This course has been developed under RoNoMar - Romanian Norwegian Maritime Project (2008/111922) Supported by a grant from Norway through the Norwegian Cooperation Programme for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development with Romania.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 1. Introduction and safety 1.1 Introduction The course aims are to provide the training for candidates to launch and take charge of a survival craft or rescue boat in emergency situations, in accordance with Section A-VI/2 of the STCW Code. This course is both practical and theoretical, after the theoretical lessons conducted by following the practical applications of craft and their accessories.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - Damage to ship ( Collision, Grounding, Flooding, Main engine failure, Steering gear failure, Black out, Tank explosion, Tank leakage (in double bottoms, side spaces, cofferdams, etc)). - Personal Accidents ( Man overboard, Rescue from enclosed space). - Unlawful Acts (Pirate attack). - Emergency Assistance to Other Ships (Rescue at sea)..
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS • • • the system automatically overrides any other input system when an emergency alarm is required. the system automatically overrides any volume control provided to give the required output for the emergency mode when an emergency alarm is required.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2.1.3 Muster List Regulation 37 (1974, SOLASConvention): Muster list and emergency instructions In order to cope an emergency situation in the best way it is necessary having planned ahead. The plan are called the Muster List and all vessels shall be provided with this clear instructions for each crew member, which shall be followed in case of emergency.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - warning the passengers; - seeing that they are suitably clad and have donned their life-jackets correctly; - assembling passengers at muster stations; - keeping order in the passageways and on the stairways and generally controlling the movements of the passengers. - ensuring that a supply of blankets is taken to the survival craft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Live Saving Appliance I.M.O.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2.2 Training, drills and operational readiness 2.2.1 On board training and instructions Onboard training in the use of the vessel’s lifesaving appliances, including survival craft equipment, should be given as soon as possible but not later than 2 weeks after a crew member joins the vessel.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS abandon ship and fire drills on board that particular ship in the previous month. When a ship enters service for the first time, after modification of a major character or when a new crew is engaged, these drills shall be held before sailing. The Administration may accept other arrangements hat are at least equivalent for those classes of ships for which this is impracticable. 19.3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS If a full muster, drill or training session is not held at the appointed time, an entry should be made in the logbook stating the circumstances and the extent of the muster, drill or training session held. Regulations 20 (1974, SOLAS Convention): Operational readiness, maintenance and inspections 20.1 This regulation applies to all ships 20.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS fitted to a rescue boat would not allow it to be run other than with its propeller submerged for a period of 3 min, it should be run for such period as prescribed in the manufacturer's handbook. The general emergency alarm system shall be tested. 20.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2.2.2 Training manual Regulation 35 (1974, SOLAS Convention) : Training manual and on-board training aids Each ship shall carry a training manual, which may comprise several volumes, shall contain instructions and information, in easily understood terms illustrated wherever possible, on the life-saving appliances provided in the ship and on the best methods of survival.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Administration in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, in force; or a person who holds a certificate issued or recognized by the Administration of a State not a Party to that Convention for the same purpose as the convention certificate.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - be fitted with a grabline not less than 9.5 mm in diameter and not less than four times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. Fig.2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 30 m, whichever is the greater, without impairing either its operating capability or that of its attached components Fig. 2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Life-jacket light shall: - have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere; - have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 cd for a period of at least 8 hours; - be visible over as great a segment of the upper hemisphere as is practicable when attached to a lifejacket; - be of white color.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - It will not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s; - It will cover the whole body with the exception of the face; hands shall also be covered unless permanently attached gloves are provided; - It is provided with arrangements to minimize or reduce free air in the legs of the suit; - Jump from a height of not less than 4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Shall permit the person wearing it to: - Climb up and down a vertical ladder of at least 5 m in length; - Swim through the water at least 25 m and board a survival craft; - Jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water with feet first, without damaging or dislodging the suit, or being injured; - Perform all duties associated with abandonment, assist others and operate a rescue boat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 2.9 Thermal protective aid 2.3.3 Personal preparation for abandoning ship Being properly prepared is the best way to ensure survival at sea. Since it is somewhat impractical to actually sink a ship for practice, the alternative is training. Crew members and research personnel should be thoroughly trained in all aspects of survival techniques from the Muster list to launching lifeboats.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS and provisions to sustain life comfortably. Use the supplies in the survival craft with care-they may have to last a while. 2.3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3. Abandon ship NO SHIP IS ABANDONED EXCEPT BY ORDER OF THE MASTER The order “ABANDON SHIP” will be done ONLY by master or his deputy and ABANDON signal MUST always be confirmed by word from the Master 3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3.1.2 Abandon ship – immediate action - Sound the general emergency signal and make announcements instructing all personnel to proceed to their lifeboat muster stations; - Initiate vessel shutdown procedures; - Send a «Mayday» signal with the vessel’s position on 2182 KHz and VHF channel 16 (156.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3 6
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3.1.6 Launching procedure of the inflatable liferaft The web straps securing the raft in its stowage cradle should be released by slipping the manually operated senhouse slip positioned above the float-free arrangement. The liferaft container should then be manhandled to the launching position at the ship’s side. If ship’s guard are in position, these should be removed to facilitate an easier launching.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.3.4 Steps of manual release of liferaft Fig. 3.5 Boarding of liferaft Embarkation into inflatable liferafts: - Climb down the ship or installation side to the vicinity of the liferaft. - Step directly into the entrance of the raft if you are within about 2 meters range.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - Do not attempt to jump into the liferaft from any greater height than this or you will probably injure yourself on the buoyancy ring chambers of the liferaft. - Failing this, you could cause damage to the floor or canopy of the raft with the fabric tearing away from the buoyancy support. - Once inside the liferaft, clear away from entrances and carry out full survival procedures.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 3.7 Use of sea anchor Fig. 3.8 Closing the entrance 3.1.7 Points to bear in mind before jumping overboard a) Have your life jacket securely tied on and hold it down by crossing the arms over the chest; blocking off the nose and mouth with one hand. b) Keep your feet together, check that it is all clear below; look straight ahead; jump feet first.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS d) Wearing a lifejacket and possibly an immersion suit or thermal protective aid and certainly wearing heavy clothing. It may be easier when swimming to a survival craft, to swim on your back. Do not swim or tread water unnecessarily; It wastes valuable body heat and energy. Stay out of the water as long as possible! Try to minimize the shock of sudden cold immersion.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition engine. No engine shall be used for any lifeboat if its fuel has a flashpoint of 43˚C (109˚F) or less (closed cup test). - The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting system or a power starting system with two independent rechargeable energy sources.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.3.9 Lifeboat in-board engine 3.1.9 Lifeboat out-board engine - Where an outboard motor has been fitted, the boat must be equipped with a dry powder fire extinguisher suitable for oil fires and a set of tools and spares. - The motor shall be permanently attached to the boats they are intended to propel. - Portable engine will have securing lines in the bow of the boat for securing the fuel tank.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS be taken when in the water If go into the water, never go in without a lifejacket, and an immersion suit or thermal aid. However, warm clothing will trap air and air provides warmth. You cannot swim far in heavy clothing, neither can you swim far in a lifejacket. Do not try to swim unnecessarily, it uses vital energy and assists hypothermia to set in.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - You may not be visible, but using the whistle will enable you to let others know where you are. If you have taken the time to prepare a personal survival kit, you may have other signaling devices that will boost your chances of rescue. Use them wisely. - If possible, form a group with other survivors in the water. There is safety in numbers, and a group is more easily located and more likely to maintain morale.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 4. Survival craft and rescue boats 4.1 Lifeboats LSA Code, Chapter IV 4.1.1 General requirements for lifeboats a) Materials The materials from which the lifeboat hull, deck, and canopy are constructed shall be resistant to deterioration from: - air temperature in the range of -30 to +65°C.; - rot, corrosion, seawater, oil and fungus; and, - sunlight.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Each lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a load, without residual deflection on removal of that load: - in the case of boats with metal hulls, 1.25 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; or - in the case of other boats, twice the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Every cargo ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that: - it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more than 3 minutes from the time that the instruction to board is given; and, - rapid disembarkation can be possible. Surfaces on the lifeboat on which persons might walk shall have a non-slip finish.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS e) Buoyancy All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy or shall be fitted with inherently buoyant material sufficient to float the lifeboat with all its equipment on board when flooded and open to the sea. The buoyant material used in a lifeboat shall not be adversely affected by sea water, oil or oil products.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS The rudder and tiller shall be arranged so as not to be damaged by the operation of the lifeboat release mechanism or the propeller. A buoyant lifeline shall be around the outside of the lifeboat, except in the vicinity of the rudder and propeller. Lifeboats which are not self-righting when capsized, shall have suitable handholds on the underside of the hull to enable persons to cling to the lifeboat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Every lifeboat shall have fitted on the inside a lamp or source of light to provide illumination for not less than 12 hours to enable reading of survival and equipment instructions; however, oil lamps shall not be permitted for this purpose. Every lifeboat shall, unless expressly provided otherwise, be provided with effective means of bailing or be automatically self-bailing.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - rustproof, watertight container or individually sealed units containing a total of 3 liters of fresh water for each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate, of which 1 liter per person may be replaced by an approved desalting apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days, - a rustproof dipper with lanyard, for the purpose of drawing water from the bunghole of a fresh water container, but this item
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS i) Markings on lifeboats The lifeboat shall be marked in clear permanent letters showing the dimensions, persons which it is permitted to accommodate, approval number, and serial number. The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each side of the lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman alphabet, of not less than 100 mm in height.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS weatherproof shelter and provides protection from exposure.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Self-righting partially enclosed lifeboats shall comply with all up mentioned requirements and in addition shall comply with the following requirements: Enclosure - every self righting partially enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with permanently attached rigid covers extending over not less than 20% of the length from the stem and not less than 20% of the length from the aftermost part of the lifeboat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - that it is possible to row the lifeboat. Capsizing and Re-righting A safety belt shall: - be fitted at each indicated seating position; and - be so designed as to hold a person of a mass of 100 kg securely in place when the lifeboat is in a capsized position.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Enclosure - every totally enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with a rigid watertight enclosure which totally encloses the lifeboat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Free-fall lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of totally enclosed lifeboats described above. The carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is the number of persons that can be provided with a seat without interfering with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment. The width of the seat shall be at least 430 mm. Free clearance in front of the backrest shall be at least 635 mm.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.4.5 Free-Fall lifeboats 4.1.7 Totally enclosed lifeboat with a self contained air support systems The self-contained air support system shall be so arranged that when proceeding with all entrances and openings closed, the air within the lifeboat remains safe and breathable and the engine runs normally for a period of not less than 10 minutes.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - the system shall be arranged to allow flushing with fresh water, and complete draining. Fig. 4.6 Totally enclosed lifeboats with a self contained air support systems and fire protected 4.2 Liferafts 4.2.1 General requirements for liferafts Construction of life-rafts A life-raft must be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - it must provide insulation against heat and cold by means of either 2 layers of material separated by an air gap or other equally efficient means.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute for the 12 hour operating period with an equivalent effective luminous intensity. The lamp must light automatically when the canopy is erected. Batteries must be of a type that does not deteriorate due to dampness or humidity in the stowed life raft. A manually controlled lamp must be fitted inside the life raft capable of continuous operation for a period of at least 12 hours.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS instruction to board is given. Fig.4.8 Davit launched liferaft 4.2.3 Equipment of the life raft The normal equipment of a life-raft must consist of: (a) a buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 meters of buoyant line; (b) a knife of the non-folding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and stowed in a pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is attached to the life-raft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS have the sea-anchor deployed automatically when the life raft inflates; (f) 2 buoyant paddles; (g) 3 tin openers and a pair of scissors.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS (u) 6 doses of anti-seasickness medicine and a seasickness bag for each person the life-raft is permitted to accommodate.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS strength of not less than that required for the painter; and (h) if of a disposable type, indicate in a way that cannot be removed the date by which it is to be replaced. Fig.4.9 Different types of H.R.U. Fig.4.10 Liferafts on the cradles with H.R.U. 4.2.5 Inflatable liferafts Inflatable life raft must comply with the following provisions in addition to those up-mentioned.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS compartments, each inflated through a non-return inflation valve on each compartment.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS life-raft from the sea so arranged as to prevent significant deflation of the life-raft if the ramp is damaged. In the case of a davit-launched life-raft having more than one entrance, the boarding ramp must be fitted at the entrance opposite the bowsing lines and embarkation facilities. Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp must have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of which must be situated not less than 0.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS f) The container must be marked with: (a) maker's name or trade mark; (b) serial number; (c) name of approving authority and the number of persons it is permitted to carry; (d) SOLAS; (e) type of emergency pack enclosed; (f) date when last serviced; (g) length of painter; (h) maximum permitted height of stowage above water-line (depending on drop-test height and length of painter); (i) launching instructions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 4.11 Liferaft stowage containers Fig. 4.12 Life raft container and hydrostatic release Fig.4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 4.2.6 Rigid liferafts Rigid liferafts shall comply with the requirements of section 4.2.1(General requirements for liferafts) and, in addition shall comply with the requirements of this section. a) Construction of rigid liferafts The buoyancy of a life-raft must be provided by approved inherently buoyant material placed as near as possible to the periphery of the life-raft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS d) Stability of rigid life-rafts Unless a life-raft is capable of operating safely whichever way up it is floating, its strength and stability must be such that it is either self-righting or can be readily righted in a sea way and in calm water by one person. The stability of a life-raft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment must be such that it can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS arrangement complying with the requirements of paragraph 4.1.6 (Float-free arrangements for liferafts) of the L.S.A.Code so that each floats free and, if inflatable, inflates automatically when the ship sinks. Liferafts shall be so stowed as to permit manual release of one raft or container at a time from their securing arrangements. The above aragraphs do not apply to liferafts required by regulation 31.1.4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS a) General requirements - be not less than 3.8 meters and not more than 8.5 meters in length; and - be capable of carrying at least 5 seated persons and a person lying on a stretcher. Unless a rescue boat has adequate sheer, it must be provided with a bow cover extending for not less than 15 % of its length.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS (d) a sea-anchor and tripping line with a hawser of adequate strength not less than 10 meters in length; (e) a painter of sufficient length and strength, attached to the release device and placed at the forward end of the rescue boat; (f) a buoyant line, not less than 50 meters in length, of sufficient strength to tow a life raft (g) a waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signaling, together with a spare set of batteries and
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS (e) a safety boat-hook.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS c) Marking of rescue boats An inflated rescue boat must be fitted: (a) on the outside of the boat, arranged vertically with the lower edge at the waterline, with retro-reflective tapes, each tape being not less than 150 millimeters long and not less than 50 millimeters wide, spaced so that the distance between the centre of a tape and the centre of the tape next in line is not greater than 500 millimeters; (b) on the bow, with a ver
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 4.15 Semi-rigid rescue boat Fig. 4.16 Rigid rescue boat Fig. 4.17 Inflatable rescue boat e) Requirements for the carriage of survival craft and rescue Regulation 21.2 of S.O.L.A.S. Convention Survival craft and rescue boats ( Passenger Ships) - Passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and over shall carry at least one rescue boat complying with the requirements of section 5.1 of the Code on each side of the ship.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS In addition to their lifeboats, all cargo ships constructed before 1 July 1986 shall carry: - one or more liferafts capable of being launched on either side of the ship and of such aggregate capacity as will accommodate the total number of persons on board.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Each engine or motor in a fast rescue boat must stop automatically or be stopped by the helmsman's emergency release switch should the boat capsize. When the boat has righted, each engine or motor must be capable of being restarted, provided the helmsman's emergency release, if fitted, has been reset.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS (m) thermal protective aids sufficient for 10% of the number of persons the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate or 2, whichever is the greater; (n) portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil fires. In addition to the equipment up-mentioned, the normal equipment of every rigid fast rescue boat must include: (a) a boat-hook; (b) a bucket; and (c) a knife or hatchet.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5. Launching arrangements 5.1 Boat davits 5.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Each rescue boat launching appliance shall be fitted with a powered winch motor capable of raising the rescue boat from the water with its full rescue boat complement of persons and equipment at a rate of not less than 0.3 m/s. The arrangements of the launching appliance shall be such as to enable safe boarding of the survival craft in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.3, 4.4.3.1 and 4.4.3.2 of the L.S.A.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; brake pads shall, where necessary, be protected from water and oil. Manual brakes shall be so arranged that the brake is always applied unless the operator, or a mechanism activated by the operator, holds the brake control in the "off" position. c.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS weight of the boat transferred to the falls before persons are embarked in the boat. Fig. 5.1 Gravity davit Gravity davits are provided with a safety device which will prevent the davits from operating while it is in position. This device usually takes the form of a trigger to which the gripes are attached and is so adjusted that while the gripes are “on”, the davits cannot operate.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.1.3 Luffing davits Luffing davits require the boat to be taken from inboard to outboard by the manual turning of a worm screw or telescope screw. These davits are required to be capable of launching a boat against an adverse list of 15˚ and like gravity davits, are fitted in pairs. The boat normally rests in chocks at deck level and is firmly held down by means of deck gripes. Fig. 5.2 Luffing davit 5.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS recovering the hook after a liferaft has been launched, without turning the davit inboard. They shall also be fitted with a safety hook, which when the safety catch is released, will automatically release the liferaft as soon as it is waterborne. In lieu of a winch, some single arm davits intended for launching liferafts will be fitted with a spring motor for automatic recovery of the fall. Fig. 5.3 Single arm davits 5.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5.4 Bowsing-in tackles Fig. 5.5 Bowsing-in tackles and force systems 5.1.6 Gripes The function of the gripes is to hold the boat firmly down in the chocks or in the case of gravity davits, firmly against the shoulder chocks of the davits. Gripes are required to be fitted so that they can be let-go from inboard.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS gripes. On gravity davits it is the responsibility of the men who let-go the gripes to ensure that when a trigger is fitted, it does in fact fall. Fig. 5.7 The gripes 5.1.7 Skates Every lifeboat attached to davits, except emergency lifeboat and rescue boats, is fitted with two skates on the inboard side, for the purpose of assisting the passage of the boat down the side of a ship with an adverse list.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.1.8 On board maintenance S.O.L.A.S., Chapter III R 20 Operational readiness, maintenance and inspection Before the ship leaves port and at all times during the voyage, all lifesaving appliances shall be in working order and ready for immediate use. Instructions for on-board maintenance of life-saving appliances complying with the requirements of regulation 36 shall be provided and maintenance shall be carried out accordingly.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS R 36 Instructions for on-board maintenance Instructions for on-board maintenance of life-saving appliances shall be easily understood, illustrated wherever possible, and, as appropriate, shall include the following for each appliance: - a checklist for use when carrying out the inspections required; - maintenance and repair instructions; - schedule of periodic maintenance; - diagram of lubrication points with the recommended lubrica
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.2.2 Liferaft launching davits See 5.1.4 for single arm davits. Davit-launched liferafts shall be stowed within reach of the lifting hooks, unless some means of transfer is provided which is not rendered inoperable within the limits of trim and list. Fig.5.8 The single arm davit and servicing liferaft Fig. 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS unloaded outrigger has been slewed. The davit arrangements operate at vessel's heel up to 20° at-either side and trim up to 10°. 5.2.3 Automatic release hook The primary aim in fitting these particular types of release equipment is to facilitate the safe release of the rafts and boats from the davit falls during an evacuation, especially in heavy weather conditions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5.9 Automatic release hook scheme Fig.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.3 Rescue boat davits Fig. 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.4 Free-fall It should be demonstrated that the free-fall release mechanism can operate effectively when loaded with a force equal to at least 200% of the normal load caused by the fully equipped lifeboat when loaded with the number of persons for which is to be approved. 5.5 Float – free arrangements 5.5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 1. Function properly throughout an air temperature range of 30˚C to +65˚C; 2. Function properly throughout a seawater temperature range of -1˚C to +30 ˚C; 3. Automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not more than 4 metres; 4. Not release prematurely when seas wash over the unit; 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2) When made of cordage have the ends either whipped or heat treated; 3) When made from a flexible wire have each end looped around a thimble and secured with a locking ferrule. b) Performance A weak link shall be of sufficient strength to— 1) pull the painter out of the liferaft container; 2) operate the liferaft inflation system; 3) break under a tensile force of between 1.8 and 2.6 kN. 5.5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS must be replaced after 2 years. HRU H20 must be marked with its expiry date in order to be approved. Each has its own individual serial number. Fig. 5.12 Instalation of H.R.U. “Hammar 20 “ Fig. 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS CORRECT INSTALLATION OF HYDROSTATIC RELEASE UNIT Fig. 5.14 Correct installation of H.R.U.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2. H.R.U. type ”SALCOM SERVO-RELEASE Manufactured by SalcomMarine Products Ltd, the SALCOM SERVORELEASE™ S-R Mk1 Hydrostatic Release Unit (H.R.U.) is designed for Liferafts from 4 to 150 persons and to sustain a maximum load of 10kN(2250lbs). The “SALCOM SERVO-RELEAS” H.R.U.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5.15 Installation of HRU Fig.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5-17 Manual release and reassembling the manual release Manual release: The H.R.U. has a manual release facility eliminating the requirement for a Senhouse Slip Hook. For annual liferaft service the SALCOM SERVORELEASE catch can be detached by lifting the release lever as illustrated in the adjacent picture. Pull the release lever UP AND OUT.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3. H.R.U Type “ HKY -1 “ Hydrostatic release unit is a quick release device for inflatable liferafts. In case of ship sinks, it will automatically release the liferaft within 2-4 metres of water pressure. Easy-breaking rope ( under appropriate pressure ). Rope features include having a breaking strength of 2.2 ± 0.4KN and a 4mm diameter. Material : Stainless steel 5.5.6 Maintenance of hydrostatic release unit a.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.6 Marine evacuation systems 5.6.1 Construction of marine evacuation system (Life Saving Appliances Code Chapter VI, 6.2.1) The passage of the marine evacuation system shall provide for safe descent of persons of various ages, sizes and physical capabilities, wearing approved lifejackets from the embarkation station to the floating platform or survival craft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.6.2 Performance of marine evacuation system (Life Saving Appliances Code Chapter VI, 6.2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 5.6.4 Containers for marine evacuation systems The evacuation passage and platform shall be packed in a container that is: - so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea; and - as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Each marine evacuation system shall be stowed so that neither the passage nor platform nor its stowage or operational arrangements will interfere with the operation of any other life-saving appliance at any other launching station. Where appropriate, the ship shall be so arranged that the marine evacuation systems in their stowed positions are protected from damage by heavy seas. 5.6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS During an emergency, a crew-member releases the MEC with a pull of a handle. The chute and platform fall to the water and the platform automatically inflates. At the same time, the liferafts are launched from their racking system, inflated and attached to the platform. Passengers enter the chute by way of the housing and safely descend to the platform.andle.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.5-25 MEC with inflated platform and liferaft. MEC housing installed above evacuation deck 2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 5.26 The DSB & Brude Slide evacuation system Fig.5-27 CAT - Slide System The CAT-Slide System is suitable for either self-righting and open reversible liferaft arrangements up to 150 persons.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 3. Viking marine evacuation system The reinforced Kevlar evacuation chute provides a safe descent path and compensates for ship and sea movement so that evacuation is not obstructed. This system has the additional advantage of protecting evacuees from environmental hazards, such as severe weather conditions, during evacuation and is fitted with a protective cover.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6 . Evacuation and recovery of survival craft and rescue boats 6.1 Launching 6.1.1 Gravity davits Fig. 6.1 Gravity davit scheme These davits operate on the principle of the boat’s own weight doing the work to bring about the launching. The construction of the davits includes a safety device, usually a trigger arrangements attached to the gripes. The launching procedure is as follows : 1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS passed inside the fall and outside everything else, and secured well forward). The two men should then clear the boat. 2. The coxswain should order the harbour pins removed if these have not already cleared. 3. The gripes should be slipped and any trigger arrangement checked to see that it is clear, the gripes being cleared away from the davits. 4. A winchman must be stood by, to lower the boat down to the embarkation deck. 5.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Throw the liferaft in its container, over the side into clear water. Inflation will be caused by a sharp “tug” on the painter once it is fully extended. The action of pulling sharply on the painter line will cause the CO2 gas bottle to be fired, so inflating the liferaft. Fig. 6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6 4
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 6.4 Righting upturned liferaft 6.1.3 Launching of the davit-launching liferaft The launching procedure for the davit-launched follows a general format; however of slight differences between manufacturers, some terms and operational detail may be recognized under alternative labels. Fig. 6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Launching procedure of the davit-launched liferaft 1. Manhandle the liferaft in its canister/valise to a position of launching, alongside the structure and under the davit head. 2. Remove any side protective rails and check that the overside and surface level are clear of obstructions and other survivors. 3. Lower the release hook to the liferaft. Close the hook and check that it is locked into “safe” position. 4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6.1.4 Automatic release hook for davit-launching liferaft Fig. 6.6 Release hook The automatic release hook is for use with liferafts or small boats where a quick simple and automatic disengagement of the craft from the lowering gear is required.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 6.10 The description of the automatic release hook Mk 5 from RFD When the lanyard is pulled, the pawl travels along the slot through which is the pawl pin, allowing it to move away from the return spring when the lanyard is pulled, and to return when released. As the pawl moves so steps on the pawl and latch, which are in engagement, rotate the latch.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Connection to the boat Open the hook by pulling downwards on the release knob. Position the ring in the cut out near the block. Press the hook closed between the hands. This will return the pointer to the safe position and retain the ring which must not lie over the tongue extension on the block.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6.2 Clearing the ship’s sides The period of launching is potentially one of the most hazardous that the boat and its crew will pass through. Once a surface is reached and the falls are about to be released ( aft fall first) the floating blocks/linkage on the end of the fall becomes a real danger to personnel inside the boat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 6.11 Lowering and taking away 6.2.2 Taking away a boat ( parent vessel underway and making way) In many cases this method can prove easier than the method used where the vessel is stopped in the water. The parent vessel provides the motive power, which should be under 4 knots. On reaching the surface the lifeboats falls should be released.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6.3 Marshalling liferafts and rescuing survivors from the sea 6.4 Recovery of survival craft and rescue boats 6.4.1 Coming alongside The uncontrollable factors of tide, sea state, swell and general weather conditions should be taken into full account before any approach is made. In normal circumstances the approach should be made head to wind and sea, or head to tide, whichever has the greater effect on the handling of the craft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS surging forward, a danger may arise that the towline could foul the propeller of the towing craft. The tension on the towline is directly affected by the weight aboard the craft being towed. Also, the resistance and speed of the operation cause tensions to be increased. The speed can easily be adjusted but the resistance experienced with a circular liferaft will be difficult to alleviate.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6.5 Launching survival craft and rescue boats in rough sea 6.5.1 Use of wave-quelling oil with small boats When engaged in heavy seas, where excessive pitching is being experienced, the prudent use of oil on the surface of the water can effectively reduce the motion of the boat. One gallon of oil is provided as standard issue to all lifeboats. This oil is usually an animal or vegetable oil, rather than a mineral oil.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 7. Actions to take when clear of the ship 7.1 Immediate action checklist - Stay clear of the airplane or ship (out of gas-saturated waters) but in the vicinity until it sinks. - Make a thorough search for missing people. Carefully patrol the entire area near the location where the ship or plane went down, especially in the direction toward which waves are moving.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS using all possible signaling devices. Keep your mirrors handy; use your radio whenever you see rescue vehicles. 7.2 After the wreckage Use Clothing: A life jacket will save a lot of energy, but if you don’t have any and can’t hold on to any buoyant thing, you might be able to use some of your clothing to help you stay afloat with a minimum of energy.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS to hold on to (plastic containers used for fuel or food storage, pieces of the boat, etc). The first objective is to swim (or paddle) as far as possible away from the ship before it goes under. Ships can suck people under as they sink.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS You survived the wreckage, you were able to stay afloat and stay warm to prevent hypothermia (or even better climb in your raft and stay dry). Now you have to be ready to survive at sea for an unknown period of time. Like on land, the basic survival rules apply. You must first protect yourself from the elements, then find water, and food.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 8. Lifeboats engine and accessories 8.1 Start engine 8.1.1 Starting precaution Starting any engine can be dangerous in the hands of inexperienced people. Before attempting to start engine, the operator should be fully conversant with starting procedure and controls. - Ensure that the batteries are in serviceable condition and correctly connected. - Check that the oil levels in the engine and the gearbox are correct.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 8.1 Marine diesel engine set 380 J-3 8.1.4 Automatic starting - Move the speed/gear box lever into neutral position by means of the control lever. - Turn the switch to energize the starting motor. Release immediately, if the engine start and it will return to position “O”. The alarm light as well as the buzzer should now be off.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS pump must be slowed or stopped, so as to regulate the injecting liquid quantity for starting the engine stably. Fig. 8.2 Low temperature procedure 8.1.5 Priming the fuel system Fill fuel tank or connect fuel supply. Slacken each bleed screw A on top of the filter body and in the outlet banjo union. Tighten each bleed screw when a full air free flow of fuel is obtained working from the fuel tank.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 8.2 Cooling system The cooling system of the engine set is of forced circulative watercooling close type, which consists of lube oil radiator, water tanker, water pump, rubber pipe etc. The cooling system of the engine is closed water cooling system.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 8.5 Diesel engine cooling system 8.3 Electrical System The electric system is composed of battery charging alternator, starting motor, relay regulator, switch, alarm buzzer, alarm lamps and instruments. If without FQ spring starter, two separated charging battery should be need. Voltage: 12V. Starter motor: 2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 8.6 Electrical diagram of 380 J-3 General precautions about electric system The following points must be strictly observed when working on the electric system, otherwise serious damage can occur. 1.Never remove any electrical cable without first disconnecting the batteries. 2.Never disconnect the alternator cables while the engine is running. 3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 4.Always check that cables are connected to their correct terminals before reconnecting the batteries .A reversal of polarity or short circuit will destroy diodes and transistors in the alternator and regulator. 5.Never flash any connections to check the current flow. 6.Always keep the electrical connections properly tightened. 8.4 Fire extinguisher Dry chemical This is the most common type, in cars as well as boats.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 8.7 Dry fire extinguishers 8.5 Water spray system 8.6 Self-contained air support system a) FireProtection : A water spray system is installed for fire protection. The spray system consists of an engine driven pump which takes sea water from an intake, location under the lifeboat, ensuring that no flammable is drawn into the system. The spray system provides water over the entire surface of the lifeboat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS includes a fresh water connection to flush through the system after testing the sprinklers and an outlet valve to pump the water out of the lifeboat without using the water spray system.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 12. Check that the water spray film covers the whole of the boat. 13. Ensure that all spray nozzles are clear and that the spray deflectors are not damaged. 14. Wash down and de-grease the boat periodically (a layer of grease is detrimental to water coverage). Flushing through spray system pipe work This process is essential to prevent blockages and an accumulation of salt in the system.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS operational. This valve is to be opened when required for use in fire and/or toxic gas conditions. Check the pressure gauge regularly to ensure that the pressure does not fall below 200 bar. Should the gauge register below 180 bar the cylinder must be recharged to its maximum of 200 bar. However, should the pressure gauge register a low reading, a check for air leaks should be carried out before recharging.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 9. Rescue boat outboard engine 9.1 General description Most outboard motors are petrol-driven, two-stroke engines although four-stroke engines are becoming more common. Outboard motors may have from one to eight cylinders. Fig. 9.1 A2-cylinder 25 HP Yamaha outboard engine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 17. Shallow-water lever for raising motor 18. Battery lead 19. Wiring harness 20. Remote control attachment 9.2 Portable fuel system Portable fuel tanks for outboard motors are fitted with a manual priming bulb. It is squeezed a few times to draw fuel when first starting the engine or to continue to provide fuel to the engine in case of fuel pump failure.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 9.3 Fixed fuel system a. Fuel filling point/cap b. Anti-siphon fitting c. Fuel tank breather d. Fuel level indicator (float) e.Manual priming bulb f. External fuel filter g. Flexible fuel line Fig. 9.3 Fixed fuel tank 9.4 Cooling system The outboard cooling system is the direct, raw water type. Sea water is drawn up by an impeller pump, made of plastic or rubber, which is located in the lower leg.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.9.5 The outboard motor cooling system 9.5 Internal lubrication system Two-stroke engines need their crankcase for compression, therefore, a circulating oil system is not possible. Their lubrication is achieved by mixing oil with petrol in one of two systems. Oil is either poured into the fuel tank and mixed by shaking or mixed as required by an oil injection pump known as the “Variable Ratio Oiling” (VRO).
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS may even be fitted with a no-oil alarm to warn the operator when the engine is receiving no oil. If the reservoir of the VRO pump runs dry during engine operation, the operator should stop the engine and refill it. 1. Lube oil tank 2. Oil injection pump 3. Carburetors 4. Fuel filter 5. Fuel pump Fig. 9.6 Yamaha precision blend lubrication system (VRO) 9.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Motor height on the transom is an important factor in achieving optimal performance. The motor should be as high as possible without ventilating or loss of water pressure. This minimizes the effect of hydrodynamic drag while underway, allowing for greater speed. Generally, the antiventilation plate should be about the same height as, or up to two inches higher than, the keel, with the motor in neutral trim.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 9.7 Starting procedure 1. Lower engine to running position and check the following • Fuel level • Oil level (if separate lube oil tank) • Engine mount secure • Propeller clear 2. Loosen air-vent screw on fuel tank cap by 2 or 3 turns (if fitted) 3. Firmly connect fuel hose to both fuel tank and engine 4. Squeeze primer bulb until it becomes firm 5. Make sure engine is in neutral, and throttle grip on handle in START position 6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 9.8 On board maintenance of outboard engine a) Fuel system maintenance The fuel system should be regularly inspected for leaks, cracks or malfunction. 1. Carburetor leakage 2. Fuel pump malfunction or leakage 3. Fuel tank leakage 4. Fuel hose joint leakage 5. Fuel hose cracks or other damage 6. Fuel filter leakage 7. Fuel connector leakage 8. Primer bulb leakage or damage Fig. 9.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS At least once every six months, empty the fuel tank, pour a small quantity of detergent, and clean the tank thoroughly by shaking it. Flush the inside with fresh water and drain it completely. Repeat the flushing and draining procedures several times until all the detergent has been removed from inside the tank. Thoroughly clean the tank filter (located at the end of the suction pipe) with detergent and air dry. Fig. 9.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Gear-box oil should be changed every 100 hours of operation or six monthly, whatever comes first. Drain the gear-box into a container by opening the oil-drain plug (2) then the oil-level plug (1). With the outboard motor in the upright position, inject the recommended gear-box oil into the oil-drain plug hole (2) until it starts to flow out of the oil-level plug hole (1). Insert and tighten both the drain plugs. Fig. 9.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS The outboard motor cooling system is the part of the engine most likely to cause problems due to salt, sand and dirt entering the system. Water pumps should be inspected and the pump impeller changed every 200 hours of operation or once a year, whatever comes first. It is important to keep an eye on the tell tale water stream as a drop in flow is likely to indicate a problem with the cooling system.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS If a fuse does “blow”, it should be replaced with one that is recommended for that purpose. Some spare fuses should be carried on board in case this happens. If a fuse repeatedly “blows”, it indicates a serious problem which should be looked at by a qualified person to find the cause. Batteries should be inspected regularly to make sure they are secured in place to stop movement as a vessel rolls.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 9 13
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 10. Handling survival craft and rescue boats in rough weather 10.1 Using sea-anchor and oilbag Throw out the sea anchor, or improvise a drag from the raft's case, bailing bucket, or a roll of clothing. A sea anchor helps you stay close to your ditching site, making it easier for searchers to find you if you have relayed your location.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS spread from the fore part of the towing vessel. This will benefit both craft, the tug and the towed vessel. Heavy oils tends to be better than lighter oils and prevent solid water landing on the top of the craft. The obvious danger is that the boat could be swamped or stove in with large waves. Comparing the pollution aspect of the use of oil with the safety of line, the priority must be in favour of safety of life at sea.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS You may be able to detect land by the pattern of the waves (refracted) as they approach land.. By traveling with the waves and parallel to the slightly turbulent area marked "X" on the illustration, you should reach land. Fig. 10.2 Wave patterns about an island Rafting or Beaching Techniques Once you have found land, you must get ashore safely. To raft ashore, you can usually use the one-man raft without danger.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS If in a medium surf with no wind or offshore wind, keep the raft from passing over a wave so rapidly that it drops suddenly after topping the crest. If the raft turns over in the surf, try to grab hold of it and ride it in. As the raft nears the beach, ride in on the crest of a large wave. Paddle or row hard and ride in to the beach as far as you can.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 10.3.3 Beaching the liferaft Well outside any line of surf the liferaft should be prepared for taking the beach by inflating the double floor. The entrances to the liferaft should be in the open and tied-off position with one or both sea anchors steamed. The paddles should be used to maneouvre the liferaft opposite a sandy, sloping beach, free of rocks or other obstructions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 6
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 10.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 11. Actions to take when aboard a survival craft 11.1 Initial action 11.2 Routines for survival Initial vital action are : - Cut the painter using the knife provided - Stream the sea anchor, to reduce the risk of capsize and reduce the rate of drift. - Close up the acces points, to restrict incoming water and protect from exposure. - Maintain the craft, after checking for immediate damage.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS accidentally caused. The internal lookout can also keep a regular check on the condition of casualties. - Treat injured parties : the welfare of injured parties should be considered as soon as practicable, but not to the detriment of the well-being of the liferaft. Use of the first aid kit is limited to the prevailing conditions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS • Keep a log. Record the navigator's last fix, the time of ditching, the names and physical condition of personnel, and the ration schedule. Also record the winds, weather, direction of swells, times of sunrise and sunset, and other navigational data. • If you are down in unfriendly waters, take special security measures to avoid detection. Do not travel in the daytime.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.11.1 Use of heliograph 11.3.2 Use of equipment See the liferaft equipment description at page 14 of the present chapter.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 11.4 Apportionment of food and water 11.4.1 Rations It is recommended that no rations are issued for at least the first 24 hour period from the time of evacuation from the parent vessel. However, rainwater should be collected from the outset to supplement water rations later. If the liferaft contains casualties, and they are conscious, water may be administrated to them within the first 24 hours.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Watch the clouds and be ready for any chance of showers. Keep the tarpaulin handy for catching water. If it is encrusted with dried salt, wash it in seawater. Normally, a small amount of seawater mixed with rain will hardly be noticeable and will not cause any physical reaction. In rough seas you cannot get uncontaminated fresh water. At night, secure the tarpaulin like a sunshade, and turn up its edges to collect dew.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS attention of nearby rescuers. A whistle can be used over and over again. It can be used in fog, at night, or during the day. Pyrotechnics: These are signals such as rockets, flares, and smoke. Instructions for operating various brands of pyrotechnics are written by the manufacturers.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 11.2 EPIRBs ARC Global Fix iPro, Global Fix Pro and ACR Satellite Fig.11.3 EPIRB secured to a liferaft SARTs : SART installations include one or more search and rescue locating devices. These devices may be either a radar-SART (Search and Rescue Transponder), or (from 1.January 2010) an AIS-SART AIS-SART (AIS Search and Rescue Transmitter).
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS In some cases, lifeboats have passive radar reflectors, made up of light metal at sharp angles, intended to reflect energy efficiently. They are less than ideal, as they can be bulky and not at all useful for rafts or personal floatation gear. SART, however, are much more efficient as radar beacons. They conserve battery life by only operating a receiver, unless they detect an X-band pulse.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Radar reflector : A radar reflector is a device which is attached to a boat to make it more visible on radar. Radar reflectors consist of several pieces of metal which intersect with each other to create a geometric shape which will strongly reflect radar.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 2 way VHF radio: • • • • • • • • • Transmits and receives on VHF Channels 16 and 6 Capable of withstanding total immersion to 10 ft. (3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS CHANNEL 16 OPERATION 1. Remove control panel protective cover. 2. Strap the unit around operator's wrist, hand or glove. 3. Press ON/OFF button for one (1) second to turn ON the Survival Radio. 4. CHAN 16 button stays lit (red). 5. Listen for the tone and for the squelch action 3 seconds after activating the unit. 6. Press blinking PUSH TO TALK button to transmit. 7.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 11.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 11 14
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 11 15
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 11 16
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 12. Methods of helicopter rescue 12.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS In the event of a helicopter rescue situation the following points should be noted and followed: - All operations will be directed by the crew of the Helicopter – follow all instructions they issue. - Do not be distracted by the noise of the helicopter overhead, it may be necessary to have a crewmember positioned inside the boat to maintain radio communications with the helicopter due to the excessive noise on the outside decks.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - Do not fire parachute flares when a helicopter is operating in the vicinity. 12.2 Evacuation from ship and survival craft 12.3 Helicopter pick-up Potential survivors should be aware that, in most cases, the helicopter will first mark the location of the survivor. The pilot will fly the helicopter directly over the survivor and then fly it away from the survivor’s position.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS The rescue hook is the primary rescue device. All other rescue devices can only be used with the double rescue hook. In accordance with Aviation Crew Systems Rescue and Survival Equipment, NAVAIR13-1-6.5, the large hook, rated at 3000 pounds, shall be the only hook used to hoist personnel; the small hook, rated at 1000 pounds, is to be used only for lightweight items such as mail. Fig.12.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 4. Signals the aircraft “ready for hoist.” NOTE: If the survivor is wearing an integrated torso harness, the swimmer ensures that the gated D-rings are not disconnected before hoisting. Upon reaching the aircraft door opening and while bringing in the survivor, he ensures that the gated D-rings do not twist and inadvertently disconnect. 5. Upon clearing the water, he places his arms and legs around the survivor. 6.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Do not touch the rescue device until after the hook makes contact with the water. This prevents any electrical shock that may occur because of static electricity build up in the rescue device. 2. Swim to the rescue device. Grasp the free end of the rescue strop with your right hand and rotate your body clockwise until the rescue strop is wrapped around your body. 3. Attach the V-ring on the strop to the rescue hook. 4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 12.6 Rescue Seat ATTACHMENT PROCEDURE The following is an attachment sequence for the rescue seat: 1. Swim to the rescue seat. Draw it to you and position one of the three flukes of the seat between your legs. 2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 12.7 Rescue seat maritime rescue procedure Rescue Net The rescue net is a simple and safe rescue device that can be used to hoist two survivors into a helicopter. It is designed for multiple rescue scenarios or for rescuing survivors who are unfamiliar with other rescue devices, such as the rescue strop or rescue seat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 12.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 13.Hypothermia Hypothermia is the term given to the condition when deep body temperature is lowered to less than 35 degrees C (95 degrees F) when normal body function would be impaired. Loss of life may occur when deep body temperature falls below 30 degrees C (86 degrees F). In a cold environment, body heat production will automatically increase in an effort to balance heat loss.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS The treatment for hypothermia will of course depend on both the condition of the survivor and the facilities available. Generally, survivors who are rational and capable of recounting their experiences, although shivering dramatically, merely require removal of all wet clothes and replacement with dry clothes or blankets. Hot sweet drinks and rest in a warm environment not exceeding normal room temperature is also recommended.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS PFD and nothing to climb onto, tread water. Traditional drown-proofing by repeatedly lowering your head into the water and floating speeds up heat loss. Preventing hypothermia Clothing Savvy outdoors enthusiasts know that insulating critical heat loss regions (head and neck, sides of chest, armpits, and groin) forestalls hypothermia, frostbite, or simple cold discomfort. Layering appropriate fabrics helps preserve body heat, also.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS vest or collar-type PFDs. A hood protects the head and neck area, and a removable seat panel reduces heat loss in the groin area. Regardless of what you use to prevent hypothermia – life vest, float coat, industrial work suit, survival suit, or drysuit – flotation and insulation are important in increasing your survival time. PFDs designed to prevent hypothermia are recommended for anyone who spends time on or near cold water.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS water, gently remove wet clothing and cover the person with dry clothing or blankets. Protect the victim from wind, especially around the head and neck. Move them to a warm environment if possible and avoid re-exposure to the cold. Warm compresses and warm (not hot) liquids that are non-alcoholic and non-caffeinated also help to restore heat.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS • • • • • Symptoms behavior, i.e, loss of reasoning and recall Clumsiness Slurred speech Denies problem, may resist help Semiconscious or unconscious Muscular rigidity increases • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Treatment cause cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation of heart. No food or drink - no alcohol. Ignore pleas of "Leave me alone." Victim is in serious trouble.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 14. Radio Equipment 14.1 Two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus 14.1.1 Recommendation on performance standards for on-scene (aeronautical) portable two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus ( Annex 5 Resolution MSC 80 (70) Dec 1998) General The equipment should be portable and capable of being used for on-scene communication between a ship and aircraft.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Receiver output The audio output should be sufficient to be heard in the ambient noise level likely to be encountered during SAR operations. In the transmit condition, the output of the receiver should be muted. Power supply The source of energy should be a primary battery integrated in the equipment and may be replaceable by the user.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS capacity to ensure at least 8 hour operation at the highest rated power of the equipment with a duty cycle of 1:9. This duty cycle is defined as 6 seconds transmission, 6 seconds reception above squelch opening level and 48 seconds below squelch opening level.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 14.1.2 Description and technical details of two-ways VHF - Transmits and receives on VHF Channels 16 and 6 - Capable of withstanding total immersion to 3.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.14-1 SR-102 Main feature Operating indicators CHAN 16 : The push switch includes a RED light which will be illuminated when the radio is ON and Channel 16 is selected. CHAN 6 : The push switch includes a GREEN light which will be illuminated when the radio is ON and Channel 6 is selected. VOL ▲ ▼ : Both of these push switches light up YELLOW when the PTT switch is depressed - indicates that radio is transmitting.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 10. Adjust Volume by pressing the respective buttons (Note: there are 4 preset volume settings from which to choose). 11. Keep transmissions to a minimum to conserve battery power. 12. Periodically verify that the CHAN 16 button is lit (red) to guard against accidental selection of channel 6. 13. Press ON/OFF button to turn unit off. CHANNEL 6 OPERATION (CHAN 6) 1. Remove control panel protective cover. 2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS To prevent the distress signal from being misunderstood, and to improve the intelligibility of the distress call, use the two pronunciations above when calling. EXAMPLE: “M’AIDER MAYDAY M’AIDER THIS IS MARY JANE WXT599 WXT599 WXT599”. Fig. 14-2 Control panel Always use the ICAO Convention (Convention on International Civil Aviation) recognized alphabet for spelling.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS EXAMPLE: “M’AIDER MAYDAY M’AIDER THIS IS MARY JANE Whiskey Xray Tango 599 Whiskey X-ray Tango 599 Whiskey X-ray Tango 599” To acknowledge that a transmission has been received and understood in its entirety, simply use the expression “R R R” spoken as “Romeo Romeo Romeo” (“R” stands for received). Note: some radio operators use the expression “Roger” instead of “Romeo”. The typical range for a transmitting radio held at about 1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 12.3.2.3 if installed before 4 November 1994, Assembly Resolution A.763(18), except that they need not be provided with the 121.5 MHz homing beacon required by 2.3.14 of part A thereof. If operating on the INMARSAT system the EPIRB should conform with: 12.3.2.1 if installed on or after 23 November 1996, Assembly Resolution A.812(19); or 12.3.2.2 if installed before 23 November 1996, Assembly Resolution A.661(16).
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Any connection to the EPIRB, for example for the purpose of supply of data or power, should be corrosion resistant, protected against accidental activation and must not in any way inhibit the release of the beacon in times of emergency. Any hydrostatic release provided should be clearly marked with the date of expiry and tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure satisfactory operation. 14.2.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS According to the Coast Guard, "if the EPIRB is properly registered, [they] will be able to use the registration information to immediately begin action on the case. If the EPIRB is unregistered, a distress alert may take as much as two hours longer to reach the Coast Guard over the international satellite system.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Depending on the satellite geometry and the ship's drift the position error goes down to 1 to 50 NM. With COSPAS/SARSAT 406-MHz EPIRBs the amount of false alarms could be reduced dramatically but is still quite high. The major disadvantege of LEO satellites is the dependency of satellites in the low earth orbit. The disabled vessel has to wait for the satellite to pass by. Depending on the lattitude this may take hours.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS geostationary satellites which are always in view (over their area of coverage), so that reception of the EPIRB signal is virtually instantaneous. Fig. 14-3 LEOSAR satellite path and scan footprint Fig. 14-4 GEOSAR coverage Description of 406 MHz McMurdo EPIRB The EPIRB is a powerful self-contained distress transmitter. It is powered by a Lithium battery that has a replacement interval of 5 years.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 14-5 McMurdo EPIRB The key components of your EPIRB are: - Antenna: This is a flexible whip. It must be near vertical when operating. If the antenna gets bent, gently straighten it out. - Strobe light: This is the glass U -tube visible through the clear lens dome. When the EPIRB is activated this will flash every few seconds. - Red lamp : Visible through the clear lens dome at the rear of the EPIRB.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Float-free enclosure Fig. 14-6 Free float The diagram above illustrates the automatic release sequence: 1. As the vessel sinks, the enclosure fills with water. The HRU contains a blade which is released due to water pressure acting on a diaphragm. Before it reaches a depth of 4 metres, the HRU will operate and cut the plastic rod, releasing the coil spring. 2. The spring pushes the EPIRB and the enclosure lid outwards.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig 14-7 Manual activation Deactivation If your EPIRB has been activated for a cumulative period in excess of 2 hours then its battery will need replacing. This is necessary to ensure that in an emergency it will operate for the full 48 hours required by government regulations.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS How does it work ? Your EPIRB contains two radio transmitters: one operating at 406 MHz which transmits an alert which can be received by satellites, and one operating at 121.5 MHz which transmits a signal which can be received by overflying aircraft and Search & Rescue (SAR) homing receivers. When you activate the EPIRB, both transmitters start broadcasting signals.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Carriage requirements for GMDSS in area A1 1. One VHF radio capable of DSC (Digital Selective Calling) on channel 70 and voice communications on channel 16, 13 and 6. 2. One SART (Search And Rescue Transponder) if under 500 gross tons otherwise two. 3. Two approved lifeboat portable VHF radios if under 500 gross tons otherwise two. 4.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS during launching. Alternatively the transponder should form an integral part of each lifeboat. 14.3.1 SART principle of operation Actuating a SART enables a survival craft to show up on a search vessel's radar display as an easily recognised series of dots.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS are also detected. As the first sweep is a fast one, then the range error is minimised and should be less than 150 metres. The timescale over which all this occurs is very short. Each "fast" sweep takes about 0.4µs, each "slow" sweep about 7.5µs. The complete series of twelve forward and return sweeps is therefore complete within 100µs. Displayed on the PPI, the spacing between each pair of dots will be 0.6 nautical miles.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS To extend the telescopic pole: - Grasp rubber cover at bottom of pole, and twist the pole to release it in the pole mount. Pull the pole down and twist to lock in place in the pole mount. - Remove rubber cover from bottom of pole; allow pole sections to drop. Lock sections together by twisting each section.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS On receipt of a radar pulse the video amplifier and detector circuit causes the rest of the circuitry to become active and the unit switches to transmit mode. In this condition the indicator circuit causes the LED to remain steady and the buzzer to sound every two seconds. The detection of a radar pulse causes the switch to connect the antenna to the transmitter circuit.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 14.4 Distress signals, signalling equipment and pyrotechnics 14.4.1 Distress signals and signalling equipment Distress signals at sea are defined in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and in the International Code of Signals. Mayday signals must only be used where there is grave and imminent danger to life. Otherwise, urgent signals such as pan-pan can be sent.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - Pyrotechnics : These are signals such as rockets, flares, and smoke. Instructions for operating various brands of pyrotechnics are written by the manufacturers. Once you are settled in your survival craft, read the instructions on each type of pyrotechnic so you will know how to use them when a ship or aircraft is spotted. Keep the pyrotechnics close by for immediate use, so you can signal when necessary.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Dye Marker (any color) Code Flags November Charlie Square Flag and Ball Wave Arms RadioTelegraph Alarm RadioTelephone Alarm Epirb Smoke Fig. 14-10 Distress signals Fig.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.14-12 Survival whistle Fig.14-13 Portable search light Fig. 14-14 Torch with Morse Code signalling Electric torch An electric torch of an accepted type, suitable for Morse signalling, must be provided together with a waterproof container containing one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb. Sample torches submitted for acceptance should be capable of being dropped at any angle on to a hard surface from a height of 1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS other than failure of the bulb; it should also withstand immersion under 300 mm of water for a period of six hours without such leakage, discharge of the batteries or other defect, as would affect the efficient use of the torch. Fig. 14-15 Signal mirror A signal mirror is one of the cheapest and most effective emergency signalling devices a person can carry and with training can even be used in overcast conditions and at night. 14.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 14-16 Different types of Red Parachute Flares You must read and follow these procedures. Rockets can be fired by hand with negligible recoil. In strong winds, aim the rocket slightly downwind. This will prevent the spent flare possible landing on the raft . Ensure that the rocket is pointing upwards and clear of the survival craft. It can cause injury if fired towards someone.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 14 -17 Red hand flares Smoke signals Smoke signals are of two types: • buoyant orange smoke signals • hand-held orange smoke signals. Smoke signals are used to pinpoint the survivors’ position. The smoke signal’s use to raise an alarm is doubtful. They will be more readily seen from an aircraft than a surface craft. They are for daytime use only. Their range is at the most about two to three nautical miles in good visibility.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.14-19 Hand held orange smoke signal When and how to use each of the pyrotechnics Lifesmoke :- A small and compact distress signal for daylight use only. Signal for position marking during rescue operations Indicates wind direction Safe use on oil or petrol covered water. Red Handflare:- For use day or night the red handflare is a short-range distress signal used to pinpoint position.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 15. First aid 15.1 Resuscitation techniques 15.1.1 Mouth-to-Mouth ( mouth-to-nose) resuscitation 1. Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface. Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers (wear disposable surgical gloves if they are available). Apply the Heimlich manoeuver if unsuccessful and the object is blocking the airway.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Open the airway The airway is the tube through which air passes from the mouth and nose to the lungs. If it is blocked the patient cannot breathe and air cannot get into or out of the lungs. A patient who cannot breathe will die within four minutes. In an unconscious patient the tongue may block the throat and the airway. Make sure the airway is open and air can get down the throat. (Fig.15-1). Fig.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Check whether the patient is breathing After opening the airway, quickly check whether the patient is breathing (Fig. 15-3): • Look for the belly or the chest moving up and down. • Feel the chest moving up and down. • Feel the patient's breath on your cheek. • Listen for breath sounds. Put your ear close to the patient's mouth. Fig.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS If the patient starts breathing turn him or her onto one side, into the recovery position. Check breathing and pulse frequently. Whatever the cause, if the patient does not start breathing you must act immediately to help the patient to breathe. How to give mouth-to-mouth respiration or mouth-to-nose respiration to an adult 1. With the patient lying flat on his or her back, clear any blockage from the mouth.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.15-6 Mouth-to-nose respiration: breather steadily and smoothly into the patient's mouth, filling his or her chest with air. Fig.15-7 Mouth-to-nose respiration: lift your mouth away so that the patient can breathe out; watch for the chest falling, feel for the patient's breath on your cheek, and listen for the sound of breathing. 6. Take another breath of air.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS rhythms are asystole and pulseless electrical activity. This refers to whether a particular class of disrhythmia is treatable using defibrillation. Cardiac arrest is an abrupt cessation of pump function in the heart (as evidenced by the absence of a palpable pulse). Cardiac arrest can usually be reversed with prompt intervention, but without such intervention, it will almost always lead to death.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 4. Now cover this hand with the heel of your other hand, lock your fingers together, keeping them off the chest . Put your shoulders above the patient's chest and keep your arms straight. Fig.15-10 Interlock the fingers of both hands and, with the arms straight, press down 4-5 cm. 5. Press down on the lower half of the breastbone 4-5 centimetres, keeping your arms straight. Then stop pushing.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS one breath and you giving five presses on the chest. Check the heartbeat after one minute then after every three minutes or 12 cycles. Fig. 15-11 If there are two of you, work together so that one person gives heart massage while the other gives mouth-to-mouth respiration 15.1.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.15-12 Putting a patient into the recovery position: place the arm nearest you above the patient’s head, bring the other arm across the chest, and bend the leg further from you. 2. Protect the patient's face with one hand. With your other hand, grasp the patient's clothes at the hip and pull the patient towards you until he or she is resting on one side, against your knees (Fig. 15-13).
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 15.2 Use of first-aid kit 15.2.1 First aid kit content An adequate number of first aid kits must be provided by an employer in his establishment. The kits must be placed as near as possible from the work premises, be easy to reach and available at all times. The minimum content of the first aid kit is the following: a. A first-aid manual approved by the Commission b.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS If the fracture is open, stop the bleeding and treat the wound. Apply a sterile dressing over the wound. Carefully straighten the forearm. (Remember that rough handling of a closed fracture may turn it into an open fracture.) Apply a pneumatic splint if available; if not, apply two well-padded splints to the forearm, one on the top and one on the bottom. Be sure that the splints are long enough to extend from the elbow to the wrist.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS up into the armpit; a splint in this position can cause a dangerous compression of the blood vessels and nerves and may be extremely painful to the victim. If the fracture is at or near the elbow, the arm may be either bent or straight. No matter in what position you find the arm, DO NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN IT OR MOVE IT IN ANY WAY. Splint the arm as carefully as possible in the position in which you find it.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS splints, are best, but improvised splints may be used. Figure 15-17 shows how boards may be used as an emergency splint for a fractured thigh. Remember, DO NOT MOVE THE VICTIM UNTIL THE INJURED LEG HAS BEEN IMMOBILIZED. Treat the victim for shock, and evacuate at the earliest possible opportunity. Lower Leg Fracture When both bones of the lower leg are broken, the usual signs of fracture are likely to be present.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Kneecap Fracture The following first aid treatment should be given for a fractured kneecap (patella): Carefully straighten the injured limb. Immobilize the fracture by placing a padded board under the injured limb. The board should be at least 4 inches wide and should reach from the buttock to the heel. Place extra padding under the knee and just above the heel, as shown in figure 15-18.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Rib Fracture If a rib is broken, make the victim comfortable and quiet so that the greatest danger the possibility of further damage to the lungs, heart, or chest wall by the broken ends is minimized. The common finding in all victims with fractured ribs is pain localized at the site of the fracture. By asking the patient to point out the exact area of the pain, you can often determine the location of the injury.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Nose Fracture A fracture of the nose usually causes localized pain and swelling, a noticeable deformity of the nose, and extensive nosebleed. Stop the nosebleed. Have the victim sit quietly, with the head tipped slightly backward. Tell the victim to breathe through the mouth and not to blow the nose. If the bleeding does not stop within a few minutes, apply a cold compress or an ice bag over the nose. Treat the victim for shock.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS the organs enclosed and protected by the pelvis may be seriously damaged when the bony structure is fractured. In particular, there is danger that the bladder will be ruptured. There is also danger of severe internal bleeding; the large blood vessels in the pelvic region may be torn or cut by fragments of the broken bone.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Remember that in cases of severe haemorrhage, it is less important to worry too much about finding appropriate materials or about the dangers of infection. The most important problem is to stop rapid exsanguination. If no material is available, simply thrust your hand into the wound. In most situations, direct pressure is the first and best method to use in the control of haemorrhage.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS The application of pressure at this point is shown in figure 15-23H. Do not apply pressure at this point unless it is absolutely essential, since there is a great danger of pressing on the windpipe, thereby choking the victim. Bleeding from the lower arm can be controlled by applying pressure at the elbow, as shown in figure 15-23I.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig. 15-23 Pressure points 15.2.4 Burns Types of burn The severity of your burn depends on how deeply it has affected the skin tissue (see illustration). There are three types of burn: superficial, partial-thickness and fullthickness.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Fig.15-24 The skin tissue Superficial burns Superficial burns only affect the surface of the skin (epidermis). Your skin will be red and painful, but not blistered. Mild sunburn is an example of a superficial burn. Partial-thickness burns Partial-thickness burns are deeper burns that damage your epidermis and dermis to varying degrees. If the damage to your dermis is shallow, your skin may be pale pink and painful, with blisters.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Treatment of burns Treatment for burns depends on their severity. You can treat superficial and minor partial-thickness burns caused by heat at home.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS A weak, ‘thready’ pulse. When the pulse at the wrist disappears, fluid loss may equal half the blood volume. As the oxygen supply to the brain weakens: The casualty may become restless, anxious and aggressive. The casualty may yawn and gasp for air (‘air hunger’). The casualty will eventually become unconscious. Finally, the heart will stop.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS 15.2.6 Immersion foot Non-freezing cold injury – Immersion foot This is a term given to the condition when the temperature of local tissues in the limbs (usually the feet) remains sub-normal but above freezing for a prolonged period. It is commonly encountered by shipwreck survivors who have been adrift and cold for several days. Usually the feet have been wet and immobile, but this injury can occur in dry conditions.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS - initial local tingling and stiffness when it is difficult to wrinkle the face or wiggle affected toes or fingers; - complete absence of sensation in the area affected; and - local hardness due to freezing of the flesh. The depth of tissue damage can be graded, like burns, into 1st degree (frost nip), 2nd degree, 3rd degree and 4th degree.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS vulnerable to the heat because as the body ages, it is less able to handle heat and cool itself off. What are the Symptoms of Heat Stroke? Some of the most common symptoms are: red, flushed skin, fever (body temperature of 106-degrees or higher), seizures, headache, rapid pulse and unconsciousness.
PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS OTHER THAN FAST RESCUE BOATS Solvents, scouring compounds, kerosene, and other cleaners not designed for skin cleaning must not be used. It is, however, all right to use jellied cleansing agents that are designed for skin cleaning. 15.2.10 Dehydration and malnutrition Survivors who have been adrift for several days may be suffering from dehydration. If they have been adrift for several weeks malnutrition may also be a problem.
