SAS, SATA, and SCSI RAID Controllers Installation and User’s Guide
● 2 Copyright ©2005 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Adaptec, Inc., 691 South Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035. Trademarks Adaptec, Adaptec Storage Manager, and the Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec, Inc., which may be registered in some jurisdictions.
● 3 Adaptec Customer Support If you have questions about installing or using your Adaptec product, check this document first—you will find answers to most of your questions. If you need further assistance, use the support options listed below. To expedite your service, have your computer in front of you. Technical Support Identification (TSID) Number ● Before contacting Technical Support, you need your unique 12-digit TSID number. The TSID number identifies your product and support status.
● 4 Limited 3-Year Hardware Warranty 1. Adaptec, Inc. (“Adaptec”) warrants to the purchaser of this product that it will be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase.
● 5 Regulatory Compliance Statements Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement WARNING: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules.
● 6 Canadian Compliance Statement This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations. Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada. Japanese Compliance (Voluntary Control Council Initiative) This equipment complies to class B Information Technology equipment based on VCCI (Voluntary Control Council for Interface).
Contents 1 About This Guide What You Need to Know Before You Begin ................................ 13 Terminology Used in this Guide................................................... 13 How to Find More Information ................................................... 14 2 Kit Contents and System Requirements Kit Contents ................................................................................... 16 System Requirements ....................................................................
Contents ● 8 Choosing a RAID Level .................................................................30 Selecting Disk Drives ..................................................................... 31 Disk Drives for SAS Controllers............................................. 31 Disk Drives for SATA Controllers ......................................... 31 Disk Drives for SCSI Controllers ........................................... 31 Selecting Cables.........................................................
Contents ● 9 Installing with SuSE Linux ............................................................ 53 Installing with NetWare ................................................................ 54 8 Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System Before You Begin ........................................................................... 57 Creating a Driver Disk................................................................... 57 Installing on Windows ............................................
Contents ● 10 What do SAS Cables Look Like? ................................................... 75 How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS? ....................................... 75 What are the SAS Connection Options? ...................................... 76 Direct-attach Connections ..................................................... 76 Backplane Connections .......................................................... 76 SAS Expander Connections....................................................
Contents ● 11 SATA-specific Controller Settings ......................................... 97 SCSI-specific Controller Settings ........................................... 98 Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives ......................................... 99 Viewing the Event Log................................................................. 100 D Using the ACU for DOS Getting Started ............................................................................. 102 Working in the ACU Using Menus .......
About This Guide In this chapter... 1 What You Need to Know Before You Begin ..................................... 13 Terminology Used in this Guide ....................................................... 13 How to Find More Information........................................................ 14 This Installation and User’s Guide explains how to install your Adaptec® RAID controller.
Chapter 1: About This Guide ● 13 What You Need to Know Before You Begin You should be familiar with computer hardware, data storage, Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) technology, and the input/output (I/O) technology—Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), SAS, or Serial ATA (SATA)—used by your controller. (For an introduction to SAS, see page 70.) You should also be familiar with Direct Attached Storage (DAS) and Storage Area Network (SAN) concepts and technology.
Chapter 1: About This Guide ● 14 How to Find More Information You can find more information about your Adaptec RAID controller and the software and utilities included with it by referring to these documents: ● Readme.txt—Includes updated product information and known issues; located on the RAID Installation CD. ● Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide—Describes how to install and use the Adaptec Storage Manager software (see page 61); located on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.
Kit Contents and System Requirements 2 In this chapter... Kit Contents ....................................................................................... 16 System Requirements......................................................................... 17 This chapter lists the contents of your Adaptec RAID controller kit and the system requirements that must be met for you to successfully install and use your controller.
Chapter 2: Kit Contents and System Requirements ● 16 Kit Contents ● Adaptec RAID controller ● RAID Installation CD (bootable), including controller drivers, and this Guide ● Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD (not bootable), including user guides for Adaptec Storage Manager and the Adaptec RAID controller configuration command line utility (ARCCONF) ● Cables (type and quantity vary—for cable information about your controller, see About Your RAID Controller on page 18) ● (Selected models onl
Chapter 2: Kit Contents and System Requirements ● 17 System Requirements ● PC-compatible computer with Intel Pentium, or equivalent, processor ● Motherboard with these features: ● Compliant with PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 2.2 or later ● Support for multifunction devices where one of the devices is a PCI bridge ● Large memory-mapped address ranges Refer to the Readme file on the RAID installation CD for additional motherboard compatibility information.
About Your RAID Controller 3 In this chapter... Standard RAID Controller Features ................................................. 19 Adding Enhanced Features................................................................ 20 Adding a Battery Backup Module..................................................... 21 Upgrading the Controller Firmware................................................. 21 About the Adaptec 4000SAS..............................................................
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 19 Standard RAID Controller Features ● Flash ROM for updates to controller firmware, BIOS, and the Adaptec RAID Configuration utility ● Disk drive hot-swapping ● Event logging and broadcasting including email and SNMP messages ● Multiple options for creating and managing RAID arrays—A full software application (Adaptec Storage Manager), a BIOS-based utility, a command line utility, and a DOS utility.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 20 Adding Enhanced Features As your storage needs change, you can enhance data protection and improve performance by upgrading your Adaptec controller with extra features. Adaptec offers a package of upgrade features that can be activated with a feature key, which is sold separately. Purchase a feature key to unlock these features: ● Copyback—You can use this feature to move data from a hot spare back to its original location after a disk drive failure.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 21 Using a Feature Key to Unlock Enhanced Features When you receive a feature key, open Adaptec Storage Manager and unlock the enhanced features, following the instructions provided in the online Help or in the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller About the Adaptec 4000SAS The Adaptec 4000SAS is a low-profile SAS Zero Channel RAID controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector LED connector I2C connector PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI-X Maximum bus width 64-bit Maximum bus speed 133 MHz Standard cache 128 MB Maximum number of disk drives (using an expander) 16 Audible alarm No ● 22
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 23 About the Adaptec 4800SAS The Adaptec 4800SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector Alarm connector Mounting bracket Two 4-wide internal SAS connectors One external SAS connector Battery connector PCI-X connector Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins) Bus compatibility PCI-X Maximum bus width 64-bit Maximum bus speed 133 MHz I/O processor clock frequency 400 MHz Standard cache 128 MB DDR2 Maximum number of d
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 24 About the Adaptec 4805SAS The Adaptec 4805SAS is a SAS RAID controller with these features: Mode 0 Flash connector Alarm connector Mounting bracket Two 4-wide internal SAS connectors One external SAS connector Battery connector PCI-E connector Activity LED connector (top 2 left/right pins) Bus compatibility PCI-E x8 I/O processor clock frequency 400 MHz Standard cache 128 MB DDR2 Maximum number of disk drives 16 (or up to 128 with an expander) SAS
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 25 About the Adaptec 2420SA The Adaptec 2420SA is a SATA RAID controller with these features: 0 SATA ports 3 2 1 Mode 0 Flash connector Activity LED connector I2C connector Battery connector PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 26 About the Adaptec 2820SA The Adaptec 2820SA is a SATA RAID controller with these features: SATA ports 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mode 0 Flash connector Activity LED connectors I2C connector Battery connector PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 27 About the Adaptec 2130SLP The Adaptec 2130SLP is a low-profile controller with these features: Activity LED connector Mode 0 Flash connector Internal HD SCSI connector Mounting bracket Battery connector External VHDCI SCSI connector PCI/PCI-X connector Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.
Chapter 3: About Your RAID Controller ● 28 About the Adaptec 2230SLP The Adaptec 2230SLP is a low-profile controller with these features: Activity LED connector Mode 0 Flash connector Battery connector 2 internal HD SCSI connectors 2 external VHDCI SCSI connectors PCI/PCI-X connector Mounting bracket Bus compatibility PCI / PCI-X, 3.
Getting Started 4 In this chapter... Choosing a RAID Level ..................................................................... 30 Selecting Disk Drives ......................................................................... 31 Selecting Cables.................................................................................. 32 Installation Options........................................................................... 34 Basic Installation Steps ....................................................
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 30 Choosing a RAID Level This section provides a brief overview of the RAID levels supported by your Adaptec RAID controller, including the minimum and maximum number of disk drives required by each. Note: RAID 1E, RAID 5EE, RAID 6 and RAID 60 are available in the upgrade package. (See page 20.) For more information about RAID levels, see Understanding RAID on page 79. ● RAID 0 (Non-redundant Array)—Stripes data across multiple disk drives.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 31 Selecting Disk Drives When selecting disk drives for your RAID array, ensure that all the disk drives have the same performance level. You can use different-sized disk drives in the array, but the array will be limited to the capacity of the smallest and slowest disk drive. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide or online Help. Disk Drives for SAS Controllers Your SAS controller supports both SAS and SATA disk drives.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 32 Selecting Cables This section describes the cable options and requirements for your Adaptec controller: ● For SAS cables, see below. ● SATA cables, see page 33. ● SCSI cables, see page 33. SAS Cables You need one SAS cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SAS RAID controller. Depending on your requirements, you can use any of these cables: Internal cable—Connects to a backplane. Internal fan-out cable—Connects to four internal SATA disk drives.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 33 SATA Cables You need one SATA cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your Adaptec SATA RAID controller. SATA cables are included in the kit. All SATA cables have the same connectors, as shown in the figure below, and the connectors are keyed so that you can’t insert them incorrectly. Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SATA cables. For more information or to purchase cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com.
Chapter 4: Getting Started ● 34 Installation Options When you install your Adaptec controller, you can choose to create a bootable array and then install your operating system and the controller driver on that array. Alternatively, you can complete a standard installation, where the controller driver is installed on an existing operating system. Basic Installation Steps This section describes the installation process. Follow the steps for the installation option you’ve chosen.
Installing the Controller and Disk Drives 5 In this chapter... Before You Begin................................................................................ 36 Installing the Controller .................................................................... 36 Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers .......................... 38 Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers........................ 41 Connecting Disk Drives to SCSI RAID Controllers.........................
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 36 Before You Begin ● Read Safety Information on page 125. ● Familiarize yourself with your Adaptec RAID controller’s physical features and the RAID levels that it supports (see page 18). ● Ensure you have the right quantity of disk drives for the RAID level you want to use for your arrays (see page 31). ● Ensure that you have the proper cables for your controller and disk drives (see page 32).
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 37 3 As shown at right, insert the RAID controller into the PCI expansion slot and press down gently but firmly until it clicks into place. When installed properly, the RAID controller should appear level with the PCI expansion slot. 4 Secure the bracket in the PCI slot, using the retention device (for instance, a screw or lever) supplied with your computer.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 38 Connecting Disk Drives to SAS RAID Controllers You can connect SAS disk drives, SATA disk drives, or a combination of both to your SAS RAID controller. There are no jumpers or switches to set before installation. If you plan to build a bootable array using internal disk drives, ensure you install at least the minimum number disk drives required to support the RAID level you want. See page 30 for more information.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 39 Connecting Directly to the Controller In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS card with SAS cables.The number of direct-attached disk drives is limited to four per internal SAS connector. (For more information about direct-attach connections, see page 75.) 1 Install your internal SAS or SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 40 Connecting to a System Backplane In a backplane connection, disk drives and SAS cards are attached to and communicate with each other through a system backplane. The number of disk drives is limited to the number of slots available on the backplane. Some backplanes have embedded SAS expanders and can support up to 128 end devices. (For more information about backplane and expander connections, see page 75.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 41 Connecting Disk Drives to SATA RAID Controllers 1 Install your SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation. There are no jumpers or switches to set on the SATA controller or disk drives. 2 Use one SATA cable to connect each disk drive to a SATA port on the controller. 3 When all internal disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer cabinet, and reattach the power cord.
Chapter 5: Installing the Controller and Disk Drives ● 42 3 If space inside your computer cabinet is limited, connect your disk drives to the SCSI cable before installing them. (For installation instructions, refer to your computer’s documentation.) ! Caution: To avoid causing unstable operation, do not attach a cable to the controller unless the other end of the cable is attached to a least one disk drive. Alternatively, install your disk drives, then connect them to the controller.
Creating a Bootable Array 6 In this chapter... Setting the Boot Controller ............................................................... 44 Creating an Array............................................................................... 44 Making Your Array Bootable............................................................. 49 This chapter explains how to set your Adaptec controller to be the boot controller, and how to create a bootable array.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 44 Setting the Boot Controller Note: If your system won’t contain more than one bootable controller, skip to Creating an Array below. Your Adaptec RAID controller supports bootable disk drives and bootable arrays. To enable your system to boot from either a disk drive or an array connected to your controller: 1 Enter the system setup. 2 Navigate to the drive boot sequence. 3 Move the boot controller to the top of the list.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 45 Creating an Array with the ACU The ACU is menu-based and instructions for completing tasks appear on-screen. Menus can be navigated using the arrows, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your keyboard. To create a RAID 5 array: 1 Power on your computer. When prompted, press Ctrl+A to enter the Adaptec RAID Controller utility. 2 If you have more than one controller in your computer, select your controller, then press Enter.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 46 9 When the Array Properties screen opens, follow the instructions in the table below: Property Line Entry or Selection Array Type Select RAID 5, then press Enter. Array Label Type a name, then press Enter. Array Size Press Enter, then press Enter again to use the default granularity of GB. Stripe Size Press Enter to use the default (256KB). Read Caching Press Enter to use the default (Yes).
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 47 Creating an Array with Adaptec Storage Manager This section describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager configuration wizard to build a RAID 5 array. Note: You will need the RAID Installation CD to complete this task. To create a RAID 5 array: 1 Insert the RAID Installation CD into your CD drive, then restart your computer. 2 When prompted, select the language you want, then press Enter. 3 Review the license information, then press Enter.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 48 7 Review the information that is displayed. Note: Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when referring to arrays (see page 13). In the example below, Adaptec Storage Manager has used four equal-sized disk drives to automatically create one logical drive with RAID 5 and a hot spare. To specify a size for the logical drives, or to make other changes to the configuration, click Modify logical devices.
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array ● 49 Making Your Array Bootable Use the ACU to make the array bootable (see Creating Bootable Arrays on page 93). Then continue with Installing the Driver and an Operating System on page 50.
Installing the Driver and an Operating System 7 In this chapter... Before You Begin................................................................................ 51 Creating a Driver Disk....................................................................... 51 Installing with Windows.................................................................... 52 Installing with Red Hat Linux ........................................................... 53 Installing with SuSE Linux ..............................
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 51 Before You Begin ● Install and connect your ICP RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 35). ● Create a bootable array (see page 43). ● Create a driver disk (see below). Creating a Driver Disk Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task. To create a driver disk: 1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions, refer to your computer’s documentation.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 52 8 Continue with the instructions for your operating system: ● For Windows, see below. ● For Red Hat Linux, see page 53. ● For SuSE Linux, see page 53. ● For NetWare, see page 54. Installing with Windows Note: You will need your Windows installation CD to complete this task. To install the ICP RAID controller driver while installing Windows: 1 Insert your Windows CD, then restart the computer.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 53 Installing with Red Hat Linux Note: You will need your Red Hat installation CD to complete this task. To install the ICP RAID controller driver while installing Red Hat Linux: 1 Insert the first Red Hat installation CD. 2 Restart your computer. 3 When the Red Hat Welcome screen appears, type linux dd at the Boot: prompt. 4 When prompted, insert the driver disk, then select OK. 5 Follow the prompts to set up the environment you want.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 54 7 Complete the Linux installation, following the instructions included with your operating system. 8 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 60. Installing with NetWare Note: You will need your NetWare installation CD to complete this task. To install the driver when installing NetWare: 1 Restart your computer, then install NetWare. (For instructions, refer to your NetWare documentation.
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System ● 55 8 From the lower window menu, select Continue, then press Enter. If the driver installation process fails, the server console is displayed so you can see the cause of the failure. To modify disk partitions, apply hot fixes, or perform volume maintenance, refer to your NetWare documentation. 9 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 60.
Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System 8 In this chapter... Before You Begin................................................................................ 57 Creating a Driver Disk....................................................................... 57 Installing on Windows....................................................................... 58 Installing on Red Hat or SuSE Linux ................................................ 58 Installing on NetWare................................
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 57 Before You Begin Before you begin, install and connect your Adaptec RAID controller and internal disk drives (see page 35). You must also create a driver disk (see page 51) before you begin installing the controller driver. Creating a Driver Disk Note: You will need a floppy disk to complete this task. To create a driver disk: 1 Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 58 Installing on Windows To install the driver on Windows: 1 Start or restart Windows. The Found New Hardware Wizard opens and searches for the driver. 2 Insert the driver disk, select Floppy drive, then click Next. 3 Click Next, then click Next again. 4 Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the driver installation. 5 Remove the driver disk and restart your computer. 6 Continue with Managing Your Storage Space on page 60.
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System ● 59 Installing on NetWare Note: Before you begin, ensure that your NetWare OS has been upgraded to the minimum patch level specified by Novell. Refer to the Novell Web site for more information. To install the driver on NetWare: 1 Start your computer. 2 At the NetWare server console prompt, type load hdetect, then press Enter. 3 At the Device types menu, select Continue, then press Enter.
Managing Your Storage Space 9 In this chapter... About Adaptec Storage Manager ...................................................... 61 About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility............ 62 About the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility .................................... 62 About the Adaptec Flash Utility........................................................ 63 Which Utility Should I Use? ..............................................................
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space ● 61 About Adaptec Storage Manager Adaptec Storage Manager is a full-featured software application that helps you build a storage space for your online data, using Adaptec RAID controllers and disk drives. With Adaptec Storage Manager, you can group disk drives into logical drives and build in redundancy to protect your data and improve system performance.
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space ● 62 About the Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility The Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration Utility (ARCCONF) is a command line utility that you can use to perform some basic array and configuration management functions.
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space ● 63 About the Adaptec Flash Utility The Adaptec Flash Utility (AFU) is a text-based DOS utility that you can use to update, save, or verify your RAID controller’s firmware BIOS and Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM). ! Caution: Although the AFU contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging your RAID controller’s flash contents, it is still important to use the AFU carefully and correctly to avoid rendering your RAID controller inoperable.
Solving Problems 10 In this chapter... Troubleshooting Checklist.................................................................65 Silencing the Alarm............................................................................ 66 Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure...............................................66 Resetting the Controller ....................................................................
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 65 Troubleshooting Checklist If you encounter difficulties installing or using your Adaptec RAID controller, check these items first: ● With your computer powered off, check the connections to each disk drive, to the power supply, to the LED connector, and so on. Try disconnecting and reconnecting disk drives from the Adaptec RAID controller. ● Check that your Adaptec RAID controller installed in a compatible expansion slot (PCI, PCI-X, or PCI-E).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 66 Silencing the Alarm If your Adaptec RAID controller includes an alarm, the alarm will sound when an error occurs. To silence the alarm, use Adaptec Storage Manager (see Managing Your Storage Space on page 60.) Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure This section explains how to recover when a disk drive fails: ● If the array was protected by a hot spare (see page 66). ● If the array was not protected by a hot spare (see page 67).
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 67 Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot Spare When a array is not protected by a hot spare, if a disk drive in that array fails, remove and replace the failed disk drive. The controller detects the new disk drive and begins to rebuild the array. If the controller fails to rebuild the array, check that the cables, disk drives, and controllers are properly installed and connected. Then, if necessary, use Adaptec Storage Manager to rebuild the array.
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 68 Multiple Failures in the Same Array Except in RAID 6 and RAID 60 arrays (see page 79), if more than one disk drive fails at the same time in the same array, the data can’t be recovered. Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if available). Note: In some instances, RAID 10 and RAID 50 arrays may survive multiple disk drive failures, depending on which disk drives fail.
Chapter 10: Solving Problems ● 69 8 At the prompt, type a: AFU UPDATE CONTROLLER x where x is the controller number. 9 Insert the other floppy disks when prompted. 10 When the flash is complete, power off your computer, disconnect the power cord, then remove the jumper. 11 Close the computer cabinet, reconnect the power cord, then power on your computer. The controller should boot correctly.
Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) A In this appendix... Terminology Used in This Chapter................................................... 71 What is SAS?....................................................................................... 71 How Do SAS Devices Communicate?...............................................72 What’s a Phy?...................................................................................... 72 What’s a SAS Port? ...................................................
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 71 Terminology Used in This Chapter For convenience, SAS HBAs and SAS RAID controllers are referred to generically in this chapter as SAS cards. HBAs, RAID controllers, disk drives, and external disk drive enclosures are referred to as end devices and expanders are referred to as expander devices. For convenience, this chapter refers to end devices and expander devices collectively as SAS devices.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 72 How Do SAS Devices Communicate? SAS devices communicate with each other through links. A link is a physical connection between two phys. As shown below, SAS devices contain ports (see page 73), ports contain phys (see below), and each phy contains one transmitter and one receiver—one transceiver. A phy can belong to one port only.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 73 What’s a SAS Port? Note: Because the physical link between SAS devices is from phy to phy, rather than port to port, a “port” is more of a virtual concept, different from what is normally considered a port on other types of RAID controllers and storage devices. A port is one or more phys. A narrow port contains one phy. A wide port typically contains four phys.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 74 What’s a SAS Connector? A SAS connector is the physical plug or receptacle that you see on a SAS device. It supports the power and signal line cable. It’s what you plug a SAS cable into, or the end of the SAS cable that’s being plugged in. A connector is what forms physical links between phys.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 75 What do SAS Cables Look Like? Internal SAS cables are narrower than internal parallel SCSI cables. The connectors vary in size depending on the number of links they support, from single link connectors to 4-wide (or larger) connectors. Internal fan-out cables (shown below) let you attach four disk drives to a single 4-wide connector.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 76 What are the SAS Connection Options? You can connect end devices to each other through direct cable connections and through backplane connections. When you use one or more expander devices (see page 77), you can create large configurations. Direct-attach Connections In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS card with SAS cables.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 77 SAS Expander Connections A SAS expander device literally expands the number of end devices that you can connect together. Expander devices, typically embedded into a system backplane (see page 76), support large configurations of SAS end devices, including SAS cards and SAS and SATA disk drives. With expander devices, you can build large and complex storage topologies. There are two types of SAS expanders: fanout expanders and edge expanders.
Appendix A: Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) ● 78 How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI? In summary, although SAS and parallel SCSI both use the SCSI command set, how they move data from one place to another is very different. To support point-to-point serial data transport, SAS introduces new types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology. Generally speaking, SAS is faster and more flexible than parallel SCSI, and provides more options for building your storage space.
Understanding RAID B In this appendix... Understanding Drive Segments ........................................................ 80 RAID 0 (Non-RAID Arrays) ............................................................. 80 RAID 1 Arrays....................................................................................81 RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays ..................................................................82 RAID 10 Arrays..................................................................................
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 80 Understanding Drive Segments A drive segment is a disk drive or portion of a disk drive that is used to create an array. A disk drive can include both RAID segments (segments that are part of an array) and available segments. Each segment can be part of only one logical device at a time. If a disk drive is not part of any logical device, the entire disk is an available segment.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 81 RAID 1 Arrays A RAID 1 array is built from two disk drives, where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the same data is stored on each disk drive). Compared to independent disk drives, RAID 1 arrays provide improved performance, with twice the read rate and an equal write rate of single disks. However, capacity is only 50 percent of independent disk drives.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 82 RAID 1 Enhanced Arrays Note: RAID 1E is an upgrade feature; if the RAID 1E feature is locked, see Adding Enhanced Features on page 20 for information on purchasing a feature key. A RAID 1 Enhanced (RAID 1E) array is similar to a RAID 1 array except that data is both mirrored and striped, and more disk drives can be included.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 83 RAID 10 Arrays A RAID 10 array is built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays. Adaptec RAID controllers support a maximum number of 48 disk drives in a RAID 10 array. Data in a RAID 10 array is both striped and mirrored. Mirroring provides data protection, and striping improves performance. Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 84 RAID 5 Arrays A RAID 5 array is built from a minimum of three and a maximum of sixteen disk drives, and uses data striping and parity (see below) data to provide redundancy. Parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance. Parity data is an error-correcting redundancy that’s used to re-create data if a disk drive fails.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 85 RAID 5EE Arrays Note: RAID 5EE is an upgrade feature; if the RAID 5EE feature is locked, see Adding Enhanced Features on page 20 for information on purchasing a feature key. A RAID 5EE array is similar to a RAID 5 array except that it includes a distributed spare drive (see below) and must be built from a minimum of four disk drives. The maximum number of disk drives is sixteen.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 86 RAID 50 Arrays A RAID 50 array is built from six to forty-eight disk drives configured as two or more RAID 5 arrays, and stripes stored data and parity data across all disk drives in both RAID 5 arrays. (For more information, see RAID 5 Arrays on page 84.) Note: Because the Adaptec 2420SA RAID controller can’t support more than four disk drives, it can’t support RAID 50 arrays. The parity data provides data protection, and striping improves performance.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 87 RAID 6 Arrays Note: RAID 6 is an upgrade feature; if the RAID 6 feature is locked, see Adding Enhanced Features on page 20 for information on purchasing a feature key. A RAID 6 array is similar to a RAID 5 array because it uses data striping and parity data to provide redundancy. However, RAID 6 arrays include two independent sets of parity data instead of one. Both sets of parity data are striped separately across all disk drives in the array.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 88 RAID 60 Arrays Note: RAID 60 is an upgrade feature; if the RAID 60 feature is locked, see Adding Enhanced Features on page 20 for information on purchasing a feature key. Similar to a RAID 50 array (see page 86), a RAID 60 array is built from eight disk drives configured as two or more RAID 6 arrays, and stripes stored data and two sets of parity data across all disk drives in both RAID 6 arrays.
Appendix B: Understanding RAID ● 89 Selecting the Best RAID Level Use the Table below to select the RAID levels that are most appropriate for the logical drives on your storage space, based on the number of available disk drives and your requirements for performance and reliability.
Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility C In this appendix... Introduction to the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ..................... 91 Running the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ................................ 91 Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays .................................. 92 Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings................... 95 Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives..............................................99 Viewing the Event Log .......................
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 91 Introduction to the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility The Adaptec RAID Controller utility comprises these tools: ● The Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and initializing and rescanning disk drives (see page 92). Note: Also available—ACU for DOS. See page 101. ● A -Select Utility—SerialSelect, SATASelect, or SCSISelect, for modifying your controller and disk drive settings (see page 95).
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 92 Using the ACU to Create and Manage Arrays To open the ACU, start the Adaptec RAID Controller utility (see page 91). If you have more than one controller, select your controller, then press Enter. Select Array Configuration Utility, then press Enter. Follow the on-screen instructions to create and manage arrays, and initialize, rescan, and erase disk drives.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 93 Creating Bootable Arrays Note: You may need to change the system BIOS to modify the boot order. For more information, refer to your computer’s documentation. The controller always uses the lowest numbered array as its bootable array. To make an array bootable: 1 Select Manage Arrays from the main ACU menu. 2 Select the array that you want to make bootable, then press Ctrl+B.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 94 Secure Erasing Disk Drives When you perform a secure erase on a disk drive, all data on that disk drive is completely and irretrievably eradicated. Secure erase performs three distinct writing passes to the disk drive being erased—it does not just write zeros. Performing a secure erase takes up to six times longer than clearing (or zeroing) a disk drive.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 95 Using the -Select Utility to Modify Controller Settings Included in the Adaptec RAID Controller utility is a tool for modifying the settings of your controller and the disk drives connected to it. This utility is called SASSelect, SATASelect, or SCSISelect, depending on what type of controller you have.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 96 General Controller Settings Note: Default settings are shown in bold type. Option Description Drive’s Write Cache When enabled, write cache is enabled on the disk drive. When disabled, write cache is not used on the disk drive. Default is the disk drive’s setting. Caution—When write cache is enabled, there is a slight possibility of data loss or corruption during a power failure.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 97 SAS-specific Controller Settings In addition to the general settings listed on page 96, your Adaptec SAS controller has SAS-specific settings that can be modified if required. (For more information about SAS, see page 70.) To modify SAS-specific settings, select PHY Configuration from the SerialSelect main menu. Note: Default settings are shown in bold type.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 98 SCSI-specific Controller Settings In addition to the general settings listed on page 96, your Adaptec SCSI controller has SCSI-specific settings that can be modified if required. To modify SCSI-specific settings, select SCSI Configuration from the SCSISelect main menu. SCSI Channel Interface Settings Note: Default settings are shown in bold type. Option Description Controller SCSI Channel ID Sets the controller’s SCSI ID.
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 99 For the best device performance, don’t change the default settings. Note: Default settings are shown in bold type. Option Description Maximum Transfer Rate Shows the maximum data transfer rate that the SCSI channel supports. Enable Disconnection When enabled, the SCSI device can disconnect from the SCSI channel. Default is Yes (enabled).
Appendix C: Using the Adaptec RAID Controller Utility ● 100 Viewing the Event Log The BIOS-based event log records all firmware events, such as configuration changes, array creation, and boot activity. Events are not stored indefinitely—the event log is cleared each time you restart your computer; additionally, once the log is full, new events overwrite old events. To view the event log: 1 Start the Adaptec RAID Controller utility (see page 91). 2 Select the controller you want, press Enter.
Using the ACU for DOS D In this appendix... Getting Started ................................................................................. 102 Working in the ACU Using Menus ................................................. 102 Running the ACU Using Scripts ..................................................... 103 This chapter describes the Array Configuration Utility (ACU) for DOS, a text-based utility that you can use to create, configure, and manage arrays. (A BIOS-based ACU is also available.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 102 Getting Started Note: You need a bootable floppy disk to complete this task. The ACU for DOS runs from a floppy disk which you can create using the RAID Installation CD that came in your Adaptec RAID controller kit. To create the ACU floppy disk: 1 Insert your RAID Installation CD into the CD drive, then browse to this file: packages/firmware/controllermodel/acu.exe Where controllermodel is the model number of your Adaptec RAID controller.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 103 Running the ACU Using Scripts To work in the ACU using scripts: 1 Insert the ACU floppy disk (see page 102), then start or restart your computer. The computer boots to the DOS command line. 2 Type ACU on the command line, specify a script file, and specify either the /P or /R switches listed in the table below. (Don’t specify both.) You may also add one or both of the optional switches. Note: Command line syntax is not case sensitive.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 104 About Playback Mode In this mode, the ACU reads the contents of the specified script file and creates arrays based on the keywords specified in the script. The syntax is ACU /P where file is the name of the script file. The file parameter can include a drive, directory, filename, and extension. If no drive or directory is specified, the file is placed in the same location as the ACU executable.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 105 Creating the Script File Manually Script files contain blocks: ● Array definition block keywords (see below) ● Optional—ACU error codes (see page 112) The syntax rules are: ● Each keyword must start its own line. ● Syntax is not case sensitive. Entering Comments in the Script File To enter a comment in the script file, start with a pound character (#). You can start anywhere on a line.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS Keyword ● 106 Required? Description Size No Specifies the size of the array. Default is Maximum. See page 109. StripeSize No Specifies the size of contiguous I/O, in bytes. Default is 256. See page 109. Type Yes Indicates the type of array to create. No default See page 109. Wait No Indicates whether the ACU should wait for the new array’s Build/Verify or Clear to complete before continuing. Default is Yes. See page 110.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 107 End Keyword End is a required keyword, indicating the end of the block. HotspareDrives Keyword HotspareDrives is an optional keyword, specifying the hot spares to assign to the array. The syntax for listing hot spares is the same as the Drives Keyword on page 106. If HotspareDrives is not specified, no hot spares are assigned to the array. For example: HotspareDrives=0:0:0,0:1:0 The same disk drive can be assigned to protect multiple arrays (as a pool spare).
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 108 InitializeAll is a global keyword that you need to specify only once. InitializeAll is always performed prior to array creation regardless of its position in the script. If both InitializeAll=Yes and InitializeAll=No are specified in the same script file, InitializeAll=Yes is always the overriding value. If an array is deleted during a Build/Verify process, the process is automatically terminated.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 109 Size Keyword The Size keyword specifies the size of the array. Specify Maximum (the default) to create an array using the maximum available space, based on the array type and drives selected. Otherwise, specify the size as an integer or a decimal number, followed by the unit keyword MB (megabytes), GB (gigabytes), or TB (terabytes). Note: A unit keyword is required with a numeric size value. If no unit keyword is specified, the ACU exits with an error.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 110 Wait Keyword Wait is an optional keyword that you can use to tell the ACU to allow the ACU to continue while the Build/Verify or Clear completes in the background; specify Wait=No. Otherwise, the ACU waits by default. If the host is powered off before the Build/Verify or Clear process completes and is then restarted, the process resumes without any user intervention.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 111 Channel Definition Block Keywords—SCSI only The channel definition block is optional. If used, it always begins with the keyword Channel and ends with the keyword End. The channel definition block keywords are listed in the table below. Keyword Description Channel Used to identify the channel. ControllerID Changes the SCSI ID of the controller. End Indicates the end of a channel definition block.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 112 ACU Error Codes When the ACU detects an error, it reports the error and exits immediately. If a log file is specified, the ACU writes the error code to the log file. Otherwise, it displays the error code on the screen. The possible error messages returned by the ACU are listed in this table. Code Description 0 ACU ran without changes—The ACU exited with no errors (success) and no report is required. 1 No controller found.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 113 Sample Scripts The MS-DOS command below invokes the ACU and creates arrays on controller 1 based on the array keywords defined in the script file A:\RAID.ACU. It also configures Channel 0 and saves a log of the operation in the log file C:\RAID.LOG: A:\> ACU /P A:\RAID.ACU /L C:\RAID.LOG /C1 Sample Scripts for SCSI and SAS Controllers Note: For a sample script for a SATA controller, see page 114. This sample script file is a sample RAID.
Appendix D: Using the ACU for DOS ● 114 This sample script file creates a maximum-size three-disk-drive RAID 5: # Create a maximum size RAID 5 labeled ‘MyData’ Array=MyData Type=RAID5 Size=Maximum # Use the maximum stripe size StripeSize=256 # Clear the array (don’t build/verify it) Method=Clear # Don’t wait for clear to complete Wait=No # Use drives 0, 1, 2 Drives=0:0:0, 0:1:0, 0:2:0 End Sample Script for SATA Controllers This is a sample ACU file that will initialize all disk drives connected to the S
Using the Adaptec Flash Utility E In this appendix... System Requirements....................................................................... 116 Before You Begin.............................................................................. 116 Running the Menu-based AFU ....................................................... 117 Running the AFU from the Command Line .................................. 119 Updating the Flash Using the AFU Command Line......................
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 116 System Requirements ● MS–DOS version 5.0 or later. Note: You can’t run the AFU from a DOS command prompt window under any version of Windows. ● At least 8 MB of extended memory. Compatibility Notes ● Supports HIMEM.SYS; compatible with other DOS drivers running under HIMEM.SYS (for example, SMARTDRV.SYS and SETVER.SYS). ● Does not support DOS extenders installed in memory, such as EMM386.SYS and DOS4GW.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 117 Creating the Firmware Floppy Disks Note: You will need at least two bootable MS-DOS floppy disks to complete this task. You can’t create a bootable floppy disk using Windows 2000. To create the firmware floppy disks: 1 Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy these files to it: ● AFU.exe ● AAxxx01.ufi where xxxx is the model number of your controller. 2 Create additional bootable MS–DOS floppy disks and copy each additional AAxxx0x.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 118 4 Select Select an Operation. 5 Choose the operation you want, then follow the on-screen instructions to complete the task: ● Update—Updates all the flash components on a RAID controller with the flash image data from the UFI file. ● Save—Reads the contents of a RAID controller’s flash components and saves the data to a UFI file, which you can use to restore a RAID controller’s flash if required.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 119 Running the AFU from the Command Line Note: You can also run a menu-based AFU (see page 117). To run the AFU from the command line: 1 Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer. If your computer isn’t set up to boot from the bootable floppy disk, enter the system setup utility to change the setting. 2 At the DOS command, type AFU followed by a command (see page 119) and any switches you want.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 120 Save Saves the contents of a RAID controller’s flash in a UFI file. The name of the UFI file is based on the controller type and can’t be changed. You must restart the computer following a SAVE command.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 121 Update Updates the flash components of one or more RAID controllers on your computer from the flash image data in a UFI file. You must restart the computer following an update command. The command syntax for the update command is: AFU UPDATE [/C] [/D ] You can also use the /C and /D switches (see Save on page 120). This example shows a typical system response after an update. A:\> AFU UPDATE /C 0 Adaptec Flash Utility V4.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 122 This example shows a typical system response after a verify command. A:\> AFU VERIFY /C 0 Adaptec Flash Utility V4.0-0 B5749 (c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved. Reading flash image file (Build 5748) Controller #0: Adaptec Adaptec 2820SA ROM: Checksum: 797B [VALID] (Build 5748) File: Checksum: 797B [VALID] (Build 5748) Image Compares Correctly Version Displays version information about the flash components on a RAID controller.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 123 Updating the Flash Using the AFU Command Line 1 Create the firmware floppy disks (see page 117). 2 Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer. If your computer isn’t set up to boot from the bootable floppy disk, enter the system setup utility to change the setting.
Appendix E: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility ● 124 6 When prompted, insert the first firmware disk into your floppy disk drive. The AFU reads the first disk. 7 When prompted, remove the first firmware disk and insert the second firmware disk into your floppy disk drive. 8 Repeat Step 7 as required until the flash update is complete.
Safety Information F To ensure your personal safety and the safety of your equipment: ● Keep your work area and the computer clean and clear of debris. ● Before opening the system cabinet, unplug the power cord. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) ! Caution: ESD can damage electronic components when they are improperly handled, and can result in total or intermittent failures. Always follow ESD-prevention procedures when removing and replacing components.
Technical Specifications G In this appendix... Environmental Specifications ......................................................... 127 DC Power Requirements ................................................................. 127 Current Requirements .....................................................................
Appendix G: Technical Specifications Environmental Specifications Ambient temperature without battery backup module 0 °C to 50 ° C Relative humidity 10% to 90%, noncondensing Altitude Up to 3,000 meters Note: Forced airflow is recommended, but not required. DC Power Requirements Ripple and noise 50 mV peak-to-peak (max) DC Voltage 5 V ± 5%, 3.3 V ± 10% Current Requirements Adaptec Model Maximum Current (A) Adaptec 4000SAS 1.5 A @ 3.3 VDC; 0.75 A @ 5.0 VDC Adaptec 4800SAS 1.4 A @ 3.3 VDC; 2.
Index A ACU arrays 45 creating arrays 45, 92 creating bootable arrays 93 erasing disk drives 94 initializing disk drives 93 managing arrays 92 rescanning disk drives 93 ACU for DOS 101 to 114 array definition block keywords 105 creating a floppy disk 102 menus 102 playback mode 104 record mode 104 sample scripts 113 script file syntax 105 scripts 103 switches 103 Adaptec Flash Utility. See AFU Adaptec RAID Controller Configuration utility.
Index B backplane connections 40, 76 battery backup module 22 BBS Support setting 96 BBU 22 boards. See controllers boot controller 44 bootable arrays 49 creating 43, 93 C cables 32 cards.
Index LVD 31 recovering from failure 66 rescanning 93 SAS identifiers 75 SE 31 verifying 99 drive requirements 31 Drive’s Write Cache setting 96 driver and operating system installation 50 to 55 driver disk 51 driver installation 56 to 59 drivers installing on Linux 58 installing on NetWare 59 installing on Windows 58 installing with Linux 53 installing with NetWare 54 installing with Windows 52 E electrostatic discharge 125 Enable Disconnection setting 99 end devices 71 End property array definition block
Index ● 131 L R links (SAS) 72 Linux driver installation 58 OS installation 53 Linux installation 53 locked features 21 RAID RAID 0 80 RAID 1 81 RAID 10 83 RAID 1E 82 RAID 5 84 RAID 50 86 RAID 5EE 85 RAID 6 87 RAID 60 88 RAID 1E 21 RAID 5EE 21 RAID 6 21 RAID 60 21 RAID controllers. See controllers RAID levels 30 record mode 104 recovering from disk drive failure 66 Red Hat driver installation 58 OS installation 53 Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
Index connectors 74 description 71 direct-attach connections 39, 76 disk drive identifiers 75 disk drives 31 edge expanders 77 end devices 71 expander connections 77 expander devices 71 fanout expanders 77 link speed 71 links 72 narrow connectors 74 narrow ports 73 phys 72 ports 72, 73 SAS address 73 SAS cards 71 SAS devices 71 SAS domain 77 terminology 71 transceivers 72 wide connectors 74 wide ports 73 SAS Address setting 97 SAS controllers cables 32 connecting disk drives 38 CRC Checking setting 97 disk
Index storage space 14 SuSE driver installation 58 SuSE installation 53 switches in ACU for DOS 103 system requirements 18 T technical specifications 126 Technical Support Identification (TSID) number 3 terminology 14 ICP Storage Manager 14 SAS 71 tools Adaptec RAID Controller utility 62 Adaptec Storage Manager 61 AFU 63 ARCCONF 62 troubleshooting tips 64 TSID Number See Technical Support Identification Number U updating firmware 116 upgrading firmware 22 utilities Adaptec RAID Controller utility 62 AFU 6
Adaptec, Inc. 691 South Milpitas Boulevard Milpitas, CA 95035 USA ©2005 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. Adaptec and the Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec, Inc. which may be registered in some jurisdictions. Part Number: CDP-00062-01-A, Rev.
