*
NMAP
(R, θ,
φ
)
φ
X
Y
a
b
c
^
Z
^
^
z
y
x
z
y
x
b
(θ = 0)
(
φ
= 0)
θ
θ
R
(R, θ, Z
(θ = 0)
rectangular skewed Cartesian
spherical cylindrical
z
y
x
(r, θ, φ)
φ
r
θ
R
b (φ = 0)
toroidal
a
d
c
b
Z
^
Y
^
X
^
c
a
Z
^
b
a
c
c
a
R
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
Z
^
Figure 14.4–1 Coordinate systems; angles are in degrees.
14.4–4
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