PC-Nikkor 35mm f/2.
NOMENCLATURE Preset ring alignment index Preset ring Aperture ring Distance scale Depth-of-field indicators In frared index Distance scale index 2
Apertu re scale Aperture ring alignment index Focusing ring Shift scale Shift knob Maximum permissible shift value index Maximum permissible shift values Mounti index 3
CONTENTS Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .4 Mou nti ng the lens . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Setting the aperture . . .. -. . .... 6 Stop-down measurement. .. .. -.7 Focusing . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 8 Depth of field .. . . . . . . .. ... 9 Shift and rotation movement. .. 10 Maximum permissible shift ... 11 Framing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Panoramas .. . . . . . . . . . .... 16 Depth of field tables ... . . . . . 20 Close-up tables ... . . . . . . ... 22 Features/ specifications ... . ..
MOUNTING THE LENS The PC-Nikkor 35mm fj2.8 mounts on all Nikon and Nikkormat cameras. To mount the lens, position it in the camera's bayonet mount so that the mounting index dots on the lens and the camera are aligned. Then, grasp the milled surface of the mounting ring and twist the lens counterclockwise until it clicks and locks into place. (See "Stop-Down Measurement" on page 6 for metering procedures.
SETTING THE APERTURE The PC-Nikkor is provided with a manual diaphragm operable from f/2.8 to f/32 and a spring-loaded preset ring to aid in setting the diaphragm quickly to the shooting aperture; a total of eight click-stop positions, at full -stop intervals, makes for precise placement of the preset ring. Also, identical sets of f/numbers are engraved on opposite sides of the front rim of the lens to facilitate operation when the lens is used inverted.
Stopped-Down Measurement The PC-Nikkor lens must be stopped down to determine the exposure when used on TTL cameras. Because the finder image progressively becomes darker as the lens is stopped down, you should focus first before taking a meter reading. It is important to note that exposure measurement must be performed before the lens is shifted; should measurement be performed after shifting, erroneous meter readings may occur.
FOCUSING The aperture and preset rings of the PC-Nikkor enable focusing at full aperture for the brightest viewfinder image, with rapid setting of the diaphragm to the preset shooting aperture. Having set the preset ring to the desired aperture setting, focus as follows: Turn the aperture ring to the f/2.8 setting to open the diaphragm fully for focusing (photo 1) ; then turn the focusing ring until the image on the focusing screen is in sharp focus (photo 2).
Depth of Field Depth of field refers to the zone of acceptab le focus extend ing in front of and behind the plane of sharpest focus. Within this zone, image blur is negligible and everything can be considered as being in sharp focus. T a observe the depth of field with the PC-N ikkor lens, it is necessary to manually set the diaphragm to the required shooting aperture; for procedures, refer to "Setting the Aperture" on page 6.
SHIFT AND ROTATION MOVEMENT The front part of the PC-Nikkor shifts up to 11 mm from the center in a plane parallel to the film, and the whole lens mount rotates through a full 360 0 . By combining the parallel shift with the rotation movement of the lens, an infinite variety of adjustments can be made. To shift the lens, turn the knurled shift knob. The knob should always be turned so that it is facing away from the direction in which the lens is to be shifted.
Maximum Permissible Shift Depending on the direction of shift, however, there is a maximum permissible shift, beyond which distortion and/or vignetting may occur in the picture corners, because the film format is rectangular while image area produced by the lens is circular. The amount of maximum permissible shift (7, 8 or 11) is indicated in millimeters at each click-stop on the lens barrel. The diagrams at right show the limits based on the direction of shift.
FRAMING As long as the camera is held in a position parallel to the subject when shooting, it reproduces scenes more or less as the eye sees them , with no unpleasant perspective distortion. However, shooting from this position often produces unbalanced composition, since the camera is usually used close to ground level. Much unwanted foreground is included in the lower . half of the frame, while part of the main subject, for instance the top of a building, is excluded (Fig. 1). Fig.
Inevitably, the camera must be tilted in order to include the top of the building and minimize the foreground (Fig. 2). But with the camera tilted, the plane of the film is no longer parallel to the subject, and because the image size varies according to subject distance, the nearer parts of the subject are reproduced on a scale larger than those farther away. The sides of the building appear to converge, as if the building were leaning back or falling.
FRAMING - continued The PC-Nikkor's shift and rotation movements enable you to create balanced composition without tilting the camera, so that the film remains parallel to the plane of the subject (Fig. 3). To photograph a tall building, hold the camera parallel to the plane of the building. Rotate the lens mount until the milled knob points downward, and sight the subject on the focusing screen.
PANORAMAS The shift movement of the PC-Nikkor can also be used for making panoramic pictures by joining exposures. Its advantage over the normal lens mounted on panoramic equipment is that it enables you to maintain exactly the same film plane in both exposures so that the finished photographs will match exactly. With the ordinary lens, the camera must be moved after the first exposure in order to take in a new arc of the horizon.
To take panoramic shots, place the lens in normal position, shift scale facing upward, and operate the milled shift knob to shift the lens as far to the left as possible. Compose, focus, and shoot. Without moving the camera, wind the film advance lever to advance the film one frame, and rotate the lens mount through 180 0 so that the shift scale faces straight down. Now make the second exposure.
PANORAMAS - continued These two exposures together cover a horizontal angle of 78° without turning the camera, 4° more than the range of a 24mm wideangle lens, and with the added advantage of larger image size. The table below gives a comparison of the angles of various wideangle lenses and the PC-Nikkor panorama range. In making a vertical panorama, a 65° vertical angle can be covered using the extreme rise and fall shifts, with the camera still in the horizontal position.
PC-Nikkor 35mm 24mm :o~din:;~::-----~1 ------------: ••• ••• • • I I • •
DEPTH-Of-fiELD TABLES (ttl jZ 2.8 4.0 5.6 8.0 10 1" " 6 - 1 ';(; 13" 1" 1116- 1'6 13" 3" 11;(;-1'16 11" 1" 11;(;-1'4 1.3 1'2~':"'1'3ft' 1 '2~r-1'3f' 1'2 f:"'1'3f' 1'2k- 1'3ft' 1.5 1'5~':"'1'6~' 1'5r-1'6~' 1'5 f--1'6f' 1'5r- 1 '6~" It 2.0 1 '11~'-2'~" 1'11~'-2'1" 3.0 2'10~'-3'1~' 2'9f'-3'2f' 16 8 32.0 1" 9" 11"2- 1';(; 11~'-1't 1" 3" 11;(;-1'1;(; 1/5.4 1'2f'-1'3f' 1'2" - 1'4ft' 1'1~':"' 1 ' 4~" 1'11:'-1'5!:!" 117.6 13" 5" 1'4;(;,,.
(m) ~ 2.8 4.0 5.6 8.0 11 .0 16.0 22.0 32.0 0.30 0 .298-0.302 0.297-0.303 0.296-0.305 0.294-0.307 0.292 - 0.309 0.288-0.314 0.284-0.319 0.278 - 0.329 1/5.3 0.35 0.346-0.354 0.345 -0.355 0.343 - 0.358 0.340-0.361 0.336 - 0.365 0.331 -0.373 0324-0.383 0.314-0.401 1/6.7 0.40 0.395 -0.406 0.392-0.408 0.389 - 0.412 0.385 - 0.417 0.380-0424 0.371 - 0.435 0.362 - 0.451 0.348 - 0.481 1/ 8.1 0.50 0.490-0.511 0.486-0.515 0.480-0522 0.473-0.532 0.463 -0 545 0.449 - 0.
CLOSE-UP TABLES Unit · in ch(cm} l ens in normal posit ion Close-up attachments Reproduct ion rati o Subject field Focused distance Close-up Lens No.O 1/39 - 1/4.6 36.6 x 55.3 - 4.5 x 6.6 (93.6 x l40 - 11 .5X 17.2) Close-u p lens No.1 1/ 19-1/4.3 17.6 x 26.3- 4.0 X6.0 (44,6x66,9- 10,2 x15.4) 31.2 - 10,6 (79.3-26,8) Close-up l ens No.2 1/ 9.4-1/ 3,5 8,8 x 13.3 - 3,3 x 5.0 (22. 4 xJl7 - 8.4 x lV) 18,0-9,6 (45.7- 24,3) Close-up l ens No ,1 +No,2 1/6.3-113.0 5,9 X8.9-2.9 x 4.3 (15,1 X22.
FEATURES/SPECIFICATIONS Focal length: 35mm Maximum aperture: f/2 .8 Lens construction: 7 elements in 7 groups Picture angle: 62° Covering power: 78° Distance scale: Graduated in meters and feet from O.3m (1 ft) to infinity (00) Aperture scale: f/2.
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