User`s guide

7-2

Operating Concepts

Using This Chapter

This chapter provides conceptual information on how specific functions of the network

analyzer operate. The following topics are discussed:

• “System Operation” on page 7-3

• “Processing” on page 7-6

• “Output Power” on page 7-10

• “Sweep Time” on page 7-12

• “Source Attenuator Switch Protection” on page 7-14

• “Channel Stimulus Coupling” on page 7-15

• “Sweep Types” on page 7-16

• “S-Parameters” on page 7-21

• “Analyzer Display Formats” on page 7-25

• “Electrical Delay” on page 7-35

• “Noise Reduction Techniques” on page 7-36

• “Measurement Calibration” on page 7-39

• “Calibration Routines” on page 7-56

• “Modifying Calibration Kits” on page 7-58

• “TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only)” on page 7-68

• “GPIB Operation” on page 7-79

• “Limit Line Operation” on page 7-82

• “Knowing the Instrument Modes” on page 7-84

Where to Find More Information

• Operation concepts relating to mixer measurements and time domain measurements

can be found in Chapter 2 , "Making Mixer Measurements" and Chapter 3 , “Making

Time Domain Measurements.”

• Descriptions of all instrument functions are located in the “Hardkey/Softkey Reference”

chapter of the reference guide.

• Procedures for using instrument functions, making measurements, recording

measurement results, and performing calibrations are located in Chapter 1 , "Making

Measurements" and Chapter 6 , “Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy.”