Thecus 1U4500R 1U4500S User’s Manual
Copyright and Trademark Notice Thecus and other names of Thecus products are registered trademarks of Thecus Technology Corp. Microsoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple, iTunes and Apple OS X are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. All other trademarks and brand names are the property of their respective owners. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2007 Thecus Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.
Safety Warnings For your safety, please read and follow the following safety warnings: Read this manual thoroughly before attempting to set up your 1U4500. Your 1U4500 is a complicated electronic device. DO NOT attempt to repair it under any circumstances. In the case of malfunction, turn off the power immediately and have it repaired at a qualified service center. Contact your vendor for details.
Table of Contents Copyright and Trademark Notice ................................................... 2 About This Manual ......................................................................... 2 Limited Warranty........................................................................... 2 Safety Warnings ............................................................................ 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction .......
Disks Information ............................................................................... 22 S.M.A.R.T. Information............................................................................... 23 RAID Information ............................................................................... 23 RAID Configuration ............................................................................. 24 RAID Level .............................................................................................
Adding an Nsync Task ................................................................................ 49 Setting Up an Nsync Target on an Nsync Device............................................. 50 Setting Up an Nsync Target on Another Device .............................................. 50 Designating 1U4500 as an Nsync Target ....................................................... 50 Thecus Backup Utility ..........................................................................
Chapter 1: Introduction Overview Thank you for choosing the Thecus 1U4500 1U Rackmount Storage Server. The Thecus 1U4500 is an easy-to-use storage server that allows a dedicated approach to storing and distributing data on a network. Data reliability is ensured with RAID features that provide data security and recovery—over one Terabyte of storage is available using RAID 5 and RAID 6.
Redundant Power Supply (1U4500R) The redundant power supply included with the 1U4500R ensures maximum uptime in the event of a failure of one of the power supplies. This is recommended for systems that require a high degree of fault tolerance. Package Contents Your 1U4500 package should contain the following items: z z z z z QIG CD-Title Ethernet Cable USB2.0 Cable Accessory Screw Kit Please check to see if your package is complete. If you find that some items are missing, contact your dealer.
Hard Disk Trays Each of the 1U4500’s hard disk trays has a lock, a latch, and two LED indicators: Hard Disk Trays Item Lock Latch HDD Power LED HDD Access/Error LED Description • Use the lock to physically secure the hard disk to the unit • Use to open and remove or close and secure the tray • Solid blue: hard disk is powered on • Blinking green: system is accessing data on the hard disk • Blinking red: a hard disk error has occurred Rear Panel 1U4500R The rear panel of the 1U4500R houses most of the USB
Chapter 2: Hardware Installation Overview Your 1U4500 is designed for easy installation. To help you get started, the following chapter will help you quickly get your 1U4500 up and running. Please read it carefully to prevent damaging your unit during installation. Before You Begin Before you begin, be sure to take the following precautions: 1. Read and understand the Safety Warnings outlined in the beginning of the manual. 2.
2. Connect the provided power cord into the universal power socket on the back panel. Plug the other end of the cord into a surge protector socket. Press the power supply switch to turn on the power supply. NOTE If you are installing the 1U4500R, be sure to connect both power cables. If you do not, the system will assume one power supply has failed, and an alarm will sound. For more information, refer to Chapter 8: Troubleshooting. 3. Press the power button on the Front Panel to boot up the 1U4500.
System Trouble The system has trouble if: 1. System Busy LED glows orange. 2. Any of the HDD Access/Error LED glows red. If the system has trouble, please refer to Chapter 8: Troubleshooting. WARNING There are no user serviceable parts inside the 1U4500. Please contact your distributor for service.
Chapter 3: First Time Setup Overview Once the hardware is installed, physically connected to your network, and powered on, you can configure the 1U4500 so that it is accessible to your network users. There are two ways to set up your 1U4500: using the Thecus Setup Wizard or the LCD display. Follow the steps below for initial software setup. Thecus Setup Wizard The handy Thecus Setup Wizard makes configuring 1U4500 a snap. To configure the 1U4500 using the Setup Wizard, perform the following steps: 1.
6. Name your 1U4500 and configure the network IP address. If your switch or router is configured as a DHCP Server, configuring the 1U4500 to automatically obtain an IP address is recommended. You may also use a static IP address and enter the DNS Server address manually. 7. Change the default administrator password. 8. Finished! Access the 1U4500 Web Administrator Interface by pressing the Start Browser button. You can also configure another 1U4500 at this point by clicking the Setup Other Device button.
NOTE The Thecus Setup Wizard is designed for installation on systems running Windows XP/2000 or Mac OSX or later. Users with other operating systems will need to install the Thecus Setup Wizard on a host machine with one of these operating systems before using the unit. LCD Operation The 1U4500 is equipped with an LCD on the front for easy status display and setup. There are four buttons on the front panel to control the LCD functions.
USB Copy The USB Copy function enables you to copy files stored on USB devices such as USB disks and digital cameras to the 1U4500 with a press of a button. To use USB copy, follow the steps below: 1. Plug your USB device into an available USB port on the Front Panel. 2. In Display Mode, press the Down Button (▼). 3. The LCD will display “USB Copy?” 4. Press Enter (↵) and the 1U4500 will start copying USB disks connected to the front USB port.
Step 2: RAID Creation Next, administrators can configure their preferred RAID setting and build their RAID array. You can access RAID settings from the menu bar of the Web Administration Interface by navigating to Storage > RAID. For more information on configuring RAID, see Chapter 4: System Management > RAID Configuration. Don’t know which RAID level to use? Find out more about the different RAID levels from Appendix C: RAID Basics.
Chapter 4: System Management Overview The 1U4500 provides an easily accessible Web Administration Interface. With it, you can configure and monitor the 1U4500 anywhere on the network. Web Administration Interface Make sure your network is connected to the Internet. To access the 1U4500 Web Administration Interface: 1. Type the 1U4500’s IP address into your browser. (Default IP address is http://192.168.1.100) Your computer’s network IP address must be on the same subnet as the 1U4500.
Network Accounts System Language 1U4500. Information and settings for network connections, as well as various services of the 1U4500. Allows configuration of users and groups. Various 1U4500 system settings and information. Choose your preferred language here. Moving your cursor over any of these items will display the dropdown menu selections for each group. In the following sections, you will find detailed explanations of each function, and how to configure your 1U4500.
Status Menu The Status Menu on the menu bar allows you to see various aspects of the 1U4500. From here, you can discover the status of the 1U4500, and even find out other details like firmware version and up time. Product Information Once you login, you will first see the basic Product Information screen providing Manufacturer, Product No., Firmware Version, and Up Time information. Product Information Item Manufacturer Product No.
CPU Fan Speed System Fan Speed Memory Size Up Time Displays the current status of the CPU fan. Displays the current status of the system fan. Shows the system memory capacity. Shows how long the system has been running. Service Status Item AFP Status NFS Status SMB/CIFS Status FTP Status Nsync Status UPnP Status Description The status of The status of The status of The status of The status of The status of Apple Filing Protocol server. Network File Service Server. SMB/CIFS server. FTP server.
Printer Status Item Manufacturer Model Status Printer Queue Description Displays the name of the USB printer manufacturer. Displays the model of the USB printer. Displays the status of the USB printer. Click to remove all documents from printer queue If a corrupt print job is sent to a printer, printing may suddenly fail. If your print jobs seem to be locked up, pressing the Remove All Documents button to clear the print queue may resolve the issue.
S.M.A.R.T. Information On the Disks Information screen, the status of each disk will be displayed in the Status column. Clicking on an OK or Warning link will display the S.M.A.R.T Information window for that particular disk. S.M.A.R.T. Information Item Description Power ON Hours Count of hours in power-on state. The raw value of this attribute shows total count of hours (or minutes, or seconds, depending on manufacturer) in power-on state. Reallocated Sector Count of reallocated sectors.
RAID Information Item RAID Level Total Capacity Status Data Capacity Snapshot Capacity USB Capacity Capacity Used Stripe Size Remaining Time Rebuild Speed Add new disk as spare disk? Description Shows the current RAID configuration. Shows total capacity of the RAID configuration. Indicates status of the RAID. Can read either Healthy, Degraded, or Damaged. Indicates the used capacity, total capacity, and current percentage used by user data.
RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 WARNING Offers disk mirroring. Provides twice the read rate of single disks, but same write rate. RAID 1 requires a minimum of 2 disks. Data striping and stripe error correction information provided. Excellent performance and good fault tolerance. RAID 5 requires a minimum of 3 disks. RAID 5 can sustain one failed disk. Two independent parity computations must be used in order to provide protection against double disk failure.
3. Specify a stripe size — 64K is the default setting. 4. Press Create to build the RAID storage volume. NOTE WARNING Building a RAID storage space may take time, depending on the size of hard drives and RAID mode. Creating RAID destroys all data in the current RAID. The data is unrecoverable. With a RAID 5 array, you can also add a spare disk after the RAID is created. See Chapter 7: Tips and Tricks > Adding a Spare Disk for details.
Folder Management From the Storage menu, choose Folder, and the Folder screen appears. This screen allows you to create and configure folders on the 1U4500 volume. Folder Item Folder name Description NFS Share ACL Edit Del Add NOTE Description Displays the name of the folder. Provides a description of the folder. Press NFS Share to configure which hosts on the network are allowed to access this folder using NFS. Press ACL (Access Control List) to configure which users have access to this folder.
Add Folder Item Folder Name Description Browseable Public Share Folder Limit Apply Back NOTE Description Enter the name of the folder. Provide a description the folder. Enable or disable users from browsing the folder contents. If Yes is selected, then the share folder will be browseable. Admit or deny public access to this folder. If Yes is selected, then users do not need to have access permission to write to this folder.
NFS Share Item Hostname Privilege Root Access Description Enter the name of the Host or IP address Host has either read only or writeable access to the folder. Access the data on root directory of the RAID. Folder Access Control List (ACL) On the Folder screen, press the ACL button, and the Access Control List screen appears. This screen allows you to configure access to the specific folder for users and groups.
System Snapshots This function will create snapshots of all your share folders. The snapshot versions will be time stamped. Snapshot Item Manual Schedule Description Press to manually create a snapshot. Create snapshots at designated intervals.
IP Netmask Gateway DNS Server IP Sharing Mode Link Aggregation NOTE WARNING input your network configuration. IP address of the WAN interface. Network mask, which is generally: 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway IP address. Domain Name Service (DNS) server IP address. When enabled, PCs connected to the LAN port will be able to access the WAN. Default is Enabled. Specifies whether WAN and LAN ports will be aggregated and act as one port. Failover: When one port fails, the other one will take over.
DHCP Configuration A DHCP server can be configured to assign IP addresses to devices connected to the LAN port. To configure these ports, choose LAN from the Network menu. DHCP Configuration Item DHCP Server Start IP End IP DNS Server NOTE WARNING Description Enable or disable the DHCP server to automatically assign IP address to PCs connected to the LAN interface. Specifies the starting IP address of the DHCP range. Specifies the ending IP address of the DHCP range. Specifies the DNS server IP address.
AFP (Apple Network Setup) From the Network menu, choose the AFP item, and the AFP Configuration screen appears. This screen displays the configuration items for the Apple Filing Protocol. You can change any of these items and press Apply to confirm your settings. A description of each item follows: Apple Network Configuration Item Description AFP Server Enable or disable Apple File Service to use the 1U4500 with MAC OS-based systems. MAC CHARSET If your operating system does not support Unicode (e.g.
User and Group Management The 1U4500 has built-in user database that allows administrators to manage user access using different group policies. From the Accounts menu, you can create, modify, and delete users, and assign them to groups that you designate. Local User Configuration From the Accounts menu, choose the Users item, and the Local User Configuration screen appears. This screen allows you to Add, Modify, and Delete local users.
Modifying Users 1. Select an existing user from the Local User Configuration screen. 2. Click on the Modify button, and Local User Setting screen appears. 3. From here, you can enter a new password and re-enter to confirm, or use the << or >> buttons to have this user join or leave a group. Click the Apply button to save your changes. Deleting Users 1. Select an existing user from the Local User Configuration screen. 2. Click on Delete button and the user is deleted from the system.
Adding Groups 1. On the Local Group Configuration screen, click on the Add button. 2. The Local Group Setting screen appears. 3. Enter a Group Name, and select users to be in this group from the Users List by adding them to the Members List using the << button. 4. Click the Apply button to save your changes. Modifying Groups 1. On the Local Group Configuration screen, select a group name from the list. 2. Press the Modify button to modify the members in a group. 3.
ADS/NT Support Item WINS Server Work Group / Domain Name ADS/NT Support Authentication Method ADS/NT Server Name ADS/NT Realm Administrator ID Administrator Password Confirm Password Description Specifies the WINS server if necessary. Specifies the SMB/CIFS Work Group / ADS Domain Name (e.g. 1U4500). Select Disable to disable authentication through Windows Active Directory Server or Windows NT. Select ADS for Windows Active Directory Server, or select NT for Windows NT Specifies the ADS/NT server name (e.
Notification Configuration Item Description Beep Notification Enable or disable the system beeper that beeps when a problem occurs. Email Notification Enable or disable email notifications of system problems. SMTP Server Specifies the hostname/IP address of the SMTP server. Port Specifies the port to send outgoing notification emails. Auth Type Select the SMTP Server account authentication type. SMTP Account ID Set the SMTP Server Email account ID. Account Password Enter a new password.
Time and Date Settings From the System menu, choose the Time item and the Time screen appears. Set the desired Date, Time, and Time Zone. You can also elect to synchronize the system time on the 1U4500 with an NTP (Network Time Protocol) Server. You can change any of these items and press Apply to confirm your settings. See the following table for a detailed description of each item: Time Item Date Time Time Zone NTP Server WARNING Description Sets the system date. Sets the system time.
NOTE Backing up your system configuration is a great way to ensure that you can revert to a working configuration when you are experimenting with new system settings. Reset to Factory Default Settings From the System menu, choose the Factory Default item and the Reset to Factory Default screen appears. Press Apply to reset the 1U4500 to factory default settings. Press Cancel to go back to the main menu.
Change Administrator Password From the System menu, choose the Administrator Password item and the Change Administrator Password screen appears. Enter a new password in the New Password box and confirm your new password in the Confirm Password box. Press Apply to confirm password changes. See the following table for a detailed description of each item. Change Administrator Item New Password Confirm Password Apply Password Description Type in a new administrator password.
Chapter 5: Additional Feature Setup Overview The 1U4500 can also act as an FTP Server, allowing employees and clients to transfer files using their favorite FTP programs. The integrated Print Server allows you to share a single USB printer will all users on the network. The following section shows you how. FTP Server 1U4500 can act as a FTP server, enabling users to download and upload files with their favorite FTP programs. From the Network menu, choose the FTP item, and the FTP screen appears.
Printer Server You can configure the 1U4500 to act as a printer server. That way, all PCs connected to the network can utilize the same printer. Windows XP SP2 To set up the Printer Server in Windows XP SP2, follow the steps below: 1. Connect the USB printer to one of the USB ports (preferably the rear USB ports; front USB ports can be used for external HDD enclosures). 2. Go to Start > Printers and Faxes. 3. Click on File > Add Printer. 4. The Add Printer Wizard appears on your screen. Click Next. 5.
Windows Vista To set up the Printer Server in Windows Vista, follow the steps below: 1. Open Printer Folder from the Control Panel. 2. Click the right mouse button in anywhere on the Printers folder and then select Add Printer. 3. Select Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
4. Select The printer that I want isn’t listed. You can press The printer that I want isn’t listed to go into next page without waiting for Searching for available printers to finish. 5. Click Select a shared printer by name. Type http://:631/printers/usb-printer in the box, where is the IP address of the 1U4500. Click Next. 6. Select or install a printer and then press OK.
If your printer model is not listed, please contact your printer manufacturer for help. 7. Windows will attempt to connect to the printer. 8. You can choose to set this printer as the default printer by checking the Set as the default printer box. Click Next to continue. 9. Done! Click Finish.
Chapter 6: Using the 1U4500 Overview Once the U4500 is setup and operating, users on the network may manage all varieties of digital music, photos, or files by simply using their web browsers. To manage your personal files or access public files on the 1U4500, just enter its IP address into your browser (default IP address is http://192.168.1.100), and you will be taken to the 1U4500 Login page.
7. To upload a file from your computer to the current folder, press the New file (upload) button. When the screen appears, press Browse and locate the file to upload. Press OK and the file is uploaded to the current folder. 8. To delete a file or folder, select the file or folder’s check box. Press the Delete selected items button. You can also check the check box as the red circle indicates to select all files and folders in this folder.
4. When MAC OS X has connected to the 1U4500 successfully, an icon representing the folder will appear on the MAC OS X desktop. You can access the folder by double clicking on the icon. File Backup There are a number of ways to back up data with the 1U4500. Nsync You can backup a share folder to another 1U4500 (Nsync Target) or any FTP server for safe keeping as long as you have appropriate access right on that target.
Weekly: input which day of the week to execute the task. Monthly: decide which day of the month to execute the task. Click to submit the task. Apply NOTE Before starting an Nsync Task, make sure the target server’s Nsync Server (or FTP Server) is enabled. Setting Up an Nsync Target on an Nsync Device On the Nsync target server, the administrator of that server has to set up a user account with a folder named “nsync” and grant write access. 1. On the Nsync server, add a user for Nsync source (ex.
Thecus Backup Utility The Thecus Backup Utility is on your Installation CD. When you click on the CD, the Backup Utility will be installed under Program Groups > Thecus > Thecus Backup Utility. If it is not installed, you can copy the file (Thecus Backup Utility.exe) to a convenient location on your hard disk and double click to execute it. NOTE If you can not find Thecus Backup Utility on your CD, please download it from the Thecus website (http://www.thecus.com).
Windows XP Data Backup If you use Windows XP Professional, you can also use the Windows Backup Utility (Ntbackup.exe) to backup your files. If you use Windows XP Home Edition, follow these steps to install the utility: 1. Insert the Windows XP CD into a drive and double-click the CD icon in My Computer. 2. When the Welcome to Microsoft Windows XP screen appears, click Perform Additional Tasks. 3. Click Browse this CD. 4. In Windows Explorer, navigate to ValueAdd > Msft > Ntbackup. 5. Double-click Ntbackup.
Chapter 7: Tips and Tricks USB and eSATA Storage Expansion The 1U4500 supports external USB hard disks through its three USB ports. Once a USB hard disk has successfully mounted, the entire volume will be copied automatically to the default USB HDD folder. The 1U4500 supports up to 6 USB external storage devices. All file names on the USB disk volume are case sensitive. The 1U4500 also supports eSATA hard disks with its eSATA port.
Remote Administration You can set up your 1U4500 for remote administration. With remote administration, you can access your 1U4500 over the Internet, even if your 1U4500 is behind a router. This is especially useful if you are traveling and suddenly need a file from your 1U4500.
b. You should see the login page of 1U4500. Firewall Software Configuration If you are using a software firewall (i.e. Norton Internet Security) and are having trouble connecting to the 1U4500, you can try the following steps: 1. Double click the NIS icon on system tray, and then configure the Personal Firewall. 2. On the Programs page, find the SetupWizard.exe and change its permission to "Permit All". If it's not in the program list, use the Add or Program Scan buttons to find it. 3.
Replacing a Failed Power Supply (1U4500R) The 1U4500R is equipped with a 250W redundant power supply. If one of the power supply units fails, the other can continue powering the unit for uninterrupted service. Each power supply is equipped with an LED light that is lit when that power supply is operational. To replace a failed power supply, follow the steps below: 1. When a power supply fails, an alarm will sound and/or an email notification is sent to specified receivers. 2.
Chapter 8: Troubleshooting Forgot My Password If you forget your password, you can reset the unit to use the default password. To do this, press the reset button on the front panel after system is booted, and 1U4500 will be reset. LAN IP address will become 192.168.1.100 and admin password will be admin.
Restoring Factory Defaults From the System menu, choose the Factory Default item and the Reset to Factory Default screen appears. Press Apply to reset the 1U4500 to factory default settings. WARNING Resetting to factory defaults will not erase the data stored in the hard disks, but WILL revert all the settings to the factory default values. Problems with Time and Date Settings The administrator is able to select an NTP Server to keep the 1U4500’s time synchronized.
Appendix A: Product Specifications Hardware Specifications Product Model Core Processors / Memory Processor Memory Network Interfaces LAN 1 LAN 2 Storage HDD Bays HDD Support eSATA I/O Interfaces USB Ports System Information LCD Control Panel System LED Display Physical Form Factor Height Width Depth Power Supply Environment Temperature Humidity Certifications 1U4500R 1U4500S Intel® Celeron™ M 1.5GHz 512MB standard Gigabit RJ-45 connector Gigabit RJ-45 connector 4 x 3.
Software Specifications Network File Protocols Authentication Network Client Type Network Configuration Disk Management RAID Folder Management Quota Management Backup System Management Event Notification UPS Support Printer Server Supported USB Devices Setup Utility Microsoft Networks (CIFS/SMB) Apple Filing Protocol (AFP 3) Network File System (NFS v3) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) WebDisk via HTTP/HTTPs Local User Account Microsoft NT Domain Microsoft Active Directory Authentication (AD)* Microsoft Win
Appendix B: Customer Support If your 1U4500 is not working properly, we encourage you to check out Chapter 7: Troubleshooting, located in this manual. You can also try to ensure that you are using the latest firmware version for your 1U4500. Thecus is committed to providing free firmware upgrades to our customers. Our newest firmware is available on our Download Center: http://www.thecus.com/download.
Appendix C: RAID Basics Overview A Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is an array of several hard disks that provide data security and high performance. A RAID system accesses several hard disks simultaneously, which improves I/O performance over a single hard disk. Data security is enhanced by a RAID, since data loss due to a hard disk failure is minimized by regenerating redundant data from the other RAID hard disks.
RAID 1 RAID 1 mirrors all data from one hard disk drive to a second one hard disk drive, thus providing complete data redundancy. However, the cost of data storage capacity is doubled. This is excellent for complete data security. RAID 5 RAID 5 offers data security and good performance. It is best suited for networks that perform many small I/O transactions at the same time, as well as applications that require data security such as office automation and online customer service.
Disk Usage When all 5 disks are of the same size, and used in RAID, 1U4500 disk usage percentage is listed below: RAID Level RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 JBOD NOTE Percentage Used 100% 20% 80% 60% 50% 100% RAID 10 allows only 4 disks and one as spare disk.
Appendix D: Active Directory Basics Overview With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced Active Directory (ADS), which is a large database/information store. Prior to Active Directory the Windows OS could not store additional information in its domain database. Active Directory also solved the problem of locating resources; which previously relied on Network Neighborhood, and was slow. Managing users and groups were among other issues Active Directory solved.
Appendix E: Licensing Information Overview This product included copyrighted third-party software licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License. Please see THE GNU General Public License for extra terms and conditions of this license. Source Code Availability Thecus Technology Corp. has exposed the full source code of the GPL licensed software. For more information on how you can obtain our source code, please visit our web site, http://www.thecus.com.
CGIC License Terms Basic License CGIC, copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 by Thomas Boutell and Boutell.Com, Inc. Permission is granted to use CGIC in any application, commercial or noncommercial, at no cost. HOWEVER, this copyright paragraph must appear on a "credits" page accessible in the public online and offline documentation of the program.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License.
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded.
