Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide
Notices © Keysight Technologies 2012 - 2014 Warranty No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Keysight Technologies as governed by United States and international copyright laws. The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions.
Safety Symbols The following symbols on the instrument and in the documentation indicate precautions that must be taken to maintain safe operation of the instrument. Earth (ground) terminal Caution, risk of electric shock Frame or chassis terminal Caution, risk of danger (refer to this manual for specific Warning or Caution information) CAT II 300 V 34450A User’s Guide IEC Measurement Category II. Inputs may be connected to mains (up to 300 VAC) under Category II overvoltage conditions.
Regulatory Markings IV The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. This CE mark shows that the product complies with all the relevant European Legal Directives. The C-tick mark is a registered trademark of the Spectrum Management Agency of Australia. This signifies compliance with the Australia EMC Framework regulations under the terms of the Radio Communication Act of 1992. ICES/NMB-001 indicates that this ISM device complies with the Canadian ICES-001.
General Safety Information The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Keysight Technologies assumes no liability for the customer’s failure to comply with these requirements.
Protection Limits The Keysight 34450A 5½ Digital Multimeter provides protection circuitry to prevent damage to the instrument and to protect against the danger of electric shock, provided that the Protection Limits are not exceeded. To ensure safe operation of the instrument, do not exceed the Protection Limits shown on the front panel, as defined below: E A B C D Note: The front-panel terminals and current protection fuse are shown above.
Environmental Conditions This instrument is designed for indoor use and in an area with low condensation. The table below shows the general environmental requirements for the instrument.
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC This instrument complies with the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) marking requirement. This affixed product label indicates that you must not discard this electrical/electronic product in domestic household waste. Product Category: With reference to the equipment types in the WEEE directive Annex 1, this instrument is classified as a “Monitoring and Control Instrument” product.
Additional Notices The Keysight 34450A is provided with a Keysight 34138A Test Lead Set, described below. Test Lead Ratings Test Leads - 1000 V, 15 A Fine Tip Probe Attachments - 300 V, 3 A Mini Grabber Attachment - 300 V, 3 A SMT Grabber Attachments - 300 V, 3 A Operation The Fine Tip, Mini Grabber, and SMT Grabber attachments plug onto the probe end of the Test Leads. Maintenance If any portion of the Test Lead Set is worn or damaged, do not use. Replace with a new Keysight 34138A Test Lead Set.
Declaration of Conformity (DoC) The Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this instrument is available on the Web site. You can search the DoC by its product model or description. http://regulations.products.keysight.com/DoC/search.htm NOTE X If you are unable to search for the respective DoC, please contact your local Keysight representative.
In This Guide… This guide contains information to install the Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter. 1 Getting Started Tutorial This chapter provides a quick tutorial showing you how to get started and use the front panel in order to make measurements. 2 Functions and Features This chapter contains information on the functions and features of the multimeter and how to use the front panel to operate these settings.
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Contents Figures Tables 1 XVII XIX Getting Started Tutorial 1 The Front Panel at a Glance 2 The display at a glance 3 Single display screen 3 Dual display screen 3 The Keypad at a Glance Feature Upgrades 6 9 The Rear Panel at a Glance 10 Making Measurements 11 Using the keys 11 Digit masking 12 Selecting current input terminals and measurement range Measuring AC (RMS) or DC voltage 13 Measuring resistance 15 Measuring AC (RMS) or DC current up to 100 mA 16 Measuring AC (RMS) or DC current up to 10
Contents Selecting a Range 24 Remote Operation 25 USB interface 25 Serial interface 26 GPIB IEEE-488 (Optional) Code compatibility mode SCPI commands 28 2 Functions and Features 27 28 31 Math Operations 32 Null measurement 33 Hold measurement 35 Limit measurement 36 Accessing math menu 37 Editing single statistics 38 Editing all statistics 39 Editing dB measurement 40 Editing dBm measurement 41 Math annunciators 42 Editing math functions reference values Editing values 43 The Dual Display 44 Using th
Contents Data Logging 65 Viewing the log info 69 Viewing the log list 70 Viewing the log histogram 71 Viewing the log statistics 72 Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A Code Compatibility Mode 73 Enabling the code compatibility function 73 Notes for Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A code compatibility mode 3 Measurement Tutorial 75 DC Measurement Considerations Noise Rejection 74 76 77 Measurement Speed Consideration 80 Dual Measurement Considerations 81 DC voltage dynamic range in dual measurement Voltage and current in dual
Contents Temperature and Capacitance Specifications Operating Specifications 106 Supplemental measurement specifications 105 108 General Characteristics 112 To calculate total measurement error 114 Accuracy specifications 115 Configuring for highest accuracy measurements XVI 116 34450A User’s Guide
Figures Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 34450A front panel 2 Typical single display screen 3 Typical dual display screen 3 34450A Keypad 6 Rear panel at a glance 10 ACV rms and DCV terminal connection and display 14 2-wire W terminal connection and display 15 4-wire W terminal connection and display 15 ACI rms or DCI (mA) terminal connection and display 16 Figure 1-10 ACI rms or DCI (A) terminal connection and display 17 Figure 1-11 Frequen
Figures Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Trigger in connector 62 Trigger out connector 63 Common Mode Rejection (CMR) 77 Noise caused by ground loops 79 ADC Dynamic Range 82 Example of measuring voltage and current in dual measurement 83 Figure 3-5 Wiring resistance and current shunt resistance 92 Figure 3-6 Applying current to the capacitor 93 XVIII 34450A User’s Guide
Tables Table 1-1 Table 1-2 Table 1-3 Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 2-6 Table 2-7 Table 2-8 Table 3-1 Display annunciators 4 Keypad functions 6 License details 9 Math operations 32 Math value annunciators 42 Measurements available in dual display mode 44 Measurement operation frequencies for DCV-ACI 45 Utility menu available settings 48 RS232 utility sub-menu 52 Reset/Power-on state 58 Data log menu options 67 Common thermoelectric voltages for connections between dissimilar metals
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Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide 1 Getting Started Tutorial The Front Panel at a Glance 2 The Keypad at a Glance 6 The Rear Panel at a Glance 10 Feature Upgrades 9 Making Measurements 11 Selecting a Range 24 Remote Operation 25 This chapter provides a tutorial on how to get started using the Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter and using the front panel in order to make measurements.
1 Getting Started Tutorial The Front Panel at a Glance 10 7 9 11 1 4 2 6 3 5 8 Figure 1-1 34450A front panel 2 1 Display 7 Auto range and Manual range 2 Power ON/OFF Switch 8 Resolution, Measurement Speed 3 Measurement functions 9 SHIFT (selects blue shifted keys) and Local Key 4 Math Operations 10 Secondary Display Key 5 State Store/Recall, Utility Menu 11 Input Terminals 6 Data Log, View 34450A User’s Guide
Getting Started Tutorial 1 The display at a glance Single display screen Figure 1-2 Typical single display screen Dual display screen Figure 1-3 Typical dual display screen The system annunciators are described in Table 1- 1. (See Table 2- 2 on page 42 for Math Annunciators).
1 Getting Started Tutorial Table 1-1 Display annunciators System Annunciator Description Sample annunciator - indicates readings being taken The keypad has been locked.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Table 1-1 Display annunciators (continued) System Annunciator Description Shift key has been pressed Fixed range is selected for secondary function Auto-ranging is selected for secondary function Direct current Alternating current 34450A User’s Guide 5
1 Getting Started Tutorial The Keypad at a Glance The operation for each key is shown in Table 1- 2 below. Pressing a measurement function key changes the current key operation, brings up the relevant symbol on the display (see “The display at a glance” on page 3), and emits a beep.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Table 1-2 Keypad functions (continued) Key > Description • Press to adjust range • Press to adjust values Press to access utility menu.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Table 1-2 Keypad functions (continued) Key Description Measurement - related functions Press to enable null function. See “Null measurement” on page 33 Press to access math functions menu. See “Math Operations” on page 32 Press to access data logging menu. See “Data Logging” on page 65 Press to access store/recall menu. See “Storing and Recalling Instrument States” on page 56 8 > Press to enable trigger/hold.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Feature Upgrades There are two licenses, listed in Table 1- 3, which are available for purchase: Table 1-3 License details Default Factory Settings With Purchase of License Part Number Data Logging Memory 5,000 readings 50,000 readings (Option 3445MEMU) 34450A-801 GPIB Remote Operation Disabled Enabled (Option 3445GPBU) 34450A-800 For the license upgrade procedure, refer to the instructions in the license redemption e- mail.
1 Getting Started Tutorial The Rear Panel at a Glance 3 4 1 2 6 5 10 7 7 8 9 Figure 1-5 Rear panel at a glance 1 Serial Interface Connector 2 USB Interface Connector 3 GPIB with Option 3445GPBU installed 4 Current Fuse 5 Model and Serial Number Label 6 Kensington Lock 7 Chassis Ground Lug 8 AC Power Connector 9 AC Line Fuse 10 AC Line Voltage Selector 10 34450A User’s Guide
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Making Measurements The following pages show how to make measurement connections and how to select measurement functions from the front panel for each of the measurement functions. For remote operation, refer to the MEASure Subsystem in the Keysight 34450A Online Programmer’s Reference Helpfile. Using the keys The meter functions and operations can be selected by pressing the buttons located on the front panel; see “The Keypad at a Glance” on page 6.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Digit masking The navigation keypad provides a shortcut to mask (change the number of digits displayed) the reading on the main display, easing readability. Masking digits only affects what is displayed. It does not affect measurement speed or accuracy. It applies to all functions except continuity, diode test, temperature, and capacitance measurement.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Selecting current input terminals and measurement range If AC or DC current is being measured in auto- ranging mode, with a signal input at 100 mA, the meter will select the range 100 µA to 100 mA automatically. If a signal input is applied to the 10 A input terminal, the meter will select the 1 A to 10 A range automatically. Measuring AC (RMS) or DC voltage AC Voltage: • • • • Measurement Range: 100.000 mV, 1.00000 V, 10.0000 V, 100.000 V, 750.
1 Getting Started Tutorial 1 2-a Typical ACV Measurement Display 3-a AC or DC voltage source 2-b Typical DCV Measurement Display 3-b Figure 1-6 ACV rms and DCV terminal connection and display WA R N I N G 14 Do not apply any voltage to the instrument inputs until all terminals are properly connected. Plugging or unplugging the test lead while high voltage is applied can cause instrument damage, and may increase the risk of electric shock.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Measuring resistance • Measurement Range: 100.000 Ω,, 1.00000 kΩ,, 10.0000 kΩ,, 100.000 kΩ, 1.00000 MΩ, 10.0000 MΩ, 100.000 MΩ.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Measuring AC (RMS) or DC current up to 100 mA • • • • • • Measurement Range (AC): 10.0000 mA, 100.000 mA Measurement Range (DC): 100.000 µA, 1.00000 mA, 10.0000 mA, 100.000 mA Speed (AC): Slow-2 Hz, Medium-20 Hz, Fast-200 Hz Speed (DC): Slow, Medium, Fast Default Setting: Autoranging, Slow measurement speed Shunt Resistance: 1 Ω for 10 mA and 100 mA, and 90 Ω for 100 µA to 1 mA ranges • Input Protection: Rear Panel 0.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Measuring AC (RMS) or DC current up to 10 A • • • • • • • 1 AC or DC Voltage Source Measurement Range (AC): 1.00000 A, 10.0000 A Measurement Range (DC): 1.00000 A, 10.0000 A Speed (AC): Slow-2 Hz, Medium-20 Hz, Fast-200 Hz Speed (DC): Slow, Medium, Fast Default Setting: Autoranging, Slow measurement speed Shunt Resistance: 0.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Measuring frequency for voltage • Measurement Range: 100.000 mV, 1.00000 V, 10.0000 V, 100.000 V, 750.00 V. Range is based on the voltage level of the signal, not frequency. • Speed: Slow, Medium • Measurement Method: Reciprocal counting technique • Signal level: 10% of range to full scale input on all ranges except where noted. 100 mV range specifications are for full scale or greater inputs. For inputs from 10 mV to 100 mV, multiply the total % of reading error by 10.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Measuring frequency for current • Measurement Range: 10.0000 mA, 100.000 mA, 1.00000 A, 10.0000 A. Range is based on the current level of the signal, not frequency. • Speed: Slow, Medium • Measurement Method: Reciprocal counting technique • Signal level: 10% of range to full scale input on all ranges except where noted. 10 mA range specifications are for full scale or greater inputs. For inputs from 1 mA to 10 mA, multiply the total % of reading error by 10.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Testing continuity • • • • I Measurement Method: 0.5 mA ± 0.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Checking diodes • Measurement Method: Uses 0.5 mA ± 0.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Measuring temperature • Measurement Range: –80.0 °C to 150.0 °C, –110.0 °F to 300.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Measuring capacitance • Measurement Range: 1.000 nF, 10.00 nF, 100.0 nF, 1.000 µF, 10.00 µF, 100.0 µF, 1.000 mF, 10.00 mF • Default Setting: Autoranging • Measurement Method: Computed from constant current source charge time. Typical 0.12 V to 1.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Selecting a Range You can let the multimeter automatically select the range using autoranging, or you can select a fixed range using manual ranging. Autoranging is convenient because the multimeter automatically selects the appropriate range for sensing and displaying each measurement. However, manual ranging results in better performance, since the multimeter does not have to determine which range to use for each measurement.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 Remote Operation USB interface Automatically shows the remote state when communication is established after executing the Keysight Connection Expert 34450A User’s Guide 1 2 3 4 5 6 Press to exit Remote state 25
1 Getting Started Tutorial NOTE To easily configure and verify an interface connection between the 34450A and your PC, use the Automation- Ready CD, which is shipped with your 34450A. This CD includes the Keysight IO Libraries Suite and the Keysight Connection Expert application. For more information about Keysight's I/O connectivity software, visit www.keysight.com/find/iolib.
Getting Started Tutorial 1 The connecting diagram and setup procedure are shown in “Serial interface connector diagram” and “RS232 utility sub- menu” on page 52 below.
1 Getting Started Tutorial Code compatibility mode The 34450A includes a code compatibility mode. This mode saves time and effort by eliminating the need to re- write programs using the 34450A SCPI command. SCPI commands The Keysight 34450A complies with the syntax rules and conventions of SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments).
Getting Started Tutorial 1 • You can query the SCPI version from the remote interface only. • The SCPI version is returned in the form “YYYY.V”, where “YYYY” represents the year of the version, and “V” represents a version number for that year (for example, 1994.0).
1 30 Getting Started Tutorial 34450A User’s Guide
Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide 2 Functions and Features Math Operations 32 The Dual Display 44 Using the Utility Menu 47 Storing and Recalling Instrument States 56 Reset/Power-On State 58 Triggering the Multimeter 60 Data Logging 65 This chapter contains information on the functions and features of the Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter and how to use the front panel to operate these settings.
2 Functions and Features Math Operations Table 2- 1 below describes the math operations that can be used with each measurement function.
Functions and Features 2 Null measurement When making null measurements, also called relative measurement, each reading is the difference between a stored null value and the input signal. For example, this feature can be used to make more accurate resistance measurements by nulling the test lead resistance.
2 Functions and Features 1 Press to enable null measurement 2 shows ongoing measurement, ranging method, range and resolution offset value shows null measurement Typical Null Measurement Display Figure 2-1 Accessing the null measurement After you enable the null operation, the multimeter stores the next reading into the offset register and immediately displays the null measurement: Null measurement display = Reading – Offset You can view and edit the offset value in the secondary display as describe
Functions and Features 2 Hold measurement The hold feature allows you to capture and hold a stable reading on the front panel display. When a stable reading is detected, the multimeter emits a beep (if the buzzer is enabled in the utility menu) and holds the reading on the primary display.
2 Functions and Features Limit measurement The limit operation allows you to perform pass/fail testing against specified upper and lower limits. 1 > Press to enable limit measurements 2 The upper limit must always be greater than the lower limit. Otherwise, “INVALID LIMIT” will be shown. Shows present measurement Limit state Typical limit function display 3 Press to edit 4 Choose the limit mode that you want to change 6-a 5 .
Functions and Features 2 Accessing math menu The math operation can be enabled using the following steps: 2 1 Press to display math menu Math menu display 34450A User’s Guide 37
2 Functions and Features Editing single statistics The single statistics can be edited using the following steps: 2 1 Press to start Select STATS (SINGLE) option 3 Statistical values Present measurement Typical statistics (single) display for Max reading 4 5 Press to toggle the Max/Min/Avg/N values Press to edit 6 Maximum reading Minimum reading Average of all readings Number of readings taken > Note: Each time a new min or max value is stored, the multimeter will beep once (if the buzzer is tu
Functions and Features 2 Editing all statistics The all statistics in the math operation can be edited using the following steps: 1 2 Press to start Select STATS (ALL) Number of readings taken 3 Maximum reading Present measurement Average reading Minimum reading Note: Each time a new min or max value is stored, the multimeter will beep once (if the buzzer is turned on in the utility menu) and the New annunciator is briefly turned on for 1 second in the respective Min or Max box 4 Press to exit
2 Functions and Features Editing dB measurement When enabled, the dB operation computes the dBm value for the next reading, stores the dBm result into the dB Ref register, and immediately produces the following calculation. The first displayed reading is always precisely 000.00 dB. dB = 10 × Log10 [(Reading2/RREF)/0.001 W]–dB Ref 2 1 Press to edit Select dB option 3 Ongoing measurement dB measurement Reference value 0dB to ±120.
Functions and Features 2 Editing dBm measurement The logarithmic dBm (decibels relative to one milliwatt) scale is often used in RF signal measurements. The multimeter’s dBm operation takes a measurement and calculates the power delivered to a reference resistance (typically 50, 75, or 600 Ω). The formula used for conversion from the voltage reading is: dBm = 10 × Log10 [(Reading2 / RREF) / 0.
2 Functions and Features Math annunciators Table 2- 2 below shows the possible math annunciators which can appear on the display and the editable values.
Functions and Features 2 Editing values For math functions with editable values, the label “PRESS MATH TO EDIT” will be shown at the bottom left of the display.
2 Functions and Features The Dual Display Most measurement functions have predefined range or measurement capabilities that can be displayed in the dual measurement mode. All math operations have predefined operations that are displayed on the dual display. Table 2- 3 below shows the measurement functions which are available in dual display mode.
Functions and Features 2 Table 2-4 Measurement operation frequencies for DCV-ACI DCV-ACI Measurement Operation Frequency Slow/Medium >500 Hz (600 Hz) / n x 50 Hz (60 Hz) for <500 Hz Fast >10 kHz / n x 1 kHz for <10 kHz For more information , please refer to Chapter 3, “Measurement Speed Consideration”.
2 Functions and Features 2 1 Press to enable secondary display Typical single display screen 4 3 Select desired secondary measurement Typical dual display screen 6 5 Press to control the secondary measurement Screen shows that secondary measurement is being controlled 8 7-a Select desired function for the secondary display 7-b > Press to turn off secondary display Select desired range 7-c Note: For available measurements in the dual display mode, refer to table Table 2-3 Select desired sp
Functions and Features 2 Using the Utility Menu The Utility menu allows you to customize a number of non- volatile instrument configurations. It also displays any SCPI error messages and the latest firmware revision codes.
2 Functions and Features Table 2-5 Utility menu available settings Feature BUZZER Default ON Available Settings Description Remote Command ON or OFF Enables or disables Diode, Stats, Limit, and Hold beep operations. Turning off the buzzer does not disable the front panel keys beep operation and Continuity beep operation. Refer to “The beeper” on page 55 for more info.
Functions and Features 2 Table 2-5 Utility menu available settings (continued) CALIBRATION SECURE To secure or unsecure the calibration adjustments to the instrument.
2 Functions and Features Below are the steps you should follow if you want to edit any of the values on the utility menu: 2 1 > Press to display the utility menu Page one of utility menu 4 3 Press to edit This option will flash, enabling you to edit 5 Select the desired value 50 7 6 Press to save Press to exit 34450A User’s Guide
Functions and Features 2 RS232 utility sub-menu To enable the RS232 option, follow the steps below. For a list of RS232 settings, see Table 2- 6 on page 52.
2 Functions and Features Table 2-6 RS232 utility sub-menu Option 52 Default Setting Available Settings Description BAUD RATE 9600 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600 Baud rate for remote communication with a PC (remote control) PARITY NONE NONE, ODD, EVEN Parity bit for remote communication with a PC DATA BIT 8 7, 8 Data bit length STOP BIT 1 1, 2 Stop bit length State Disable Disable, Enable Enable or disable RS232 34450A User’s Guide
Functions and Features 2 GPIB Utility Sub-Menu To activate GPIB, first, turn on the GPIB option. The following pop- up message will appear if the GPIB license key is not activated: “GPIB is not enabled, to enable, please visit www.keysight.com/find/34450A” If GPIB connectivity is selected, a sub- menu will appear to allow you configure the address (from 0 to 30) for remote communication to a PC.
2 Functions and Features Reading error messages To read error messages from the front panel, perform the following procedures. For remote operation, refer to the SYSTem:ERRor? command in the Keysight 34450A Programmer’s Reference Helpfile.
Functions and Features 2 The beeper Normally, the multimeter beeps whenever certain conditions are met (for example, the multimeter beeps when a stable reading is captured in reading hold mode). The beeper is factory set to ON, but may be disabled or enabled manually. • Turning OFF the beeper does NOT disable the front panel keys beep tones.
2 Functions and Features Storing and Recalling Instrument States The present multimeter state, including all settings for measurement configuration, math operation, and system operations, can be saved in one of the six non- volatile memory location and later recalled. Location LAST retains the multimeter configuration at power down. Location LAST and 1- 5 are available for storing the configurations.
Functions and Features 2 1 Press to display the store/recall menu 2 Typical store/recall display 3 Press to edit Memory location selected Press to select the memory location 6 Press to save the state into selected memory location 5 4 8 7 Display shows state is stored 9 10 Move cursor to the location label at the recall box Press to edit Press to select the memory location 12 11 Memory location selected Press to recall state from the selected memory location For remote operation, refer
2 Functions and Features Reset/Power-On State The table below summarizes the 34450A settings as received from the factory, following power cycling, and following the *RST command received over the USB remote interface. Non- volatile, user customizable behavioral differences are shown in BOLD.
Functions and Features 2 Table 2-7 Reset/Power-on state (continued) Parameter Factory Setting Power-On / Reset State Cleared Cleared Cleared Cleared if power cycle Power-on Status Clear [1] Enabled User Setting Status Registers, Masks & Transition Filters[1] Cleared Cleared if power-on status clear enabled; no change otherwise Serial Number Unique value per-instrument No Change Calibration state Secured User Setting Calibration value 0 No Change Calibration String Cleared No Change
2 Functions and Features Triggering the Multimeter At power- on, the default trigger source is auto- triggering. Auto- triggering takes continuous readings at the fastest rate possible for the selected measurement configuration. To make a trigger measurement, follow the steps below: 1 Configure the multimeter for the measurement by selecting the function, range, resolution, and so on. 2 Specify the multimeter’s trigger source. Choices are as below: • Software (bus) trigger from the remote interface.
Functions and Features 2 Software (Bus) Triggering The bus trigger mode is available from the remote interface only. The bus trigger mode is initiated by sending a bus trigger command, after selecting BUS as the trigger source. • The TRIGger:SOURce BUS command selects the bus trigger source. • The MEASure? command overwrites the BUS trigger and triggers the DMM and returns a measurement. • The READ? command does not overwrite the BUS trigger, and if selected, generates an error.
2 Functions and Features External Trigger External triggering takes one reading (or the specified number of readings in data logger) each time the multimeter receives a pulse on the rear- panel external trigger connector. The multimeter uses the rising edge (POS) of the external trigger signal to trigger a reading.
Functions and Features 2 In data log/external trigger mode, a trigger out signal is sent whenever a measurement is log/triggered and updated on the front panel. In code compatibility mode, a trigger out signal is sent whenever a measurement is updated on the front panel or a measurement is taken by the user using command.
2 Functions and Features measurement. Trigger out and manual trigger implement a standard hardware handshake sequence between measurement and switching devices.
Functions and Features 2 Data Logging The data logger feature provides a front- panel interface that allows you to set up data logging into the instrument’s non- volatile memory with programming, and without a connection to a computer. Once you have finished collecting data, you can view it from the front panel, or you can also connect your computer and import the data using the DATA:DATA? NVMEM command.
2 Functions and Features Below are the steps to enable data logging: 1 Press to enable data log menu 2 Typical data log menu display 4 3 Move cursor to enable logging Press to execute 5 Note: Enabling new log data will automatically delete previous log 6 7 Press to proceed Typical data log menu screen 8 or Press the trigger button (manual triggering) or wait for an external pulse (external triggering) to begin data logging 66 34450A User’s Guide
Functions and Features 2 Table 2-8 Data log menu options Option Available settings Description TRIGGER DELAY 0 to 3600 seconds Delay time between a trigger is initiated and first reading is taken by the data log function. The smallest delay time resolution is 100 µs. SAMPLE INTERVAL 1 to 3600 seconds Delay time between subsequent readings. The smallest resolution is 100 µs. The minimum interval is configuration dependent and may be lower than 1 s.
2 Functions and Features To edit the trigger delay, sample interval, sample count, and trigger count in the data log menu, follow the steps below: 2 1 Press to enable data log menu Typical data log menu display 4-a 3 Press for digit selection 4-b Press to edit Press to change the value of selected digit 6 5 Press to save 68 Press to exit 34450A User’s Guide
Functions and Features 2 Viewing the log info Log info page shows the record number of the log data, function, and range for the primary and secondary measurement when data is logged. If no data is available for that log, NA is displayed.
2 Functions and Features Viewing the log list To view the log list, follow the steps below: 2 1 > Press to display data log menu Typical log view menu display 3 Move cursor to log list menu 4 5 Typical log list first page display when only the primary measurement is performed during data log Press to select 6 Press to switch pages 8 7 Typical log list first page display when both primary and secondary measurements are performed during data log Press to find specific log data 9 10-a Pres
Functions and Features 2 Viewing the log histogram To view the log histogram, follow the steps below: 1 2 > Press to display data log menu Typical log view menu display 3 Move cursor to the histogram menu 4 Press to select 5 Typical histogram display without secondary measurement function 6 Press to switch between primary or secondary data 7 Typical histogram display for primary measurement with secondary measurement active Press to exit Typical histogram display for secondary measurement with
2 Functions and Features Viewing the log statistics To view the log statistics, follow the steps below: 1 Press to display data log menu 2 Typical log view menu display 3 4 Press to select Move cursor to the log statistics menu 5 6 Press to exit Typical log statistics display 72 34450A User’s Guide
Functions and Features 2 Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A Code Compatibility Mode The code compatibility mode enables the user to enter remote commands easily when migrating from one instrument to the next. Enabling the code compatibility function 1 2 > Press to display utility menu Typical log utility menu display 3 Note: RS232 or GPIB connectivity must be enabled in order for the code compatibility mode to work. Once the code compatibility mode is on, the USB connectivity will be disabled.
2 Functions and Features Notes for Fluke 45/Fluke 8808A code compatibility mode • When the code compatibility function is enabled, the front panel will be in a locked state except the utility menu. • Reset is performed on the multimeter whenever the code compatibility function is turned on or turned off. • Rate is global for every function when the code compatibility mode is enabled. • The temperature or capacitance measurement function will be disabled when the multimeter is in code compatibility mode.
Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide 3 Measurement Tutorial DC Measurement Considerations 76 Noise Rejection 77 Measurement Speed Consideration 80 Dual Measurement Considerations 81 Resistance Measurement Considerations 84 True RMS AC Measurements 87 Other Primary Measurement Functions 91 Other Sources of Measurement Error 96 The Keysight 34450A multimeter is capable of making very accurate measurements.
3 Measurement Tutorial DC Measurement Considerations Thermal EMF Errors Thermoelectric voltages are the most common source of error in low–level DC voltage measurements. Thermoelectric voltages are generated when you make circuit connections using dissimilar metals at different temperatures. Each metal- to- metal junction forms a thermocouple, which generates a voltage proportional to the junction temperature.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Noise Rejection Rejecting Power- Line Noise Voltages A desirable characteristic of integrating analog- to- digital (A/D) converters is their ability to reject power- line related noise present with DC input signals. This is called normal mode noise rejection, or NMR. The multimeter achieves NMR by measuring the average DC input by “integrating” it over a fixed period. Common Mode Rejection (CMR) Ideally, a multimeter is completely isolated from earth- referenced circuits.
3 Measurement Tutorial Noise Caused by Magnetic Loops If you are making measurements near magnetic fields, take caution to avoid inducing voltages in the measurement connections. You should be especially careful when working near conductors carrying large currents. Use twisted- pair connections to the multimeter to reduce the noise pickup loop area, or dress the test leads as close together as possible. Loose or vibrating test leads will also induce error voltages.
Measurement Tutorial 3 RL HI Ideal Meter Vtest RL LO Ri > 10 G Ω Vground RL = Lead Resistance Ri = Multimeter Isolation Resistance Vground = Voltage Drop on Ground Bus Figure 3-2 Noise caused by ground loops The best way to eliminate ground loops is to isolate the multimeter from earth by not grounding the input terminals. If the multimeter must be earth- referenced, connect it and the device- under- test to the same common ground point.
3 Measurement Tutorial Measurement Speed Consideration There are two methods of integrating the sampled data taken in the measurement, slow/medium (NPLC) and fast (Aperture). When you set the resolution to slow or medium, you can not only achieve improved accuracy associated with time averaging, but also achieve the rejection of the power- line interference (normal mode rejection, or NMR).
Measurement Tutorial 3 Dual Measurement Considerations The dual measurements mode allows users to make two measurements in one display. During dual measurement mode, the display will show two separate measurements and there is a switching delay between both measurements. The table below shows some of the applications that can be measured using dual measurement mode: Dual Functions Combinations DCV & ACV Application Measure AC signal with DC offset from an amplifier output.
3 Measurement Tutorial 1.2 V 0V -1.2 V Figure 3-3 ADC Dynamic Range Consider an AC component of 1 Vrms signal with a DC offset of 100 mV. When measuring at DCV 1 V range, Vpeak of the signal is 1.514 V which exceeds the ADC dynamic range of 1.2 V, causing an error in DC measurement. Select a higher range DCV 10 V range for better accuracy. The same error of measurement applies to DCV and ACI dual mode caused by the multimeter’s series burden voltage.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Considering the internal resistance and external lead resistance total is 0.0125 ohm. If applying a 1 A DC current, an error of (0.0125 ohm x 1 A) 0.0125 V or 12.5 mV will occur. This error will be relative by range with the ADC dynamic range of 1.2 V. Figure 3-4 Example of measuring voltage and current in dual measurement The error in measurement will be significant when applying a higher current.
3 Measurement Tutorial Resistance Measurement Considerations When measuring resistance, the test current flows from the input HI terminal through the resistor being measured. The voltage drop across the resistor being measured is sensed internal to the multimeter. Therefore, test lead resistance is also measured. The errors mentioned earlier in this chapter for DC voltage measurements also apply to resistance measurements. Additional error sources unique to resistance measurements are discussed here.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Table 3-2 Examples of measurement ranges (continued) Range Test Current DUT Power at Full Scale 10 MΩ 100 nA 100 nW 100 MΩ 100 nA / 10 MΩ 1 µW Errors in High Resistance Measurements When you are measuring large resistances, significant errors can occur due to resistance insulation and surface cleanliness. You should take the necessary precautions to maintain a “clean” high- resistance system.
3 Measurement Tutorial Thermal EMF caused by dissimilar metals can create a parasitic voltage in the measurement circuit (VEMF). The thermal EMF can be caused by the input lead connections or internally in resistor R. In general, this voltage will not change with the current applied to the resistor. VEMF Ideal Meter E=IR+VEMF I=0 R VEMF Ideal Meter E=(0*R)+VEMF = VEMF I=0 R The voltage measured, and so the resistance calculated, is in error by VEMF.
Measurement Tutorial 3 True RMS AC Measurements True RMS responding multimeters, like the 34450A, measure the “heating” potential of an applied voltage. Power dissipated in a resistor is proportional to the square root of an applied voltage, independent of the waveshape of the signal. This multimeter accurately measures true RMS voltage or current, as long as the wave shape contains negligible energy above the instrument’s effective bandwidth.
3 Measurement Tutorial is a DC voltage content, which is rejected by Keysight’s AC- coupled true rms measurements. This can provide a significant benefit. An AC- coupled true rms measurement is desirable when you are measuring small AC signals in the presence of large DC offsets. For example, this situation is common when measuring AC ripple present on DC power supplies. There are situations, however, where you might want to know the AC+DC true RMS value.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Notice that crest factor is a composite parameter, dependent upon the pulse- width and repetition frequency; crest factor alone is not enough to characterize the frequency content of a signal. Traditionally, digital multimeters include a crest factor derating table that applies at all frequencies. The measurement algorithm used in the 34450A multimeter is not inherently sensitive to crest factor, so no such derating is necessary.
3 Measurement Tutorial Table 3-3 Typical errors for various pulse waveforms as a function of input pulse frequency (continued) (continued) Typical error for square wave, triangular wave, and pulse trains of CF=3, 5, or 10 prf Square wave Triangle wave CF=3 CF=5 CF=10 20000 –1.28% 0.00% –3.07% –8.20% –45.70% 50000 –3.41% –0.04% –6.75% –32.0% –65.30% 100000 –5.10% –0.12% –21.8% –50.6% –75.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Other Primary Measurement Functions Frequency measurement errors The multimeter uses a reciprocal counting technique to measure frequency. This method generates constant measurement resolution for any input frequency. All frequency counters are susceptible to errors when measuring low- voltage, low- frequency signals. The effects of both internal noise and external noise pickup are critical when measuring “slow” signals. The error is inversely proportional to frequency.
3 Measurement Tutorial DC current measurements When you connect the multimeter in series with a test circuit to measure current, a measurement error is introduced. The error is caused by the multimeter’s series burden voltage. A voltage is developed across the wiring resistance and current shunt resistance of the multimeter, as shown below.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Capacitance measurements The multimeter implements capacitance measurements by applying a known current to the capacitor as shown below: C offset C C offset RP Vcharged Measurement Model (during charge phase) C R' Measurement Model (during discharge phase) Figure 3-6 Applying current to the capacitor Capacitance is calculated by measuring the change in voltage (ΔV) that occurs over a “short aperture” time, (Δt).
3 Measurement Tutorial Range Current Source Reading Rate at Full Scale 1 mF 500 µA 0.25/second 10 mF 1 mA 0.15/second The values of capacitance and loss resistance measured with the multimeter may differ from the values measured using an LCR meter. This is to be expected, since this is essentially a DC measurement method, while LCR measurement uses applied frequencies anywhere from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. In most cases, neither method measures the capacitor at its exact frequency of application.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Temperature measurements The multimeter measures temperature by measuring the temperature sensitive resistance of 5 kW thermistors. Thermistors consist of semiconductor materials and provide roughly 10 times the sensitivity of an RTD. Because they are semiconductors, their temperature range is more limited, commonly to –80 °C to 150 °C. Thermistors have highly non- linear, temperature- resistance relationships; therefore their conversion algorithms are more complex.
3 Measurement Tutorial Other Sources of Measurement Error Loading Errors (AC volts) In the AC voltage function, the input of the multimeter appears as a 1 MW resistance in parallel with 100 pF of capacitance. The cabling that you use to connect signals to the multimeter also adds capacitance and loading.
Measurement Tutorial 3 Temperature changes inside the multimeter due to self- heating may cause additional error on other AC voltage ranges. AC Current Measurement Errors (Burden Voltage) Burden voltage errors, which apply to DC current, also apply to AC current measurements. However, the burden voltage for AC current is larger due to the multimeter’s series inductance and your measurement connections. The burden voltage increases as the input frequency increases.
3 Measurement Tutorial Most extraneous noise is not correlated with the input signal. You can determine the error as shown below. Voltage Measured = Vin2 + Noise 2 Correlated noise, while rare, is especially detrimental. Correlated noise always adds directly to the input signal. Measuring a low- level signal with the same frequency as the local power line is a common situation that is prone to this error.
Keysight 34450A 5½ Digit Multimeter User’s Guide 4 Specifications Test Considerations 100 DC Specifications 101 AC Specifications 103 Temperature and Capacitance Specifications 105 Operating Specifications 106 General Characteristics 112 This chapter describes the multimeter’s specifications and operating specifications
4 Specifications Test Considerations These specifications apply when using the 34450A in an environment that is free of electromagnetic interference and electrostatic charge. When using the multimeter in an environment where electromagnetic interference or significant electrostatic charge is present, measurement accuracy may be reduced.
Specifications 4 DC Specifications Specifications are for 90 minutes warm- up time, slow mode, and operating temperature within 18 °C – 28 °C Table 4-1 DC accuracy ± (% of reading + % of range) Function DC Voltage Resistance (2-wire) [2] Resistance (4-wire) [2] Input Impedance 1 Year 23 °C ± 5° C Temperature Coefficient 0 °C – 18 °C 28 °C – 55 °C - 10 MΩ or > 10 GΩ 0.018 + 0.008 0.0020 + 0.0008 1.00000 V - 10 MΩ or > 10 GΩ 0.015 + 0.005 0.0015 + 0.0008 10.0000 V - 10 MΩ 0.015 + 0.
4 Specifications Table 4-1 DC accuracy ± (% of reading + % of range) (continued) Input Impedance 1 Year 23 °C ± 5° C Temperature Coefficient 0 °C – 18 °C 28 °C – 55 °C Function Range [1] Test Current or Burden Voltage Continuity [3] 1000 Ω 0.5 mA - 0.05 + 0.03 0.005 + 0.005 Diode Test[4] 1.0000 V 0.5 mA - 0.05 + 0.03 0.005 + 0.005 [1] 20% over range on all ranges except 1000 VDC and 10 A range [2] Specifications are for 4-wire Ω or 2-wire Ω using NULL function.
Specifications 4 AC Specifications Specifications are for 90 minutes warm- up time, slow mode, and operating temperature within 18 °C – 28 °C Table 4-2 AC accuracy ± (% of reading + % of range) Function Range [1] 100.000 mV True RMS AC Voltage [2] 1.00000 V to 750.00 V True RMS AC Current[2] 10.0000 mA to 10.0000 A Frequency 1 Year 23 °C ± 5 °C Temperature Coefficient 0 °C – 18 °C 28 °C – 55 °C 20 Hz – 45 Hz 1.0 + 0.1 0.02 + 0.02 45 Hz – 10 kHz 0.2 + 0.1 0.02 + 0.02 10 kHz – 30 kHz 1.
4 Specifications Table 4-3 Frequency accuracy ± (% of reading + count) Function Range Frequency 1 Year 23 °C ± 5 °C Temperature Coefficient 0 °C to 18 °C 28 °C to 55 °C Frequency 100.000 mV to 750.00 V [1] 20 Hz – 300 kHz [2] 0.02 + 3 0.005 10.0000 mA to 10.0000 A 20 Hz – 10 kHz [3] 0.02 + 3 0.005 [1] The specifications are using an aperture of 1 second. The frequency can be measured up to 1 MHz as 0.5 V signal to 100 mV or 1 V ranges.
Specifications 4 Temperature and Capacitance Specifications Specifications are for 90 minutes warm- up time, slow mode and operating temperature within 18 °C – 28 °C Table 4-5 Temperature and capacitance accuracy ± (% of reading + % of range) Range [1] Probe Type or Test Current 1 Year 23 °C ± 5 °C Temperature Coefficient 0 °C to 18 °C 28 °C to 55 °C –80.0 °C to 150 °C 5 kΩ thermistor probe Probe accuracy +0.2 °C 0.002 °C –110.0 °F to 300.0 °F 5 kΩ thermistor probe Probe accuracy +0.4 °F 0.
4 Specifications Operating Specifications Table 4-6 Operating specifications on single display (approximate) Function ACV DCV 2-Wire Ω 4-Wire Ω Frequency [5] ACI DCI 106 Reading Rate /sec[4] Function Change (sec)[1] Range Change (sec)[2] Auto Range (sec)[3] USB GPIB Serial Slow (5.5) 2.6 2.5 4.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 Med (4.5) 1.2 1.2 1.5 19 19 19 Fast (4.5) 1.1 1.1 1.2 160 99 33 Slow (5.5) 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 Med (4.5) 0.6 0.7 0.8 49 49 24 Fast (4.5) 0.6 0.
Specifications 4 Table 4-6 Operating specifications on single display (approximate) (continued) Function Resolution Reading Rate /sec[4] Function Change (sec)[1] Range Change (sec)[2] Auto Range (sec)[3] USB GPIB Serial Diode 4.5 0.1 - - 190 117 38 Continuity 4.5 0.1 - - 165 111 33 Temperature 4.5 0.5 - - 4.2 4.
4 Specifications Supplemental measurement specifications Table 4-7 Supplemental measurement specifications DC Voltage • Measuring Method: • Sigma Delta A-to-D converter • Input Resistance: • >10 GΩ ± 2% range (Selectable 100 mV, 1 V ranges) • 10 MΩ ± 2% range (typical) • Input Protection: • 1000 V on all ranges (HI terminal) Resistance • Measurement Method: • 2-wire or 4-wire Ohms • Open-Circuit Voltage • Limited to < 2.
Specifications 4 Table 4-7 Supplemental measurement specifications (continued) Continuity / Diode Test • Measurement Method: • Uses 0.5 mA ± 0.
4 Specifications Table 4-7 Supplemental measurement specifications (continued) AC Voltage • Measurement Method: • AC coupled true-RMS - measures the AC component with up to 400 VDC bias any range • Crest Factor: • Maximum 3:1 at full scale • Input Impedance: • 1 MΩ ± 2% in parallel with < 100 pF of all ranges • Input Protection: • 750 V rms on all ranges (HI terminal) AC Current • Measurement Method: • DC coupled to the fuse and current shunt, AC coupled true rms measurement (measures the AC component onl
Specifications 4 Table 4-7 Supplemental measurement specifications (continued) • Input Protection: • 750 V rms on all ranges (HI terminal) Math Functions • Null, dBm, dB, Min/Max/Avg, Hold, Limit Test Data Log • Info, List, Histrogram Triggering and Memory • Samples per Trigger: 1 to 5,000 (typical) ,1 to 50,000 (optional) • Trigger Delay: 0 to 3600 sec (100 µs step size) Trigger Out • 3.
4 Specifications General Characteristics Table 4-8 General characteristics Power Supply • 100 V/120 V(127 V)/220 V(230 V)/240 V ± 10% • AC line frequency 45 Hz – 66 Hz and (360 Hz – 440 Hz, 100/120 V operation) • Automatically sensed at power-on Power Consumption • 45 VA maximum, <11 W average Operating Environment • Full accuracy at 0 °C to 55 °C • Full accuracy to 80% RH at 30 °C (non-condensing) • Altitude up to 3000 meters Storage Compliance • –40 °C to 70 °C Safety Compliance • IEC 61010-1:2001 / EN
Specifications 4 Table 4-8 General characteristics Shock and Vibration • Tested to IEC/EN 60086-2 Dimension (H×W×D) • Rack: 88.5 mm × 212.6 mm × 272.3 mm • Bench: 103.8 mm × 261.1 mm × 303.2 mm Weight • 3.75 kg (8.27 lb.
4 Specifications To calculate total measurement error The multimeter’s accuracy specifications are expressed in the form: ( % of reading + % of range ). In addition to the reading error and range error, you may need to add additional errors for certain operating conditions. Check the list below to make sure you include all measurement errors for a given function. Also, make sure you apply the conditions as described in the footnotes on the specification pages.
Specifications 4 Accuracy specifications Transfer Accuracy Transfer accuracy refers to the error introduced by the multimeter due to noise and short-term drift. This error becomes apparent when comparing two nearly-equal signals for the purpose of “transferring” the known accuracy of one device to the other. 1-Year Accuracy These long-term accuracy specifications are valid at the calibration temperature (Tcal) ± 5 °C temperature range.
4 Specifications Configuring for highest accuracy measurements The measurement configurations shown below assume that the multimeter is in its power-on or reset state. It is also assumed that auto- ranging is enabled to ensure proper full scale range selection. • Select slow mode for 5½ digits. • Null the test lead resistance for 2-wire ohms measurements, and remove any interconnection offset for DC voltage measurements.
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This information is subject to change without notice. © Keysight Technologies 2012 - 2014 Edition 4, August 2014 *34450-90000* 34450-90000 www.keysight.
