User`s guide

7-2

Operating Concepts

Using This Chapter

This chapter provides conceptual information on how speciﬁc functions of the network

analyzer operate. The following topics are discussed:

• System Operation on page 7-3

• Processing on page 7-5

• Output Power on page 7-9

• Sweep Time on page 7-11

• Source Attenuator Switch Protection on page 7-13

• Channel Stimulus Coupling on page 7-14

• Sweep Types on page 7-15

• S-Parameters on page 7-20

• Analyzer Display Formats on page 7-24

• Electrical Delay on page 7-33

• Noise Reduction Techniques on page 7-34

• Measurement Calibration on page 7-37

• Calibration Routines on page 7-54

• Modifying Calibration Kits on page 7-56

• TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only) on page 7-66

• GPIB Operation on page 7-77

• Limit Line Operation on page 7-81

• Knowing the Instrument Modes on page 7-83

Where to Find More Information

• Operation concepts relating to mixer measurements and time domain measurements

can be found in Chapter 2 , "Making Mixer Measurements (Option 089 Only)" and

Chapter 3 , “Making Time Domain Measurements.”

• Descriptions of all instrument functions are located in the “Hardkey/Softkey Reference”

chapter of the reference guide.

• Procedures for using instrument functions, making measurements, recording

measurement results, and performing calibrations are located in Chapter 1 , "Making

Measurements" and Chapter 6 , “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy.”