME getconf — display POSIX configuration information SYNOPSIS getconf parameter_name [pathname] DESCRIPTION getconf writes the value of a configuration variable to the standard output. getconf displays numeric values in decimal format and non-numeric values as simple strings. If the value is undefined, getconf displays it as the string undefined. The following are POSIX.1 standard parameter_names that require a pathname.
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getconf(1) CHILD_MAX maximum number of simultaneous processes allowed per real user. CLK_TCK number of intervals per second in machine clock. NGROUPS_MAX number of simultaneous group IDs, per process. OPEN_MAX number of open files at any time, per process. STREAM_MAX number of streams that one process can have open at one time. TZNAME_MAX maximum number of bytes supported for the name of a time zone (not of the TZ variable). PATH standard PATH setting.
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getconf(1) _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX minimum conforming value for NGROUPS_MAX. _POSIX_OPEN_MAX minimum conforming value for OPEN_MAX. _POSIX_PATH_MAX minimum conforming value for PATH_MAX. _POSIX_PIPE_BUF minimum conforming value for PIPE_BUF. _POSIX_SAVED_IDS processes have saved set-user-ID and saved set-group-ID. _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX value that can be stored in an object of type ssize_t. _POSIX_STREAM_MAX minimum conforming value for STREAM_MAX.
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getconf(1) LINE_MAX maximum number of characters that a utility can accept as an input line (either from the standard input or a text file), when the utility takes text files as input. This number includes the trailing newline. RE_DUP_MAX maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression when using the interval notation \{m,n\} (see regexp(3)). POSIX2_C_BIND indicates if the system supports the C Language Bindings Option.
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getconf(1) POSIX2_BC_SCALE_MAX minimum conforming value for BC_SCALE_MAX. POSIX2_BC_STRING_MAX minimum conforming value for BC_STRING_MAX. POSIX2_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX minimum conforming value for EQUIV_CLASS_MAX. POSIX2_EXPR_NEST_MAX minimum conforming value for EXPR_NEST_MAX. POSIX2_LINE_MAX minimum conforming value for LINE_MAX. POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX minimum conforming value for RE_DUP_MAX.
getconf(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities getconf(1) Action: insufficient memory for buffer. There were not enough free system resources for getconf to allocate to its buffer. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for this command. Check the DESCRIPTIONS section for a list of valid options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. _CS_SHELL is an extension to the POSIX standard.
getopt(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopt(1) NAME getopt — external command to parse shell file options SYNOPSIS getopt [–c cmdname] optiondesc argument ... DESCRIPTION The getopt command is often used in shell scripts to parse command line options. The first command argument, optiondesc, contains each option letter that is valid in the following command argument strings. An option letter followed by a colon (:) means that the preceding option letter requires a further argument (as in –o file).
getopt(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopt(1) # Example illustrating use of getopt command. This # shell script would implement the paste command, # using getopt to process options, if the underlying # functionality was embedded in hypothetical utilities # hpaste and vpaste, which perform horizontal and # vertical pasting respectively.
getopt(1) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopt(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for getopt. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid getopt options. PORTABILITY UNIX System V.
getopts(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopts(1) NAME getopts — parse options from shell script command line SYNOPSIS getopts optstring name [arg ...] DESCRIPTION getopts obtains options and their arguments from a list of parameters that follows the standard POSIX.2 option syntax (that is, single letters preceded by a – and possibly followed by an argument value). Typically, shell scripts use getopts to parse arguments passed to them.
getopts(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopts(1) When getopts reaches the end of the options, it exits with a status value of 1. It also sets name to the character ? and sets OPTIND to the index of the first argument after the options.
getopts(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities getopts(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES getopts uses the following environment variables: OPTARG stores the value of the option argument found by getopts OPTIND contains the index of the next argument to be processed. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 getopts found a script command line with the form of an option. This happens whether or not it recognizes the option. 1 getopts reached the end of the options, or an error occurred.
grep(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities grep(1) NAME grep, egrep, fgrep — match patterns in a file SYNOPSIS egrep [–bcilnqsvx] [–e pattern] ... [–f patternfile] ... [pattern] [file ...] fgrep [–bcilnqsvx] [–e pattern] ... [–f patternfile] ... [pattern] [file ...] grep [–bcEFilnqsvx] [–e pattern] ... [–f patternfile] ... [pattern] [file ...] DESCRIPTION fgrep searches files for one or more pattern arguments.
grep(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities grep(1) –i ignores the case of the strings being matched. –l lists only the file names that contain the matching lines. –n precedes each matched line with its file line number. –q suppresses output and simply returns appropriate return code. –s suppresses the display of any error messages for nonexistent or unreadable files. –v complements the sense of the match; that is, displays all lines not matching a pattern.
grep(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities grep(1) Action: out of space for pattern "string" grep did not have enough system resources available to store the code needed to work with the given pattern (regular expression). The usual cause is that the pattern is very complex. Make the pattern simpler, or free up more system resources. Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
hash(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities hash(1) NAME hash — create a tracked alias SYNOPSIS hash [name ...] DESCRIPTION hash creates one or more tracked aliases. Each name on the command line becomes an alias that is resolved to its full path name; thus the shell avoids searching the PATH directories for the command whenever you invoke it. A tracked alias is assigned its full path name the first time that the alias is used.
head(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities head(1) NAME head — display first part of file SYNOPSIS head [–bcklmn num] [file ...] head [–num] [file ...] DESCRIPTION By default, head displays the first 10 lines of each file given on the command line. If you do not specify file, head reads the standard input. Options head accepts the following options: –b num displays the first num blocks (a block is 512 bytes) of each file. –c num displays the first num characters of each file.
head(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities head(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: Badly formed line/character count "num" The value num, following a –b, –c, –k, –l, –m, or –n option was not a valid number. Ensure that num is a valid number. Message: Cause: Action: filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: insufficient memory There were not enough free system resources to perform the specified operation. Free up more resources.
help(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities help(1) NAME help — display brief command explanations SYNOPSIS help [command ...] DESCRIPTION The help command provides information about the MPE/iX Shell and Utilities utility specified by command. help acts as a mnemonic reference tool for command options. It offers more information than the standard usage message displayed by all commands, but considerably less than the man pages. Output for a single command is intentionally brief and usually fits on one screen.
help(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities help(1) FILES help uses the following files: /usr/man/man1/∗.1 unformatted manual entries. /etc/helpfile help information obtained from man pages. /etc/helpindex an index to /etc/helpfile to speed up the search for help information. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure because the help file could not be found or because it contained no information on the desired command.
history(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities history(1) NAME history — display command history SYNOPSIS history [–nr] [first [last]] DESCRIPTION history displays commands that you executed previously. These commands make up your command history. By default, history displays a numbered list of the 16 most recent commands, from earliest to most recent. By specifying values for first and last, you can display a specified range of commands rather than the 16 most recent.
history(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities history(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — missing history file — could not find the desired command in the history file 2 An invalid command line option or argument. Messages See the fc(1) man page for a list of error messages that history may produce. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. NOTE This is an alias built into the shell.
id(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities id(1) NAME id — display user and group names SYNOPSIS id [user] id –G [–n] [user] id –g [–nr] [user] id –u [–nr] [user] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. Invoking id without arguments displays the user name and group affiliations of the person who issues the command.
id(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities –r with –g or –u, displays the real ID rather than the effective one. –u displays only the effective user ID number. id(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 You specified an invalid user with the –u option. 2 Failure due to an invalid command line argument. Messages Message: Cause: Action: getgroups failed See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
ident(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ident(1) NAME ident — look for keywords in a file SYNOPSIS ident [–q] [–Ffile...] [file ...] DESCRIPTION ident searches the named files (or the standard input if no files are specified) for all occurrences of the pattern $keyword:...$, where keyword is one of the following RCS keywords: Author Date Header Id Locker Log Revision RCSfile Source State The file must be checked out for the ident command to work.
ident(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ident(1) specified on the command line, and can either be grouped together or interspersed between options. –q suppresses the warning given if there are no keywords in a file. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to an invalid command line argument, or inability to open input file. Messages Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
integer(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities integer(1) NAME integer — declare an integer variable SYNOPSIS integer [±Hlprtux] [±LRZ[number]] [variable[=value] ...] DESCRIPTION integer declares a shell variable to be an integer. This improves the speed with which the variable can be manipulated. integer is a built-in alias defined with alias integer=’typeset -i’ The options for integer are identical to those for the version of typeset that deals with variables.
jobs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities jobs(1) NAME jobs — display status of jobs in current session SYNOPSIS jobs [–l–p] [job-identifier...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. jobs produces a list of the processes in the current session.
jobs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities jobs(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 2 Failure due to an invalid command line argument. Message Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for jobs. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid jobs options. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. MPE/iX NOTES The current release of MPE/iX does not support job control.
join(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities join(1) NAME join — join two sorted, textual relational databases SYNOPSIS join [–a n] [–e s] [–o list] [–t c] [–v n] [–1 n] [–2 n] file1 file2 join [–a n] [–e s] [–j[n] m] [–o list] [–t c] file1 file2 DESCRIPTION join joins two databases. It assumes that both file1 and file2 contain textual databases in which each input line is a record and that the input records are sorted in ascending order on a particular join key field (by default the first field in each file).
join(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities join(1) –t c sets the field separator to the character c. Each instance of c introduces a new field, making empty fields possible. –v n suppresses matching lines. If you specify n as one of 1 or 2, join produces unpaired records from only that file. If you specify both –v 1 and –v 2, it produces unpaired records from both files. This does not suppress any lines produced using the –a option. –1 n uses the nth field of file1 as the join key field.
join(1) 1-278 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities join(1) Message: Cause: Action: Bad join field number You specified a value to indicate the join field that was not a valid number. Make sure to use a valid number to indicate join the field. Message: Cause: Action: Badly constructed output list at "string" You specified an improperly constructed list of output fields with the –o option. Check the DESCRIPTION section for details on constructing a list of output fields for the –o option.
join(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability POSIX considers and Utilities join(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. the –j option to be obsolescent. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
kill(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities kill(1) NAME kill — terminate process SYNOPSIS kill –l [exit_status] kill [–s signal_name] [pid...] [job-identifier...] kill [–signal_name] [pid...] [job-identifier...] kill [–signal_number] [pid...] [job-identifier...] DESCRIPTION kill terminates a process by sending it a signal. The default signal is SIGTERM. Options kill accepts the following options: –l displays the names of all supported signals.
kill(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities kill(1) Operands kill accepts the following operands: job-identifier is the job identifier reported by the shell when a process is started with &. It is one way to identify a process. It is also reported by the jobs command. pid is the process ID that the shell reports when a process is started with &. You can also find it using the ps command.
kill(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO jobs(1), ps(1), sh(1) 1-282 Commands and Utilities and Utilities kill(1)
lc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lc(1) NAME lc — list file system elements in categories SYNOPSIS lc [–adfn1] [directory ...] DESCRIPTION lc is an alternative to the UNIX ls command and the DOS dir command. It distinguishes its output by type — generally files or directories. lc displays names in columns, sorted horizontally. Options lc accepts the following options: –a display files and directories the names of which begin with .. These path names are not usually shown. –d displays directories only.
lc(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities lc(1) directory: Path name component too long You specified a directory with a name that was longer than the maximum length indicated by the configuration variable PATH_MAX. The specified directory is invalid, since no directory can exist with a path name that long. Specify a valid directory. Action: insufficient memory There were not enough free system resources to perform the requested operation. Free up more resources.
let(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities let(1) NAME let — evaluate arithmetic expressions SYNOPSIS let expression ... ((expression)) DESCRIPTION let evaluates each arithmetic expression from left to right, using long integer arithmetic with no checks for overflow. No output is generated; the exit status is 0 if the last expression has a non-zero value, and 1 otherwise. The following two lines are equivalent: the second form avoids quoting and enhances readability.
let(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities PORTABILITY let is built into the KornShell on UNIX systems, and is not a Bourne Shell command. NOTE This command is built into the shell.
lex(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lex(1) NAME lex — lexical analyzer generator SYNOPSIS lex [–achlntTv] [–o file.c] [–P proto] [–p prefix] [file.l ...] DESCRIPTION lex reads a description of a lexical syntax, in the form of regular expressions and actions, from file.l. If you do not provide file.l or if the file is named –, lex reads the description from standard input. It produces a set of tables that, together with additional prototype code from /etc/yylex.
lex(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lex(1) –h displays a brief list of the options and quits. –l suppresses #line directives in the generated code. –n suppresses the display of table sizes by the –v option. If you did not specify –v and there are no table sizes specified in file.l, lex behaves as though you specified –n. –o file.c writes the lexical analyzer (internal state tables) to the named output file, instead of the default lex.yy.c.
lex(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lex(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Badly formed equivalence class [=equiv_class=] You attempted to use a multi-character equivalence class in a regular expression. LEX does not support non-POSIX locales. Rewrite the regular expression. Message: Cause: Action: Cannot open temporary file ’filename’ LEX was unable to open the temporary file filename.
lex(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: lex(1) Multi-character collating element [.col_element.] not supported You specified a regular expression containing a multi-character collating element that is not supported by the POSIX locale. Rewrite the regular expression. No lex rules You specified LEX input that did not contain any translation rules, possibly due to empty or badly formatted input.
lex(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lex(1) Message: Cause: Action: Too many character classes (more that num) LEX ran out of space for character classes. Simplify your scanner input. Message: Cause: Action: Too many move (%p) entries: num You did not reserve enough space for move tables. Use the %p directive to increase the space for move tables. Message: Cause: Action: LEX ran Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Too many translations (more than num) out of space for translation rules.
line(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities line(1) NAME line — copy one line of standard input SYNOPSIS line DESCRIPTION line copies one input line from its standard input to its standard output. The end of the line is the first newline encountered. This is useful in shell files that need small amounts of input (for example, responses to prompts). EXAMPLES echo "Enter name:\c" NAME=`line` DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 A line was read successfully.
ln(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ln(1) NAME ln — create a link to an existing file SYNOPSIS ln [–fiRrs] old new ln [–fiRrs] old old ... dir DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. ln creates a link to an existing file or set of files. A link is a new directory entry that refers to the same file.
ln(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ln(1) can’t get rid of the conflicting path name, it does not attempt to establish the new link; it writes an error message to the standard error and goes on to the next file. • If ln successfully gets rid of the conflicting path name, it then establishes the link. Options ln accepts the following options: –f gets rid of any conflicting path names without asking you for confirmation. –i checks with you before getting rid of conflicting path names.
ln(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ln(1) — no space left on target device — out of memory to hold the data to be copied — the inability to create a directory to hold a target file Messages Message: Cause: Action: cannot allocate I/O buffer: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot allocate target string There are not enough free system resources to hold the name of the target file. Free up more system resources.
ln(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: ln(1) Action: no space on device for file "filename" You attempted to copy (or move) a file to filename on a device that has no space for it. Free up space on the target device or copy (or move) the file to another device. Message: Cause: Action: "pathname" is a directory (not copied): system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
ln(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ln(1) Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for this command. Check the Options section of the command’s man page for a list of valid options. Message: Cause: Action: unreadable directory "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: write error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
logname(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities logname(1) NAME logname — display user name SYNOPSIS logname DESCRIPTION logname displays the login name of the person who issues the command. It obtains this through the getlogin() function defined in the POSIX.1 standard. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES LOGNAME contains your user name. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 logname could not determine the login name. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
ls(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ls(1) NAME ls — list file and directory names and attributes SYNOPSIS ls [–AabCcdFfgiLlmnopqRrstux1] [pathname ...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. ls lists files and directories. If the pathname is a file, ls displays information on the file according to the requested options.
ls(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ls(1) –i displays inode numbers along with file names. –L follows symbolic links (only on systems that support symbolic links). –l displays permissions, links, owner, group, size, time, name; see Long Output Format. –m displays names in single line, with commas separating names. –n displays user ID and group ID numbers. –o displays only the user ID of owner. –p puts / after directory names. –q displays non-printable characters as ?.
ls(1) MPE/iX Shell d l p s and Utilities ls(1) directory symbolic link FIFO socket The next nine characters are in three groups of three; they describe the permissions on the file. The first group of three describes owner permissions; the second describes group permissions; the third describes other (or world) permissions.
ls(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ls(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — out of memory — inability to find a file’s information — too many directories — file/directory not found 2 Failure due to an invalid command line option. Messages 1-302 Message: Cause: Action: cannot allocate memory for sorting There were not enough system resources available for ls to sort its output.
ls(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities ls(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –A, –b, –f, –g, –L, –m, –n, –o, –p, –s, and –x options are extensions to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES On the current MPE/iX implementation, the inode number is MPE/iX’s unique 32-bit mapping of the file’s 48-bit UFID. Also, on MPE/iX, the user and group fields are 17 characters long and 8 characters long, respectively.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) NAME mailx — read electronic mail SYNOPSIS mailx [–efHiNn] [–u user] [filename] mailx [–FinU] [–h number] [–r address] [–s subject] user ... DESCRIPTION mailx helps you read and send electronic mail messages. It has no built-in facilities for sending messages to other systems, but combined with other programs (a mail routing agent, and a transport agent), it can send messages to other systems. The command line mailx [options] user user user ...
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) mail software uses the option to prevent infinite loops (the same message cycling through a sequence of machines without ever getting to its intended destination). –r address passes the given address to network mail software. If this option is present, it disables all input mode commands. –s subject uses the given subject string in the Subject heading line of the message.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) After you type in the command to send a message, mailx asks you to enter the Subject of the message (a brief description of what the message is about). You can now type in the text of your message. Your message can consist of any number of lines, and may include blank lines. When you finish entering the message, type a line consisting only of a tilde (˜), followed by a dot (.); then press ENTER. This tells mailx that the message is ready to be sent.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell new and Utilities mailx(1) The message is in the system mailbox and you have not yet read it or otherwise changed its state. When mailx quits, it retains messages in this state in your system mailbox. preserved You used a preserve command on the message. When mailx quits, it retains messages in this state in their current locations.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell Ref n n-m .
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) alias choir soprano alto tenor bass Once you have done this, you can send messages to choir and they are sent to the names that follow choir in the command. Issuing the alias command without any arguments displays a list of the currently defined aliases. Note: Aliases which are entered interactively remain in effect only until the end of the current interactive session.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) d[elete] [refs] deletes the specified messages. If no refs are specified, the current message is deleted. After a delete operation, the current message is set to the message after the last message deleted. Deleted messages are not thrown away until you end your session with the current mailbox (see quit, file). Until then, they can be undeleted (see undelete). di[scard] [header ...] does not display the given header fields when displaying a message.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) fold[er] [filename] is the same as the file command. folders displays the names of the files in the directory given by the folder variable; see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section. F[ollowup] [refs] replies to the first message given in the refs; mailx sends this reply to the authors of every message given in the refs. The Subject line is taken from the first message in the refs.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) i[f] code mailx commands [el[se] mailx commands] en[dif] is primarily intended for use in start-up files; see the Start-Up Files section for information. The code must be the character r or s. If it is r, the first set of mailx commands are executed if mailx is in receive mode, and the second set if mailx is in send mode. If code is s, the opposite is true. The else part is optional. ig[nore] [header ...] is the same as the discard command.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) p[rint] [refs] displays the specified messages on the screen. If no refs are given the current message is displayed. Header fields specified by discard and ignore commands are not displayed. If the crt variable is set to an integer, messages with more lines than that integer are paginated using the command specified by the PAGER variable. For more information, see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section. q[uit] terminates a mailx session.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) S[ave] [refs] saves the specified messages in a file the name of which is taken from the author of the first message (the file name is the author’s name, without any attached network addressing). If the folder variable is set, the file is saved to the specified directory. s[ave] [refs] [filename] saves the specified messages in the given file. If no refs are given, the current message is saved. The file is created if it doesn’t already exist.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) T[ype] [refs] is the same as the Print command. t[ype] [refs] is the same as the print command. una[lias] [alias [name ...]] deletes specified alias names. u[ndelete] [refs] restores previously deleted messages. When messages are deleted, they are not discarded immediately; they are just marked for deletion, and are actually deleted when mailx terminates. Until termination, you can use undelete to restore the specified messages.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) ! command executes the given shell command. For example, !lc lists all files in the current directory. The shell that is invoked to execute the command is given by the SHELL environment variable; see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section. #comment mailx ignores everything from the # to the end of the line. This is useful for putting comments into start-up files. ? displays a summary of command mode commands. = displays the current message number.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) ˜f [refs] is similar to ˜F except that the header fields included are determined by the discard, ignore, and retain commands. ˜h prompts you to enter the following header lines: Subject Cc Bcc To For some of these, mailx displays an initial value for the header. You can edit this initial value as if you had just typed it in yourself, using backspaces and line deletes.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) ˜< filename is the same as the ˜r command. ˜< !command executes the given shell command and adds the standard output of that command at this point in the message. For example, your message might contain My program is giving me this odd output: ˜< !prog What do you think is causing it? ˜| command pipes the current message through the specified shell command.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) Start-Up Files When you invoke mailx in command mode, mailx does the following: 1. Sets all variables to their default values. Processes command-line options, using them to override any corresponding default values. 2. Imports appropriate external environment variables, using them to override any corresponding default values. 3. Reads commands from the system start-up file, /etc/mailx.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) The following variables always come from the external environment; these can be changed inside a mailx session, except where marked. HOME gives the name of your home directory. This cannot be changed inside mailx. LOGNAME gives your login name. MAILDIR gives the name of the directory where system mailboxes are stored. If this is not set, the default is /usr/mail.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) For example, print name displays all messages that originated from the same login name, regardless of the rest of the network address. The default is noallnet, where different addresses are assumed to be different users, even if the login name components are the same. append appends messages to the end of the mbox file upon termination. The default is noappend; messages are placed at the beginning of the mbox file instead of the end.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) conv specifies that UUCP network addresses are to be converted to a different style. The conv variable is assigned a code word indicating the desired style. At present, the only code word recognized is internet, which stands for the RFC822 specifications for network mail addressing.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) header displays a summary of message headers at the beginning of a mailx command mode session. This is the default. hold keeps all messages in your system mailbox instead of saving them in your mbox. The default is nohold. ignore ignores interrupts received while composing a message. The default is noignore. ignoreeof ignores EOF markers found while entering a message. The message can be ended by a dot (.) or ˜. on a line by itself.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) metoo when replying to a message with your login name in the recipient list, sends a reply to all other recipients, the author and you. If nometoo is set, you are not sent the reply. The default is nometoo. onehop attempts to send replies directly to the recipients instead of going through the original author’s machine. When you reply to a message, your reply is sent to the author and all recipients of the message.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) save saves messages in your dead.letter file if they are interrupted while being composed. The name of your dead.letter file is given by the DEAD variable. Setting nosave disables this automatic save feature. The default is save. screen gives the number of headers that are to be displayed by the headers and z commands. sendmail contains a command, possibly with options, that mailx invokes to send mail. The default is mail.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) VISUAL contains a command, possibly with options, that mailx invokes when using the command mode visual or the input mode ˜v. The default is the vi utility (see vi(1)). FILES mailx uses the following files: /etc/mailx.rc System-wide start-up file. $MAILRC Personal start-up file. By default, MAILRC has the value $HOME/.mailrc. $HOME/mbox Default location to save read messages.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) — invalid command line option — use of interactive options when not using command interactively Messages Message: Cause: Action: alias storage: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: allocating message address: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: allocating message header system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
mailx(1) 1-328 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) Message: Cause: Action: else: no matching "if" statement You issued an else command without a corresponding if command. Ensure that all else commands are preceded by a if command. Message: Cause: Action: endif: no matching "if" statement You issued an endif command without a corresponding if command. Ensure that all endif commands are preceded by a if command.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mailx(1) Message: Cause: Action: if: "s" or "r" are permissible arguments You used an argument other than r or s with the if command. Use only r or s as the argument for an if command. Message: Cause: Inappropriate message You tried to perform a command on an inappropriate message. For example, you tried to undelete a message that was not deleted or you tried to respond to a deleted message.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell mailx(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing file name You issued a command which requires a file name without providing one. Specify a file name. Message: Cause: Action: Missing number of hops after "-h" You invoked mailx with the –h option without providing a value following it. Provide a value following the –h option. Message: Cause: Missing subject after "-s" You invoked mailx with the –s option without providing a subject string following it.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities mailx(1) Action: not in interactive mode You attempted to use an interactive mode command (through ˜:) when you did not invoke mailx in interactive mode. Invoke mailx in interactive mode to use interactive mode commands. Message: Cause: Action: Option –option argument missing You did not provide an argument for –option. Provide the missing argument. Message: Cause: Action: Options applying only to interactive use were given.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell mailx(1) Message: Cause: Action: Unknown command "command" You entered a command that does that not exist in mailx. Verify that you spelled the command name properly and that it is a valid mailx command. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown command "˜command". Type ˜? for help. You entered an input mode command that does not exist. Check the Input Mode Commands subsection to ensure that the command is valid.
mailx(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. and Utilities UNIX System mailx(1) V. System V has a compatible mailx utility while Berkeley systems have a similar utility known as Mail. UNIX The –d, –F, –r, and –U options, the Copy, echo, followup, Followup, Save, Unread, and version commands, and the allnet, conv, onehop, replyall, sendmail, and sendwait variables are extensions to the POSIX standard.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) NAME make — maintain program-generated and interdependent files SYNOPSIS make [–EeinpqrstuVvx] [–k|–S] [–c dir] [–f file] ... [macro definition] ... [target ...] DESCRIPTION make is a command that helps you manage projects that contain a set of interdependent files. Typical examples would be a program with many source and object files, or a document that is built from source files, macro files, and so on.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) standard output. This feature works with group recipes, but in these cases, make executes the commands. If make finds the string $(MAKE) in a recipe line, it expands it, adds –n to the MAKEFLAGS, and then executes the recipe line. This allows you to see what recursive calls to make do. The output correctly shows line breaks in recipes that are divided into several lines of text using the \ sequence.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) up-to-date version. In this case, the compiled program file is the target and the corresponding source code files are prerequisites (that is, the files on which a target is dependent). make updates all targets that are specified on the command line. If you do not specify any target, make updates the targets in the first rule of the makefile.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Normally, make does not include white space at the beginning and end of string in the definition of macro; however, it never strips white space from macros imported from the environment. If you want to include white space in a macro definition specified on the make command line, you must enclose the definition in quotes. make resolves macro definitions in the following order: 1. Macro definitions in the built-in inference rules. 2.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) we have $(test:d) -> D1/D2/d3 . d1 $(test:b) -> a f k $(test:f) -> a.out f.out k.out ${test:DB} -> D1/D2/d3/a f d1/k ${test:s/out/in} -> D1/D2/d3/a.in f.in d1/k.in $(test:f:t"+") -> a.out+f.out+k.out $(test:t"+") -> D1/D2/d3/a.out+f.out+d1/k.out $(test:u) -> D1/D2/D3/A.OUT F.OUT D1/K.OUT $(test:l) -> d1/d2/d3/a.out f.out d1/k.out $(test:ˆ"/rd/") -> /rd/D1/D2/d3/a.out /rd/f.out /rd/d1/k.out $(test:+".Z") -> D1/D2/d3/a.out.Z f.out.Z d1/k.out.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) $< Subset of $ˆ which prompt the rule’s execution (specified on the rule line where the $< appears). In normal rules, this contains the list of all recently changed prerequisites. In inference rules, this contains the single prerequisite associated with the current, executing rule. $> The name of the library if the current target is a library member. $* The target name with no suffix ($(%:db)) or the value of the stem in a meta-rule.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Rules The general format of a rule is targets [attributes] ruleop [prerequisites] [;recipe] { recipe} The parts of the rule are described as follows. targets one or more target names. attributes a list, possibly empty, of attributes to apply to the list of targets. ruleop a separator string that separates the target names from the prerequisite names and may also affect the processing of the specified targets.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) targets :: prereqs is used for multiple rules applying to the same target. Each rule can specify a different set of prerequisites with a different recipe for updating the target. If a target is out-of-date with respect to any of its prerequisites, make remakes the target using all the recipe lines associated with the rules that mention those prerequisites. targets :| prereqs is used in meta-rules.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Group recipes begin with [ in the first non-white space position of a line, and end with ] in the first non-white space position of a line. Recipe lines in a group recipe need not have a leading tab. make executes a group recipe by feeding it as a single unit to a shell. If you immediately follow the [ at the beginning of a group recipe with one of –, @ or +, they apply to the entire group in the same way that they apply to single recipe lines.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) in your makefile. This clears the prerequisites of the .SUFFIXES target which prevents the enaction of any suffix rules. The order that the suffixes appear in the .SUFFIXES rule determines the order in which make checks the suffix rules. The following steps describe the search algorithm for suffix rules: 1. Extract the suffix from the target. 2. Is it in the .SUFFIXES list? If not, then quit the search. 3. If it is in the .
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) causes adding mem.o to library mylib to be printed. Refer to Making Libraries in the User’s Guide for more information about libraries and the .LIBRARY and .LIBRARYM attributes. Meta-rules Meta-rules have one target with a single percent symbol which matches an arbitrary string called the stem; A%B matches any string which starts with prefix A and ends with suffix B. A and/or B may be null. The % in a dependency stands for the stem.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) make considers each meta-rule only once when performing transitive closure to avoid a situation where it loops forever. For example, if you have the rule % : %.c ... rule body ... the command make file causes make to look for file.c. If the meta-rules were not restricted and file.c did not exist, then make would look for file.c.c, and then file.c.c.c, and so on. Because make uses each meta-rule only once, this can’t happen.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Attributes make defines several target attributes. Attributes may be assigned to a single target, a group of targets, or to all targets in the makefile. Attributes affect what make does when it needs to update a target. You can associate attributes with targets by specifying a rule of the following form: attribute_list : target ... This assigns the attributes in attribute_list to the given targets.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) .SYMBOL Target is an entry point into a module in a library (cannot be set by the user). This attribute is used only when searching a library for a target. Targets of the form lib((entry)) have this attribute set automatically. You can specify any attribute except .LIBRARYM and .SYMBOL. You can use any attribute with any target, including special targets.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) .EXPORT All prerequisites associated with this target which correspond to macro names are exported to the environment at the point in the makefile at which this target appears. .GROUPEPILOG make adds the recipe associated with this target after any group recipe for a target that has the .EPILOG attribute. .GROUPPROLOG make adds the recipe associated with this target before any group recipe for a target that has the .PROLOG attribute. .
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) .REMOVE make uses the recipe of this target to remove any intermediate files that it creates if an error is encountered before creating the final target. This does not remove files marked .PRECIOUS or files that existed before make began execution. .SOURCE The prerequisite list of this target defines a set of directories to check when trying to locate a target file name. .SOURCE.x Same as .SOURCE, except that make searches the .SOURCE.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) GROUPSHELL Gives the path name of the command interpreter (shell) that make calls to process group recipes. GROUPSUFFIX Specifies a string for make to use as a suffix when creating group recipe files to be handed to the command interpreter. .IGNORE If this is assigned a non-null value, make assigns the .IGNORE attribute to every target. INCDEPTH The current depth of makefile inclusion. This is set internally.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) MAKESTARTUP Has the default value /etc/startup.mk To change where make looks for its startup file, you can set the environment variable MAKESTARTUP before running make. Since make processes command line macros after reading the startup file, setting this macro on the command line does not have the desired effect. MFLAGS Same as MAKEFLAGS, except that it includes the leading switch character. NULL Permanently defined to be the NULL string. .
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Making Libraries A library is a file containing a collection of object files. To make a library, you specify it as a target with the .LIBRARY attribute and list its prerequisites. The prerequisites should be the object members that are to go into the library. When make makes the library target, it assigns the .LIBRARYM attribute to the prerequisites.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) string != string is true if the two strings are not equal. Typically, one or both strings contain macros, which make expands before making comparisons. make also discards white space at the start and end of the text portion before the comparison. This means that a macro which expands to nothing but white space is considered a NULL value for the purpose of the comparison.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: .ELSE without .IF You specified a .ELSE statement without a corresponding .IF statement. Provide the corresponding .IF and .END statements (if necessary), or remove the .ELSE statement. Message: Cause: Action: .IF .ELSE ... .END nesting too deep The nesting of .IF .ELSE ... .END structures is too deep. Modify your makefile so that these structures are not nested as deep.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Message: Cause: Action: Cannot find member defining archive((symbol)) make tried to locate the library archive member containing the symbol symbol. Check that you archive file contains all the expected member files. Message: Cause: Action: Cannot mix single and group recipe lines You attempted to mix recipe lines with group recipes for the same rule. Either make the entire recipe a group, or remove the group.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell make(1) Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: File filename not found make was unable to find the file filename. Check that the file exists, was named properly and that you have the appropriate permissions. Message: Cause: Found unmatched ’]’ You specified a ] in your makefile for a group recipe without providing the matching [. Provide the missing [.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Message: Cause: Action: Invalid library format make attempted to access a library that was not in the correct format. Verify that your library is correct and rebuild it if necessary. Message: Cause: Line too long make encountered a line that was too long to process either when reading a file or performing macro expansions. Restructure you makefile so that the line can be shortened.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: make(1) No .INCLUDE file(s) specified You specified a .INCLUDE special target without providing the names of the files to be included. Refer to the documentation on the .INCLUDE target and add the missing file names. Message: Cause: Action: No file name for -f You specified the –f option but did not follow it with a file name. Provide a file name following the –f option.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities make(1) Message: Cause: Action: Openfile: bad name make attempted to open a file with an invalid or NULL name. Edit the makefile and correct the file name. Message: Cause: Operator after special target treated as ’:’ You specified a modifier, such as !, with a rule defining a special target. make ignores any such modifiers. Remove the extraneous modifier.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell make(1) Message: Cause: Action: Too many arguments -- limit num Too many arguments were produced when make tried to exec a line in a recipe. Simplify the recipe line. Message: Cause: Action: Too many makefiles specified You specified too many files using the –f option. Combine one or more files into a single file. Message: Cause: Action: Too many open files. Max nesting level is num. You have exceeded the maximum limit of .INCLUDES.
make(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities make(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The following features of MAKE are enhancements to POSIX.2: • • • • • • The following options; –c dir, –E, –u, –V, –v, –x. The –n option has enhanced functionality not covered by the standard; for more information see the explanations of the –n option and the .POSIX special target in this man page. The following run-time macros; $&, $ˆ, $>.
man(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man(1) NAME man — print sections of the online reference manual SYNOPSIS man [–wx] [–M path] [section] entry ... man [–kwx] [–M path] keyword ... DESCRIPTION The man command either prints portions of the online manual to the standard output or searches for manual entries having the specified keywords associated with them. man recognizes the following options: searches a precomputed database of synopsis lines for information on keywords.
man(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man(1) To find a given entry, man follows these search rules. If you specified a section, man searches for the appropriate entry in that section of the manual; otherwise man looks for the first entry named entry regardless of the section. If any rule results in finding the man page, man displays the entry and exits. • man checks each directory in MANPATH for a file named man.dbz. If it exists, man looks for the requested entry in its index (see File Format).
man(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The following environment variables affect man: MANPATH contains a list of paths to search for man pages. MANPAGER PAGER contains an output filtering command for use when displaying manual entries on a terminal. TMPDIR identifies the directory where temporary files reside. FILES man uses the following files and directories: /usr/man default directory for online manual cat[0-9]/*.
man(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man(1) Message: Cause: Action: insufficient memory: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: keyword: nothing appropriate man found no entries for the specified keyword in the whatis database. Check that you spelled keyword correctly. Try a related keyword. Message: Cause: Action: Missing path after -M You specified the –M option but did not provide a path as an argument. Provide the missing path.
man(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities man(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
merge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities merge(1) NAME merge — three-way file merge SYNOPSIS merge [–H] [–h] [–p] [–q] [–Z] file1 root file2 [mark1 [mark2]] DESCRIPTION merge incorporates all changes that lead from root to file2 into file1. The result is stored in file1. merge is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose root is the original, and both file1 and file2 are modifications of root. Then, merge combines both changes.
merge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities merge(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: cannot find "diff3" command: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot rename "name1" to "name2": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: child process: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
merge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities merge(1) Message: Cause: Action: Unable to open file filename for zeroing: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unable to stat file filename when unlinking: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for merge. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid merge options.
mesg(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mesg(1) NAME mesg — allow or refuse messages SYNOPSIS mesg [y] [n] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. mesg determines whether other users can send messages to your terminal with talk, write, or similar utilities. mesg y lets other people send you messages. mesg n tells the system not to let others send you messages.
mesg(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: and Utilities mesg(1) Action: term_group group is missing -- contact your system administrator mesg was unable to find term_group (that is, the group that owns all the terminals). Contact your system administrator. Message: Cause: Action: terminal "term": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
mkdir(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mkdir(1) NAME mkdir — create a new directory SYNOPSIS mkdir [–p] [–m mode] directory... DESCRIPTION The mkdir command creates a new directory for each named directory argument. Option mkdir accepts the following options: –m mode lets you specify permissions for the directories. The mode argument may have the same value as the mode for chmod; see chmod(1) for more details. –p creates intermediate directory components that don’t already exist.
mkdir(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities mkdir(1) Octal mode may contain only digits [0-7] in numstring When using the octal mode to indicate new access permissions, you specified a string numstring which contained a character other than the digits 0 to 7. Make sure that all mode values in octal mode are valid octal numbers, containing only the digits 0 through 7. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for mkdir.
mkfifo(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mkfifo(1) NAME mkfifo — create a FIFO special file SYNOPSIS mkfifo [–p] [–m mode] file ... DESCRIPTION mkfifo creates one or more FIFO special file with the given names. Options mkfifo accepts the following options: –m mode lets you specify file permissions for the files. The mode argument may have the same value as the mode for chmod; see chmod(1) for more details. –p creates intermediate directory components that don’t already exist.
mkfifo(1) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mkfifo(1) Octal mode may contain only digits [0-7] in numstring When using the octal mode to indicate new access permissions, you specified a string numstring which contained a character other than the digits 0 to 7. Make sure that all mode values in octal mode are valid octal numbers, containing only the digits 0 through 7. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for mkfifo.
mknod(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mknod(1) NAME mknod — build a special file SYNOPSIS mknod pathname b major minor mknod pathname c major minor mknod pathname p DESCRIPTION mknod creates a special file with the given pathname. b indicates block-special files (for example, disks and tapes), while c indicates character-special files (for example, printers and other devices). major gives the major device type and minor the minor device type; device types can be either octal or decimal numbers.
mknod(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mknod(1) PORTABILITY All UNIX systems. Within POSIX, mknod has been superseded by mkfifo for pipes. The POSIX family of standards have not yet designed an alternative to mknod for special files. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities more(1) NAME more — display files on a page-by-page basis SYNOPSIS more [–ceiSs] [–A|–u] [–n number] [–P prompt] [–p command] [–t tag] [file ...] more [–ceiSs] [–A|–u] [–n number] [–P prompt] [–t tag] [+command] [file ...] DESCRIPTION more displays files one page at a time. It obtains the number of lines per page from the environment or from the –n option. If the standard output is not a terminal device, the number of lines per page is infinite.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities more(1) –p command +command initially executes the more command on each file. If it executes successfully and command is a positioning command such as a line number or a regular expression search, more displays the resulting page; otherwise more displays the first page of the file. If both the –t and –p options are specified, the –t option is processed first. –S displays the prompt in normal mode rather than STANDOUT mode.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities more(1) [n]j [n]SPACE [n]ENTER [n] ↓ scrolls forward n lines, with a default of one line for j, ENTER, and ↓ and a default of one page for SPACE. This command displays the entire n lines even if n is more than the page size. At end-of-file, these commands cause more to begin displaying the next file in the list, or to exit if the current file is the last one in the list. [n]k [n] ↑ scrolls backward n lines, with a default of one line.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell ’’ and Utilities more(1) returns to the position from which you last issued a movement command of greater than one page or the beginning of the file if you have issued no such commands. :e [filename]ENTER stops viewing the current file and views filename instead. If you do not specify filename, more returns to the beginning of the current file. If filename is #, more returns to the last file viewed before the current one.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities more(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The following environment variables affect the operation of more: COLUMNS contains the maximum number of columns to display on one line. EDITOR contains the name of the editor that the v command invokes. LINES contains the number of lines in a page. This value takes precedence over value from TERM; however, the –n value takes precedence over the LINES value.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities more(1) Cannot edit standard input. You attempted to use the v command to edit text that was coming from the standard input stream. Store the input text in a temporary file and then use more to view that file. This allows you to edit the text if necessary.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: more(1) No remembered regular expression. You tried to use a remembered regular expression; however, there was no remembered regular expression. Specify the regular expression explicitly. No such mark You attempted to move to a mark using the ’letter command, but you never defined the mark letter with a mletter command.
more(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities more(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –A, –P, and –S options and the :w and ! commands are extensions to the POSIX standard. The HOME, END, PgDn, PgUp, ↓, and ↑ commands are extensions to traditional implementations of more, available only on terminal types which support these keys. MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of more converts non-byte stream files to byte steam files before displaying them.
mv(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mv(1) NAME mv — rename and move files and directories SYNOPSIS mv [–fi] file1 file2 mv [–fi] file ... directory mv –R–r [–fi] directory1 directory2 DESCRIPTION mv renames files or moves them to a different directory. If you specify multiple files, the target (that is, the last path name on the command line) must be a directory. mv moves the files into that directory and gives them names that match the final components of the source path names.
mv(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mv(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion.
mv(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: 1-388 and Utilities mv(1) Action: cannot create parent directory for target "name" An error occurred while trying to create the parent directory of the specified target file. Make sure you have permissions to create the directory. Message: Cause: Action: cannot find file "filename" You specified a filename that does not exist. Check the path and spelling of filename. Message: Cause: Action: cannot mkdir "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
mv(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities mv(1) Message: Cause: Action: no space on device for file "filename" You attempted to move a file to filename on a device that has no space for it. Free up space on the target device or move the file to another device. Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: recursive copy to directory "pathname" You tried to recursively copy a directory to itself. Choose a different pathname.
mv(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Message: Cause: Action: unreadable directory "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: write error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability mv(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –R and –r options are extensions to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES On MPE/iX, mv is available as both a built-in shell utility and an external utility.
Permuted Index successfully/ in current environment/ return from shell function or intercept display information display info change split a text file, command aliases/ create a tracked remove display or create command write to lexical change the ownership of files the group ownership of files write to archives/ calculation language/ file backup/ USTAR-compatible tape create and maintain library format of cpio format of pax format of tar display display evaluate arbitrary-precision evaluate related books an
sequence/ variables/ run a command assign change RCS file file and directory names and report generation language/ archiver to copy and tape archiver to copy and for data interchange and file font/ component of path name/ files on a page-by-page arithmetic calculation language/ and show differences/ decode transmitted compare display printable strings in compute checksum and copy and convert input related script/ display compute checksum and convert MPE record files to files/convert a count of newlines, wor
change terminal characteristics ..................................tput(1) files and/or directories/ change the group ownership of...................................chgrp(1) and/or directories/ change the ownership of files .....................................chown(1) change working directory ...........................................cd(1) reverse character order of input lines ......................................rev(1) change terminal characteristics .....................................................
compare RCS revisions ...............................................rcsdiff(1) differences/ compare sorted files and show....................................comm(1) compare three text files ...............................................diff3(1) compare two files.........................................................cmp(1) differences/ compare two text files and show ................................diff(1) generic C compiler interface ........................................................
archives/ display or get or set the file mode a text file, according to according to criteria/ ex, more, and vi/ — execute shell file in display status of jobs in a command in place of the display information about or characters from input lines/ archiver for generation language/ uncompress and display two sorted, textual relational time/ set and display change file modification calculator / blocks/ files/remove remove alias mail RCS editing facilities for arbitrary precision and show differences/ change f
create a new display working list file and remove components of path name/ uncompress and set and path name/ environment for process/ input lines/selectively path name/ basis/ previous commands/ standard output/ users/ command/ binary files/ information/ session/ set or concatenate and editor/ from shell function or . formatted file Permuted Index-6 directory .......................................................................mkdir(1) directory ......................................................
display, fix, command/ descriptions and log messages/RCS command and history line-oriented text stream red — line-oriented text text interactive text read list file system compress files by Huffman environment for process/ variables/ execute shell file in current display environment, set process/display standard RCS regular expression system format of the shell/ produce tags file for place of the current shell/ display path name for remove debug information from current shell/ construct and suspend create
display brief command explanations .................................................................help(1) export — mark names for export................................export(1) mark names for export............................................................................export(1) expr — evaluate expression........................................expr(1) regular expression error messages...........................................regerror(3) evaluate expression............................................
display command to parse shell summarize list find files within determine check in a check out a change checksum and block count for checksum and byte count for rename and move bdiff — compare two text compare binary compare sorted compare two text diffh — compare two text change the group ownership of change the ownership of archiver to copy and back up compress clean up working compare three text compare two concatenate and display text copy decode Huffman packed display and format display info about RCS
find files within file tree ..............................................find(1) display first part of file..............................................................head(1) commands/display, fix, edit and re-enter previous .....................................fc(1) set shell flags and positional parameters ..................................set(1) fmt — simple text formatter .......................................fmt(1) lines/ fold — break lines into shorter ...................................
output/display Huffman packed files on standard ..............................pcat(1) conversion/ iconv — Available code sets for ................................iconv(3) id — display user and group names ...........................id(1) file/ ident — look for keywords in a ..................................ident(1) display info about RCS files ....................................................rlog(1) display information about current users..................................
Lempel-Ziv compression of a file...............................compress(1) Undo Lempel-Ziv compression of a file...............................uncompress(1) expressions/ let — evaluate arithmetic............................................let(1) lex — functions used with lex ....................................lex(3) lex — lexical analyzer generator ...............................lex(1) functions used with lex .................................................................................
mark variable as readonly ...........................................readonly(1) or set the file mode creation mask/get .......................................................................umask(1) match patterns in a file ................................................grep(1) merge — three-way file merge ...................................merge(1) merge RCS revisions ...................................................rcsmerge(1) three-way file merge ......................................................
stream editor (non-interactive) ..........................................................sed(1) : (colon) — do nothing, successfully ...................................................colon(1) do nothing, successfully ...................................................true(1) number lines.................................................................nl(1) od — formatted file dump...........................................od(1) print sections of the online reference manual.................................
execute a command in place of the current shell .............................................exec(1) set shell flags and positional parameters ..................................................set(1) shift positional parameters ..................................................shift(1) pr — display and format files .....................................pr(1) arbitrary precision desk calculator.............................................dc(1) edit and re-execute previous command..............................
readonly/ mark variable as convert MPE a byte stream files to MPE display, fix, edit and edit and print sections of the online articles/ allow or error messages/ expression patterns/ syntax of join two sorted, textual appointment executable files/ directories/ running processes/ data transformation, function or .
shell function or . (dot) iteration of loop in shell manual/print (non-interactive)/ characters from input lines/ table of ASCII collating status of jobs in current positional parameters/ display environment, parameters/ get or Available code shell and command interpreter/ history editing in the shell/ POSIX-compliant (Korn) rsh — POSIX-compliant (Korn) display arguments from the evaluate arguments in exit from the .
— compare two text files and show differences/bdiff .................................................diff(1) — compare two text files and show differences/diffh .................................................diff(1) execute a simple command..........................................................command(1) simple text formatter ...................................................fmt(1) shell script/ skip to next iteration of loop in ..................................
display system name information ............................................uname(1) set terminal tab stops........................................................................tabs(1) table of ASCII collating sequence................................ascii(3) tabs — set terminal tab stops ......................................tabs(1) compress spaces into tabs................................................................................unexpand(1) expand tabs to spaces ....................................
tr — translation filter ...................................................tr(1) create a tracked alias .................................................................hash(1) language/data transformation, report generation ...............................awk(1) translation filter............................................................tr(1) encode a file for safe transmission .................................................................uuencode(1) decode transmitted binary file .....................
declare an integer remove shell standard environment attributes and values to interactive text editor/ tags file for ex, more, and complete/ users/ bytes, and characters/ interprets command name/ executable command/ current users/ find files count of newlines, change display clean up command lines/ data/ setting local time variable .........................................................................integer(1) variable or function .....................................................
Permuted Index-22
Index ! command 1-678 to 1-678 ! filter vi command 1-655 to 1-655 ! run shell ex command 1-670 to 1-670 " comment ex command 1-671 to 1-671 # display lines with line numbers ex command 1-666 to 1-666 #define directive 3-6 to 3-6 #line 1-710 to 1-710 #undef directive 3-6 to 3-6 $ end of line metacharacter 1-661 to 1-661 $ move to end of line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 $STDLIST variable 1-693 to 1-704 % move to balancing bracket vi command 1-653 to 1-653 %prefix 1-711 to 1-711 & all matched characters 1-662 to
CTRL-ˆ edit alternate file vi command 1-658 to 1-658 ´ move to start of marked line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ` move to mark vi command 1-651 to 1-651 – move to start of previous line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ]] move to next section vi command 1-653 to 1-653 ˆ move to first non-blank vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ˆ start of line metacharacter 1-661 to 1-661 { move back to start of paragraph vi command 1-652 to 1-652 | move to column vi command 1-651 to 1-651 | multiple commands in ex 1-659 to 1-659 |& shell op
awk getline 1-25 to 1-25 awk NF field in current record 1-24 to 1-24 awk NR number of records read 1-24 to 1-24 awk operators 1-21 to 1-21 awk patterns 1-29 to 1-29 awk statements 1-29 to 1-29 awk system 1-28 to 1-28 awk variables 1-19 to 1-19 B B move to previous full word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 b move to previous word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 back up a word vi command, CTRL-W 1-659 to 1-659 backquoting 1-534 to 1-534 backslash 1-661 to 1-661 backspace 1-646 to 1-646 backspace delete last character vi
choose command interpreter ex variable, shell 1-668 to 1-675 chown command A-12 to A-12, 1-87 to 1-94 ci command 1-100 to 1-104, 3-10 to 3-26 CI, MPE/iX 1-13 to 1-77 cksum command 1-105 to 1-106 class regular expressions 1-662 to 1-662 cleanup working files 1-466 to 1-466 closing standard input 1-537 to 1-537 closing standard output 1-537 to 1-537 cmd environment variable 1-312 to 1-332 cmp command 1-106 to 1-108 co command 1-104 to 1-117, 3-11 to 3-26 co-process 1-523 to 1-537 colon command 1-118 to 1-118
command, getopts 1-255 to 1-258 command, glob 3-32 to 3-32 command, grep 1-206 to 1-261, 3-32 to 3-37 command, gres 1-261 to 1-261 command, hash 1-10 to 1-262 command, head 1-263 to 1-264 command, help 1-265 to 1-266 command, history 1-10 to 1-268 command, id 1-269 to 1-270 command, ident 1-104 to 1-272, 3-26 to 3-26 command, insert 1-211 to 1-211 command, integer 1-10 to 1-273 command, intro 1-1 to 1-1 command, jobs 1-274 to 1-275 command, join 1-276 to 1-279 command, kill A-16 to A-16, A-16 to A-16, 1-274
command, uncompress 1-103 to 1-631 command, unexpand 1-216 to 1-633 command, uniq 1-108 to 1-636 command, unpack 1-126 to 1-638 command, unset 1-555 to 1-640 command, uudecode 1-641 to 1-643 command, uuencode 1-641 to 1-645 command, vi 1-143 to 1-690, 2-7 to 2-7, 3-32 to 3-9, 7 command, wait 1-275 to 1-691 command, wall 1-371 to 1-693 command, wc 1-106 to 1-695 command, whence 1-555 to 1-697 command, which 1-696 to 1-699 command, who 1-443 to 1-701 command, wrapmargin 1-678 to 1-678 command, write 1-370 to
dc division 1-158 to 1-158 dc executing strings 1-161 to 1-161 dc exponentiation 1-158 to 1-158 dc modulo 1-158 to 1-158 dc multiplication 1-158 to 1-158 dc registers 1-155 to 1-155 dc remainder 1-158 to 1-158 dc scaling factor 1-157 to 1-157 dc square root 1-159 to 1-159 dc subtraction 1-158 to 1-158 dd command 1-137 to 1-173 DEAD environment variable 1-316 to 1-325 dead.
duplicate output stream 1-596 to 1-596 E E move to end of full word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 e move to end of word vi command 1-652 to 1-652 EBCDIC-to-ASCII 1-169 to 1-169 echo command 1-193 to 1-194, 3-3 to 3-3 ECHO environment variable 1-14 to 1-75 ECHO lex statement 3-8 to 3-8 ed command 1-174 to 1-206, 3-32 to 3-9 ed command, append 1-197 to 1-198 ed command, change 1-197 to 1-197 ed command, change file 1-198 to 1-198 ed command, copy 1-200 to 1-200 ed command, delete 1-197 to 1-197 ed command, displ
environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, enviro
ex command, append to file 1-669 to 1-669 ex command, args display current file list 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, cd change directory 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, change change lines 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, chdir change directory 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, copy copy lines 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, delete 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, edit edit new file 1-664 to 1-669 ex command, ex edit new file 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, file obtain file information 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, g global find 1-664 to 1-664 ex c
file name, .profile A-18 to A-18, A-2 to A-2, A-2 to A-2, A-2 to A-2, 1-517 to 1-545 file name, .sh_history A-2 to A-2, 1-267 to 1-545 file name, a.out 1-71 to 1-73 file name, calendar 1-76 to 1-77 file name, CCOMXL.PUB.SYS 1-72 to 1-72 file name, dead.letter 1-322 to 1-326 file name, ed.hup 1-202 to 1-202 file name, l.output 1-288 to 1-288 file name, lex.yy.c 1-287 to 1-288 file name, LINKEDIT.PUB.
function, yylex 3-6 to 3-8 function, yymapch 3-7 to 3-7 function, yymore 3-8 to 3-8 function, yywrap 3-7 to 3-7 functions 1-45 to 1-45 functions command 1-10 to 1-246 functions, awk 1-28 to 1-28 G g global find ex command 1-664 to 1-664 G move to absolute line vi command 1-650 to 1-650 generation, file name 1-193 to 1-538 getconf command 1-154 to 1-252 getline, awk 1-25 to 1-25 getlogin function 1-298 to 1-298 getopt command 1-253 to 1-255 getopts command 1-255 to 1-258 glob command 3-32 to 3-32 global ed
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
