® YSI 9300 and 9500 Photometers User Manual
® YSI 9300 and 9500 Direct-Read Photometers User Manual YSI, Inc. 1725 Brannum Lane Yellow Springs, OH 45387 Tel: 800-897-4151 (+1 937-767-7241) Fax: +1 937-767-1058 E-Mail: environmental@ysi.
Y- PT 282 INDEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Features and Technical Specification ................................................................................ 3 OPERATING PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................... 4 Powering the Photometer ........................................................................................
1 INTRODUCTION The YSI 9300 and 9500 direct-read photometers are designed to give long and trouble-free operation. To ensure the best results, please read this manual carefully and follow the procedures recommended. This manual covers both the 9300 and 9500 photometers. Therefore, some of the information only pertains to the 9500 as is noted in the appropriate sections. The Photometers feature digital electronics and built-in filters. It is lightweight and portable for field or laboratory use.
Instrument Layout USB Interface (9500 only) Multi-Size Cell Holder Graphic Display On/Off Key Scroll and Selection Keys OK (Enter) Key Test and Number Keys 2
Features and Technical Specification Application For application in general water testing using Palintest tablet reagent systems and Palintest Tubetests reagents. Instrument Type Single-beam colorimeter with built-in colour filters and preprogrammed test calibrations. Peak Wavelengths 445 5nm, 495 5nm, 555 5nm, 570 5nm, 605 5nm and 655 5nm Range 1 - 100%T Accuracy 1%T Display Large graphic display with option of backlight.
2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE The YSI photometers are instruments that measure color intensity. Light is passed through a test tube containing the sample solution, and then through a colored filter onto a photodetector. Filters have been chosen so that light of a specific wavelength is selected. When the solution is completely colorless, all of the light passes through the sample. With colored samples, light is absorbed and the light which passes through the sample is proportionately reduced.
Replacing the Batteries The battery compartment in the base of the instrument is secured by four screws. To replace the batteries, remove the cover and install the batteries, observing the correct polarity as indicated. Use 3 x 1.5V 'AA’ alkaline batteries or equivalent. To avoid corrosion damage through leakage, remove batteries from the instrument if it is to be stored or left unused for a long period of time (> 30 days).
3 GENERAL PHOTOMETER OPERATION The photometer is controlled by a simple intuitive menu system: The highlight indicates the active line or section of the screen The and keys move the highlight through the menu choices The and keys allow selection of options The flashing cursor in the ‘Options’ menu at the bottom of the screen indicates the action which will occur if the [OK] button is pressed.
Set the dilution factor to ‘On’ or ‘Off’. If the dilution factor option is set to ‘On’, the instrument will allow the entry of a numerical factor which will be used in the calculation of the result displayed on the instrument (model 9500 only). Select the preferred date format. The date may be shown in either Day/ Month/Year or Month/Day/Year (9500 only). To change the date and time, select the date and time line then key in correct setting using the numeric keys.
Units The photometer offers the choice of result expressed in mg/l, ppm, mmol/l, µmol and g/l. Sample Number (9500 Only) A unique number may be associated with each result record to identify it in the log. If Sample Number ‘On’ is selected, the user is offered the choice of entering a number of up to 10 digits for each sample reading. If this function is set to ‘Off’, a sample number is automatically allocated.
Locking System Mode Settings (9500 Only) It is possible to 'lock’ the system settings so that these cannot be tampered with or altered accidentally during use. This is important, for example, where it is necessary to verify that tests have actually been carried out at a particular time or date, or where procedures always require the use of a sample number or dilution factor.
USB (9500 Only) The USB interface allows communication between the instrument and a PC. There is a choice of two operating modes – Hard Drive and COM Port. In Hard Drive mode, the instrument appears as a removable hard drive when connected to a PC. No additional software is required on computers running Windows 2000, ME or XP. A driver to use this option with Windows 98SE is available from YSI Technical Support Department (environmental@ysi.com).
4 INTERFACE CONNECTIONS AND DATA MEMORY (9500 ONLY) Stored data can be accessed by recall to the instrument display (see ‘View Log’). Alternatively, data can be accessed using a PC: Connect the instrument to the computer via the USB port, using any suitable USB cable, ie YPT 746 Turn the instrument ON and select SYSTEM mode from the ‘Options’ menu Scroll to ‘USB’ and select either ‘Hard Drive’ or ‘COM Port’.
5 TAKING PHOTOMETER READINGS The photometer is very simple to use. Screen prompts guide the user towards the test result. The following sections describe how to get the best results from the instrument. Program Numbers and Test Instructions Each test is identified by a separate program number or named key. Program numbers are shown in the test instruction sheets supplied in this manual.
The BLANK TUBE is a test tube filled only with the water being tested only. It is important to use the actual water to be tested to provide a true comparison for the test results. The term 'SAMPLE TUBE' is used to describe the tube containing the water sample to which the reagents have been added in accordance with the appropriate test instructions. This tube is used to take the photometer reading. Light Cap A light cap is provided with the photometer.
If the sample number option is pre-selected, then the following display will appear, for example (9500 only): S am ple N um ber 1024 OK Enter or confirm the sample number (up to 10 digits), then press [OK]. 1 If the dilution factor option is pre-selected, then the following display will appear (9500 only): D ilution Factor x 1 OK Press [OK] to accept the default value (x1, no dilution), or key in new dilution factor then press [OK].
3 The instrument will be set automatically. After a few seconds the following display will appear: P hot 007 C h l o ri n e-F ree / 5 I n sert S am p l e OK B la nk - C h oo s e a Te s t - T im e Place SAMPLE TUBE in the test chamber, then press [OK]. 4 The instrument will take the reading and display the result as follows, for example: Phot 007 Chlorine-Free / 5 1.
Continuation Tests (Certain Tests Only) 1 Select ‘Follow-On’ and press [OK] while the result is displayed of the currently running test. The photometer applies the previously entered sample number and dilution factor, and the ‘Insert Sample’ screen will appear. Place SAMPLE tube in the test chamber, then press [OK]. 2 The instrument will take the reading and calculate the result from the combination of readings (where appropriate).
Reading in Transmittance and Absorbance When taking readings in Transmittance or Absorbance mode, use the and keys to step through the wavelengths until the required wavelength is reached. Timer The photometer features a countdown timer with alarm as an aid to carrying out test procedures. The timer can be accessed at any time by selecting ‘Timer’ from the ‘Options’ menu.
To program user-defined calibrations: Turn the instrument ‘ON’, select ‘System’ menu and press [OK]. Scroll through the options to the USB entry and make sure the option is set to ‘Com Port’. At the PC, open the HyperTerminal connection for the 9500 (contact YSI Technical Support Department to receive the virtual comport drivers for installation to PC). At the instrument, in the ‘System’ menu, select 'Edit User Defined Tests' and press [OK].
An example is shown below: USER CALIBRATION 900 Chlorine mmol/l 500nm Cl2 0,0 0.174,0.50 0.481,1.50 0.733,2.50 0.854,3.00 1.022,4.00 1.086,4.50 1.187,5.
6 CARE AND MAINTENANCE The photometer is designed to give long and trouble-free operation. Care must be taken, however, to avoid test solutions being spilt over the instrument, and to prevent contamination of the instrument. Spillages or moisture should be wiped off immediately with a dry cloth. Never use solvents or abrasive materials to clean the instrument. Care should be taken to keep the test chamber clean.
Photometer Up-Grade (9500 only) It is now possible to upgrade the photometer with new test calibrations using a computer. This will ensure that users can always keep the instrument up-todate with the latest tests. Contact YSI to request an update at environmental@ysi.com. No special computer software is required. Full instructions will be supplied with the upgrade data. Computer Controlled Operation (9500 Only) The photometer can be controlled from a computer using suitable control software.
Limitation of Warranty This Warranty does not apply to any YSI product damage or failure caused by: 1 Failure to install, operate or use the product in accordance with YSI's written instructions; 2 Abuse or misuse of the product; 3 Failure to maintain the product in accordance with YSI's written instructions or standard industry procedure; 4 Any improper repairs to the product; 5 Use by you of defective or improper components or parts in servicing or repairing the product; 6 Modification of the product in a
Table of Contents Photometer Instructions PHOT.INST. TABLET REAGENT SYSTEM Alkalinity, Total (Alkaphot) Alkalinity M and P (Alkaphot M/P) Aluminum Ammonia Bromine Calcium Hardness (Calcicol) Chloride (Chloridol) Chlorine (DPD) Chlorine (DPD4) Chlorine/Chloramines (DPD) Chlorine Dioxide LR Chlorine Dioxide HR Chlorine Dioxide (DPD Glycine Method) Chlorine HR Chromium (Chromicol) Color Copper (Coppercol – Total and Free) Copper (Free) Cyanuric Acid Dissolved Oxygen (0.0-0.8 vials) Dissolved Oxygen (0.0-2.
Direct-Reading Photometer Program Schedule TABLET REAGENT SYSTEM Instruction Sheet Number PHOT.2. PHOT.37. PHOT.37. PHOT.3. PHOT.4. PHOT.5. PHOT.12. PHOT.46. PHOT.7. PHOT.7.1. PHOT.8 PHOT.74. PHOT.76. PHOT.7.3. PHOT.9. PHOT.55. PHOT.47. PHOT.10. PHOT.13. PHOT.49. PHOT.50. PHOT.14. PHOT.15. PHOT.41. PHOT.16. PHOT.17. PHOT.18. PHOT.39. PHOT.19. PHOT.21. PHOT.20. PHOT.42. PHOT.22. PHOT.53.
Instruction Sheet Number PHOT.23. PHOT.24. PHOT.43. Nitrate (Nitratest) Nitrite (Nitricol) Nitrite (Nitriphot) PHOT.44. Organophosphonate (OP) PHOT.25. Ozone PHOT.27. PHOT.54. PHOT.52. PHOT.28. PHOT.29. PHOT.30. PHOT.31. PHOT.56. PHOT.32. PHOT.33. PHOT.34. PHOT.48. pH Value Phenol (Phenoltest) PHMB (PHMB-PHOT) Phosphate LR Phosphate HR Potassium Silica LR Silica HR Sulfate Sulfide Sulfite (Sulfitest) Turbidity PHOT.35.
PHOT.2.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method Automatic Wavelength Selection 0 – 500 mg/l CaCO3 Natural and treated waters may contain a variety of dissolved alkaline substances such as carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides and, to a lesser extent, borates, phosphates and silicates. In water at neutral pH the alkalinity derives mainly from the presence of bicarbonates.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Alkaphot tablet, crush and mix until all of the particles have dissolved. 3 Stand for one minute then remix. 4 Select Phot 2 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l CaCO3. Note: To convert Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 to Total Alkalinity as HCO 3- multiply result by 1.22.
PHOT.3.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.5 mg/l Aluminum sulphate is widely used as a coagulant in drinking water treatment. The determination of aluminum (residual alum) is usually required for the control of alum coagulation and filtration processes at water works.
Sample Collection Aluminum is readily absorbed on to the surfaces of sample containers, particularly glass containers. To avoid loss of aluminum, collect samples in plastic bottles and test as soon as possible after collection. Sample bottles should be acid-rinsed and thoroughly washed out with deionised water before re-use. Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Aluminum No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.
PHOT.4.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1.0 mg/l N Ammonia occurs as a breakdown product of nitrogenous material in natural waters. It is also found in domestic effluents and certain industrial waste waters. Ammonia is harmful to fish and other forms of aquatic life and the ammonia level must be carefully controlled in water used for fish farms and aquariums.
Test Instructions 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Ammonia No 1 tablet and one Ammonia No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Stand for 10 minutes to allow color development. 4 Select Phot 4 on photometer to measure Ammonia mg/l N or select Phot 62 on photometer to measure ammonium mg/l NH4. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions).
PHOT.5.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 10.0 mg/l Bromine and bromine-release compounds are used for the disinfection of swimming pool water, and in many other water treatment systems. Accurate measurement of the bromine residual is an essential aspect of control of these processes.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Clear Tablets YSI DPD Nitrite Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Bromine Residuals The photometer is programmed for both total and free bromine. Use program Phot 5 Total Bromine, then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test for program Phot 6 Free Bromine. The Free Bromine residual is calculated automatically.
PHOT.7.1.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine release compounds are widely used for the disinfection of water. When dissolved in water chlorine forms hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions. Chlorine remaining in the water in this form is known as the free chlorine residual.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD No 2 Tablets YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Chlorine Residuals The photometer is programmed for free chlorine and for the chloramine stages. Use program Phot 71 Free Chlorine then select ‘Follow On’ from screen options to continue test for program 72 Monochloramine and again for program 73 Dichloramine.
PHOT.7.3.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ CHLORINE DIOXIDE Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 25.0 mg/l as Cl 0 – 9.5 mg/l as ClO2 Chlorine dioxide is used for the disinfection of water in a variety of different applications. Chlorine dioxide is normally generated by reacting chlorine with sodium chlorite solution in specially designed plant and equipment.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI DPD Glycine Tablets YSI DPD Acidifying Tablets YSI DPD Neutralising Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer YSI Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure - Chlorine Dioxide 1 Rinse a clean test tube with sample, then fill with sample to the 10 ml mark. Add one Glycine tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 2 Decant two or three drops of Glycine treated sample into a second clean test tube.
PHOT.7.3.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 25.0 mg/l as Cl 0 – 9.5 mg/l as ClO2 Chlorine dioxide is used for the disinfection of water in a variety of different applications. Chlorine dioxide is normally generated by reacting chlorine with sodium chlorite solution in specially designed plant and equipment.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI DPD Glycine Tablets YSI DPD Acidifying Tablets YSI DPD Neutralizing Tables YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedures 1 Rinse a clean test tube with sample, then fill with sample to the 10 ml mark. Add one Glycine tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 2 Decant two or three drops of Glycine treated sample into a second clean test tube. Add one DPD No 1 tablet and crush to disintegrate.
PHOT.7.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine-release compounds are widely used for the disinfection of drinking water and swimming pools, for the control of micro-biological growth in cooling water, and in many other water treatment systems.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD Oxystop Tablets (Optional) YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Chlorine Residuals The photometer is programmed for both free and total chlorine. Use program Phot 7 Free Chlorine, then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test for program Phot 8 Total Chlorine. Test Instructions 1 Rinse test tube with sample leaving two or three drops of sample in the tube.
PHOT.7.1.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine release compounds are widely used for the disinfection of water. When dissolved in water chlorine forms hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions. Chlorine remaining in the water in this form is known as the free chlorine residual.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD No 2 Tablets YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Chlorine Residuals The photometer is programmed for free chlorine and for the chloramine stages. Use program Phot 71 Free Chlorine then select ‘Follow On’ from screen options to continue test for program 72 Monochloramine and again for program 73 Dichloramine.
PHOT.7.3.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ CHLORINE DIOXIDE Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 25.0 mg/l as Cl 0 – 9.5 mg/l as ClO2 Chlorine dioxide is used for the disinfection of water in a variety of different applications. Chlorine dioxide is normally generated by reacting chlorine with sodium chlorite solution in specially designed plant and equipment.
Reagents and Equipment YSI YSI YSI YSI YSI YSI YSI DPD No 1 Tablets DPD No 3 Tablets DPD Glycine Tablets DPD Acidifying Tablets DPD Neutralising Tablets 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure - Chlorine Dioxide 1 Rinse a clean test tube with sample, then fill with sample to the 10 ml mark. Add one Glycine tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 2 Decant two or three drops of Glycine treated sample into a second clean test tube.
PHOT.7.3AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 25.0 mg/l as Cl 0 – 9.5 mg/l as ClO2 Chlorine dioxide is used for the disinfection of water in a variety of different applications. Chlorine dioxide is normally generated by reacting chlorine with sodium chlorite solution in specially designed plant and equipment.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI DPD Glycine Tablets YSI DPD Acidifying Tablets YSI DPD Neutralizing Tables YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedures 1 Rinse a clean test tube with sample, then fill with sample to the 10 ml mark. Add one Glycine tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 2 Decant two or three drops of Glycine treated sample into a second clean test tube. Add one DPD No 1 tablet and crush to disintegrate.
PHOT.7.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine-release compounds are widely used for the disinfection of drinking water and swimming pools, for the control of micro-biological growth in cooling water, and in many other water treatment systems.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 1 Tablets YSI DPD Oxystop Tablets (Optional) YSI DPD No 3 Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Chlorine Residuals The photometer is programmed for both free and total chlorine. Use program Phot 7 Free Chlorine, then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test for program Phot 8 Total Chlorine. Test Instructions 1 Rinse test tube with sample leaving two or three drops of sample in the tube.
PHOT.8.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine-release compounds are widely used for the disinfection of drinking water and swimming pools, for the control of micro-biological growth in cooling water, and in many other water treatment systems.
Test Instructions 1 Rinse test tube with sample leaving two or three drops of sample in the tube. 2 Add one DPD No 4 tablet, crush tablet and then fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. Mix to dissolve tablet. 3 Wait two minutes to allow full color development in the sample. 4 Select Phot 8 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading. 6 The result represents the total chlorine as milligrams per litre. Notes: This test will display the total of all oxidizers present in the sample.
PHOT.9.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 250 mg/l Chlorine and chlorine release compounds are widely used for disinfection or sterilisation of water distribution systems and pipe work, plant and equipment in food processing and pharmaceutical factories, and similar applications.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Acidifying GP tablet and one Chlorine HR tablet. Crush tablets and mix to dissolve. Allow any undissolved particles to settle. 3 Select Phot 9 on photometer. 4 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 5 The result is displayed as mg/l Cl. Note: For precise determination of lower levels of chlorine, up to 5 mg/l, the YSI Chlorine (DPD) method should be used.
PHOT.10.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Copper occurs naturally in many waters and may also result from corrosion of pipes and fittings. The presence of copper in drinking water can give rise to discoloration or an astringent taste. Chelated copper compounds are extensively used as algicides in swimming pool water, home aquariums and other waters.
Separation of Copper Residuals The direct-reading photometer is programmed for both free and total copper. Use program Phot 10 Free Copper, then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test for program Phot 11 Total Copper. Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Coppercol No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Select Phot 10 on photometer. 4 Take photometer reading in usual manner - see photometer instructions.
PHOT.12.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 500 mg/l CaCO3 Calcium hardness is caused by the presence of calcium ions in the water. Calcium salts can be readily precipitated from water and high levels of calcium hardness tend to promote scale formation in water systems.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 3 Add one Calcicol No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Add one Calcicol No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 5 Stand for two minutes to allow full color development. 6 Select Phot 12 on the photometer for result as mg/l CaCO3, or Phot 60 for result as mg/l Ca. 7 Take photometer reading in the usual manner (see photometer instructions).
PHOT.13.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 200 mg/l Cyanuric acid is extensively used as a chlorine stabiliser in swimming pool water. Cyanuric acid itself may be added to the water when the pool is first filled, or may be introduced gradually through the use of chloroisocyanurate based chlorine donors.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Cyanuric Acid tablet and allow to disintegrate for at least two minutes. A cloudy solution indicates the presence of cyanuric acid. 3 Crush any remaining undissolved tablet and mix to ensure uniformity. 4 Select Phot 13 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l. Note The range of the test is 0 - 200 mg/l.
PHOT.14.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1.5 mg/l Fluoride occurs naturally in some ground waters and is often introduced into drinking water for the prevention of tooth decay. Excessive amounts of fluoride are however objectionable and can cause tooth discoloration.
TEST PROCEDURE 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Fluoride No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Fluoride No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Stand for five minutes to allow full color development. 5 Select Phot 14 on photometer. 6 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 7 The result is displayed as mg/l F.
PHOT.15.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 500 mg/l CaCO3 Water hardness is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. High levels of hardness prevent the formation of lather with soap, and can cause scaling in water systems - particularly boilers, heat exchangers and steam generating plant.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 3 Add one Hardicol No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Add one Hardicol No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Ensure all particles are completely dissolved. 5 Stand for two minutes to allow full color development. 6 Select Phot 15 on the photometer. 7 Take photometer reading in the usual manner (see photometer instructions).
PHOT.16.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 2.0 mg/l Hydrogen peroxide is used in various water treatment processes. In such applications it is important to ensure that the hydrogen peroxide level is maintained within the correct range to ensure optimum operation of the water treatment process.
Test Procedure 1 Rinse test tube with sample leaving 2 to 3 drops of sample in the tube. 2 Add one Hydrogen Peroxide LR tablet, crush and then fill tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. Mix to dissolve tablet. 3 Stand for two minutes to allow full color development. 4 Select Phot 16 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l H2O2.
PHOT.17.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 100 mg/l Hydrogen peroxide is used as a bleach and oxidising agent in a number of industrial processes. Applications include textile bleaching, commercial laundering and paper manufacturing.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Acidifying PT tablet and one Hydrogen Peroxide HR tablet. Crush tablets and mix to dissolve. 3 Select Phot 17 on photometer. 4 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 5 The result is displayed as mg/l H2O2. Notes 1 The sample should be free of other oxidizing agents such as chlorine, bromine etc. as these react in a similar manner and will interfere with the test.
PHOT.18.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1.0 mg/l Iron occurs widely in nature and is found in many natural and treated waters. Iron is an objectionable constituent in both domestic and industrial water supplies.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Iron LR Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Iron LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Stand for one minute to allow full color development. 4 Select Phot 18 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l Fe.
PHOT.19.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 10 mg/l Iron occurs widely in nature and is found in many natural and treated waters. Iron is an objectionable constituent in both domestic and industrial water supplies.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Iron HR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Stand for one minute to allow full color development. 4 Select Phot 19 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l Fe. Iron Complexes The test color development will normally be completed within one minute.
PHOT.20.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.030 mg/l Manganese-containing minerals occur widely and manganese salts are commonly found in many natural waters. Manganese is an objectionable constituent in water used for domestic purposes or industrial applications.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Manganese No 1 Tablets YSI Manganese No 2 Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Sample Collection Manganese is readily absorbed onto the surfaces of sample containers. To avoid loss of manganese test sample as soon as possible after collection. It is important, because of the extreme sensitivity of this test, to ensure that glassware used for the sample collection and test procedure is scrupulously clean.
PHOT.21.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 100 mg/l Magnesium is a widely occurring natural element and is found in most water supplies. Magnesium salts contribute to the hardness of water and higher levels of magnesium will be found therefore in hard water areas.
TEST PROCEDURE 1 Using the measuring syringe take a 1 ml sample of the water under test. Transfer to the round test tube and make up to the 10 ml mark with deionised water. 2 Add one Magnecol tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Stand for five minutes to allow full color development and the slight turbidity to clear. 4 Select Phot 21 on photometer for result as mg/l Mg. Select Phot 61 for result as magnesium hardness, mg/l CaCO3.
PHOT.22.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ MOLYBDATE HR PHOTOMETER METHOD AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 100 mg/l MoO4 Formulations containing Molybdate are used as corrosion inhibitors in industrial water treatment. In particular, molybdate finds application in closed recirculating systems such as hot water heating systems and chilled water systems.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Molybdate No 1 HR Tablets YSI Molybdate No 2 HR Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 Fill round test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Molybdate No 1 HR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Molybdate No 2 HR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Select Phot 22 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l MoO4.
PHOT.23.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1 mg/l N 0 – 20 mg/l N Nitrates are normally present in natural, drinking and waste waters. Nitrates enter water supplies from the breakdown of natural vegetation, the use of chemical fertilisers in modern agriculture and from the oxidation of nitrogen compounds in sewage effluents and industrial wastes.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Nitratest Powder (Spoon Pack) YSI Nitratest Tablets YSI Nitricol Tablets YSI Nitratest Tube, 20 ml (PT 526) YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fill the Nitratest Tube with sample to the 20 ml mark. Add one level spoonful of Nitratest Powder and one Nitratest tablet. Do not crush the tablet. Replace screw cap and shake tube well for one minute.
PHOT.24.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.5 mg/l N (0 – 1.6 mg/l NO2) Nitrites are found in natural waters as an intermediate product in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrite is harmful to fish and other forms of aquatic life and the nitrite level must be carefully controlled in water used for fish farms and aquariums.
Test Procedure 1 Fill round test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Nitricol tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. 4 Select Phot 24 on photometer for result as mg/l N, or Phot 64 for result as mg/l NO2). 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). To convert from mg/l N to mg/l NO2 multiply result by 3.3.
PHOT.25.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 2.0 mg/l Ozone is used for the disinfection of swimming pool water, and in many other water treatment systems. In swimming pool water treatment ozone is normally introduced into the circulation system and then removed prior to the re-entry of the water to the pool.
Reagents and Equipment YSI DPD No 4 Clear Tablets YSI DPD Glycine Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Separation of Ozone Residuals The photometer is programmed for both ozone and the correction procedure. Use program Phot 25 Ozone (+Chlorine), then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test using program Phot 26 Correction Procedure. The corrected ozone residual is calculated automatically and displayed.
PHOT.27.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 6.8 – 8.4 pH measurement is one of the tests most frequently carried out on water and aqueous solutions. The phenol red indicator method provides a simple colorimetric means of pH determination for neutral and slightly alkaline waters over the range 6.8 - 8.4 units.
Notes 1 The color range of the phenol red test is yellow, through orange, to red. The formation of an intense purple coloration shows that the indicator has been affected by high chlorine or other disinfectant residuals. In such cases the result should be disregarded. 2 Phenol red does not show any further color change at pH values below 6.8 or above 8.4. Note therefore that when such values are recorded this could indicate that the sample has a much lower or much higher pH value.
PHOT.28.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 4.0 mg/l PO4 0 – 1.3 mg/l P Phosphates are extensively used in detergent formulations and washing powders. Phosphates also find widespread application in the food processing industry and in industrial water treatment processes.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Phosphate No 1 LR Tablets YSI Phosphate No 2 LR Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Phosphate No 1 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Phosphate No 2 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. 5 Select Phot 28 on photometer for result as mg/l PO4, or Phot 70 for result as mg/l P.
PHOT.29.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 100 mg/l Phosphates are extensively used for treating water in boilers and steam raising plant. Phosphates are added to control the deposition of sediment and deposits within the boiler.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. IN THE CASE OF SAMPLES CONTAINING SILICA (>20 mg/l SiO2) ONLY :2 Add one Phosphate SR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Phosphate HR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. 5 Select Phot 29 on photometer. 6 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 7 The result is displayed as mg/l PO4.
PHOT.30.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 12.0 mg/l Potassium is an abundant natural element. However in fresh water potassium levels are normally low. Higher levels can be observed in brackish waters. The guide level prescribed for drinking water supplies under the EEC Regulations is 10 mg/l.
PHOT.31.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 4.0 mg/l SiO2 Silicon, in the form of silica, is one of the earth's most abundant elements. Silicon is found widely in natural waters as colloidal silica or soluble silicates. Silica and silicates do not normally cause any problems in water intended for domestic consumption.
Test Instructions 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark 2 Add one Silica No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Stand for five minutes to allow the silica to react. 3 Add one Silica PR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. (This stage may be omitted if the sample is known to be completely free of phosphate). 4 Add one Silica No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Stand for one minute to allow full color development. 5 Select Phot 31 on photometer.
PHOT.32.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 200 mg/l Sulfates occur naturally in many waters. Sulfates are introduced into treated waters by the use of such chemicals as aluminium sulphate, sodium bisulphate (dry acid) and sulphuric acid. The presence of high levels of sulphate can be undesirable for a number of reasons.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Sulfate Turb Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Sulfate Turb tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. A cloudy solution indicates the presence of sulphate. 3 Stand for five minutes then mix again to ensure uniformity. 4 Select Phot 32 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 6 The result is displayed as mg/l SO4.
PHOT.33.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.5 mg/l Natural waters containing dissolved hydrogen sulfide and other sulfides are found in certain parts of the world, particularly in areas having hot springs. Sulfides are constituents of many industrial wastes such as those from tanneries, gas plants and chemical works.
Sample Collection To prevent loss of sulphide collect the sample carefully with a minimum of agitation or aeration. Test the sample as soon as possible after collection. Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Sulphide No 1 tablet and one Sulfide No 2 tablet. Crush and mix gently to dissolve the tablets. Gentle mixing is essential to avoid loss of sulphide. 3 Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. 4 Select Phot 33 on photometer.
PHOT.34.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 500 mg/l Na2SO3 Oxygen is a major cause of corrosion in boilers and steam raising plant. Sodium sulfite and catalysed sulphite formulations are extensively used as oxygen scavengers in boiler water treatment.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 3 Add one Sulfitest No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Add one Sulfitest No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Cap tube immediately. 5 Stand for two minutes to allow full color reduction to take place. 6 Select Phot 34 on the photometer. 7 Take photometer reading in the usual manner (see photometer instructions). 8 The result is displayed as mg/l Na2SO3.
PHOT.35.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 4.0 mg/l Zinc compounds are used as corrosion inhibitors in industrial cooling water systems and similar applications. Control of the zinc level is an important aspect of corrosion control in such systems. Zinc and zinc containing alloys are widely used in industry and zinc salts are commonly found in industrial effluents.
SEPARATION OF RESIDUALS The photometer is programmed for both zinc and the copper correction procedure. Use program Phot 35 Zinc (+ Copper), then select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue test for program Phot 36 Corrected Zinc. The corrected zinc value is calculated automatically. Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube to the 10 ml mark. 2 IN THE CASE OF CHLORINE CONTAINING SAMPLE ONLY :Add one Zinc-Dechlor tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Zinc tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.
PHOT.37.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 500 mg/l CaCO3 The Alkalinity of water is caused by the presence of alkaline substances such as hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates and, to a lesser extent, silicates and phosphates. Quantitatively alkalinity is the capacity of the water to react with acid to a specified pH end point.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Alkaphot M Tablets YSI Alkaphot P Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure - Alkaphot M 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Fill the test tube to the 10 ml mark with sample. 3 Add one Alkaphot M tablet, crush and mix. Ensure all particles are dissolved. 4 Select Phot 37 on the photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in the usual manner. 6 The result is displayed as mg/l CaCO3.
NOTE The expression of alkalinity results sometimes causes confusion. It is normal practice to express the result as mg/l CaCO 3 (calcium carbonate). This is merely a convention to allow the comparison of different results and does not necessarily indicate that the alkalinity is present in the water in this form. The different chemical forms of alkalinity have been referred to in the test instructions.
PHOT.39.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l Iron occurs widely in nature and is found in many natural and treated waters. Iron is an objectionable constituent in both domestic and industrial water supplies.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Iron MR No 1 Tablets YSI Iron MR No 2 Tablets YSI Citrate IR Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. Add one Iron MR No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Add one Iron MR No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. Select Phot 39 on photometer. Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions).
PHOT.41.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVLELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.5 mg/l N2H4 Hydrazine is used as an oxygen scavenger in high pressure boilers and steam raising plant. Hydrazine is particularly advantageous in that it does not contribute solids to the boiler water.
PHOT.42.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 20 mg/l MoO4 Formulations containing molybdate are used as corrosion inhibitors in industrial water treatment. In particular, low level molybdate treatment finds application in cooling systems. Molybdate based formulations have replaced older forms of corrosion inhibitors.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 3 Add one Molybdate No 1 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Add one Molybdate No 2 LR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 5 Stand for two minutes to allow full color development. 6 Select Phot 42 on the photometer. 7 Take Photometer reading in the usual manner (see photometer instructions). 8 The result is displayed as mg/l MoO4.
PHOT.43.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1500 mg/l NaNO2 Nitrites and nitrite-based formulations are widely used for corrosion control in cooling water systems. The YSI Nitriphot test provides a simple means of measuring nitrite for the control of such treatment products in cooling water. The test covers the range 0 – 1500 mg/I NaNO2.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample if necessary to obtain a clear solution. 2 Using the measuring syringe take 1 ml of the sample. Transfer to the test tube and make up to the 10 ml mark with deionised water. 3 Add one Nitriphot No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Add one Nitriphot No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Cap immediately. 5 Stand for exactly two minutes to allow full color development. Ignore any further color development after this time. 6 Select Phot 43 on the photometer.
PHOT.44.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 20 mg/l PO4 The use of organophosphonate compounds as inhibitors in cooling systems has become widespread in recent years. It is essential to monitor the active organophosphonate content of the cooling water to ensure the treatment is fully effective.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Oxidising OP Tablets YSI OP-A Tablets YSI OP-B Tablets YSI OP-AX Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer YSI Test Tube, 20 ml plastic (PT 526) Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) A filtration is required during the course of this procedure. The use of YSI Filtration Kit (PT 600) is recommended for this purpose. Alternatively, standard laboratory equipment with Whatman GF/B or equivalent papers may be used.
Test Procedure - Correction Factor If it is suspected that the sample contains orthophosphate, carry out the following correction procedure. On the photometer, select the ‘Follow On’ option on screen to continue the test program. 1 Fill a round glass test tube with diluted sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 3 Add one OP-AX tablet. Crush and mix to dissolve. Add one OP-B tablet. Crush and mix to dissolve. 4 Stand for five minutes to allow full color development.
PHOT.46.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 50 mg/l Cl to 0 – 50,000 mg/l NaCl The YSI Chloridol test provides a simple method for measuring chloride salt levels. There are many applications in water technology that require determination of chlorides.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Acidifying CD Tablets YSI Chloridol Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Measuring Syringe, 1 ml (PT 361) Sample Container, 100/50/10 ml plastic (PT 510) Test Calibration Select Program Phot 46 or Phot 51 or Phot 101 or Phot 102 Range Range Range Range 0 0 0 0 – – – – 50 mg/l Cl 500 mg/l Cl 10,000 mg/l NaCl 50,000 mg/l NaCl Test Instructions For Testing Boiler Condensate and Softened Waters ONLY Range 0 - 50 mg/l Cl 1 Fill test tube wit
5 Select the appropriate program number on the photometer for the test range required. 6 Take the photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions). Use the light cap whilst taking readings. Conversion Factors In different applications it may be conventional to express the results of chloride tests in different ways. The following conversion factors are provided for the convenience of users:TO CONVERT RESULT From mg/l Cl mg/l NaCl To mg/l CaCO3 mg/l CaCO3 Multiply by 1.41 0.
PHOT.47.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 10 – 500 mg/l Pt (10 – 500 mg/l Hazen Units) Pure water exhibits a light blue color when viewed in depth. This color may be modified by the presence of organic material, typically to a yellow or brown color. An estimate of this color intensity is used as a simple means of monitoring natural and treated water.
Test Procedure 1 Filter sample through a GF/B filter paper. 2 Fill a test tube with filtered sample to the 10 ml mark. 3 Fill a test tube with deionised water to the 10 ml mark and retain for use as the BLANK tube. 4 Select Phot 47 on photometer. 5 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions) using the deionised water as the blank. 6 The result is displayed as mg/l Pt.
PHOT.48.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 5 – 400 Turbidity Units Turbidity is an important parameter for characterizing water quality. Turbidity is aused by the scattering of light by suspended matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic, and inorganic matter. A knowledge of turbidity facilitates estimation of the concentration of undissolved substances.
PHOT.49.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 0.8 mg/l / 0 – 1.4 mg/l The presence of dissolved oxygen in water used in boilers and steam raising plant is wholly undesirable.
Test Procedure Read the Oxygen test instructions leaflet contained in the CHEMetrics Vacu-Vials pack. Observe these various recommendations regarding sample handling and use of Vacu-Vials :1 Carry out the test in accordance with the test procedure given in the CHEMetrics instruction leaflet. Observe the time periods given in the test instructions. 2 Select Phot 49 on the photometer. The wavelength is set automatically.
PHOT.50.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ DISSOLVED OXYGEN/2 Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 2.0 mg/l The presence of dissolved oxygen in water used in boilers and steam raising plant is wholly undesirable.
Test Procedure Read the Oxygen test instructions leaflet contained in the CHEMetrics Vacu-Vials pack. Observe these various recommendations regarding sample handling and use of Vacu-Vials :1 Carry out the test in accordance with the test procedure given in the CHEMetrics instruction leaflet. Observe the time periods given in the test instructions. 2 Select Phot 50 on the photometer. The wavelength is set automatically.
PHOT.52.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ PHMB Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 100 mg/l Polyhexamethylbiguanide (PHMB) is an organic biocide used for water disinfection. PHMB-based sanitisers are widely used for the treatment of swimming pool water.
Test Procedure 1 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one PHMB-Phot tablet crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Select Phot 52 on photometer. 4 Take photometer reading immediately in usual manner (see photometer instructions). 5 The result is displayed as mg/l active biocide (*all trade marks acknowledged).
PHOT.53.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 10 mg/l Nickel does not occur naturally in water but is found in many industrial waste waters, such as those from the steel and plating industries. It is considered an undesirable constituent of water, and hence requires close and careful monitoring. The EC maximum admissible concentration for drinking water (MAC) is 0.
Test Procedure 1 Fill test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Nickeltest No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Ensure tablet is completely dissolved before proceeding. 3 If iron is thought to be present in the sample, add one level spoonful of Nickeltest PR powder and mix. 4 Add one Nickeltest No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 5 Stand for two minutes to allow full color development. 6 Select Phot 53 on photometer. 7 Take photometer reading in usual manner (see photometer instructions).
PHOT.54.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 5.0 mg/l as Phenol Phenols and substituted phenols may occur in natural, drinking and industrial waste waters. Phenols are not readily removed from water by conventional water treatment processes.
Reagents and Equipment YSI Phenoltest No 1 Tablets YSI Phenoltest No 2 Tablets YSI Phenoltest PR Tablets YSI 9300 or 9500 Photometer Round Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) Test Procedure 1 Fill round test tube to the 10 ml mark with sample. 2 In the case of samples known to contain copper, zinc, iron or manganese ions, add one Phenoltest PR tablet. Crush and mix to dissolve. 3 4 5 6 7 8 Add one Phenoltest No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Add one Phenoltest No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.
PHOT.55.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 1.0 mg/l Chromium may be present in certain industrial waste waters, such as those from the tanning, plating and coating industries. Chromium may occur in hexavalent form as chromates and dichromates, or in trivalent form as chromium salts. In water supplies hexavalent chromium is a particularly objectionable constituent.
Reagents and Equipment For Hexavalent Chromium :YSI YSI YSI YSI Chromicol No 1 Tablets Chromicol No 2 Tablets 9300 or 9500 Photometer Test Tubes, 10 ml glass (PT 595) For Trivalent and Total Chromium :YSI Chromicol CR Reagent (Spoon Pack) YSI Pretreatment Tube, 20 ml plastic (PT 526) Filtration Kit, 0.45µm (PT 601) Chromicol CR Reagent and the Pretreatment Tube are additional items required in the tests for total and trivalent chromium.
Test Procedure - Total Chromium 1 Fill the pretreatment tube with sample to the 20 ml mark. 2 Add one level spoonful of Chromicol CR powder. Replace screw cap and shake tube well for two minutes. 3 Allow tube to stand for two minutes. 4 Filter a portion of the solution dropwise into a round glass test tube. Discard the first few drops and then fill to the 10 ml mark. 5 Add one Chromicol No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 6 Add one Chromicol No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve.
PHOT.56.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 150 mg/l SiO2 Silicon, in the form of silica, is one of the earth's most abundant elements. Silicon is found widely in natural waters as colloidal silica or soluble silicates. Silica and silicates do not normally cause any problems in water intended for domestic consumption.
Test Procedure 1 Fill the test tube with sample to the 10 ml mark. 2 Add one Silica No 1 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. 3 Add one Silica No 2 tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Stand for 10 minutes to allow full color development. 4 Add one Silica PR tablet, crush and mix to dissolve. Stand for two minutes. (This stage may be omitted if the sample is known to be completely free of phosphate and chlorine). 5 Select Phot 56 on photometer.
PHOT.74.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS __________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 2.5 mg/l Chlorine dioxide is increasingly being chosen ahead of chlorine for use in many applications where it is believed to have several advantages.
Important Note Chlorine dioxide is extremely volatile and can be lost from solution very easily. Extreme care must be taken when extracting and dispensing samples to minimise any loss from solution to ensure accurate measurement. When pouring the sample into a test tube, it is recommended that this is done by holding the tube at a slight angle and pouring slowly and gently down the side of the tube to minimise any splashing and turbulence which may cause loss of chlorine dioxide vapour.
PHOT.76.AUTO PHOTOMETER TEST INSTRUCTIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________ Photometer Method AUTOMATIC WAVELENGTH SELECTION 0 – 20 mg/l Chlorine dioxide is increasingly being chosen ahead of chlorine for use in many applications where it is believed to have several advantages.
Important Note Chlorine dioxide is extremely volatile and can be lost from solution very easily. Extreme care must be taken when extracting and dispensing samples to minimise any loss from solution to ensure accurate measurement. When pouring the sample into a test tube, it is recommended that this is done by holding the tube at a slight angle and pouring slowly and gently down the side of the tube to minimise any splashing and turbulence which may cause loss of chlorine dioxide vapour.
Item # Y-PT 282 Rev A Drawing # Y-PT 282 © 2010 YSI Incorporated V1-11/10
