Agilent Technologies N5161A/62A/81A/82A/ 83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide Agilent Technologies
Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2006-2009 Warranty No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including electronic storage and retrieval or translation into a foreign language) without prior agreement and written consent from Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by United States and international copyright laws. The material contained in this document is provided “as is,” and is subject to being changed, without notice, in future editions.
Contents 1 Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous Wave . . . . . . . . . . Swept Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog Modulation . . . . . . . . . Digital Modulation (N5162A/82A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Annunciators . . . . . Amplitude Area . . . Error Message Area Text Area . . . . . . . Softkey Label Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 13. Z AXIS OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 14. ALC INPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 Setting Preferences & Enabling Options User Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . Display Settings . . . . . . . . . Power On and Preset . . . . . Front Panel Knob Resolution Setting Time and Date. . . . . Reference Oscillator Tune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Modulating the Carrier Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Simultaneous Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Working with Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . File Softkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viewing a List of Stored Files . . . .
Contents For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Using a USB Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) Pulse Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 The Basic Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Using the EVENT Output Signal as an Instrument Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Triggering a Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigger Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example: Segment Advance Triggering Example: Gated Triggering . . . . . . . . Example: External Triggering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Configuring the Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ Understanding Waveform Licensing . . . Installing an Option N5182A–25x . . . . Licensing a Signal Generator Waveform A.01.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File . Modifying the Coefficients . . . . . . . . . Storing the Filter to Memory . . . . . . . Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 277 278 279 Differential Encoding .
Contents Signal Generator Lock–Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 RF Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No RF Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Supply Shuts Down . . . . . No Modulation at the RF Output . RF Output Power too Low . . . . . Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signal Loss While Working with a Signal Loss While Working with a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents xii Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Documentation Overview Installation Guide User’s Guide Programming Guide • • • • • • • Safety Information • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Signal Generator Overview • • • • • • Getting Started with Remote Operation Receiving the Instrument Environmental & Electrical Requirements Basic Setup Accessories Operation Verification Regulatory Information Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Basic Operation Optimizing Performance Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT Only) Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU On
SCPI Reference Service Guide Key Helpa • • • • • • • • • SCPI Basics • • • • • • Troubleshooting • • Key function description Basic Function Commands LXI System Commands System Commands Analog Modulation Commands Arb Commands Real–Time Commands N5161A/62A/81A/82A SCPI Command Compatibility N5183A SCPI Command Compatibility Replaceable Parts Assembly Replacement Post–Repair Procedures Safety and Regulatory Information Instrument History Related SCPI commands aPress the Help hardkey, and then the
1 NOTE Signal Generator Overview The N5161A/62A MXG ATE is identical to the N5181A/82A with the exception that they do not have front panel functionality (no display or keys). Instead all functionality is controlled through SCPI commands or the Web- Enabled MXG. For signal generator functionality, refer to the Users Guide. For information on the Web–Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide and the SCPI Command Reference.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Signal Generator Features Preliminar Signal Generator Features • N5161A1/N5181A, RF analog models: 100 kHz to 12, 3, or 6 GHz (Options 5012, 503, and 506 respectively) N5162A1/N5182A, RF vector models: 100 kHz to 3 or 6 GHz (Options 503, and 506 respectively) N5183A, Microwave analog model: 100 kHz to 20, 31.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Signal Generator Features • user flatness correction • user settable maximum power limit • two channel power meter display • 10 MHz reference oscillator with external output • 8648/ESG code compatible • real- time modulation filtering • with Signal Studio Software, vector models can generate 802.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Modes of Operation Preliminar Modes of Operation Depending on the model and installed options, the Agilent MXG signal generator provides up to four basic modes of operation: continuous wave (CW), swept signal, analog modulation, and digital modulation. Continuous Wave In this mode, the signal generator produces a continuous wave signal. The signal generator is set to a single frequency and power level. Both the N5161A/81A and N5162A/82A can produce a CW signal.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5181A/82A MXG • Two–tone mode produces two separate continuous wave signals (or tones). The frequency spacing between the signals and the amplitudes are adjustable. To learn more, refer to Chapter 12, "Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430)". • Dual ARB mode is used to control the playback sequence of waveform segments that have been written into the ARB memory located on the internal baseband generator.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5181A/82A MXG Preliminar 4. Numeric Keypad The numeric keypad comprises the 0 through 9 hardkeys, a decimal point hardkey, a minus sign hardkey, and a backspace hardkey. See “Entering and Editing Numbers and Text” on page 43. 5. Arrows and Select The Select and arrow hardkeys enable you to select items on the signal generator’s display for editing. See “Entering and Editing Numbers and Text” on page 43. 6.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5181A/82A MXG 10. Help Use this key to display a description of any hardkey or softkey. See “Viewing Key Descriptions” on page 42. 11. Preset and User Preset These hardkeys set the signal generator to a known state (factory or user–defined). See “Presetting the Signal Generator” on page 42. 12.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5181A/82A MXG Preliminar 17. Q Input (vector models only) Connector Type: female BNC Impedance: 50 Ω Signal An externally supplied analog, quadrature–phase component of I/Q modulation. The signal level is = 0.5 Vrms for a calibrated output level. Damage Levels 1 Vrms See also, “I/Q Modulation” on page 190. 18.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5161A/62A MXG ATE Front Panel Overview – N5161A/62A MXG ATE 1. Host USB 6. LAN Reset 2. Power Switch and LEDs 3. LAN 5. ERROR 4. 1588 N5161A/62A MXG ATE Front Panel Functions The MXG ATE is identical to an MXG with a front panel display, except that the front panel, hardkeys and softkeys functionality are only available through SCPI commands or the Web–Enabled MXG.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Overview – N5161A/62A MXG ATE Preliminar 2. Power Switch and LEDs This switch selects the standby mode or the power on mode. In the standby position, the yellow LED lights and all signal generator functions deactivate. The signal generator remains connected to the line power, and some power is consumed by some internal circuits. In the on position, the green LED lights and the signal generator functions activate. 3.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Display – N5181A/82A/83A MXG Front Panel Display – N5181A/82A/83A MXG 1. Active Function Area 2. Frequency Area 3. Annunciators 4. Amplitude Area Scroll Bar If there is more text than can be displayed on one screen, a scroll bar appears here. Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to scroll through the text. 5. Error Message Area 6. Text Area 7. Softkey Label Area 1. Active Function Area This area displays the currently active function.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Front Panel Display – N5181A/82A/83A MXG Preliminar This annunciator appears when... DETHTR The ALC detector heater is not up to temperature. To meet ALC specifications the heater must be at temperature. AWGN Real Time I/Q Baseband additive white Gaussian noise is on. DIGBUS The digital bus is in use. DIGMOD Custom Arb waveform generator is on. ERR An error message is placed in the error queue.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Blank Front Panel Display – N5161A/62A MXG ATE 6. Text Area This area displays signal generator status information, such as the modulation status, and other information such as sweep lists and file catalogs. This area also enables you to perform functions such as managing information (entering information, and displaying or deleting files). 7.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Blank Front Panel Display – N5161A/62A MXG ATE Preliminar This annunciator appears when... FM Frequency modulation is on. If you turn phase modulation on, the ΦM annunciator replaces FM. I/Q I/Q vector modulation is on. L The signal generator is in listener mode and is receiving information or commands over the GPIB, USB, or VXI–11/Sockets (LAN) interface. M–TONE Multitone waveform generator is on.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG Rear Panel Overview – N5161A1/62A1/81A/82A MXG 1. AC Power Receptacle Digital Modulation Connectors (Vector Models Only) on page 18 7. TRIG OUT 4. FM Option 1EM only See page 7 2. SWEEP OUT 5. PULSE 10. GPIB 9. 10 MHz OUT 6. TRIG IN 8. REF IN 11. LAN 12. Device USB 1. AC Power Receptacle The AC power cord receptacle accepts a three–pronged AC power cord that is supplied with the signal generator.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG Preliminar 3. AM Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal An externally supplied ±1 Vp signal that produces the indicated depth. Damage Levels 5 Vrms and 10 Vp 4. FM Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal An externally supplied ±1 Vp signal that produces the indicated deviation Damage Levels 5 Vrms and 10 Vp 5.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG 8. REF IN Connector female BNC Signal Impedance nominally 50 Ω An externally supplied −3.5 to +20 dBm signal from a timebase reference that is within ±1 ppm. In its factory default mode, the signal generator can detect a valid reference signal at this connector and automatically switch from internal to external reference operation. See “Presetting the Signal Generator” on page 42.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG Preliminar Digital Modulation Connectors (Vector Models Only) I OUT, Q OUT, I OUT, Q OUT Connector Type: female BNC DC–coupled Impedance: 50 Ω Signal I OUT The analog, in–phase component of I/Q modulation from the internal baseband generator. Q OUT The analog, quadrature–phase component of I/Q modulation from the internal baseband generator.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG EVENT 1 Impedance: nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal A pulse that can be used to trigger the start of a data pattern, frame, or timeslot. Adjustable to ± one timeslot; resolution = one bit Markers Each Arb–based waveform point has a marker on/off condition associated with it. Marker 1 level = +3.3 V CMOS high (positive polarity selected); –3.3 V CMOS low (negative polarity selected).
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5161A/62A1/81A/82A MXG Preliminar AUX I/O 25 1 View looking into rear panel female 50–pin 50 26 Pin 1 = Event 1 Pin 2 = Event 2 Pin 3 = Event 3 Pin 4 = Event 4 Pin 5 = Sample Rate Clock Out Pin 6 = Patt Trig 2 Pins 7–25 = Reserved* Pins 26–50 = Ground The AUX I/O connector is a shielded .050 series board mount connector.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5183A MXG Rear Panel Overview – N5183A MXG 13. Z AXIS OUTPUT 1. AC Power Receptacle 14. ALC INPUT 7. TRIG OUT 4. FM Option 1EM only See page 7 3. AM 2. SWEEP OUT 5. PULSE 10. GPIB 9. 10 MHz OUT 6. TRIG IN 8. REF IN 11. LAN 12. Device USB 1. AC Power Receptacle The AC power cord receptacle accepts a three–pronged AC power cord that is supplied with the signal generator.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5183A MXG Preliminar 3. AM Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal An externally supplied ±1 Vp signal that produces the indicated depth. Damage Levels 5 Vrms and 10 Vp 4. FM Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal An externally supplied ±1 Vp signal that produces the indicated deviation Damage Levels 5 Vrms and 10 Vp 5.
Preliminary Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5183A MXG Signal An externally supplied −3.5 to +20 dBm signal from a timebase reference that is within ±1 ppm. In its factory default mode, the signal generator can detect a valid reference signal at this connector and automatically switch from internal to external reference operation. See “Presetting the Signal Generator” on page 42.
Signal Generator Overview Preliminary Rear Panel Overview – N5183A MXG Preliminar 14. ALC INPUT This input connector is used for negative external detector leveling. Connector female BNC Signal –0.2 mV to –0.
2 NOTE Setting Preferences & Enabling Options For the N5161A/62A MXG ATE the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. The Utility menu provides access to both user and remote operation preferences, and to the menus in which you can enable instrument options.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary User Preferences Preliminary User Preferences From the Utility menu, you can set the following user preferences: • Display Settings, below • Power On and Preset on page 27 • Front Panel Knob Resolution on page 28 Display Settings See also, Using the Secure Display (Option 006 Only) on page Utility > Display Range:15 to 100 Range: 35 to 55 Light Only: turns the display light off, leaving the text visible at a low intensity.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary User Preferences Power On and Preset Utility > Power On/Preset > Restores persistent settings (those unaffected by a power cycle*, preset, or recall) to their factory defaults. Select the GPIB language desired after a preset. See also, the Programming Guide and the SCPI Command Reference. Available only when 8648 is either the selected preset language or the selected remote language (see page 30).
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary User Preferences Preliminary Front Panel Knob Resolution Makes the increment value of the current function the active entry. Utility > Instrument Adjustments > The increment value and the step/knob ratio determine how much each turn of the knob changes the active function value. For example, if the increment value of the active function is 10 dB and the step/knob ratio is 50 to 1, each turn of the knob changes the active function by 0.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Upgrading Firmware back. In this case, you can re- enable the signal generator’s ability to use time–based licenses by moving the clock forward to the original time or simply waiting that length of time. Reference Oscillator Tune Utility > Instrument Adjustments > Tunes the internal VCTXCO oscillator frequency. The user value offsets the factory tuned value (the value is added to the factory calibrated DAC value).
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences For details on operating the signal generator remotely, refer to the Programming Guide. GPIB Address and Remote Language page 31 page 32 Select the desired language. This setting is not persistent and is cleared by performing a instrument Preset. In most cases, it is best to use Utility > Power On/Preset > Language for a permanent language change. See page 33.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the LAN Interface Utility > I/O Config page 32. NOTES Use a 100Base–T LAN cable to connect the signal generator to the LAN. Use a crossover cable to connect the signal generator directly to a PC. For details on using the instrument remotely, refer to the Programming Guide and to www.agilent.com and search on FAQs: Hardware Configurations and Installation for the Agilent MXG.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Preliminary Enabling LAN Services: “Browser,” “Sockets,” “VXI–11” and “LXI–B”1 Utility > I/O Config Enable remote (browser) access to the instrument’s file system. License Manager Server (On) allows updates of the instrument licenses, disable for additional instrument security. page 115. For more information refer to the Programming Guide. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Remote Languages Figure 2-1 N5161A/62A/81A/82A Utility > I/O Config For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Select the desired Remote language. Refer to the SCPI Command Reference.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Preliminary Figure 2-2 N5183A Utility > I/O Config > Select the desired Remote language. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 34 Refer to the SCPI Command Reference.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Preset Languages Figure 2-3 N5161A/62A/81A/82A Utility> Power On/Preset Select the desired Remote language. page 27 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Refer to the SCPI Command Reference.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Remote Operation Preferences Preliminary Figure 2-4 N5183A Utility > Power On/Preset Select the desired Remote language. page 27 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 36 Refer to the SCPI Command Reference.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Enabling an Option Enabling an Option There are two ways to enable an option: • Use the License Manager software utility: 1. Run the utility and follow the prompts. 2. Download the utility from www.agilent.com/find/LicenseManager and select license (.lic) files from an external USB Flash Drive (UFD). • Use SCPI commands, as described in the Programming Guide.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Service Menu Preliminary Service Menu There are two ways to enable an option: • Use the License Manager software utility: 1. Run the utility and follow the prompts. 2. Download the utility from www.agilent.com/find/LicenseManager and select license (.lic) files from an external USB Flash Drive (UFD). • Use SCPI commands, as described in the Programming Guide. Viewing Options and Licenses Utility > Instrument Info Service Software Licenses appear here.
Preliminary Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Service Menu Hardware Assembly Installation and Removal Softkeys Utility > More 2 of 2 > Service For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. N5162A/82A only Whether a softkey is available depends on the model of MXG. N5183A only Note: When pressed, a Confirm Removal menu (similar to the one shown here for the CPU assembly) is opened for the RF, BBG, and MW assemblies too.
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Preliminary Service Menu Preliminary 40 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
3 NOTE Basic Operation For the N5161A/62A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and the SCPI Command Reference. This chapter introduces fundamental front panel operation. For information on remote operation, refer to the Programming Guide.
Basic Operation Preliminary Presetting the Signal Generator Preliminary Presetting the Signal Generator To return the signal generator to a known state, press either Preset or User Preset. Preset is the factory preset; User Preset is a custom preset** (see also, page 27). To reset persistent settings (those unaffected by preset, user preset, or power cycle*), press: Utility > Power On/Preset > Restore System Defaults.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Entering Numbers and Moving the Cursor Use the number keys and decimal point to enter numeric data. Up/down arrow keys increase/decrease a selected (highlighted) numeric value, and move the cursor vertically. Page up/down keys move tables of data up and down within the display area. Left/right arrow keys move the cursor horizontally.
Basic Operation Preliminary Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Preliminary Example: Using a Table Editor Table editors simplify configuration tasks. The following procedure describes basic table editor functionality using the List Mode Values table editor. 1. Preset the signal generator: Press Preset. 2. Open the table editor: Press Sweep > More > Configure List Sweep. The signal generator displays the editor shown in the following figure. Active Function Area Displays the active item as you edit it.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Figure 3-1 Frequency and Amplitude Softkeys In Frequency mode, this menu is automatically displayed when entering a numeric value with the front panel keypad. In Amplitude mode, this menu is automatically displayed when entering a numeric value with the front panel keypad. Opens the Atten/ALC Control menu.
Basic Operation Preliminary Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Preliminary Example: Configuring a 700 MHz, −20 dBm Continuous Wave Output 1. Preset the signal generator. The signal generator displays its maximum specified frequency and minimum power level (the front panel display areas are shown on page 11). 2. Set the frequency to 700 MHz: Press Freq > 700 > MHz. The signal generator displays 700 MHz in both the FREQUENCY area of the display and the active entry area. 3.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Setting ALC Bandwidth Control Figure 3-2 Using an External Reference Oscillator Setting ALC Bandwidth Control Figure 3-3 Amplitude Softkeys Enables the automatic ALC bandwidth mode (Auto). Disabling the Auto ALC mode, sets the bandwidth to 200 Hz. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide To display the next menu, press More.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output The signal generator has two methods of sweeping through a set of frequency and amplitude points: Step sweep (page 51) provides a linear or logarithmic progression from one selected frequency, amplitude, or both, to another, pausing at linearly or logarithmically spaced points (steps) along the sweep. The sweep can progress forward, backward, or manually.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Figure 3-4 Sweep Softkeys During a sweep, the swept parameter (frequency, amplitude, or both) turns grey and changes as the parameter sweeps. The selected sweep type determines the displayed parameter. Selecting step sweep also displays the step spacing (Lin or Log). Progress Bar: Note that very fast sweeps can appear to sweep randomly or backward. page 51 Sweep without waiting for a trigger at each point.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary Routing Signals Sweep > More > More > Route Connectors N5161A1/62A1/81A/8 2A Only Routes Step or List Sweep signals. Routes non Step or List Sweep signals (i.e. SCPI command development. These softkeys are only available for the N5162A/82A with a BBG. Source Settled is not effected by Trig Out Polarity Neg Pos softkey selections (see page 49). These softkeys are only available on a N5162A/82A with a BBG.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Step Sweep Step sweep provides a linear or logarithmic progression from one selected frequency, or amplitude, or both, to another, pausing at linearly or logarithmically spaced points (steps) along the sweep. The sweep can progress forward, backward, or be changed manually.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary 4. Sweep both frequency and amplitude: Press Return > Return > Sweep > Freq Off On > Amptd Off On. A continuous sweep begins, from the start frequency/amplitude to the stop frequency/amplitude. The SWEEP annunciator displays, and sweep progress is shown in the frequency display, the amplitude display, and the progress bar. 5. Turn the RF output on: Press RF On/Off.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output 2. Turn on both the 8757D and the N5183A. 3. On the 8757D: a. Press SYSTEM > MORE > SWEEP MODE and verify that the SYSINTF softkey is set to OFF. b. Press SYSTEM > MORE > DC c. Press SYSTEM > Freq LABELS > START FREQ > 7.5 GHz d. Press SYSTEM > FREQ LABELS > STOP FREQ > 10.0 GHz e. Press SYSTEM > TRACE # POINTS > 801 4. On the N5183A: a.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary Figure 3-7 Bandpass Filter Response on 8757D Using Frequency Markers (N5183A Only) In step sweep mode, you can use the N5183A to create up to 20 frequency markers to display on your measurement equipment. NOTE 54 The N5183A does not support the 8757 system interface.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Figure 3-8 Frequency Marker Softkeys Sweep > Configure Step Sweep > More > Markers For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Sets the frequency for the marker number highlighted. Up to 20 frequency markers can be set. Enables the selected frequency marker. Selects the highlighted marker as the frequency reference marker for the rest of the frequency markers.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary List Sweep List sweep enables you to enter frequencies and amplitudes at unequal intervals in nonlinear ascending, descending, or random order. List sweep also enables you to copy the current step sweep values, include a waveform in a sweep (on a vector instrument), and save list sweep data in the file catalog (page 67). Dwell time is editable at each point. For fastest switching speeds, use list sweep.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Example: Configuring a List Sweep Using Step Sweep Data 1. Set up the desired step sweep, but do not turn the sweep on. This example uses the step sweep configured on page 51. 2. In the SWEEP menu, change the sweep type to list: Press SWEEP > Sweep Type List Step to highlight List. The display shows sweep list parameters, as shown below. 3. Open the List Sweep menu: Press More > Configure List Sweep. 4.
Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output Preliminary Example: Editing List Sweep Points If you are not familiar with table editors, refer to page 44. 1. Create the desired list sweep. This example uses the list sweep created in the previous example. 2. If sweep is on, turn it off. Editing list sweep parameters with sweep on can generate an error. 3. Ensure that the sweep type is set to list: Press SWEEP > Sweep Type List Step to highlight List. 4.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Configuring a Swept Output 13. As desired, repeat step 12 for the remaining points for which you want to select a waveform. The following figure shows an example of how this might look. The empty entry is equivalent to choosing CW (no modulation). 14. Turn sweep on: Press Return > Return > Return > Sweep > Freq Off On > Amptd Off On > Waveform Off On. 15. If it is not already on, turn the RF output on: Press RF On/Off.
Basic Operation Preliminary Modulating the Carrier Signal Preliminary Example: Manual Control of Sweep 1. Set up either a step sweep (page 51) or a list sweep (page 57). 2. In the Sweep/List menu, select a parameter to sweep: Press Sweep > parameter > Return. 3. Select manual mode: Press More > Manual Mode Off On. When you select manual mode, the current sweep point becomes the selected manual point. 4. If it is not already on, turn the RF output on: Press RF On/Off. 5.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Modulating the Carrier Signal 3. Enable modulation of the RF output: Press the Mod On/Off key until the LED lights. If you enable modulation without an active modulation format, the carrier signal does not modulate until you subsequently turn on a modulation format. Annunciator indicates active AM modulation AM modulation format on. A lit LED indicates that any active modulation format can modulate the carrier.
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary Simultaneous Modulation NOTE The Agilent MXG is capable of simultaneous modulation. All modulation types (AM, FM, φM, and Pulse) may be simultaneously enabled. But, there are some exceptions. Refer to Table 3- 1. Table 3-1 Simultaneous Modulation Type Combinations a AMa FM φM Pulseb AM -- x x x FM x -- not applicable x φM x not applicable -- x Pulse x x -- x Linear AM and Exponential AM cannot be enabled simultaneously.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files File Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Note: Available file types depend on the installed options. Instrument operating parameters (see page 69). Display internal or USB files, depending on the selected storage media. Sweep data from the List Mode Values table editor. User flatness calibration corrections. page 64 Deletions require confirmation.
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary ARB File Softkeys Waveform files and their associated marker and header information. Note: Available file types depend on the installed options. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Viewing a List of Stored Files The information in this section is provided with the assumption that default storage media is set to Auto, as described on page 73. Viewing a List of Files Stored in the Signal Generator 1.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Viewing a list of Files Stored on USB Media With USB media connected, you can view files on USB media using either the file catalogs, which can display only a selected type of file, or the USB File Manager, which displays all files. Using the File Catalogs: • With the USB media connected, select the desired file catalog: press File > Catalog Type > desired catalog. The selected files appear in alphabetical order by file name.
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary File Type List State Waveform User Flatness User Preset Save From Sweep menu Save menu Mode menu Amplitude menu User Preset menu Use this menu to enter the file name, as described on page 43. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Loading (Recalling) a Stored File There are several ways to load (recall) a stored file. • For an instrument state file, use the Recall hardkey shown in Figure 3- 10 on page 69. • For other types of data, use the Load/Store softkey (shown below) that is available through the menu used to create the file.
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary Moving a File from One Media to Another Use the USB Media Manager to move files between USB and internal media. File > Catalog Type > > More > USB File Manager or File > More > USB File Manager or Selecting a waveform or Insert the USB Flash Drive (UFD) an unknown file type displays this softkey. This key changes, depending on the selected file. See page 67 Whether a menu is available depends on the selected file.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Working with Instrument State Files • Saving an Instrument State on page 70 • Saving a User Preset on page 70 • Recalling an Instrument State on page 70 • Recalling an Instrument State and Associated Waveform File on page 71 • Recalling an Instrument State and Associated List File on page 71 • Moving or Copying a Stored Instrument State on page 72 Figure 3-10 Save and Recall Softkeys When saved to the signal generator, instrument settings (states)
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary Saving an Instrument State 1. Preset the signal generator and set the following: • Frequency: 800 MHz • Amplitude: 0 dBm • RF: on 2. (Optional, vector models only) Associate a waveform file with these settings: a. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Select Waveform. b. Highlight the desired file and press Select Waveform. If the file is not listed, you must first move it from internal or external media to BBG media, see page 134. 3.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Recalling an Instrument State and Associated Waveform File 1. Ensure that the desired waveform file exists, and that it is in BBG media (page 134). If the waveform file is not in BBG media, this procedure generates an error. Recalling an instrument state with an associated waveform file recalls only the waveform name. It does not recreate the waveform file if it was deleted, or load the file into BBG media if it is in internal or USB media. 2.
Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Preliminary Moving or Copying a Stored Instrument State Figure 3-11 Instrument State File Catalog Sequence Register The signal generator recognizes only the file named USER_PRESET as user preset information (page 70). A user–created state file’s default name is its memory location (sequence and register). To move the file, rename it to the desired sequence and register; you can not give a file the same name as an existing file.
Preliminary Basic Operation Preliminary Working with Files Selecting the Default Storage Media You can configure the signal generator to store user files to either the internal storage or to external USB media. To automatically switch between USB media and internal storage, depending on whether USB media is attached, select Automatically Use USB Media If Present. To avoid storing any confidential information in the instrument, select Use Only USB Media.
Basic Operation Preliminary Reading Error Messages Preliminary Reading Error Messages If an error condition occurs, the signal generator reports it to both the front panel display error queue and the SCPI (remote interface) error queue. These two queues are viewed and managed separately; for information on the SCPI error queue, refer to the Programming Guide. Characteristic Front Panel Display Error Queue Capacity (#errors) 30 Overflow Handling Drops the oldest error as each new error comes in.
4 NOTE Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT Only) The Mod On/Off hardkey and LED functionality are only valid for MXGs with Option UNT installed. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 41 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT Only) The Basic Procedure The Basic Procedure 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the carrier (RF) frequency. 3. Set the RF amplitude. 4. Configure the modulation: ΦM AM FM a. Press AM a. Press FM/ΦM a. Press FM/ΦM > FM ΦM b. Set the AM type (Linear or Exponential): AM Type to highlight desired type. b. Set the deviation: FM Dev > value > frequency unit b. Set the BW (normal or high): FM ΦM to highlight desired type c. Set the AM Mode (Normal or Deep).
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT Only) Using an External Modulation Source Using an External Modulation Source Currently selected modulation. Default Select to use external modulation Rear panel inputs are described on page 15 AM input FM or ΦM input Removing a DC Offset To eliminate an offset in an externally applied FM or ΦM signal, perform a DCFM or DCΦM Calibration.
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT Only) Using an External Modulation Source 78 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
5 NOTE Optimizing Performance For the N5161A/62A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or through SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display The dual power meter display can be used to display the current frequency and power of either one or two power sensors. The display outputs the current frequency and power measured by the power sensors in the larger center display and in the upper right corner of the display. Refer to Figure 5- 2, Figure 5- 2, and Figure 5- 3.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Figure 5-2 Dual Power Meter Display Menu Enables the power sensor on channel A. See page 82 Enables the power sensor on channel B. Channel B is configured similarly to channel A. See page 82 For details on each key, use key help as described on see page 42.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Preliminary Figure 5-3 Configuring the Power Sensor Channels AUX Fctn > Power Meter Measurements Note: This figure illustrates channel A, but channel B is similar. Enables the power meter connection type: Sockets LAN, VXI–11 LAN, or USB. Note: The VXI–11 softkey is used to communicate remotely with a power meter that has a GPIB connector via LAN–GPIB gateway. USB U2000A Series Power Sensors do not require the sensor to be calibrated.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Example: Dual Power Meter Calibration In the following example a U2004A USB Power Sensor is connected to channel A and a N1912A P–Series Power Meter and 8482A Power Sensor are connected to channel B and are zeroed and calibrated, as required. On the MXG: 1. Setup MXG for Step Sweep. “Configuring a Swept Output” on page 48. CAUTION Verify RF Output power is off before continuing. 2.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Preliminary Figure 5-6 Running Calibration(s) Bar (Zeroing Sensor) For details on each key, use key help as described on see page 42. NOTE The U2000 Series USB Power Sensor, does not require a 50 MHz calibration. If a calibration is attempted with the U2000 Series Power Sensors, the MXG displays a message reading: The U2000 series power sensor does not require a 50 MHz calibration. Refer to Figure 5- 7 on page 84.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Figure 5-8 Channel A Power Sensor Displayed on MXG For details on each key, use key help as described on see page 42. 6. On the N1912A P–Series Power Meter (Channel B power sensor): Connect the N1912A P–Series Power Meter to the LAN. 7. Connect the power meter sensor to channel B of the power meter. NOTE It is recommended, but not required to use the channel B on the N1912A.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display Preliminary 13. On the MXG: Press Channel B to On and then back to Off again. This initializes the MXG to the external power meter. 14. Press Return > Zero Sensor A diagnostic dialog box is displayed each time an external power meter is being used and the Zero Sensor or Calibrate Sensor softkey is pressed (refer to Figure 5- 10 on page 86). Verify the power sensor is connected to the 50 MHz reference of the power meter.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using the Dual Power Meter Display 17. Press Done Calibration progress bar is displayed. Refer to Figure 5- 12 on page 87. Figure 5-12 Running Calibration(s) Bar (Calibrating Sensor) For details on each key, use key help as described on see page 42. 18. Press Return > Channel B to On 19.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Preliminary Using Flatness Correction User flatness correction allows the digital adjustment of RF output amplitude for up to 1601 sequential linearly or arbitrarily spaced frequency points to compensate for external losses in cables, switches, or other devices.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Figure 5-14 User Flatness Correction Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on see page 42. Starts the user flatness calibration.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Preliminary Creating a User Flatness Correction Array In this example, you will create a user flatness correction array. The flatness correction array contains ten frequency correction pairs (amplitude correction values for each specified frequency), from 500 MHz to 1 GHz.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Connect the Equipment • Agilent N1911A/12A or E4419A/B power metera • Agilent U2000A/01A/02A/04A power Sensora LAN/ E5810A LAN/GPIB Gateway • LAN, GPIB, or USB interface cables, as required • adapters and cables, as required GPIB Signal Generator *GPIB control of a power meter requires a LAN–GPIB gateway and use of the connection type VXI–11.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Preliminary Figure 5-15 Configure Power Meter Menu Softkeys AMPTD > More > User Flatness > Configure Power Meter Enables the power meter connection type: Sockets LAN, VXI–11 LAN, or USB. Sets the power meter’s IP address or LAN–GPIB gateway’s IP address (Sockets LAN and VXI–11 LAN only). This softkey is dependant on the selected Connection Type.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Configure the U2000A/01A/02A/04A Power Sensor 1. Connect the power sensor to the signal generator’s front panel USB port. Refer to “Connect the Equipment” on page 91. 2. Zero the power sensor using the signal generator softkeys. CAUTION NOTE Verify the signal generator RF Output power is set to the desired amplitude before performing the power meter zero. No RF Output amplitude check is done by the signal generator during zero.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Preliminary else If Sockets LAN or VXI–11 LAN: Press Power Meter IP Address > power meter’s or LAN–GPIB gateway IP address > Enter. iii. If Sockets LAN: Press Power Meter IP Port > IP port > Enter. else If VXI–11: Press PM VXI–11 Device Name > device name > Enter. When connecting directly to the power meter, enter the device name as specified in the power meter’s documentation.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction 2. Connect the power meter to the RF output and enter the correction values: With a Power Meter Over LAN, GPIB, or USB i. Create the correction values: Manually i. Press More > User Flatness > Do Cal. The signal generator begins the user flatness calibration, and displays a progress bar. The amplitude correction values load automatically into the user flatness correction array.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Flatness Correction Preliminary Recalling and Applying a User Flatness Correction Array The following example assumes that a user flatness correction array has been created and stored. If not, perform the Example: A 500 MHz to 1 GHz Flatness Correction Array with 10 Correction Values on page 93. 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Recall the desired User Flatness Correction file: a.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) CAUTION While operating in external leveling mode, if either the RF or the DC connection between the signal generator and the detector is broken, maximum signal generator power can occur. This maximum power may overstress a power–sensitive device under test. Atten Hold sets to On and grays out (inactive) with Ext Detector selection.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Preliminary Figure 5-16 ALC Circuity Signal Generator ALC Modulator Opt 1E1 Output Attenuator (see page 100). Leveled Output RF OUTPUT Component (Amp, Filter, Atten, etc.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Figure 5-17 Power Value Differences with External Leveling Signal generator set power level Measured output power of a coupler Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide 99
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Preliminary Figure 5-18 Typical Diode Detector Response at 25° C Option 1E1 Output Attenuator Behavior and Use When using the internal detector, the Option 1E1 output attenuator enables signal generator power levels down to −135 dBm at the RF Output connector. It accomplishes this by adding attenuation to the output signal after the ALC detection circuit.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) feedback for the detection circuit has been moved beyond the output attenuator. Because the attenuator no longer affects the amplitude of the output signal, the output amplitude is determined by only the Set ALC Level softkey. With external leveling selected, the signal generator enables attenuator hold and the power range approximates the range of a standard option (no attenuator) signal generator (see the Data Sheet).
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Preliminary Recommended Equipment • Agilent 8474E negative detector • Agilent 87301D directional coupler • cables and adapters, as required Figure 5-19 Typical External Leveling Setup using a Directional Coupler Negative Detector ALC INPUT Leveled Signal RF OUTPUT Signal Generator Amplifier Coupler Configuring the Carrier 1. Press Preset. 2. Set the carrier frequency. 3.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) With external leveling and Option 1E1, the signal generator’s the power range approximates that of a standard option instrument (no Option 1E1). But Option 1E1 does let you use the attenuator to drive the ALC to its mid–power point when using negative amplitude values. However adding attenuation does decrease the upper range limit. For more information, see “Option 1E1 Output Attenuator Behavior and Use” on page 100. 1.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using External Leveling (N5183A Only) Preliminary Adjusting the Signal Generator Display’s Amplitude Value When using external leveling, the signal generator’s displayed amplitude value will not match the leveled power of the signal at the output of the coupler/splitter. To compensate for this difference, the signal generator provides two methods for configuring the displayed power value so that it closely matches the measured value at the output of the coupler/splitter.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Unleveled Operating Modes Using Unleveled Operating Modes Figure 5-20 Power Search and ALC Off Softkeys Only available when I/Q is on and I/Q Source is set to External. Auto: The calibration routine executes whenever output frequency or amplitude changes. Span: Pressing Do Power Search executes the power search calibration routine once over a selected frequency range.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Unleveled Operating Modes Preliminary 7. Adjust the signal generator’s amplitude until the power meter measures the desired level. Power Search Mode Refer to Figure 5- 20 on page 105. Power search executes a routine that temporarily activates the ALC, calibrates the power of the current RF output, and then disconnects the ALC circuitry. The four Power Search References control the power search function. • Fixed – Reference level is 0.5 Vrms.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Example: Automatic Power Search 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the desired frequency. 3. Set the desired amplitude. 4. Turn the RF output on. 5. Deactivate the signal generator’s automatic leveling control: Press AMPTD > ALC Off On to highlight Off Deactivating the signal generator’s automatic leveling control is a significant instrument change that automatically initiates a power search.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Preliminary When using the signal generator as a local oscillator (LO), you can use the offset to display the frequency of interest, as illustrated below: Antenna tuned to 1321 MHz RF Amplifier Mixer IF Amplifier Filter IF = 321 MHz IF Output 321 MHz Output Frequency = 1000 MHz Selected Offset Signal Generator (local oscillator) 321 MHz −679 MHz SIgnal Generator Display 1321 MHz (Antenna Frequency) 321 MHz (IF Ou
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Examples Parameter Example #1 Example #2 Example #3 Comments Reference: 50 MHz 50 MHz 2 GHz A reference value must be positive. Entered (and displayed) Value: 2 MHz −2 MHz −1 GHz The entered value can be positive or negative. Output Frequency: 52 MHz 48 MHz 1 GHz The signal generator alerts you if the output frequency or amplitude is out of range.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Preliminary Examples Parameter Frequency Multiplier: Example #1 Example #2 Example #3 3 −3 4 Comments The multiplier range can be set from: +0.001 to +1000 –1000 to –0.001 Entered (and displayed) Value: 600 MHz −600 MHz 8 GHz Output Frequency: 200 MHz 200 MHz 2 GHz The signal generator alerts you if the output frequency is out of range.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger When measuring mixers, the frequency multiplier and frequency offset are often used together. In the upconverter example below, the multiplier is set to −1 and the offset is set to 3 GHz so that the signal generator displays fRF.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger Preliminary Figure 5-21 Free Run, Set Dwell, and Timer Trigger Softkeys Sweep > Configure Step Sweep > More Use Step Dwell with Free Run when additional measurement wait time is desired after settling. If the signal is to be settled for a minimum specific time at each point and it is not important if the point to point time is consistent, use Step Dwell and Free Run time.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Using LXI NOTE LXI Class B Compliance Disclaimer As of this product firmware release in June 2008, LXI Class B Compliance Tests, using the new IEEE 1588–2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), were not available. This product provides the features of an LXI Class B instrument by adding LAN Triggering and Time Synchronization to its LXI Class C compliance.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Preliminary The PC browser clock shows the local civil time using a standard Date/Time representation. If the PC is connected to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server (through LAN), then its time will be relatively accurate.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Getting Started With LXI The following configurations provide the basic functionality of the LXI softkeys. NOTE Enabling the LXI subsystem effects switching speed. For optimal switching speed, disable the LXI subsystem when not in use. Figure 5-23 Configuring the LXI subsystem Utility > More page 39 Enables or disables the LXI subsystem. NOTE: LXI On/Off setting is persistent. Sets the Precision Time Protocol Domain. Sets the LXI Event Domain.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Preliminary Figure 5-24 Configuring LXI Trigger Input Events Utility > More > LXI page 115 page 117 page 50 Enables or disables event LAN0– LAN7. These are the pre–defined default input LAN event identifiers and can not be deleted. An incoming LAN event is treated as a trigger. The trigger event identifier must be enabled (On) and the LXI LAN (page 49) selected as the source of the trigger. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Figure 5-25 Configuring LXI Output Events Utility > More > LXI Internal Status Events Indicates that the instrument is settling. page 115 page 50 Indicates whether or not a measurement operation is underway. page 116 Indicates whether or not the instrument is sweeping the LO. Indicates the instrument is waiting for a trigger.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using LXI Preliminary For More Information For more information on using LXI see the Agilent website dedicated to LXI instrumentation: www.agilent.com/find/lxi.
Preliminary Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using a USB Keyboard Using a USB Keyboard You can use a USB keyboard to remotely control the RF output state, the modulation state, and to select a memory sequence and register. The register selection, RF output state, and modulation state are affected by power cycle or preset, but the USB keyboard control state and the sequence selection are not.
Optimizing Performance Preliminary Using a USB Keyboard Preliminary 120 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
6 NOTE Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) For the N5161A/62A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) Figure 6-1 Pulse Softkeys page 125 page 125 Low = settled These softkeys are only available when the Pulse–Source is set to Adjustable Doublet. Latency from the external pulse input to the pulse sync output ≈ 50−60 ns. Width Period 50 ns > 50 ns 20 ns ≤ 50 ns See also, page 15 and page 19 Determines the type of signal transmitted out of the Trig Out BNC. Normal = high state. Invert = low state.
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) Pulse Characteristics Pulse Characteristics NOTE When using very narrow pulses that are below the signal generator’s ALC pulse width specification, or leveled pulses with an unusually long duty cycle, it is often useful to turn ALC off (see page 105). Pulse Source Type Square Internal free run pulse train with 50% duty cycle.
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) Pulse Characteristics Figure 6-2 Adjustable Doublet External Trigger RF Output Pulse 1 Pulse 1 Delay Width The delay of the first pulse is measured from the leading edge of the external trigger signal. Pulse 2 Pulse 2 Delay Width The delay of the second pulse is measured from the leading edge of the first pulse. Figure 6-3 Trigger Doublet External Trigger RF Output Pulse 1 Delay The first pulse follows the external trigger signal.
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) The Basic Procedure The Basic Procedure 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the carrier (RF) frequency. 3. Set the RF amplitude. 4. Configure the modulation: a. Set the pulse source: Press Pulse > Pulse Source > selection b.
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU or UNW) Example 126 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
7 NOTE Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed For the N5162A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation I/Q Modulation The following factors contribute to the error vector magnitude: • Differences in amplitude, phase, and delay between the I and Q channels • DC offsets The I/Q menu provides adjustments to compensate for some of the differences in the I and Q signals or to add impairments. See also “Modulating the Carrier Signal” on page 60. Figure 7-1 I/Q Display and Softkeys This panel displays the external I/Q signal routing.
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation Configuring the Front Panel Inputs The Agilent MXG accepts externally supplied analog I and Q signals through the front panel I Input and Q Input for modulating onto the carrier. 1. Connect I and Q signals to the front panel connectors. For voltage levels, refer to “Front Panel Overview – N5181A/82A MXG” on page 5. a. Connect an analog I signal to the signal generator’s front panel I Input. b.
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation 130 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
8 NOTE Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) For the N5162A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform File Basics Preliminary • Real–Time Phase Noise Impairment on page 250 • Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) on page 287 Waveform File Basics There are two types of waveform files: • A segment is a waveform file that you download to the signal generator. For information on creating and downloading waveform files, refer to the Programming Guide.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform File Basics Figure 8-1 Dual ARB Softkeys If you set the ARB sample clock when the dual ARB is off, the new setting is applied when the dual ARB player is turned on; this setting survives toggling the Dual ARB player off and on. Note: This is the first of two Arb menus. page 241 page 13 page 180 page 180 page 164 These softkeys are only available in the Dual ARB’s Arb Setup menu.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment Preliminary Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment NOTE The MXG’s ARB Waveform File Cache is limited to 128 files. Consequently, once the 128 file cache limit has been reached, the waveform switching speed will be much slower for additional files loaded into the volatile waveform memory (BBG). Before using this information, you should be familiar with the signal generator’s file menus.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment 2. Press Load Store to highlight Load, then, using the arrow keys, highlight the desired waveform segment. 3. If there is already a copy of this segment in the currently selected media and you do not want to overwrite it, rename the waveform segment before you load it (refer to the previous procedure). 4. Press Load Segment From currently selected Media.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment Preliminary Annunciators display with active waveform (ARB On) Current waveform selection 5. Configure the RF Output: Set the RF carrier frequency and amplitude, and turn on the RF output. The waveform segment is now available at the signal generator’s RF Output connector.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Sequences Waveform Sequences Figure 8-3 Waveform Sequence Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB To display this softkey, select a waveform sequence. Sequence name Sequence contents see page 160 This is the 2nd Arb menu. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. A waveform sequence is a file that contains pointers to one or more waveform segments or other waveform sequences, or both.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Sequences Preliminary Creating a Sequence A waveform sequence can contain up to 1,024 segments and have both segments and other sequences (nested sequences). The signal generator lets you set the number of times the segments and nested sequences repeat during play back. But there is a difference between repeating a segment versus repeating a nested sequence.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Sequences 3. Name and store the waveform sequence to the Seq file catalog: a. Press More > Name and Store. b. Enter a file name and press Enter. See also, “Viewing the Contents of a Sequence” on page 139 and “Setting Marker Points in a Waveform Segment” on page 154. Viewing the Contents of a Sequence There are two ways to view the contents of a waveform sequence: Through the Waveform Sequences Softkey 1.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Sequences Preliminary 2. Change the first segment so that it repeats 100 times: Highlight the first segment entry and press Edit Repetitions > 100 > Enter. The cursor moves to the next entry. 3. Change the repetition for the selected entry to 200: Press Edit Repetitions > 200 > Enter. 4. Save the changes made in the previous steps: Press More > Name and Store > Enter. To save the changes as a new sequence: a.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters 3. Configure the RF output: a. Set the RF carrier frequency. b. Set the RF output amplitude. c. Turn on the RF output. The waveform sequence is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector. Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters This section describes how to edit and save a file header.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Preliminary All settings in this menu can be stored to the file header (Table 8-1 on page 142 lists all settings stored in a file header) Softkey label, file header setting The Runtime Scaling softkey is only available under the Dual ARB menu.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Table 8-1 File Header Entries (Continued) AWGN: C/N Ratio Carrier to noise ration, in dB (see page 246). AWGN: Carrier BW Bandwidth over which the noise power is integrated, in Hz (see page 246). AWGN: Noise BW Bandwidth of the noise, in Hz (see page 246). AWGN: Carrier RMS The carrier RMS across the carrier bandwidth (see page 246).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Preliminary Figure 8-5 Example File Header Mode > Dual ARB > More > Header Utilities The name of the waveform file. The description can be up to 32–characters. Opens a menu for manually defining the carrier RMS value to use for calculating the AWGN: Carrier RMS value in the Header Field.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Values differ between the two columns e. Save the current settings to the file header: Press the Save Setup To Header softkey. The settings from the Current Inst. Settings column now appear in the Saved Header Settings column. This saves the new current instrument settings to the file header.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Preliminary Active catalog Active media Active waveform catalog Type: WFM1 = Volatile Segment NVWFM = Non–Volatile Segment SEQ = Sequence Catalogs that enable you to view files in the active media. For details on selecting the active media, see page 64. Files in BBG media For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 2. If the desired catalog is not displayed, select it. 3.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Using Waveform Markers The signal generator provides four waveform markers to mark specific points on a waveform segment. When the signal generator encounters an enabled marker, an auxiliary signal is routed to a rear panel event output that corresponds to the marker number. • Event 1 is available at both the EVENT 1 BNC connector (see page 19), and a pin on the AUXILIARY I/O connector (see page 20).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Waveform Marker Concepts The signal generator’s Dual ARB provides four waveform markers for use on a waveform segment. You can set each marker’s polarity and marker points (on a single sample point or over a range of sample points). Each marker can also perform ALC hold, or RF Blanking and ALC hold.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers ALC Hold Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as Marker Routing on the softkey label) either before or after you set marker points (page 154), setting a marker function before setting marker points may cause power spikes or loss of power at the RF output.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Example of Correct Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 95–97 Marker polarity: Positive This example shows a marker set to sample the waveform’s area of highest amplitude. Note that the marker is set well before the waveform’s area of lowest amplitude. This takes into account any response difference between the marker and the waveform signal.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Example of Incorrect Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 110–1022 Marker polarity: Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points; the marker signal goes high during the off points. The ALC samples the waveform during the off marker points.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Accessing Marker Utilities For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Mode > Dual ARB > More > Marker Utilities The settings in these menus can be stored to the file header, see page 141. Note: This is the second Arb menu. page 50 The display below shows the I and Q components of the waveform, and the marker points set in a factory–supplied segment.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Viewing Waveform Segment Markers Markers are applied to waveform segments. Use the following steps to view the markers set for a segment (this example uses the factory–supplied segment, SINE_TEST_WFM). 1. In the second Arb menu (page 152), press Marker Utilities > Set Markers. 2. Highlight the desired waveform segment (in this example, SINE_TEST_WFM). 3. Press Display Waveform and Markers > Zoom in Max.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Press Last Mkr Point > 17 > Enter > Apply To Waveform > Return. This turns off all marker points for the active marker within the range set in Steps 2 and 3, as shown at right. How to view markers is described on page 153. Clearing a Single Marker Point Use the steps described in “Clearing a Range of Marker Points” on page 153, but set both the first and last marker point to the value of the point you want to clear.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Placing a Marker on a Single Point On the First Point 1. In the second Arb menu (page 152), press Marker Utilities > Set Markers. 2. Highlight the desired waveform segment. 3. Select the desired marker number: Press Marker 1 2 3 4. 4. Press Set Marker On First Point. This sets a marker on the first point in the segment for the marker number selected in Step 3.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary This causes the marker to occur on every other point (one sample point is skipped) within the marker point range, as shown at right. How to view markers is described on page 153. One application of the skipped point feature is the creation of a clock signal as the EVENT output.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Viewing a Marker Pulse When a waveform plays (page 140), you can detect a set and enabled marker’s pulse at the rear panel event connector/Aux I/O pin that corresponds to that marker number. This example demonstrates how to view a marker pulse generated by a waveform segment that has at least one marker point set (page 154). The process is the same for a waveform sequence.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Using the RF Blanking Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as Marker Routing on the softkey label in the Marker Utilities menu) either before or after setting the marker points (page 154), setting a marker function before you set marker points may change the RF output. RF Blanking includes ALC hold (described on page 149, note Caution regarding unleveled power).
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers RFSignal Signal RF Marker Polarity = Positive When marker polarity is positive (the default setting), the RF output is blanked during the off marker points. ≈3.3V 0V Marker Point 1 Segment 180 200 RFSignal Signal RF Marker Polarity = Negative When marker polarity is negative, the RF output is blanked during the on marker points ≈3.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Setting Marker Polarity Setting a negative marker polarity inverts the marker signal. 1. In second Arb menu (page 152), press Marker Utilities > Marker Polarity. 2. For each marker, set the marker polarity as desired. • The default marker polarity is positive. • Each marker polarity is set independently. See also, “Saving Marker Polarity and Routing Settings” on page 148.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Figure 8-6 Waveform Sequence Menus for Enabling/Disabling Segment Markers Mode > Dual ARB > More Note: This is the second Arb menu. Enable/Disable markers while creating a waveform sequence For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Preliminary Enabling and Disabling Markers in a Waveform Sequence Select the waveform segments within a waveform sequence to enable or disable each segment’s markers independently. You can enable or disable the markers either at the time of creating the sequence or after the sequence has been created and stored. If the sequence has already been stored, you must store the sequence again after making any changes.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Waveform Markers Using the EVENT Output Signal as an Instrument Trigger For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. One of the uses for the EVENT output signal (marker signal) is to trigger a measurement instrument. You can set up the markers to start the measurement at the beginning of the waveform, at any single point in the waveform, or on multiple points in the waveform.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Figure 8-7 Triggering Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB page 165 page 166 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Triggers control data transmission by controlling when the signal generator transmits the modulating signal.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Trigger Type Type defines the trigger mode: how the waveform plays when triggered. Mode > Dual ARB > Trigger Type Immediately triggers and plays the waveform; triggers received while the waveform is playing are ignored. Plays the waveform when a trigger is received; subsequent triggers are ignored. Plays the waveform when a trigger is received; subsequent triggers restart the waveform.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Preliminary • Gated mode triggers the waveform at the first active triggering state, then repeatedly starts and stops playing the waveform in response to an externally applied gating signal. See Example: Gated Triggering on page 168. Trigger Source Mode > Dual ARB > Trigger Source Neg = the signal generator responds during the trigger signal low state. Pos = the signal generator responds during the trigger signal high state.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Example: Segment Advance Triggering Segment advance triggering enables you to control the segment playback within a waveform sequence. This type of triggering ignores the repetition value (page 139). For example if a segment has repetition value of 50 and you select Single as the segment advance triggering mode, the segment still plays only once. The following example uses a waveform sequence that has two segments.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Preliminary Example: Gated Triggering Gated triggering enables you to define the on and off states of a modulating waveform. 1. Connect the output of a function generator to the signal generator’s rear panel PAT TRIG IN connector, as shown in the following figure. This connection is applicable to all external triggering methods.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform 7. On the function generator, configure a TTL signal for the external gating trigger. 8. (Optional) Monitor the waveform: Configure the oscilloscope to display both the output of the signal generator, and the external triggering signal. You will see the waveform modulating the output during the gate active periods (low in this example). The following figure shows an example display.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Triggering a Waveform Preliminary Example: External Triggering Use the following example to set the signal generator to output a modulated RF signal 100 milliseconds after a change in TTL state from low to high occurs at the PATT TRIG IN rear panel BNC connector 1. Connect the signal generator to the function generator as shown above. 2. Configure the RF output: • Set the desired frequency. • Set the desired amplitude. • Turn on the RF output. 3.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Clipping a Waveform Digitally modulated signals with high power peaks can cause intermodulation distortion, resulting in spectral regrowth that can interfere with signals in adjacent frequency bands. The clipping function enables you to reduce high power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak, thereby reducing spectral regrowth.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Preliminary How Power Peaks Develop To see how clipping reduces high power peaks, it is important to understand how the peaks develop as you construct a signal. Multiple Channel Summing I/Q waveforms can be the summation of multiple channels, as shown in the following figure.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Combining the I and Q Waveforms When the I and Q waveforms combine in the I/Q modulator to create an RF waveform, the magnitude of the RF envelope is , where the squaring of I and Q always results in a positive value. As shown in the following figure, simultaneous positive and negative peaks in the I and Q waveforms do not cancel each other, but combine to create an even greater peak.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Preliminary How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high peak–to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure. Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power You can reduce peak–to–average power, and consequently spectral regrowth, by clipping the waveform. Clipping limits waveform power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak. The Signal Generator provides two methods of clipping: • Circular clipping is applied to the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are equally clipped).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Preliminary Figure 8-10 Rectangular Clipping 176 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Figure 8-11 Reduction of Peak–to–Average Power Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide 177
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Preliminary Configuring Circular Clipping Use this example to configure circular clipping and observe its affect on the peak–to–average power ratio of a waveform. Circular clipping clips the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are clipped equally). For more information about circular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power” on page 175. CAUTION Clipping is non–reversible and cumulative.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Clipping a Waveform Configuring Rectangular Clipping Use this example to configure rectangular clipping. Rectangular clipping clips the I and Q data independently. For more information about rectangular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power” on page 175. CAUTION Clipping is non–reversible and cumulative. Save a copy of the waveform file before you apply clipping. Copy a Waveform File 1.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform Preliminary Scaling a Waveform The signal generator uses an interpolation algorithm (sampling between the I/Q data points) when reconstructing a waveform. For common waveforms, this interpolation can cause overshoots, which may create a DAC over–range error condition. This chapter describes how DAC over–range errors occur and how you can use waveform scaling to eliminate these errors.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform How DAC Over–Range Errors Occur The signal generator uses an interpolator filter when it converts digital I and Q baseband waveforms to analog waveforms. Because the clock rate of the interpolator is four times that of the baseband clock, the interpolator calculates sample points between the incoming baseband samples and smooths the waveform as shown in the figure at the right.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform Preliminary How Scaling Eliminates DAC Over–Range Errors Scaling reduces the amplitude of the baseband waveform while maintaining its basic shape and characteristics, such as peak–to–average power ratio.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform Setting Waveform Runtime Scaling Runtime scaling scales the waveform data during playback; it does not affect the stored data. You can apply runtime scaling to either a segment or sequence, and set the scaling value either while the ARB is on or off. This type of scaling is well suited for eliminating DAC over–range errors.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform Preliminary Setting Waveform Scaling Waveform scaling differs from waveform runtime scaling in that it permanently affects waveform data and only applies to waveform segments stored in BBG media. You scale the waveform either up or down as a percentage of the DAC full scale (100%). If you scale your waveforms using this method, you may also need to change the waveform runtime scaling value to accommodate this scaling.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Scaling a Waveform Apply Scaling to the Copied Waveform File CAUTION This type of scaling is non–reversible. Any data lost in the scaling operation cannot be restored. Save a copy of the waveform file before scaling. 1. Open the DUAL ARB Waveform Utilities menu: Press Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Utilities. 2. In the list of BBG Media segment files, highlight the copied file (in this example, MY_TEST_SCAL). 3.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Preliminary Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset The baseband frequency offset specifies a value to shift the baseband frequency up to ±50 MHz within the BBG 100 MHz signal bandwidth, depending on the signal generator’s baseband generator option.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset NOTE Changing the baseband frequency offset may cause a DAC over range condition that generates error 628, Baseband Generator DAC over range. The signal generator incorporates an automatic scaling feature to minimize this occurrence. For more information, see “DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling” on page 188.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Preliminary Modulated carrier with 0 Hz baseband frequency offset Modulated carrier with 20 MHz baseband frequency offset Modulated RF signal LO/carrier feedthrough Spectrum analyzer set to a span of 100 MHz DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling When using the baseband frequency offset (at a setting other than 0 Hz), it is possible to create a DAC over–range condition, which causes the Agilent MXG to generat
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Figure 8-14 Dual ARB DAC Over–Range Protection Softkey Location When the DAC over–range protection is off, eliminate over–range conditions by decreasing the scaling value (see “Setting Waveform Runtime Scaling” on page 183). Default setting is On. Available only when Real–Time Phase Noise is on (see page 249).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Modulation Preliminary I/Q Modulation The following factors contribute to the error vector magnitude: • Differences in amplitude, phase, and delay between the I and Q channels • DC offsets The I/Q menu not only enables you to select the I/Q signal source and output, it also provides adjustments and calibrations to compensate for differences in the I and Q signals. See also, “Modulating the Carrier Signal” on page 60.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Modulation Using the Rear Panel I and Q Outputs NOTE The rear panel I and Q connectors only output a signal while using the internal BBG. In addition to modulating the carrier, the signal generator also routes the internally generated I and Q signals to the rear panel I and Q connectors. These output signals are post DAC, so they are in analog form.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Modulation Preliminary Configuring the Front Panel Inputs The signal generator accepts externally supplied analog I and Q signals through the front panel I Input and Q Input. You can use the external signals as the modulating source, or sum the external signals with the internal baseband generator signals. 1. Connect I and Q signals to the front panel connectors. a. Connect an analog I signal to the signal generator’s front panel I Input. b.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Adjustments I/Q Adjustments Use the I/Q Adjustments to compensate for or add impairments to the I/Q signal. The DC offset values are calibrated relative to the RMS waveform voltage being played out of the ARB. See page 144. I/Q > I/Q Adjustments Adjusts the I signal amplitude relative to the Q signal amplitude.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Calibration Preliminary Table 8-2 I/Q Adjustments Uses I/Q Adjustment Effect Impairment Offset Carrier feedthrough dc offset EVM error phase skew I/Q Images I/Q path delay I/Q Skew EVM error high sample rate phase skew or I/Q path delay I/Q Gain Balance I/Q amplitude difference I/Q gain ratio Quadrature Angle The I/Q adjustment, I/Q Delay, is not for adding impairments; its function is to compensate for any latency between the EV
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary I/Q Calibration DC optimizes the I/Q performance for the current instrument settings, and typically completes in several seconds. Changing any instrument setting except for I/Q adjustments after performing a DC calibration voids the DC calibration and causes the signal generator to revert to the factory−supplied calibration data.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using the Equalization Filter Preliminary Using the Equalization Filter An equalization FIR file can be created externally, uploaded via SCPI, and subsequently selected from the file system (refer to “Working with Files” on page 62). For information related to downloading FIR file coefficients, refer to the Programming Guide.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using the Equalization Filter Figure 8-16 Int Equalization Filter Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. I/Q > More Enables the internal equalization filter. Opens a file catalog of FIR filters to select as the equalization filter. Equalization filters are typically complex and must have an oversample ratio of 1. The filter must not have more than 256 taps (512 coefficients for a complex filter).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Finite Impulse Response filters can be used to compress single carrier I/Q waveforms down to just the I/Q constellation points and then define the transitions similar to the modulation filter in Arb Custom (refer to “Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in AR
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Creating a User–Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values table editor to create and store an 8–symbol, windowed sync function filter with an oversample ratio of 4. Accessing the Table Editor 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > More > Real-Time Modulation Filter > Select > Nyquist. 3.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Preliminary 3. Use the numeric keypad to type the first value (−0.000076) from Table 8- 3. As you press the numeric keys, the numbers are displayed in the active entry area. (If you make a mistake, you can correct it using the backspace key.) 4. Continue entering the coefficient values from the table in step 1 until all 16 values have been entered.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order. The signal generator provides a mirror table function that automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order. 1. Press Mirror Table.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Preliminary Setting the Oversample Ratio NOTE Modulation filters are real and have an oversample ratio (OSR) of two or greater. Equalization filters are typically complex and must have an OSR of one (refer to “Using the Equalization Filter” on page 196 and to “Setting the Real- Time Modulation Filter” on page 208).
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Figure 8-20 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 2. Press Return. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Refer to Figure 8- 21. Figure 8-21 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 4. Press Return to return to the menu keys. Storing the Filter to Memory Use the following steps to store the file. 1.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Preliminary Figure 8-22 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays FIR files that have been previously saved by the user. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Memory is also shared by instrument state files and list sweep files.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 8-23 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > More > Real-Time Modulation Filter For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. These softkeys select a window function (apodization function) for a filter. 1. Press Preset. 2.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Preliminary Figure 8-24 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 7. Press Return. Modifying the Coefficients 1. Using the front panel arrow keys, highlight coefficient 15. 2. Press 0 > Enter. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Figure 8-25 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Refer to Figure 8- 25 on page 206.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters (alphanumeric and special characters). 1. Press Load/Store > Store To File. 2. Name the file NEWFIR2. 3. Press Enter. The contents of the current FIR table editor are stored to a file in non–volatile memory and the catalog of FIR files is updated to show the new file.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Setting the Real-Time Modulation Filter Preliminary Setting the Real-Time Modulation Filter The real- time modulation filter effectively compresses a single carrier I/Q waveform down to just the I/Q constellation points and then controls the transitions similar to the modulation filter in Arb Custom modulation. The key difference is that this filter is applied as the waveform plays, rather than in the waveform data itself.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Common uses for the real- time modulation feature include: • Where the single carrier rectangular ideal I/Q symbol decision points are known and are to have an over- sampled filter applied. • Where greater effective MXG memory size is required. • When you have a low rate waveform that could benefit from a higher OSR that does not make the waveform longer.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Preliminary Figure 8-27 Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization (BBG Synchronization) Trigger Softkeys and Menu Location Note: The BBG sync feature automatically configures the trigger settings shown below. To avoid a settings conflict error in this process, manually configure the trigger settings prior to setting the BBG sync parameters shown on page 211.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 8-28 Multiple BBG Synchronization Front Panel Displays Master Display and Available Softkeys Select Off, Master, or Slave This is a persistent setting that survives both preset and cycling the power. Grayed–out on master, active for slaves. Synchronizes the baseband generators for all instruments in the system. Note: Press only after pressing Master/slave indicator and setup diagram.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Preliminary Understanding the Master/Slave System System Delay The multiple BBG synchronization feature provides a system for synchronizing the waveform generation capability of up to 16 signal generators to within a characteristic value of ± 8 ns between the master and the last slave.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization appropriately configure the trigger settings prior to selecting a signal generator as the master or slave. The system trigger propagates in the same manner as the synchronization pulse initiated by the master (see System Synchronization). So if it is not turned off during changes to the synchronization parameters, it can cause a false In Sync status.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Preliminary 4. Except for triggering, set the desired waveform parameters such as markers and sample clock. The baseband synchronization feature limits the trigger selections for both the master and slaves. If the current trigger settings include unsupported BBG synchronization parameters, the Agilent MXG generates a settings conflict error and changes the trigger settings.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization 1. On the master, press the Sync Slaves softkey. NOTE All of the signal generators in the master/slave system must be resynchronized when any changes are made to the master/slave settings or with the addition of a slave instrument, even if In Sync appears after pressing the Listen for Sync softkey on the slave instruments. 2.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Preliminary Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization NOTE This section assumes that the previous section on Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization has been read and understood. If not, refer to “Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization” on page 209 before continuing.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Table 8-5 Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Equipment MIMO Configuration Parta Cable Length Notes 2x2 n/a As required SMA flexible cables are connected from the power splitter outputs to the LO inputs on the rear panel of both the master and the slave MXGs. Refer to Figure 8- 30 on page 218.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Preliminary 2x2 MIMO (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Configuration For the 2x2 MIMO (LO In/Out for phase coherency) setup, the LO from the master MXG can be ran through a power splitter and used as the LO input to both the master and the slave MXGs. No external source is required.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 8-31 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Equipment Setup Note: A SMA flexible cable is recommended for the input to the 4–way splitter connections to the LO IN and LO OUT of the MXGs with Option 012 (see page 216).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Waveform licensing enables you to license waveforms that you generate and download from any Signal Studio application for unlimited playback in a signal generator. Each licensing option (250- 259) allows you to permanently license up to 50 waveforms of your choice (i.e. Waveform Option 25x is a perpetual fixed waveform license).
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Overview Figure 8-32 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More Note: Waveforms licensed with Option 25x cannot be exchanged for other waveforms. Once a waveform is locked into a license slot, that license is permanent and cannot be revoked or replaced. This softkey is only available if there is an Option 25x license installed on the instrument.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Preliminary Figure 8-33 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Licensing > Add Waveform to First Available Slot or Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Licensing > Replace Waveform in Slot Note: Waveforms licensed with Option 25x cannot be “exchanged”. Once a slot is locked, that license for the waveform in the locked slot is permanent and cannot be revoked or replaced.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Figure 8-34 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Licensing > Lock Waveform in Slot Press this softkey to confirm that you want to lock the waveform into the slot for permanent licensing. If the waveform has not been saved to internal storage, a warning message appears. Refer to Step 4 on page 226.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Preliminary Table 8-6 Waveform Licensing Slot Status Messages Status Column Meaning Notes Available The slot has never had a waveform added to it. 50 slots are initially available for each Option 25x. Locked MM/DD/YY The slot is locked and can no longer be modified. The waveform in this slot is licensed to this signal generator for unlimited playback.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Example: Licensing a Signal Studio Waveform The following steps add a waveform file to a license slot and lock the slot for permanent playback. 1. Press Dual ARB > More > Waveform Licensing > The signal generator displays a catalog of files labeled: Catalog of BBG Segment Files in BBG Memory. 2. Use the arrow keys to highlight and select the file to be licensed. 3.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Preliminary 4. License the waveform: a. Press Lock Waveform in Slot. A warning is displayed: *** Waveform Lock Warning!!! ***. If necessary, verify you have selected the correct waveform you want for licensing by pressing Return. Figure 8-36 Waveform Lock Warning b. Press Confirm Locking Waveform. The licensing status of the slot will be changed to Locked MM/DD/YY. c.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform Licensing for Firmware Version ≥ A.01.50 Waveform Licensing Warning Messages Figure 8-38 This standard warning is displayed every time a waveform is selected to be locked. This notification indicates that one of the available “license slots” is about to be used from Option 25x. ALWAYS make backup copies of waveforms in a separate non–volatile memory in case a file is deleted or lost from the instrument’s internal storage.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Waveform 5–Pack licensing enables you to create, generate, and permanently license up to 45 Signal Studio waveforms (e.g. Each Option 22x enables licensing of five waveforms (Option 221, 222, 223, 229). Each Waveform 5–Pack License includes one N7699A–D01 30–day Signal Studio demo license.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 After licensing a waveform, you can make copies of the waveform using different file names for use on the same signal generator and even rename the original file without affecting the waveform license. You can also use the Option 22x to license waveforms from N76xxB Signal Studio software downloaded during its 14–day free trial license.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Figure 8-40 Add a Waveform to 5–Pack Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Utilities > 5–Pack Licensing > Add Waveforms to 5–Pack Note: Waveforms licensed with 5–Pack cannot be “exchanged”. Once a waveform is licensed, that license is permanent and cannot be revoked or replaced.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Table 8-7 Waveform 5–Pack Licensing Status Messages for the “Catalog of Segment Files in Int Storage [or USB Media]” Status Message Meaning Notes Empty field If no status message, then the waveform is licensable. Once a Trial (TRL)a license expires, the waveform becomes licensable (i.e. the status message for the TRL waveform becomes an empty field).
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Example: Licensing a Signal Studio Waveform The following steps add a single waveform file, to a Waveform 5–Pack license. Refer to Figure 8- 42 on page 234. 2.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 e. Make a backup copy of this waveform on a USB media or a computer (If the waveform is lost or deleted on the signal generator it cannot be recovered). CAUTION It is important that a backup copy is made of any 5–Pack waveforms; the backup copy must be stored on a computer or other media. Do not store the backup copy on the signal generator.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Figure 8-42 Add Waveform to 5–Pack Softkey Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Utilities > 5–Pack Licensing > Add Waveforms to 5–Pack Status area for the waveform N7602B–WFM1 is empty and the Add Waveform softkey is active, indicating the waveform is licensable. Important! Always backup licensed waveforms in a separate place from the instrument (e.g.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Using Waveform 5–Pack History The Waveform 5–Pack History softkeys can be used to manage the Waveform 5–Pack files on your signal generator.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Figure 8-43 Waveform 5–Pack History Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Utilities > 5–Pack Licensing > 5–Pack History Only available when there have been waveforms with Waveform 5–Pack licenses previously stored. This area displays the date the waveform was licensed, the unique Waveform ID, and Original filename at the time the waveform was first redeemed.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Example: Finding the History of a Waveform 5–Pack License Use the following procedure to create a catalog of licensed Waveform 5–Pack files in the internal storage or USB media. Refer to Figure 8- 44 on page 237, for the following procedure. The following procedure generates a catalog for a Waveform 5–Pack file labeled: N7602B-WFM1. 1. On the signal generator: a.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Preliminary Finding All Waveforms Associated with 5–Pack Licenses The following procedure displays a catalog of all of the Waveform 5–Pack files in the BBG memory and the internal storage: 1. On the signal generator: a.
Preliminary Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.50 Waveform 5–Pack Warning Messages Figure 8-46 This standard warning is displayed every time a waveform is selected to be licensed. This notification indicates that one of the available “license slot[s]” is about to be used from Option 22x.
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654) Preliminary Waveform 5–Pack Licensing (Options 221–229) for Firmware Version < A.01.
9 NOTE Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) For the N5162A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-1 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. This is the stand–alone Real–Time AWGN and the 2nd page of the Modulation Mode menu (see page 247). The state of the noise (on or off) is shown on the display. Figure 9-6 on page 246 provides additional details on these settings.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-2 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - Power Control Mode Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > Real-Time AWGN Setup For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Figure 9-6 on page 246 provides additional details on these settings.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-3 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - Noise Mux Menu Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > Real-Time AWGN Setup > More Figure 9-6 on page 246 provides additional details on these settings. Enables diagnostic control of additive noise, so that only the noise, only the carrier, or the sum of both the noise and the carrier are output from the internal baseband generator.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-5 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - Eb/N0 Adjustment Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > Real-Time AWGN Setup Figure 9-6 on page 246 provides additional details on these settings. Selects either the Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N) or energy per bit over noise power density at the receiver (Eb/No) as the variable controlling the ratio of the carrier power to noise power in the carrier bandwidth.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-6 Carrier to Noise Ratio Components Carrier Bandwidth (CBW) is typically the occupied bandwidth of the carrier and the Noise Bandwidth is the flat noise bandwidth (NBW). Noise BW (NBW) = flat noise bandwidth Carrier BW (CBW) RMS (total carrier power) Carrier The carrier now appears larger because of the added noise power.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Figure 9-7 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Use the following steps to apply 10 MHz bandwidth noise to a 500 MHz, –10 dBm carrier. 1. Configure the noise: a. Preset the signal generator. b. Press Mode > More > Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN c. Press Bandwidth > 10 > MHz. 2.
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN 248 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
10 Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) NOTE For the N5162A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) Real–Time Phase Noise Impairment Real–Time Phase Noise Impairment This feature lets you degrade the phase noise performance of the signal generator by controlling two frequency points and an amplitude value. The signal generator adds this phase noise to the phase noise normally produced by the Agilent MXG. This feature appears in each of the arb formats and as a stand–alone menu.
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) The Agilent MXG Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments The Agilent MXG Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments Phase Noise Plots Without Phase Noise Impairment −50 dBc/Hz −50 dBc/Hz Flat mid–frequency offset The Agilent MXG demonstrates a definitive shape to its phase noise plot.
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) The Agilent MXG Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments Phase Noise Plots With Phase Noise Impairments −50 dBc/Hz Flat mid–frequency offset characteristics (Lmid) −50 dBc/Hz Resultant phase noise plot f1 f2 No additive phase noise −50 dBc/Hz 100 Hz Flat mid–frequency offset characteristics (Lmid) When turned on, this phase noise is added to the base phase noise of the signal generator.
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) Understanding the Phase Noise Adjustments Understanding the Phase Noise Adjustments The signal generator bases the resultant phase noise shape on three settings, Lmid (amplitude), f1 (start frequency), and f2 (stop frequency). The range for Lmid is coupled to f2, so as f2 increases in value, Lmid’s upper boundary decreases.
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling When using phase noise impairment, it is possible to create a DAC over–range condition, which causes the Agilent MXG to generate an error. To minimize this condition with the phase noise impairment feature, the Agilent MXG incorporates an automatic DAC over–range protection feature that scales down the I/Q data.
11 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) NOTE For the N5162A, the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Custom Modulation Custom Modulation has built–in modulation standards such as TETRA and DECT; and pre–defined modulation types such as BPSK and 16QAM that can be used to create a signal in addition, it provides the flexibility to modify the digital format’s attributes. ARB Custom Modulation Waveform Generator The signal generator’s ARB Waveform Generator mode is designed for out–of–channel test applications.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-1 ARB Custom Modulation Softkeys page 132 page 289 page 294 Available only when Multicarrier is Off. Enables the current ARB custom modulation settings. page 268 page 258 This softkey changes, depending on the selected mode of modulation. page 268 page 186 Available only when Multicarrier is On. page 164 page 133 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-2 Quick Setup Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label shows the currently selected modulation standard. page 267 page 259 page 271 page 260 Press Symbol Rate softkey and use numeric keypad to change value as required. The default (initial) Symbol Rate maximum range value is dependent upon the modulation standard selected with the Quick Setup softkey.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-3 Mode Type Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 258 page 263 page 263 page 271 page 260 page 263 Sets the modulation depth for the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Sets the symmetric Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) frequency deviation value. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-4 Store Custom Dig Mod State Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Store Custom Dig Mod State page 266 Catalog displays digital modulation (DMOD) files that have been previously saved. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator This section teaches you how to build dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform files containing custom TDMA, digital modulation for testing component designs. Figure 11-5 Adding Custom Modulation to a Waveform Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label updates to reflect the current modulation type.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Configuring the RF Output 1. Set the RF output frequency to 891 MHz. 2. Set the output amplitude to −5 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. The predefined EDGE signal is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom TDMA Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to set up a single–carrier NADC digital modulation with customized modulation type, symbol rate, and filtering. Figure 11-6 Setting a Digital Modulation Filter Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label updates to reflect the current modulation standard. page 267 This softkey sets the filter shape.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 11-7 Modifying a Digital Modulation Type Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Modulation Type > Select For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. These softkeys, open a menu to select an existing user I/Q or user FSK file that can be selected and applied to the current modulation type. Note: This is the 2nd page of the PSK menu. Note: This is the 2nd page of the QPSK menu.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Selecting the Filter 1. In the Setup Mod menu (page 263), press Filter > Select > Nyquist. 2. Press Return > Return. Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On. This generates a waveform with the custom, single–carrier NADC, digital modulation state created in the previous sections. The display changes to Dig Mod Setup: NADC (Modified).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 11-8 Storing a Custom Digital Modulation State Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 43 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays DMOD files that have been previously saved by the user. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 1. Return to the top–level ARB Custom Modulation menu, where Digital Modulation Off On is the first softkey. 2.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Recalling a Custom TDMA Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you will learn how to recall a custom digital modulation state from signal non–volatile memory.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to customize a predefined, multicarrier, digital modulation setup by creating a custom, 3–carrier EDGE, digital modulation state.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Multicarrier Digital Modulation Setup 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Multicarrier Off On to On. 3. Press Multicarrier Setup > Select Carrier and Initialize Table > Carrier Setup > EDGE > Done. Modifying Carrier Frequency Offset 1. Highlight the Freq Offset value (500.000 kHz) for the carrier in row 2. 2. Press –625 > kHz. Modifying Carrier Power 1. Highlight the Power value (0.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Storing a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you learn how to store a custom, multicarrier, TDMA, digital modulation state to non–volatile memory. If you have not created a custom, multicarrier, digital modulation state, complete the steps in the previous section, “Creating a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State” on page 268.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Finite Impulse Response filters can be used to refine the transitions between symbol decision points of the generated waveforms.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Figure 11-13 Creating a User–Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Filter Table Editor Mode > ARB Custom Modulation> Single Carrier Setup > Filter > Define User FIR > More 1 of 2 > Delete All Rows > Confirm Delete of All Rows For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Opens a menu that enables you to select and load a saved file into volatile memory. See page 43.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Table 11-1 Coefficient Value Coefficient Value 3 −0.004424 11 −0.088484 4 0.007745 12 0.123414 5 0.029610 13 0.442748 6 0.043940 14 0.767329 7 0.025852 15 0.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order. The signal generator provides a mirror table function that automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order. 1. Press Mirror Table.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Figure 11-15 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 2. Press Return. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Refer to Figure 11- 16. Figure 11-16 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 4. Press Return to return to the menu keys. Storing the Filter to Memory Use the following steps to store the file. 1. Press Load/Store > Store To File.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Figure 11-17 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays FIR files that have been previously saved by the user. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Memory is also shared by instrument state files and list sweep files. This filter can now be used to customize a modulation format or it can be used as a basis for a new filter design.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 11-18 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. These softkeys select a window function (apodization function) for a filter. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Quick Setup > NADC. 3.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor 5. Press Filter Symbols > 8 > Enter. 6. Press Generate. NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument. A value between 4 and 16 is chosen dependent on the symbol rate, the number of bits per symbol of the modulation type, and the number of symbols. 7. Press Display Impulse Response (refer to Figure 11- 19).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Refer to Figure 11- 20 on page 278. The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool (in this case, it indicates that a coefficient value is missing, resulting in an improper Gaussian response). 4. Press Return. 5. Highlight coefficient 15. 6. Press 1 > Enter. Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters (alphanumeric and special characters). 1. Press Load/Store > Store To File. 2.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding The following illustration shows a 4QAM modulation I/Q State Map. 2nd Symbol Data = 00000001 Distinct values: –1, +1 1st Symbol Data = 00000000 Distinct values: +1, +1 2 1 3 4 3rd Symbol Data = 00000010 Distinct values: –1, –1 4th Symbol Data = 00000011 Distinct values: +1, –1 Differential encoding employs relative offsets between the states in the symbol table to encode user–defined modulation schemes.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Table 11-2 Data Offset Value 00000010 +2 00000011 0 NOTE The number of bits per symbol can be expressed using the following formula. Because the equation is a ceiling function, if the value of x contains a fraction, x is rounded up to the next whole number. Where x = bits per symbol, and y = the number of differential states.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding These symbol table offsets will result in one of the transitions, as shown.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding 1st 1st Symbol 3rd Symbol { { { 2nd 5th Symbol 4th Symbol 2nd Symbol 5th { { Data = 0011100001 4th 3rd Data Value 00 01 10 11 Symbol Table Offset +1 –1 +2 +0 As you can see from the previous illustration, the 1st and 4th symbols, having the same data value (00), produce the same state transition (forward 1 state).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding For TMDA Formats Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Quick Setup (desired format) > Modulation Type > Define User I/Q > More 1 of 2 > Load Default I/Q Map > QAM > 4QAM This loads a default 4QAM I/Q modulation and displays it in the I/Q table editor. The default 4QAM I/Q modulation contains data that represent 4 symbols (00, 01, 10, and 11) mapped into the I/Q plane using 2 distinct values (1.000000 and −1.000000).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Editing the Differential State Map 1. Press 1 > Enter. This encodes the first symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1. The symbol rotates forward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 0 is modulated. 2. Press +/– > 1 > Enter. This encodes the second symbol by adding a symbol table offset of −1. The symbol rotates backward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 1 is modulated.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding 286 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
11 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) NOTE For the N5162A, the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Custom Modulation Custom Modulation has built–in modulation standards such as TETRA and DECT; and pre–defined modulation types such as BPSK and 16QAM that can be used to create a signal in addition, it provides the flexibility to modify the digital format’s attributes. ARB Custom Modulation Waveform Generator The signal generator’s ARB Waveform Generator mode is designed for out–of–channel test applications.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-1 ARB Custom Modulation Softkeys page 132 page 289 page 294 Available only when Multicarrier is Off. Enables the current ARB custom modulation settings. page 268 page 258 This softkey changes, depending on the selected mode of modulation. page 268 page 186 Available only when Multicarrier is On. page 164 page 133 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-2 Quick Setup Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label shows the currently selected modulation standard. page 267 page 259 page 271 page 260 Press Symbol Rate softkey and use numeric keypad to change value as required. The default (initial) Symbol Rate maximum range value is dependent upon the modulation standard selected with the Quick Setup softkey.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-3 Mode Type Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 258 page 263 page 263 page 271 page 260 page 263 Sets the modulation depth for the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Sets the symmetric Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) frequency deviation value. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 11-4 Store Custom Dig Mod State Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Store Custom Dig Mod State page 266 Catalog displays digital modulation (DMOD) files that have been previously saved. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator This section teaches you how to build dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform files containing custom TDMA, digital modulation for testing component designs. Figure 11-5 Adding Custom Modulation to a Waveform Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label updates to reflect the current modulation type.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Configuring the RF Output 1. Set the RF output frequency to 891 MHz. 2. Set the output amplitude to −5 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. The predefined EDGE signal is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom TDMA Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to set up a single–carrier NADC digital modulation with customized modulation type, symbol rate, and filtering. Figure 11-6 Setting a Digital Modulation Filter Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label updates to reflect the current modulation standard. page 267 This softkey sets the filter shape.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 11-7 Modifying a Digital Modulation Type Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Modulation Type > Select For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. These softkeys, open a menu to select an existing user I/Q or user FSK file that can be selected and applied to the current modulation type. Note: This is the 2nd page of the PSK menu. Note: This is the 2nd page of the QPSK menu.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Selecting the Filter 1. In the Setup Mod menu (page 263), press Filter > Select > Nyquist. 2. Press Return > Return. Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On. This generates a waveform with the custom, single–carrier NADC, digital modulation state created in the previous sections. The display changes to Dig Mod Setup: NADC (Modified).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 11-8 Storing a Custom Digital Modulation State Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 43 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays DMOD files that have been previously saved by the user. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 1. Return to the top–level ARB Custom Modulation menu, where Digital Modulation Off On is the first softkey. 2.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Recalling a Custom TDMA Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you will learn how to recall a custom digital modulation state from signal non–volatile memory.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to customize a predefined, multicarrier, digital modulation setup by creating a custom, 3–carrier EDGE, digital modulation state.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Multicarrier Digital Modulation Setup 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Multicarrier Off On to On. 3. Press Multicarrier Setup > Select Carrier and Initialize Table > Carrier Setup > EDGE > Done. Modifying Carrier Frequency Offset 1. Highlight the Freq Offset value (500.000 kHz) for the carrier in row 2. 2. Press –625 > kHz. Modifying Carrier Power 1. Highlight the Power value (0.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Storing a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you learn how to store a custom, multicarrier, TDMA, digital modulation state to non–volatile memory. If you have not created a custom, multicarrier, digital modulation state, complete the steps in the previous section, “Creating a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State” on page 268.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Finite Impulse Response filters can be used to refine the transitions between symbol decision points of the generated waveforms.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Figure 11-13 Creating a User–Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Filter Table Editor Mode > ARB Custom Modulation> Single Carrier Setup > Filter > Define User FIR > More 1 of 2 > Delete All Rows > Confirm Delete of All Rows For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Opens a menu that enables you to select and load a saved file into volatile memory. See page 43.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Table 11-1 Coefficient Value Coefficient Value 3 −0.004424 11 −0.088484 4 0.007745 12 0.123414 5 0.029610 13 0.442748 6 0.043940 14 0.767329 7 0.025852 15 0.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order. The signal generator provides a mirror table function that automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order. 1. Press Mirror Table.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in ARB Custom Modulation Figure 11-15 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 2. Press Return. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Refer to Figure 11- 16. Figure 11-16 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 4. Press Return to return to the menu keys. Storing the Filter to Memory Use the following steps to store the file. 1. Press Load/Store > Store To File.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Figure 11-17 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays FIR files that have been previously saved by the user. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Memory is also shared by instrument state files and list sweep files. This filter can now be used to customize a modulation format or it can be used as a basis for a new filter design.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 11-18 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. These softkeys select a window function (apodization function) for a filter. 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Quick Setup > NADC. 3.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor 5. Press Filter Symbols > 8 > Enter. 6. Press Generate. NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument. A value between 4 and 16 is chosen dependent on the symbol rate, the number of bits per symbol of the modulation type, and the number of symbols. 7. Press Display Impulse Response (refer to Figure 11- 19).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Refer to Figure 11- 20 on page 278. The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool (in this case, it indicates that a coefficient value is missing, resulting in an improper Gaussian response). 4. Press Return. 5. Highlight coefficient 15. 6. Press 1 > Enter. Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters (alphanumeric and special characters). 1. Press Load/Store > Store To File. 2.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding The following illustration shows a 4QAM modulation I/Q State Map. 2nd Symbol Data = 00000001 Distinct values: –1, +1 1st Symbol Data = 00000000 Distinct values: +1, +1 2 1 3 4 3rd Symbol Data = 00000010 Distinct values: –1, –1 4th Symbol Data = 00000011 Distinct values: +1, –1 Differential encoding employs relative offsets between the states in the symbol table to encode user–defined modulation schemes.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Table 11-2 Data Offset Value 00000010 +2 00000011 0 NOTE The number of bits per symbol can be expressed using the following formula. Because the equation is a ceiling function, if the value of x contains a fraction, x is rounded up to the next whole number. Where x = bits per symbol, and y = the number of differential states.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding These symbol table offsets will result in one of the transitions, as shown.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding 1st 1st Symbol 3rd Symbol { { { 2nd 5th Symbol 4th Symbol 2nd Symbol 5th { { Data = 0011100001 4th 3rd Data Value 00 01 10 11 Symbol Table Offset +1 –1 +2 +0 As you can see from the previous illustration, the 1st and 4th symbols, having the same data value (00), produce the same state transition (forward 1 state).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding For TMDA Formats Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Quick Setup (desired format) > Modulation Type > Define User I/Q > More 1 of 2 > Load Default I/Q Map > QAM > 4QAM This loads a default 4QAM I/Q modulation and displays it in the I/Q table editor. The default 4QAM I/Q modulation contains data that represent 4 symbols (00, 01, 10, and 11) mapped into the I/Q plane using 2 distinct values (1.000000 and −1.000000).
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Editing the Differential State Map 1. Press 1 > Enter. This encodes the first symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1. The symbol rotates forward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 0 is modulated. 2. Press +/– > 1 > Enter. This encodes the second symbol by adding a symbol table offset of −1. The symbol rotates backward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 1 is modulated.
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding 286 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
12 Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) NOTE For the N5162A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation Using Two–Tone Modulation In the following sections, this chapter describes the two–tone mode, which is available only in N5162A/82A Agilent MXG Vector signal generators with Option 430: • Creating a Two–Tone Waveform on page 289 • Viewing a Two–Tone Waveform on page 290 • Minimizing Carrier Feedthrough on page 291 • Changing the Alignment of a Two–Tone Waveform on page 292 See also: Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters on page 14
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation Two–Tone Modulation Softkeys Becomes active when a change is made to the Freq Separation or Alignment Softkeys. Becomes active when Two Tone is turned On. page 241 page 294 page 250 Active when Two–Tone enabled. For softkey usage, see page 133. see page 133 (Two–Tone’s Arb Setup is similar to the Dual Arb Setup.) For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation Figure 12-1 Mode > Two–Tone For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Viewing a Two–Tone Waveform This procedure describes how to configure the spectrum analyzer to view a two–tone waveform and its IMD products. Actual key presses will vary, depending on the model of spectrum analyzer you are using. 1. Preset the spectrum analyzer. 2. Set the carrier frequency to 6 GHz. 3. Set the frequency span to 60 MHz. 4.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation Figure 12-2 Two–Tone Channels Carrier Feedthrough Intermodulation Distortion For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Carrier Feedthrough Distortion Minimizing Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation 8. Create a marker and place it on the peak of one of the two tones. 9. Create a delta marker and place it on the peak of the adjacent intermodulation product, which should be spaced 10 MHz from the marked tone. 10. Measure the power difference between the tone and its distortion product. You should now see a display that is similar to the one shown in Figure 12- 3 on page 292.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the two–tone generator is operating (Two Tone Off On set to On), you must apply the change by pressing the Apply Settings softkey before the updated waveform will be generated. When you apply a change, the baseband generator creates a two–tone waveform using the new settings and replaces the existing waveform in ARB memory. 3.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Using Multitone Modulation Multitone Modulation Softkeys This softkey is active if changes have been made to the current Multitone waveform in the table editor. The softkey must be pressed to apply those changes. page 294 page 295 page 296 page 296 Active when Multitone enabled. For softkey usage, see page 132 page 132 see page 133 (Multitone’s ARB Setup is similar to Dual Arb Setup.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Figure 12-5 The Random Seed softkey that affects the Multitone’s phase values is not used in the following examples and is shown for reference, only. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. 5. Press Done. You now have a multitone setup with five tones spaced 20 kHz apart. The center tone is placed at the carrier frequency, while the other four tones are spaced in 20 kHz increments from the center tone.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Configuring the RF Output 1. Set the RF output frequency to 100 MHz. 2. Set the output amplitude to 0 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. The multitone waveform is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Recalling a Multitone Waveform Using this procedure, you learn how to recall a multitone waveform from the signal generator’s memory catalog. If you have not created and stored a multitone waveform, complete the steps in the previous sections, Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform on page 287 and Storing a Multitone Waveform on page 296, then preset the signal generator to clear the stored multitone waveform from volatile ARB memory.
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation 298 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
13 Working in a Secure Environment NOTE For the N5161A/62A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference.
Working in a Secure Environment Understanding Memory Types Firmware Memory (Flash) Data Retained When Powered Off? Memory Type and Size Writable During Normal Operation? Table 13-1 Base Instrument Memory (Continued) Purpose/Contents No Yes main firmware image Data Input Method Location in Instrument and Remarks factory installed or firmware upgrade CPU board (same chip as main flash memory, but managed separately) During normal operation, this memory cannot be overwritten.
Working in a Secure Environment Understanding Memory Types Waveform Memory (RAM) Data Retained When Powered Off? Memory Type and Size Writable During Normal Operation? Table 13-2 Baseband Generator Memory (Options 651,652, 654) Purpose/Contents Data Input Method Remarks Yes No waveforms (including header and marker data) normal user operation Not battery backed. Yes Yes all user data normal user operation User data is completely sanitized when you perform the Erase and Sanitize function.
Working in a Secure Environment Removing Data from Memory (Option 006 Only) Removing Data from Memory (Option 006 Only) When moving the signal generator from a secure development environment, there are several security functions you can use to remove classified proprietary information from the instrument.
Working in a Secure Environment Removing Data from Memory (Option 006 Only) Erase and Overwrite All This performs the same actions as Erase All, plus it clears and overwrites the various memory types in compliance with the National Industry Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) DoD 5220.22–M. CPU Flash Overwrites all addressable locations with random characters and then erases the flash blocks. This accomplishes the same purpose as a chip erase. System files are restored after erase.
Working in a Secure Environment Removing Data from Memory (Option 006 Only) LAN Setup The LAN setup (hostname, IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway) information is not defaulted with a signal generator power–on or *RST command. This information can only be changed or cleared by entering new data.
Working in a Secure Environment Using the Secure Display (Option 006 Only) • If you have another working instrument, install the board (or boards) into that instrument and erase the memory. Then reinstall the board (or boards) back into the nonworking instrument and send it to a repair facility for repair and calibration.
Working in a Secure Environment Using the Secure Display (Option 006 Only) Figure 13-1 Secure Display Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42. Activates frequency security that blanks the frequency annotation. Also, turns off the frequency, amplitude, and sweep softkeys. Preset turns off this feature.
14 NOTE Troubleshooting For the N5161A/62A the softkey menus and features mentioned in this guide are only available through the Web–Enabled MXG or SCPI commands. For information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Installation Guide, the Programming Guide, and to the SCPI Command Reference.
Troubleshooting Display Display The Display is Too Dark to Read Both brightness and contrast may be set to minimum. Use the figure in “Display Settings” on page 26 to locate the brightness and contrast softkeys and adjust their values so that you can see the display. The Display Turns Black when Using USB Media Removing the USB media when the instrument begins to use it can cause the screen to go black. Cycle instrument power.
Troubleshooting RF Output RF Output Power too Low • If the AMPLITUDE area of the display shows the OFFS indicator, eliminate the offset: Press Amptd > More 1 of 2 > Amptd Offset > 0 > dB. See also “Setting an Output Offset” on page 107. • If the AMPLITUDE area of the display shows the REF indicator, turn off the reference mode: 1. Press Amptd > More > Amptd Ref Off On until Off highlights. 2. Reset the output power to the desired level. See also “Setting an Output Reference” on page 108.
Troubleshooting RF Output The figure at right shows a configuration in which the signal generator provides a low amplitude signal to a mixer. The internally leveled signal generator RF output (and ALC level) is −8 dBm. The mixer is driven with an LO of +10 dBm and has an LO–to–RF isolation of 15 dB. The resulting −5 dBm LO feedthrough enters the signal generator’s RF output connector and arrives at the internal detector.
Troubleshooting Sweep Sweep Cannot Turn Off Sweep Press Sweep > Sweep > Off. Sweep Appears Stalled The current status of the sweep is indicated as a shaded rectangle in the progress bar (see “Configuring a Swept Output” on page 48). If the sweep appears to stall, check the following: 1. Turn on the sweep with one of the following key sequences: Sweep > Sweep > Freq Sweep > Sweep > Amptd Sweep > Sweep > Waveform (vector instruments only) 2. If the sweep is in single mode, press the Single Sweep softkey. 3.
Troubleshooting Internal Media Data Storage Internal Media Data Storage Instrument State Saved but the Register is Empty or Contains the Wrong State If the register number you intended to use is empty or contains the wrong instrument state, recall register 99. If you selected a register number greater than 99, the signal generator automatically saves the instrument state in register 99. See also “Working with Instrument State Files” on page 69.
Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Messages Error Message Types Events do not generate more than one type of error. For example, an event that generates a query error does not generate a device–specific, execution, or command error. Query Errors (–499 to –400) indicate that the instrument’s output queue control has detected a problem with the message exchange protocol described in IEEE 488.2, Chapter 6. Errors in this class set the query error bit (bit 2) in the event status register (IEEE 488.
Troubleshooting Front Panel Tests Front Panel Tests Set all display pixels to the selected color. To return to normal operation, press any key. Blink RF On/Off, Mod on/Off, and More LEDs Displays a keyboard map. As you press a key, the map indicates the key location. Correct operation: Full CCW = –10 Full CW = 10 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 42.
Troubleshooting Self Test Overview Self Test Overview The self test is a series of internal tests that checks different signal generator functions. The self test, is also available by via the remote web interface. For more information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Programming Guide. Utility > Instrument Info Automatically runs diagnostic self test. Self Test Summary displays current status. Opens a table in which user selects specific tests and view details in Test Editor display.
Troubleshooting Self Test Overview NOTE N5183A MXG with non 1E1 Option (no attenuator), a warning message will be displayed on the Self Test Summary window as shown below. For instruments with attenuators the attenuators are auto set to maximum value before self-test executes and resets to nominal at conclusion.
Troubleshooting Licenses Licenses A Time–Based License Quits Working • The instrument’s time or date may have been reset forward causing the time–based license to expire. • The instrument’s time or date may have been reset backward more than approximately 25 hours, causing the instrument to ignore time–based licenses. See page 28 for details and cautions on setting time and date.
Troubleshooting Contacting Agilent Technologies 318 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Glossary A Active Entry The currently selected, and therefore editable, entry or parameter ARB Arbitrary waveform generator AWG Arbitrary waveform generator. Additive white Gaussian noise F Filter factor Alpha The filter’s alpha coefficient. It is only valid for root nyquist and nyquist filters. Filter Factor BbT The filter’s bandwidth- bit- time (BbT). It is only valid for a Gaussian filter (similar to alpha). BbT is defined by the GSM standard as 0.3 and by the DECT standard as 0.5.
IP Internet protocol. The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks. Point- to- point Time In a step sweep (page 51), the sum of the dwell time, processing time, switching time, and settling time. L R LAN Local area network Rectangular filter Also referred to as a ideal low pass filter. These filters have very steep cut- off characteristics. The pass band is set to equal the symbol rate of the signal.
T TCP Transmission control protocol. The most common transport layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet. Terminator A unit indicator (such as Hz or dBm) that completes an entry. For example, for the entry 100 Hz, Hz is the terminator. Type- N Connector Threaded RF connector used to join coaxial cables. U USB Universal serial bus. See also http://www.usb.org User FIR Selects a user- defined set of coefficient values. Each line in the FIR values table contains one coefficient value.
322 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Index Symbols , 198 ΦM annunciator, 11, 13 dc offset, removing, 77 hardkey, 75 softkeys, 75, 77 # points softkey, 51 # Skipped Points softkey, 152 Numerics 10 MHz OUT connector, 17, 23 100Base- T LAN cable, 31 128 QAM softkey, 259 1410, application note, 288 16- Lvl FSK softkey, 259 16QAM softkey, 259 256 QAM softkey, 259 2- Lvl FSK softkey, 259 32QAM softkey, 259 430, option multitone mode, 294 two- tone, 288 two- tone mode, 288 4- Lvl FSK softkey, 259 4QAM softkey, 259 5- Pack history, waveform files, 23
Index player, dual, 132 softkeys, 132, 163, 242, 243, 244, 245, 250 waveform clipping, 171 arb, 256 Arb Custom FIR filters, 271 FIR table editor, 276 Arb Segment softkey, 68 Arb Sequence softkey, 68 arb setup softkey, 208 ARMED annunciator, 11, 13 arrow keys, 43 ASK Depth softkey, 259 ASK softkey, 259 ATTEN HOLD annunciator, 11, 13 Atten/ALC Control softkey, 45, 47 Auto softkeys (DHCP/Auto- IP), 31 Auto, 105 Recall, 119 AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file, 256 auto- IP, 31 Auto- IP softkey, 31 Automatically Use USB Media
Index bandwidth, 241 configuring, 46 feedthrough, 128 modulating, 60 softkeys, 242, 243, 244, 245 to noise ratio, 241 Carrier Bandwidth softkey, 242, 243, 244, 245 carrier feedthrough, minimizing, 291 Carrier Softkey, 242, 243, 244, 245 Carrier to Noise softkey, 242, 243 Carrier+Noise softkey, 242, 244, 245 Catalog Type softkey, 63, 64, 68, 141 catalog, state files, 72 ccw, 319 CDPD softkey, 258, 259 ceiling function, bits per symbol, 281 Channel Band softkey, 45, 47 Channel Number softkey, 45, 47 circular
Index type, 73 using, 62 date, setting, 28 dc offset, 128 dc offset, removing, 77 DCFMΦ/DCfM Cal softkey, 75 DECT softkey, 258 Default Gateway softkey, 31 default settings restoring, 27, 31, 194 system, restoring, 42 Default softkey, 258 delay I/Q, 193 multiple BBG sync, 212 Delete softkeys All Regs in Seq, 69 All Segments On Int Media, 134 All Segments On USB Media, 134 All Sequence Files, 63 All Sequences, 69, 119 All Waveforms, 137 All Waveforms softkey, 161 File, 63 File or Directory, 63, 65, 68, 73 Ite
Index Edit softkeys Description, 141 Noise RMS Override, 141 Repetitions, 161 RMS, 141 Selected Waveform Sequence, 137, 161 Editing Keys softkey, 43 Editing Mode softkey, 43 EEPROM, 299 Enable/Disable Markers softkey, 137, 161 Enter Directory softkey, 67 entry, active, 319 equalization filter, 196 filter, user, 196 equipment setup, 213 equipment, user flatness correction, 90, 91 ERR annunciator, 12, 13 Error hardkey, 74 error messages, 74 DAC over range, 181, 186 display area, 12 file, 313 message format, 7
Index creating, 199, 271 modifying, 204, 276 storing, 203, 275 using, 198, 271 FIR table editor accessing, 199, 271 Arb Custom, 276 coefficients, duplicating, 201, 274 coefficients, entering values, 199, 272 coefficients, modifying, 206, 278 Dual ARB, 199, 204 files, loading, 205, 277 filters creating, 199, 271 modifying, 204, 276 storing, 203, 207, 275, 279 oversample ratio, setting, 202, 274 firmware memory, 299 upgrading, 29, 317 First Mkr Point softkey, 152 First Sample Point softkey, 152 Fixed softkey,
Index rear panel outputs, 18 rear panel outputs, using, 191 signal path, optimizing, 191 signal, aligning, 148 softkey, 197 softkeys, 128, 190–195 waveform, clipping, 171 ideal low- pass filter.
Index listener mode annunciator, 12, 14 LO, 320 Load From Selected File softkey, 65, 67 Load List softkey, 67 Load softkeys All From Int Media, 134 All From USB Media, 134 Cal Array From Step Array, 89 From Selected File, 66, 67 Load/Store, 56, 66, 67 Segment From Int Media, 134 Segment From USB Media, 134 Store, 134 Sweep List, 67 Load/Store softkey, 56, 65, 67 Local hardkey, 6 lock up, troubleshooting, 308 logarithmic sweep, 51 LVDS MXG, 2 PXB, 2 LVDS compatibility with the PXB, 2 LXI, 320 configuring the
Index NADC, 268 PDC, 268 PHS, 268 PWT, 268 TETRA, 268 multicarrier setup softkeys, 268 multicarrier TDMA waveforms creating, 268 multicarrier, Default softkey.
Index PM Config Calibrate Sensor, 92 Zero Sensor, 92 PM Config softkeys Connection Type, 92 PM VXI- 11 Device Name, 92 Power Meter IP Address, 92 Power Meter IP Port, 92 Point Trigger softkey, 49 point- to- point time, 320 polarity, external trigger, 166 polarity, marker, setting, 160 power meter, 88, 93 on, settings, 27 peak- to- average, reducing, 175 receptacle, 15, 21 search, 106 search automatic, 107 search settings, 106 sensor, models, 90, 91 setting, 45, 47 softkeys, 25, 27, 47–56, 105 supply, troubl
Index Dual ARB, 208 real- time modulation filter softkey, 208 rear panel I/Q outputs, 191 overview n5161a, 15 n5162a, 15 n5181a, 15 n5182a, 15 n5183a, 21 Recall hardkey, 69 Recall keys hardkey, 119 Instrument State, 63, 67 Reg, 119 State, 67 recall register, troubleshooting, 311 receiver test, 256 rectangular clipping, 176, 179 rectangular filter definition, 320 REF annunciator, 12, 14 REF IN connector, 17, 22 Ref Oscillator Ext Bandwidth key, 46 Ref Oscillator Ext Freq key, 46 Ref Oscillator Source softkey
Index segments advance triggering, 167 file headers, 141 loading, 134 softkeys, 134 storing, loading, & playing, 134 Select hardkey, 43 Select Seq softkey, 119 Select softkeys Color Palette, 26 Different Header, 141, 145 Header, 141 Internal File(s) to Copy to USB, 68 Reg, 69 Seq, 69 Waveform, 56 self test, 315 Sequence softkey, 63, 141 sequences editing, 139 file headers, 141 marker control, 160 playing, 140 waveform, 137 serial data, synchronizing, 20 server, enabling, 32 service Agilent offices, 317 guid
Index T T annunciator, 12, 14 talker mode annunciator, 12, 14 TCP, 321 TCP Keep Alive softkeys, 31 TDMA custom digital modulation, predefined, 261 TDMA digital modulation, 261 terminator, 321 test, self, 315 test, self- web- enabled, 315 tests, front panel, 314 TETRA softkey, 258 text area (on display), 13 text entry softkeys, 134 time, dwell, 319 time, setting, 28 time/date reference point, 28 Time/Date softkey, 28 time- based license, 28, 317 Timer Trigger softkey, 49, 111 Toggle softkeys, 161 Total Noise
Index View Previous Error Page softkey, 74 volatile memory, 132, 134 volatile, definition, 321 VXI- 11, enabling, 32 VXT- 11 SCPI softkey, 32 triggering, 164 two- tone, 288–293 Waveform 5- Pack, 235 Web Server softkey, 32 window settings, FIR filter, 205, 277 WINIT annunciator, 12, 14 W waveform adding custom modulation, 261 Waveform 5- Pack history, using, 235 history, waveform files, 235 installing, 229 licensing, 228 licensing, understanding, 228 licensing, warning messages, 239 licensing, waveform fil
