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©Eastman Kodak Company, 2003

This publication will

help you understand

the requirements

to safely handle,

store, transport,

and destroy

cellulose nitrate-based

films.

Environment

INFORMATION FROM KODAK

H-182 (ENG) $1.00

Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction

of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films

Photographic films on cellulose nitrate

base (nitrocellulose) were introduced

by Eastman Kodak Company in 1889.

This film base had excellent physical

properties, but it suffered from poor

chemical stability and high

flammability. In 1948, cellulose

triacetate support was introduced; it

met the performance requirements of

motion picture films and provided

added safety. After 1951, no cellulose

nitrate motion picture film was

manufactured by Kodak.

Actual use of cellulose nitrate films

in theaters has virtually ceased.

However, large quantities of cellulose

nitrate film for archival or other

purposes still exist in storage. These

films are typically kept in vaults and

removed for limited projection,

reprinting and restoration on safety

films, or destruction.

This publication will help you

recognize and avoid the hazards

associated with cellulose nitrate motion

picture films. To safely handle, store,

transport, and destroy these films, you

must understand these hazards. The

information in this publication is based

on requirements in the United States;

requirements may differ in other

countries.

The storage and handling

requirements presented are primarily

from the National Fire Protection

Association (NFPA), Standard for the

Storage and Handling of Cellulose

Nitrate Motion Picture Film, 1994

Edition (NFPA 40). The NFPA

standards are not laws; however, states

or local authorities, such as a

government agency, local fire

department, or a building/ electrical

inspector may require compliance with

the NFPA standard.

Depending on the age of cellulose

nitrate films, the edge of the film may

be marked as nitrate film (“NITRATE

FILM” or “ N ”).

The words “SAFETY FILM” may

appear in the non-image area of a

motion picture film. This usually

indicates that the base is made of a

material, such as cellulose triacetate,

that passes the ISO 435 test for burning

and ignition. However, early motion

picture films marked “SAFETY

FILM” may have been printed on

cellulose nitrate film, which would also

carry the “SAFETY FILM” markings

from print through. If a film cannot be

clearly identified by markings, testing

may be required to determine the

composition of the film base.

IDENTIFICATION

Summary of content (8 pages)

PAGE 1
Environment I N F O R M A T I O N F R O M K O D A K H-182 (ENG) $1.00 Safe Handling, Storage, and Destruction of Nitrate-Based Motion Picture Films This publication will help you understand Photographic films on cellulose nitrate base (nitrocellulose) were introduced by Eastman Kodak Company in 1889. This film base had excellent physical properties, but it suffered from poor chemical stability and high flammability.
PAGE 2
There are several methods to identify a film base. You can prepare and analyze a sample of a film base by infrared absorption through an analytical laboratory using the procedure outlined in ISO 10682. Another test to distinguish nitrate film from safety film is to punch or cut a 1/4inch diameter sample from the film and place it in a test tube or small bottle containing trichlorethylene. You will need to shake the liquid to ensure that the sample is completely immersed.
PAGE 3
STORAGE Choosing a storage facility for cellulose nitrate films depends on the amount of film to be stored. For short-term storage, you can use approved film cabinets for storing up to 750 pounds of film (equal to 150 1000foot rolls). Use vaults for longer-term storage of amounts up to 750 pounds. Always store amounts over 750 pounds in vaults. Be sure to segregate cellulose nitrate films from other film storage areas.
PAGE 4
REPAIR AND DUPLICATION Cellulose nitrate film repair and duplication services are not commonly offered. The following companies that provide these services are listed for your convenience but do not constitute a recommendation or endorsement by Kodak: HFC Rejuvenation 826 Seward Hollywood, CA 90038 (213) 462-1971 ADF/Photogard/Durafilm Film Coating Laboratory 1015 North Cahunga Blvd. Hollywood, CA 90038 (213) 469-8141 (Cleaning & physical repair only) Cinema Arts Inc. P. O.
PAGE 5
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DESTRUCTION Cellulose nitrate films that have reached the third stage of decomposition, or have no historical value, need to be destroyed properly. Since these films decompose rapidly under certain conditions and are flammable, it is important that you store and transport these materials safely.
PAGE 6
HAZARDOUS WASTE TRANSPORTATION The transportation of cellulose nitrate films is regulated by both the US DOT and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Cellulose nitrate-based films are considered hazardous materials under USDOT and hazardous wastes by USEPA.
PAGE 7
REFFERENCES 1. ISO/DIS 10356: Cinematography—Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Base film. 2. ANSI/NFPA 40 (1994 edition) Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film. 3. Hill, J.R., and Weber, C.G., “Stability of Motion Picture Films as Determined by Accelerated Aging,” Journal SMPTE, vol. 27, 677-689 (1936). 4. Carroll, J.F., and Calhoun, J.M., “Effect of Nitrogen Oxide Gases on Processed Acetate Film,” Journal SMPTE, vol. 64, 501-507 (1955). 5. Daily, J.
PAGE 8
MORE INFORMATION For more information about Kodak Environmental Services, visit Kodak online at For environmental or safety questions about Kodak products, services, or publications, call www.kodak.