BreezeNET PRO.11 Series User’s Guide Revision A (Software Version 4.4.) July, 1999 Cat. No.
Front Matter © 1999 by BreezeCOM Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form without the written permission of the copyright owner. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form without the written permission of the copyright owner. Trade Names BreezeNET and BreezeLINK are trade names of BreezeCOM Ltd. Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. User’s Guide ii BreezeNET PRO.
Front Matter Statement of Conditions The information contained in this user's guide is subject to change without notice. BreezeCOM Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this user's guide or equipment supplied with it. Warranty In the following warranty text, “the Company” shall mean: - BreezeCOM Inc., for products located in the USA. - BreezeCOM Ltd., for products located outside the USA.
Front Matter Contacting BreezeCOM Technical Support Should you need assistance beyond the scope of this guide, please contact your local BreezeCOM reseller or distributor. If they cannot solve your problem, feel free to contact the BreezeCOM Technical Support Department. The support representatives can assist you in solving any problems that cannot be solved by your reseller.
Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Scope of the User’s Guide ............................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features ............................................................................ 1-2 1.3 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Product Line ...................................................................
Table of Contents 3. USING THE LOCAL TERMINAL FOR UNIT SETUP AND MANAGEMENT ......... 3-1 3.1 Getting Started with the Local Terminal ...................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Configuration Screens .................................................................................................. 3-2 3.3 Main Menu ................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.4 System Configuration Menu..........
Table of Contents 4.5.4 Configuration Access Tab ............................................................................... 4-17 4.5.5 Power Management Tab .................................................................................. 4-19 4.5.6 Security Tab..................................................................................................... 4-20 4.5.7 Maintenance Tab ............................................................................................. 4-23 4.5.8 Radio Tab.
Table of Contents 5.5 Precautions ................................................................................................................. 5-33 5.5.1 Transmit Antenna ............................................................................................ 5-33 5.5.2 Spurious Radio Frequency Emissions ............................................................. 5-33 5.5.3 Lightning Protection ........................................................................................ 5-34 5.5.
Table of Contents 9.5.1 Architecture Components ................................................................................ 9-25 9.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Layers Description ..................................................................... 9-27 9.5.3 The MAC Layer............................................................................................... 9-27 9.5.4 How Does a Station Join an Existing Cell....................................................... 9-33 9.5.5 Roaming.........................
Table of Figures TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. AP-10 PRO.11 with Two Built-in Omni-Directional Antennas..................... 1-4 Figure 1-2. SA-10 PRO.11 with Two Integrated Omni-Directional Antennas ................. 1-6 Figure 1-3. SA-40 PRO.11 with Two Integrated Omni-Directional Antennas ................. 1-7 Figure 1-4. WB-10D PRO.11 with Two External Antenna Connector Ports.................... 1-9 Figure 1-5. The SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card....................................................................
Table of Figures Figure 4-19. Survey Log.................................................................................................. 4-29 Figure 4-20. Upgrade Kit Program Introductory Window .............................................. 4-32 Figure 4-21. Upgrade Kit Program Welcome Window................................................... 4-33 Figure 4-22. Upgrade Kit Program Step 1....................................................................... 4-33 Figure 4-23. Upgrade Kit Program Step 2...
Table of Figures Figure 9-12. Figure 9-13. Figure 9-14. Figure 9-15. Figure 9-16. Figure 9-17. Figure 9-18. Figure 9-19. Figure 9-20. Figure 9-21. Figure 9-22. User’s Guide Fresnel Zone ............................................................................................... 9-24 Fresnel Zone Clear of Obstacles ................................................................. 9-25 Typical 802.11 LAN ...................................................................................
Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter outlines the scope of this User’s Guide, presents the members of the BreezeNET PRO.11 series, describes the benefits of BreezeNET PRO.11 wireless LANs and lists the product specifications. 1.1 Scope of the User’s Guide This User’s Guide provides instructions for planning and setting up your wireless LAN, provides details of how to install each unit, and how to install antennas and accessories.
Introduction ⇒ Chapter 9 Appendix –Lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 series products, lists product and attachment specifications, provides an overview of the concepts related to wireless LANs, discusses the concepts and applications of radio signal propagation relevant to wireless LANs, and introduces the new 802.11 standard. ⇒ Index 1.2 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features The following is a partial list of the BreezeNET PRO.11 series features: User’s Guide • IEEE 802.
Introduction ∗ Configuration Utility – This user-friendly application helps you quickly setup stations containing SA-PCR Card. You can save the configuration to a file and import the file to other stations for fast installation. ∗ Site Survey Utility – This user-friendly application records the signal strength received by the SA-PCR Card at different locations, giving a clear image of existing coverage. The gathered data indicates whether to add, remove, or move Access Points. 1.3 BreezeNET PRO.
Introduction 1.3.1 The BreezeNET PRO.11 Access Point The BreezeNET PRO.11 Access Point is fully compliant with the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard. The Access Point is a wireless hub that provides access for wireless workstations into wired Ethernet LANs.
Introduction mobile user becomes disassociated from one access point and associated with another. This process is fully transparent, requires no user intervention and involves no loss of data packets. Multiple Access Points can be positioned in locations where heavy network traffic is expected; this creates a multicell and increases the aggregate throughput capacity in areas where it is needed most.
Introduction 1.3.2 The BreezeNET PRO.11 Single Station Adapter The BreezeNET PRO.11 Single Station Adapter is a wireless LAN station adapter that converts any device equipped with an Ethernet interface into a wireless LAN station. The Single Station Adapter is transparent to the device’s hardware, software, and network operating system. This enables plug-and-play installation. Figure 1-2. SA-10 PRO.
Introduction Network connection is maintained while roaming between overlapping coverage areas. Transmission and reception can be continued while moving at high speed with no data packet loss or duplication. The Single Station Adapter is available in three models: • SA-10 PRO.11 with two integrated 2dbi omni-directional antennas. • SA-10D PRO.11 for use with external antenna(s). • SA-10DL PRO.11 for use in Europe with high gain antenna under the ETSI standard. 1.3.3 The BreezeNET PRO.
Introduction The Four Port Station Adapter enables connected workstations to communicate with other wireless stations in the same cell coverage area, and to access all network resources such as file servers, wired stations, printers and shared databases via the Access Point. The Four Port Station Adapter also allows highly efficient and fast wired communication among the four connected workstations.
Introduction 1.3.4 The BreezeNET PRO.11 Workgroup Bridge The BreezeNET Workgroup Bridge is a high-speed, wide-range wireless LAN bridge that provides connectivity to remote Ethernet networks. Figure 1-4. WB-10D PRO.11 with Two External Antenna Connector Ports The Workgroup Bridge communicates with the Access Points of the remote LANs, effectively creating an extended wireless network spanning sites situated up to 6 miles apart (in Europe, this range is limited by ETSI regulations to 2.
Introduction The BreezeNET Workgroup Bridge contains an embedded SNMP agent and software downloading capabilities enabling effective management. Software upgrades are downloaded using TFTP protocol via the Ethernet ports or via the wireless LAN and Access Point. The Workgroup Bridge is available in three models: User’s Guide • WB-10 PRO.11 with two integrated 2dbi omni-directional antennas. • WB-10D PRO.11 with two external antenna connector ports. • WB-10DL PRO.
Introduction 1.3.5 The BreezeNET PRO.11 SA-PCR Card The PC Card provides the portable computer user with continuous connectivity and complete mobility, allowing seamless roaming throughout the wireless LAN campus. Figure 1-5. The SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card The BreezeNET PRO.11 SA-PCR card converts any portable computer (including notebooks, laptops, penbased and handheld computers) containing a PCMCIA Release 2.1 type II slot into a wireless LAN workstation.
Introduction The SA-PCR Card is available in two models: • SA-PCR PRO.11 with two integrated omni-directional retractable antennas. • SA-PCD PRO.11 with two external antenna connector ports. 1.3.6 The BreezeNET PRO.11 Extended Range Access Point and Bridge Note: This product complies with European ETSI 300-328 and should only be used in countries which implement this standard. The BreezeNET PRO.
Introduction 1.4 BreezeNET PRO.11 Functional Description BreezeNET PRO.11 units add wireless functionality to existing Ethernet LANs. 1.4.1 Quick Review of Ethernet Standard Ethernet LAN stations are wired to a common bus. When one of the stations sends a message, it assigns a destination address to the message and sends the message on the bus. All stations on the bus “hear” the message, but only the station with the matching address processes the message. 1.4.
Introduction 1.4.4 SA-10 Station Adapter The SA-10 station adapter is connected to a station’s network card. When the station sends a message, the SA-10 wirelessly forwards it to the AP-10. And when the AP-10 receives a message destined for the station, it wirelessly forwards the message to the SA-10. The first time the station sends a message, the station’s address is registered in the AP-10.
Introduction 1.4.7 SA-PCR Station Adapter The SA-PCR station adapter is inserted into the station’s PCMCIA slot and features identical operation to that of the SA-10. As opposed to the SA-10 and SA-40 station adapters that connect to the station’s network card, the SA-PCR is the station’s network card.
Basic Installation 2. BASIC INSTALLATION This chapter describes physical installation of the BreezeNET PRO.11 series units described in Chapter 1, with the exception of the SA-PCR card. Installation of the SA-PCR PRO.11 PC card is described in Chapter 4. The BreezeNET PRO.11 series features plug-and-play operation, i.e., the unit starts operating immediately after physical installation with a set of default operation parameters.
Basic Installation • Mounting bracket for wall or ceiling installations and torque key for antenna connectors (supplied with D models). The AP-10 PRO.11 and AP-10DE Access Points come with the following additional components: • The BreezeNET PRO.11 series User’s Guide. • A monitor connector cable for connecting the units to a monitor in order to perform Local Terminal Management functions (see Section 3.1).
Basic Installation external antennas and RF cable. For information regarding external antenna installation, refer to Section 5.3. +HDW 6RXUFHV Keep the units well away from sources of heat, such as radiators and airconditioners. 2.3.1 Additional Considerations When Positioning the Access Point When positioning the AP-10 PRO.11 and AP-10DE Access Points, take into account the following additional considerations. +HLJKW Install the Access Point at least 1.
Basic Installation 2.4 Connect the Unit to the Power Supply The unit operates on a power input of 5VDC, (1200mA , 1500mA peak) supplied by the power transformer included with the unit. • Plug the output jack of the power transformer into the DC input socket on the unit. This socket may be located on the rear or side panel of the unit. • Connect the supplied power transformer to a power outlet - 110/ 220VAC. 2.
Basic Installation 2.6 Check Unit Functionality via the LED indicators Verify that the unit is functioning correctly via the front panel LEDs. The following tables describe the front panel LEDs for stations (SA-10, SA-40) and bridges (WB10), and for Access Points. 2.6.
Basic Installation 2.6.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3. USING THE LOCAL TERMINAL FOR UNIT SETUP AND MANAGEMENT BreezeNET PRO.11 series units feature plug-and-play operation; the unit starts operating immediately following physical installation with a set of default parameters. System-specific configuration of the unit to meet specific requirements can be done via a local terminal (ASCII ANSI terminal or PC) connected to the unit.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management ⇒To use Local Terminal Management: 1. Click an option number to open/activate the option. You may need to press Enter in some cases. 2. Press Esc to exit a menu or option. 3. Reset the unit after making configuration changes. 3.2 Configuration Screens Listed below are the menus, sub-menus, and parameters/options in the terminal program that the Installer can edit. Default values are listed where applicable.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management Menu Sub-Menu 1.4. Bridging 1.5. Station Control 1.6. Security 2. Advanced Settings Sub-Menu 1.4.1 LAN to WLAN Bridging Mode (AP only) 1.4.2 Intelligent Bridging Period (AP only) 1.4.3 IP Filtering 1.4.4 Tunneling 1.4.5 Broadcast Relaying 1.4.6 Unicast Relaying Default Values Reject Unknown 15 sec Disabled Both Enabled Enabled Enabled 1.5.1 Reset Unit 1.5.2 Load Defaults 1.6.1 Authentication Algorithm 1.6.2 Default Key ID 1.6.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management Menu Sub-Menu 2.5. Rate Sub-Menu Default Values 2.5.1 Multi-Rate Support Enabled 2.6. AP Redundancy Support 2.7. Maintenance 3. Site Survey Disabled Enabled (not available in APs) 2.7.1 Auto Calibration 2.7.2 Wait for Association Address 2.7.3 Japan Call Sign 3.1. System Counters 3.1.1 Display Ethernet and WLAN Counters 3.1.2 Display Rate Counters 3.1.3 Display Rx packets per frequency 3.1.4 Reset All Counters 3.1.5 Power Saving Counters 3.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.3 Main Menu Unit Mode Product Name Ordering BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10 DL) Official Version : Date: 26 May 1999 4.4.1 Version No. 15:10:33 BreezeNET Monitor ================= 1 - System Configuration 2 - Advanced Settings 3 - Site Survey 4 - Access Control Select option > Figure 3-1. Main Menu 3.4 System Configuration Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10 DL) Official Version : Date: 26 May 1999 4.4.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.4.1 Station Status Station Status is a read-only sub-menu that displays the current values of the following parameters: User’s Guide • Unit's Mode – Identifies the unit’s function. For example, if the unit is an Access Point, AP-10 appears in this field. If the unit is a Station Adapter i.e., SA-10, SA-40 or a WB-10, SA-10, SA-40 or WB-10 appears in this field. • Unit's HW Address – Displays the unit’s unique MAC address.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • Maximum number of Associations since last reset (AP Only) – Maximum number of stations that were associated with an AP since the last reset. • Current Number of Authentications (AP Only) – Total number of stations currently authenticated with an AP. A station may be concurrently authenticated with several APs, but is associated with only one AP at a time.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management frequency to frequency according to the selected sequence. When more than one AP is co-located in the same area (even if they are not part of the same network) it is recommended to assign a different hopping sequence to each AP. Hopping sequences are grouped in three hopping sets (see the following parameter). When setting up multiple APs in the same site, always choose hopping sequences from the same hopping set.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • ESSID –The ESSID (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) of the unit is a string used to identify a WLAN. This ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. A station can only associate with an AP that has the same ESSID. Use different ESSIDs to segment the WLAN network and add security. Note: The ESSID parameter is case-sensitive. • Maximum Data Rate – Maximum data rate of the unit. BreezeNET PRO.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management In general, wireless stations can be used in one of three mobility modes: • ∗ High (Mobility) – Type 2 for stations that may move at speeds of over 30 km per hour. ∗ Medium (Mobility) – Type 1 for stations that may move at speeds of over 10 km per hour, but not over 30 km per hour. ∗ Low (Mobility) -Type 0 for stations that will not move at speeds of over 10 km per hour.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.4.4 Bridging The Bridging menu contains the following options: • LAN to WLAN Bridging Mode (AP Only) – The options are: Note: ∗ Reject Unknown – Type 0 to allow transmission of packets only to stations that the AP knows to exist in the Wireless LAN (behind the Wireless Bridge). ∗ Forward Unknown – Type 1 to allow transmission of all packets except those sent to stations that the AP recognizes as being on its wired Ethernet side.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • Broadcast Relaying (AP Only) – Whether the unit performs broadcast relaying. When Broadcast Relaying is enabled, Broadcast packets originating in WLAN devices are transmitted by the AP back to the WLAN devices, as well as to the LAN. If it is disabled, these packets are sent only to the local wired LAN and are not sent back to the WLAN.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.4.6 Security (Authentication Feature) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an authentication algorithm which protects authorized Wireless LAN users against eavesdropping. The definition of WEP is defined in the 802.11 standard. Refer to Section 9.5.2 in the Appendix of this guide for further information. WEP, also referred to as the Privacy option, must be ordered specifically and is not supported by default.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.5 Advanced Settings Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10 D) Official Version : Date: 26 May 1999 4.4.1 15:10:33 Advanced Settings menu ====================== 1 - Translation Mode 2 - Roaming 3 - Performance 4 - Radio 5 - Rate 6 - AP Redundancy Support 7 - Maintenance Select option > Figure 3-3. Advanced Settings Menu Modification of most of the parameters in the Advanced Settings menu is limited to certified BreezeCOM engineers only. 3.5.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.5.2 Performance The Performance menu determines the unit performance: • Dwell Time (AP Only) – The time spent on a radio channel before hopping to the next channel in the sequence. • RTS Threshold – Minimum packet size to require an RTS. For packets with a size below RTS Threshold value, an RTS is not sent and the packet is transmitted directly to the WLAN.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • P.S. Broadcast Reservation Percentage – Determines the buffer space reserved for broadcast frames in percentages. Default value is 30% ( Auto storing - no reservation). Allowed range is 0%-30%. Note: 3.5.3 It is recommended to leave it at default setting. Radio The Radio menu contains the following parameters: • Hopping Standard – The Hopping Standard is a set of rules regarding the radio transmission standard allowed in each country.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.5.6 Maintenance The Installer has access to modify the following parameter of the Maintenance menu: • Auto Calibration – When the unit is started, it performs an internal self-test. A part of this test is automatic calibration of the DC Offset and deviation pattern. Auto Calibration is not supported in the “DE” models, and therefore, must be disabled for “DE” units.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.6.1 System Counters The System counters are a simple yet efficient tool for monitoring, interpreting and analyzing the Wireless LAN performance. The counters contain statistics concerning Wireless and Ethernet frames. The sub-menu contains the following options: • Display Ethernet and WLAN Counters – Choose this option to display the current value of the Ethernet and Wireless counters. Refer to Sections 3.6.1.1 and 3.6.1.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management Available counters: • Total Received Frames – Indicated the total number of frames that have been received from the Ethernet port. This counter includes both bad and good frames. • Received Bad Frames – The number of frames with errors received from the UTP port. A large number of received bad frames indicates a problem in the UTP connection such as a bad UTP cable or hub port. • Received good frames – The number of good frames (i.e.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management Available counters: • Total Transmitted Frames – The number of frames transmitted to the wireless media. The count includes the first transmission of data frames (without retransmissions), and also the number of control and management frames. Note: User’s Guide An AP continuously transmits a control frame called beacon in every frequency to which it hops, in order to publish its existence and keep its associated stations synchronized.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • Internally Discarded – The number of frames that the AP discarded due to a buffer overflow. Frame discard will occur mainly when the wireless conditions are bad, the unit is busy re-transmitting frames, and is not able to handle new frames. • Power Saving Aged – Total number of buffered frames that were aged out. This counter counts the number of frames dropped by the AP because a station did not poll those frames for a long period of time.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.6.1.3 Display Rate Counters 00-20-D6-12-88-4E: Data tx on rates 1Mb: 23; 2Mb: 67; 3Mb: 462; Ret: 30 00-20-D6-12-25-13: Data tx on rates 1Mb: 250; 2Mb: 550; 3Mb: 0; Ret: 29 The rate counters display the number of frames transmitted in each data-rate since the last reset. As displayed, the rate counters show the number of frames transmitted at 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 3Mbps, and the number of Re-Transmitted frames (Ret).
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.6.1.4 Using the Rx Packets per Frequency Histogram Use the Display Rx Packets per Frequency option to see a histogram of the number of frames received on each channel. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Official Version: 4.4.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.6.1.5 Reset All Counters This option allows you to reset the system counters, Ethernet counters, WLAN counters, and Rate counters. • Click 1 to reset all counters. • Click 0 to cancel request. 3.6.1.6 Power Saving Counters These counters apply only to APs. User’s Guide • PS stations – Number of associated stations currently working in Power Save mode. • Internally Discarded – Number of frames that were discarded because of aging.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.6.2 Survey Software The Survey Software menu enables you to align antennas and to assess the radio signal quality of a point-to-point link. The sub-menu includes the following options: • Operation Mode – When running a Site Survey, set the units on either side of the link to either receive (option 1) or transmit (option 2) packets (one unit should be set to transmit and the other to receive).
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10 DL) Official Version: 4.4.1 Date: 26 May 1999 15:10:33 # Tx Packets Channel 0 37 1 10 2 7 3 30 4 28 5 44 6 35 7 12 8 48 9 76 10 42 Hit any key to return > Figure 3-6. Transmit Statistics 6.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management Figure 3-7. Receive Statistics 7. The RSSI is given in arbitrary units. Use the graph in Figure 3-8 to correlate RSSI to dBm. 566, 9V G%P 566, 9DOXH 5) /HYHO >GEP@ Figure 3-8. RSSI to dBm Graph BreezeNET PRO.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 8. Re-align the antennas until the maximum received signal strength is attained. As you align the antennas, the RSSI (received signal strength indicator) continually increases until it reaches a certain level after which the RSSI begins to decrease. This is the maximum attainable RSSI level indicating optimum receive antenna alignment. 9.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management 3.7 Access Control Menu Access Control functions enable the System Administrator or Installer to limit access to Local Terminal Maintenance setup and configuration menus. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Official Version: 4.4.1 Date: 26 May 1999 15:10:33 Access Control menu =================== 1 - Change Access Rights 2 - Change Installer Password S - Show Current Access Right Select option > 1 Figure 3-9.
Using the Local Terminal for Unit Setup and Management • User’s Guide Technician – Only a Certified BreezeCOM Engineer possessing the correct password can select this option to configure all the parameters and settings. • Change Installer Password – Type in the new password according to the directions on screen. This screen changes the installer password to prevent unauthorized persons from making any changes in system configuration and setup.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4. SA-PCR PRO.11 PC CARD INSTALLATION, SETUP, AND MANAGEMENT This chapter describes how to install the SA-PCR card and its associated firmware, drivers and utilities. The SA-PCR Configuration and SA-PCR Site Survey utilities, which are used to setup and manage the card, are also described in this chapter. 4.1 Packing List The SA-PCR PRO.11 package should come with the following items: • SA-PCR PRO.11 PC card.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management hard disk. During installation, enter the path of the distribution files whenever a message appears asking for them. • It is highly recommended that you remove all PCMCIA cards from the notebook prior to installing the SA-PCR card. This will help to avoid conflicts during installation. If you have another network card installed (e.g., an Ethernet card), you must remove it prior to installing the SA-PCR card. 4.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.3.1 Installing the SA-PCR Drivers The SA-PCR card can be installed to operate under a wide range of PC operating systems. The following table lists the supported operating systems, together with the page number in the user's guide which describes the relevant installation procedure. Skip to the page that describes the relevant procedure.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Uninstalling the SA-PCR Drivers in Windows 98 1. From the Windows Start menu, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double click on the Network icon, click the Configuration tab, select BreezeNET Wireless LAN PC card, and click Remove. A message appears asking whether you want to restart the computer; click No. 2. Insert the BreezeCOM Drivers diskette. From the Windows Start menu, select Run, and type a:\DrvClean. 3.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Installing the SA-PCR Drivers in Windows 95 Check which version of the Windows 95 operating system your PC is running: 1. From the Windows 95 desktop, right-click the My Computer icon and select Properties. The System Properties window opens. Figure 4-1. System Properties Window – Windows 95B 2. Click the General tab. The letter indicating the type of operating system (a or b) is displayed under the System heading. 3.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management For Windows 95A 1. Insert the SA-PCR card in the PCMCIA slot on your computer. Windows 95 detects the unit and displays the New Hardware Found window. Figure 4-2. New Hardware Found Window 2. Select the driver from disk provided by hardware manufacturer option and click OK. 3. When prompted for the location of the driver, insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette, type A:\ and click OK. The necessary files are copied from the diskette. 4.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management For Windows 95B 1. Insert the SA-PCR slot in the PCMCIA slot on your computer. Windows 95 detects the unit, briefly displays the New Hardware Found window, and then displays the Update Device Driver Wizard window. 2. Insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette and click Next. When Windows 95 notifies it has found the driver, click Finish. 3.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Installing the SA-PCR Drivers in Windows NT 1. Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double-click on the Network icon. 2. If the message The Windows NT Networking is not installed. Do you want to install it now?, continue with step 2a. If this message does not appear, continue with step 2b. a. Click Yes and choose Wired to the network. When a list of supported network adapters appears, click Have Disk. b.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 6. Click the Windows Start button and select Run. Type WINMSD and click OK. The Windows NT Diagnostics window appears. Figure 4-4. Windows NT Diagnostics Window 7. Click IRQ and verify that IRQ 11 is not taken. If it is, find a free IRQ. For example, in Figure 4-4 IRQ 5 is free. 8. Click Memory and verify that memory from D0000h to D3FFFh is not taken. If it is, find another free memory location, such as E0000h. 9.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Uninstalling SA-PCR Drivers in Windows NT 1. From the Windows Start menu, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double click on the Network icon, click the Configuration tab, select BreezeNET Wireless LAN PC card, and click Remove. 2. Insert the BreezeCOM Drivers diskette. From the Windows Start menu, select Run, and type a:\DrvClean. 3. When notified that the SA-PCR driver has been deleted, click Setup. 4. Restart the computer. 4.3.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.3.3 Initial Configuration If your wireless network uses a non-default ESSID, enter the proper ESSID as follows: 1. Start the SA-PCR Configuration utility as described in Section 4.5. From the Windows Start menu, select Programs - BreezeCOM Utilities, and then Configure. 2. Edit the ESSID parameter. Click the WLAN Parameters tab and enter the ESSID that matches the AP unit. 3. Restart the computer. 4.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4-6. BreezeCOM SA-PCR Utilities - Folder Selection Window 5. When the BreezeCOM SA-PCR Utilities Setup Complete window appears, click OK. Icons for the utilities are added to the Windows Programs menu, and an SA-PCR Configure icon is added to the Control Panel. Figure 4-7. BreezeCOM SA-PCR Utilities Setup Complete Window 4.4.1 Uninstalling SA-PCR Utilities 1.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.5 Using the SA-PCR Configuration Utility This section describes how to use the SA-PCR Configuration utility to configure and manage your SA-PCR card. Access the SA-PCR Configuration utility as follows: click the Start button, select Programs, select the BreezeCOM Utilities program group and choose Configure. The SA-PCR Configuration main window is displayed as follows, with the Station Status tab selected. Figure 4-8.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management In addition, the Configuration windows contain the following buttons: • OK – Implements any changes you made and closes the window. • Undo – Causes the window to display currently active values. This is useful if you started changing values and you want to start again from the current values. • Cancel – Closes the window without implementing any changes you made. • Apply – Implements any changes you made but leaves the window open. 4.5.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • Wep enabled – Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an authentication algorithm which protects authorized Wireless LAN users against eavesdropping. The definition of WEP is well defined in the 802.11 standard. Note: Parameter changes take effect only after reset. 4.5.2 WLAN Parameters Tab The WLAN Parameters tab of the SA-PCR Configuration utility lets you view and edit basic Wireless LAN parameters of the card. Figure 4-9.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management off) you may decide not to use the higher rates. Possible values are 1, 2, or 3 Mbps. • Transmit Antenna – By default, the unit dynamically selects the antenna where reception and transmission is optimal. If your model has an external antenna and uses only a single antenna, set Transmit Antenna to transmit only from that single antenna. Antenna number one is the antenna nearest the yellow LED.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Station Control tab contains the Default button which returns all parameters to factory default values. As a time saving feature, you can configure one unit and then save the configuration as a file (with a .BRZ extension). You can later import the configuration file to other units. • Import – Imports a configuration file to this unit, and overwrites all previous settings. • Export – Exports the current configuration of this unit to a file.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Configuration Access tab displays the current mode (User, Installer, or Technician) in the Present Mode box. This mode determines the security access to system parameters. Users can view some of the window tabs, but cannot modify parameters. Installers can view all of the tabs and can modify some of the values. Technician access rights are reserved for certified BreezeCOM technicians.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.5.5 Power Management Tab The Power Management tab of the SA-PCR Configuration utility allows you to enable/disable Power Save mode and to configure Power Save mode parameters. Power Save mode is intended for laptops or hand-held computers, in order to conserve battery energy. When Power Save mode is enabled, the unit “sleeps” most of the time and “wakes up” occasionally to transmit/receive to/from the AP.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Power Management tab includes the following parameters: • Power Management Mode – Enable Power Save mode by clicking the Powersave option; disable by clicking the Normal option (default). • Listen Interval Settings –Specifies how often the station is to “wake up” in order to transmit or receive data (unicast packets). This parameter enables performance optimization on a per station basis.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4-13. The Security Tab The station in which the SA-PCR card is installed can use one of the following authentication algorithms (as defined in the 802.11 standard). • Open System – any station in the WLAN can associate with an AP and receive and transmit data (null authentication). • Shared Key – only stations using a shared key encryption identified by the AP are allowed to associate with it.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management If you selected the Shared Key algorithm, proceed to set the following parameters: • Default Key ID – Sets the default key for encryption in the Authentication process. This is the encryption key that will be used for transmissions between the station and the AP. • WEP Key – Define the encryption keys used for transmissions between the station and the AP.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.5.7 Maintenance Tab The Maintenance tab of the SA-PCR Configuration utility allows you to cause the unit to verify firmware/driver compatibility, and set how the unit handles 802.3 packets. This tab is not visible when in User login mode. When in Installer login mode, you can see the parameters. When in Technician login mode, can edit the parameters. Figure 4-14.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Ethertalk 2 (ET 2) stations to ensure smooth communications. Ensure that all units are set to the same tunneling settings. • icon on the Show control on taskbar – Check this box to display the Windows taskbar. When this option is enabled, you can double click the icon to display the SA-PCR Configuration utility at any time. 4.5.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Radio tab contains the following parameters: • Power Level – Level of power at which the unit is operating. There are two possibilities, Low or High. • Default Radio Status – For on the radio receives in regular mode, when off the radio does not work at startup (e.g. when traveling in planes). • Hopping Standard –A set of rules regarding the radio transmission standard allowed in each country.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Performance tab contains the following parameter: • Rts threshold (bytes) – Minimum packet size to require an RTS (Request To Send). For packets smaller than this threshold, an RTS is not sent and the packet is transmitted directly to the WLAN. 4.5.10 Resetting the SA-PCR Card It is necessary to reset the SA-PCR card after making configuration changes via the SA-PCR Configuration utility. Perform this procedure as follows: 1.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.6 Using the SA-PCR Site Survey Utility Note: This utility can not be used in systems installed under ODI. This section describes how to use the SA-PCR Site Survey utility to manage your SA-PCR card. The Site Survey utility keeps you informed of the signal strength your unit is receiving. You can run a Site Survey to compare reception at various locations.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.6.2 SA-PCR Site Survey Main Window The Site Survey main window contains the following sections: • Associated AP – This section, located at the top of the window, displays various parameters regarding the Access Point with which the unit is currently associated. • Alias – The alias you have assigned to the AP that the SA-PCR is currently associated with. To assign aliases to AP units, click the Alias button.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The following buttons appear on the right side of the Site Survey window. Several of the buttons are used in the course of performing a Site Survey as described in Section 4.6.3. • Record – Records the signal strength of the current location in the Survey Log, as well as all neighboring APs. In the Record window, you can add the name of the location and a remark. You can view the Survey Log by clicking Survey Log.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Menu Bar – The menu bar at the top of the window contains four menus – Edit, View, Report and Help. These menus contain sub-menus which correspond in most cases to the buttons at the side of the window. • Edit Menu – three sub-menus, Record, Alias and Exit. • View Menu – has two sub-menus Survey Log and Iconize. • Report Menu – two sub-menus Preview and Print (do not have corresponding buttons on side of window).
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.6.3 Performing a Site Survey with the SA-PCR You can run a Site Survey to compare reception at various locations. This is extremely useful when first setting up the wireless LAN, since you can easily determine where reception is good or bad, and where many Access Points overlap. ⇒ To run a Site Survey: 1. Open the Site Survey utility. 2. Click Survey Log to expand the bottom of the Site Survey window. 3. Bring the station to a new location. 4.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.7 Using the Upgrade Kit Program The Upgrade kit program is an application that allows you to upgrade previous versions of the firmware, drivers and utilities of the SAPCR, if installing on a machine that had a previous version installed. The Upgrade kit can be obtained from the BreezeCOM Web site. In addition, under Windows 95/98 you can use this program as another way to install the firmware, driver and utilities.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4-21. Upgrade Kit Program Welcome Window 3. Click Next. The following dialog box is displayed. Figure 4-22. Upgrade Kit Program Step 1 4. Form the Country drop down list, select the standard applicable to your country and click Next. You do not need to select the country if you are installing the application in the following countries: USA/FCC, Europe/ETSI, Japan. 5.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4-23. Upgrade Kit Program Step 2 6. The MAC address of the PC and the hardware version of the SA-PCR card are displayed in read only field. If you purchased the SA-PCR without the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) feature and you wish to enable this feature, contact your BreezeCOM representative. OR Double click the WEP field value (set to NO by default). The following dialog box is displayed. Figure 4-24.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 7. Follow the on screen instructions and check the card LEDs as described in Section 4.3.2. Click Next. The following dialog box is displayed. Figure 4-25. Upgrade Program Step 3 8. When downloading the firmware has completed, the following dialog box is displayed. Figure 4-26. Upgrade Program Step 4 9. At this point, the Upgrade program installs the SA-PCR utilities. Specify the directory in which the program installs the utilities.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4-27. Utilities Directory 10. Continue to follow the on-screen prompts until the following dialog box is displayed. Figure 4-28. Upgrade Program Step 5 11. Restart the computer when prompted. When the computer is restarted the new hardware wizard is entered automatically and the new drivers are installed and shortcuts are updated.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.8 Installation Troubleshooting The following are some problems that may occur while installing the SA-PCR card, and some recommended solutions to these problems. Should you encounter problems during installation which are not listed in this section, contact BreezeCOM technical support. 3UREOHP &DUG GRHV QRW IXQFWLRQ SURSHUO\ 1. Check Device Manager for conflicts with any other devices and drivers. 2.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.9 Installing the SA-PCR Drivers in ODI Systems The ODI driver supports Novell VLM and NETX clients, Novell TCPIP, Lantastic v.6 (with ODINSUP), Microsoft Windows 3.11 (with ODINSUP). The following files are supplied for the DOS ODI environment: brzwlan.com ODI driver file, generic version brzwlanf.com ODI driver file for Falcon 310 (supplied only on request) brzwlan.ini Default configuration file brzsetup.exe Site survey utility net.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Configuration Notes 1. To configure the SA-PCR, use the brzsetup.exe configuration utility. 2. A sample net.cfg file is provided; you may edit this to configure the parameters for IRQ and MEM. 3. For DOS versions 3.30 to 6.20, LASTDRIVE=E by default. If the user only has drive C, letters D and E will be available for Novell network drives. To make all letters available for the network, add LASTDRIVE=Z to the config.sys file. 4.
SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Troubleshooting ODI Installation The following paragraphs provide information that can help in the event of problems encountered in the ODI drivers installation. User’s Guide • It is important to note which net.cfg and brzwlan.ini is used. After installation of new Novell client, two copies of brzwlan.ini, brzwlan.com and net.cfg files may exist, one in the Windows directory and another in the directory where the Novell client is installed.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5. PLANNING AND INSTALLING WIRELESS LANS All products in the BreezeNET PRO.11 series are available in several models: standard, D, and DE. The standard model is equipped with two integrated 2 dBi omni-directional antennas and is suitable for indoor, short-to-medium range installations. The D and DE models are equipped with two customized female connectors for use with a range of external antennas.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.1.1 Single Cell Configuration A basic BreezeNET cell consists of an Access Point and the wireless workstations associated with it. You can convert most workstations (e.g., PCs and X-Terminals) that are equipped with an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) to wireless workstations by connecting a BreezeNET SA-10 PRO.11 station adapter. You can convert most laptop computers with a PCMCIA slot into a wireless mobile station by using the SA-PCR PRO.11 PCMCIA card.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Point-to-Point installations require directional antennas at either end of the link. To select the best antenna for a specific application, consider the following factors: • Distance between sites • Required throughput • Clearance between sites • Cable length. Refer to Section 5.3.7 to determine the best combination of antennas for your application. 5.1.1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.1.1.4 Extending the LAN with WLAN Bridging Figure 5-2 demonstrates how the WB-10 can be used to extend a regular network with a wireless link. The WB-10 PRO.11 also enables connectivity between a wireless LAN and individual workstations or workgroups located outside the LAN. The WB-10 PRO.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.1.1.5 Setting up a Single BreezeNET Cell Figure 5-3. Single Cell Configuration 1. Install the Access Point (refer to Chapter 2 for installation instructions). Be sure to position the Access Point as high as possible. Note: It is not necessary at this point to connect the Access Point to an Ethernet backbone, since Access Points continuously transmit signals (beacon frames) whether they are connected to an Ethernet backbone or not. 2.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 3. Check the Station Adapter front panel LED indicators, or the Site Survey application of the SA-PCR card to check signal strength. 4. Make any necessary adjustments, for example: • Adjust the antennas • Adjust the location of the Station Adapter • Adjust the location of the Access Point 5. Proceed to setup the other workstations. 5.1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS ⇒ To set up overlapping BreezeNET cells: 1. Install an Access Point (refer to Chapter 2 for installation instructions). Be sure to position the Access Point at the highest point possible. 2. Install the second Access Point so that the two are positioned closer together than the prescribed distance (as listed in Section 5.2.4). 3. To allow roaming, configure all Access Points and stations adapters to the same ESSID. 4.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.1.3 Multicell Configuration Areas congested by many users and a heavy traffic load may require a multicell structure. In a multicell structure, several Access Points are installed in the same location. Each Access Point has the same coverage area, thereby creating a common coverage area that increases aggregate throughput. Any workstation in the overlapping area can associate and communicate with any Access Point covering that area. Figure 5-5.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 3. Install several Access Points in the same location a few meters from each other so they cover the same area. Be sure to position the Access Points at the highest points possible. 4. To allow roaming and redundancy, configure all Access Points and stations adapters to the same ESSID. 5. To improve collocation and performance, configure all Access Points to different hopping sequences of the same hopping set. 6.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 4. When an AP and WB communicate over the wireless LAN, set them both to the same ESSID. For example, set the AP of the main office and the WB of the first AP-WB relay pair to the same ESSID. Also, set the AP of the last AP-WB relay and the WB of the remote site to the same ESSID; this ESSID should be different from the first ESSID. 5. Another option is to use one ESSID, and to set the Preferred AP parameter of each WB to its paired AP (refer to Section 3.4.3).
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.2 Indoor Installation Considerations This section describes various considerations that must be taken into account when planning an indoor installation. This includes site selection, antenna diversity, antenna polarization, construction materials and cell size. Figure 5-8. BreezeNET LAN in a typical office environment 5.2.1 Site Selection Factors BreezeNET PRO.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS $QWHQQDV Make sure the antennas are extended upward vertically in relation to the floor. For models with external antennas, connect the external antennas and RF cable. +HDW 6RXUFHV Keep the units well away from sources of heat, such as radiators and airconditioners 5.2.1.1 Site Selection for Access Points When positioning Access Points, take into account the following additional considerations. +HLJKW Install the Access Point at least 1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.2.2 Antennas for Indoor Applications For most indoor applications, the best choice is the standard unit equipped with its integrated 2dBi antennas. The units are small, easy to install and cover a large area. In some installations, it is required to install the unit and antenna separately. In such instances, use the AP-10D with the omni-6 antenna kit (6dbi omni-directional antenna with 3 meter RG-58 cable).
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.2.2.2 Antenna Polarization Antenna polarization must be the same at either end of the link. In most applications, the preferred orientation is vertical polarization. Above-ground propagation of the signal is better when it is polarized vertically. To verify antenna polarization, refer to the assembly instructions supplied with the antenna set. 5.2.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.2.4 Cell Size Cell size is determined by the maximum possible distance between the Access Point and the Station Adapter. This distance varies according to the building floor plan and the nature of that environment. There are several general categories: 2SHQ ,QGRRU $UHDV Open office areas with no partitioning and no obstacles between the Access Point and the BreezeNET workstation.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3 Outdoor Installation Considerations This chapter describes various considerations to take into account when planning an outdoor installation including site selection, antenna alignment, antenna diversity, antenna polarization, antenna seal, and cell size. 5.3.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Install indoor antennas as close as possible to a window (or wall if a window is not accessible) facing the required direction. Avoid metal obstacles such as metal window frames or metal film anti-glare windows in the transmission path. Install outdoor antennas high enough to avoid any obstacles, which may block the signal.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3.3 Antennas for Outdoor Applications The BreezeNET PRO.11 series can be used in point-to-point or point-to-multipoint configurations. 5.3.3.1 Point-to-Point A point-to-point link is based on the use of one Access Point with external antennas (AP-10D or AP-10DE) and one adapter (SA-10/40D, WB-10D or WB-10DE). The AP and the WB must be equipped with one or two directional antennas. The necessary antenna gain depends on the required range and performance. 5.3.3.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 6. Synchronize the units by aligning the antennas manually until the WLNK indicator LED on the front panel of the wireless Bridge and/or Station Adapter illuminates. 7. Align antennas at the main and remote sites until maximum signal quality is obtained. (Check QLT LEDs on the front panel of the Station Adapter and the wireless Bridge.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3.4 Antenna Seal When using outdoor antennas, you must seal the antenna connectors against rain. Otherwise the antennas are not suitable for use in outdoor installations. 5.3.5 Cell Size Cell size is determined by the maximum possible distance between the Access Point and the Station Adapter, usually related to point-to-multipoint installations using external antennas.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3.7 Using Outdoor Range Tables Outdoor installations must have a clear line-of-sight. Solid obstacles such as buildings or hills prevent the establishment of a link. Partial obstacles such as trees or traffic can reduce range. Extending coaxial cables can cause an increase in assembly signal loss and a reduction in range. The ranges in the following tables are attained under good propagating conditions when using the standard cables supplied in the antenna set.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-3. BreezeNET USA/FCC Range Table - 2 Mbps Ant. type Asmb Omni-2 Omni-6 Omni-7 Uni-8.5 Uni-11 Uni-13 Uni-16 Uni-18 Uni-24 2 dBi 5 dBi 6 dBi 6.5 dBi 9 dBi 11 dBi 14 dBi 15 dBi 19 dBi 1500 ft 2000 ft 2300 ft 2500 ft 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1.1 mi 2000 ft 2400 ft 2600 ft 2800 ft 0.7 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.1 mi 1.3 mi 2300 ft 2600 ft 2900 ft 3000 ft 0.8 mi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.3 mi 1.4 mi 2500 ft 2800 ft 3000 ft 0.6 mi 0.8 mi 1.0 mi 1.3 mi 1.3 mi 1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3.9 ETSI Outdoor Range Tables (Europe and Rest-of-World) – D Models, DL Models In order to comply with ETSI regulations, 20dBm (100mW) EIRP units using antenna kits indicated as low must be configured to the low power setting (4 dBm). Using BreezeNET PRO.11 DL model with an 18dbi antenna and lowering the output power of the unit complies with ETSI regulations and improves reception. Installing this antenna at both ends of the link increases the total range.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-7. BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – D Models, DL Models Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-67dBm Antenna Kit Omni-2 Note: Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 Uni-18/15 Uni-18/10 (DL models) (DL models) (DL models) 140m 160m 150m 130m 150m 160m Omni-6 160m 180m 170m 150m 160m 180m Uni-8.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-10. BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – DE Models Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-71dBm Note: Antenna Kit Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/20 1,430m 1,510m 1,600m Uni-24/15 1,510m 1,600m 1,680m Uni-24/10 1,600m 1,680m 1,780m All antennas above 8.5 (i.e. 12, 18, and 24), require a filter to be ETSIcompliant. The use of an LNA can improve the range by 30%-40%.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-12. BreezeNET Non-Regulation Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 2Mbps, Sen=-75dBm Antenna Kits Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni18/20 Omni-2 350m 400m 380m 1,290m Uni18/15 1,360m Uni18/10 1,430m Uni24/20 1,980m Uni24/15 2,090m Uni-24/10 2,210m Omni-6 400m 450m 420m 1,380m 1,460m 1,540m 2,130m 2,250m 2,370m Uni-8.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.3.12 Extending the range using the TPA-24 and LNA-10 The following tables show examples of how outdoor ranges of D-model units can be extended using the TPA-24 and LNA-10 devices. In the range tables below, the note LNA means that the LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier is used (see Section 6.2). The note TPA means that the TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier is used (see Section 6-1).
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-14. TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table. Data Rate = 1Mbps, Sen=81dBm Transmit and Receive TX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6/10 Antenna Kits Omni-6 Omni-6 (TPA) (TPA) 30 30 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 (TPA) (TPA) 42 42 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 (TPA) (TPA) 48 for Side A Transmit and Receive Antenna Kits for Side B TX EIRP 21 RX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6 21 RX Gain 4 8.35 4 8.35 16 20.35 16 20.35 22 26.35 22 26.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-15. TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Table 5-16. TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.4 Available Antennas and Antenna Kits This following table describes several transmit/receive antennas that work well with BreezeNET PRO.11 units. Table 5-17. FCC Available Antennas (USA) Model Ant. Gain Cable Len OMNI-2 2 dBi N/A OMNI-6 6 dBi 4-ft OMNI-7.2 7.2 dBi 20-ft UNI-8.5 8.5 dBi 8-ft UNI8.5Ext 8.5 dBi 8-ft UNI-11P75 11 dBi 30-ft UNI-13P 13 dBi 20-ft UNI-16P 16 dBi 30-ft BreezeNET PRO.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS Model Ant. Gain Cable Len UNI-18 18 dBi 30-ft UNI-24 24 dBi 50-ft Kit Contains: UNI-18 Antenna Mounting Hardware 30-ft Cable Assembly UNI-24 Antenna Mounting Hardware 50-ft Cable Assembly Ideal for: Long range outdoor point-topoint and multipoint links Long range outdoor point-topoint links Dispersion Dimensions HxWxD 12°H/ 14° V 16"x20"X15" 6°H/ 10° V 24"x36"x15" Table 5-18. ETSI Available Antennas (Europe and Rest-of-World) Model Ant.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.5 Precautions Note: Detached antennas, whether installed indoors or out, should be installed ONLY by experienced antenna installation professionals who are familiar with local building and safety codes and, wherever applicable, are licensed by the appropriate government regulatory authorities. Failure to do so may void the BreezeNET Product Warranty and may expose the end user to legal and financial liabilities.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANS 5.5.3 Lightning Protection Lightning protection is designed to protect people, property and equipment by providing a path to ground for the lightning’s energy. The lightning arrestor diverts the strike energy to ground through a deliberate and controlled path instead of allowing it to choose a random path. Lightning protection for a building is more forgiving than protection of electronic devices.
Accessory Installation 6. ACCESSORY INSTALLATION This chapter introduces some of the accessories available for specific installations, and describes how to install them. 6.1 TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier (Booster) The TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier is used to amplify the transmit power to a fixed output of 24 dBm (250 mW). The TPA 24 is especially useful when long RF cable runs are required. In addition, the TPA 24 simplifies antenna alignment by enabling the use of wider dispersion transmit antennas.
Accessory Installation 6.1.1 Installing the TPA 24 1. Choose one of the TPA 24 models according to the power level at the input of the booster. In general the NH model is used. For installations with long cables (high attenuation), the NL model should be used. 2. Choose one of the antenna connectors to be used for transmission. This connector is called the transmit antenna of the unit. 3. Configure the BreezeNET PRO.
Accessory Installation 8. For reception, use a separate antenna connected to the other antenna connector of the BreezeNET unit. Note: Installations exceeding regulations set by local authorities expose the installer and the user to potential legal and financial liabilities. 6.2 LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier The LNA 10 is a high-performance, low-noise preamplifier designed to enhance fringe area reception and provide additional gain on the receive antenna.
Accessory Installation 4. Attach the LNA 10 RF output directly to the RF cable going down to the receive antenna connector on the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit. 5. Connect the RG-59 coaxial cable which leads down to the Power Inserter to the “Signal and Power out” connector on the LNA 10. 6. Connect the Power Inserter to the power supply (both are indoor units). 7. For transmission, use a separate antenna connected to the other antenna connector (transmit antenna) of the BreezeNET unit. Figure 6-2.
Accessory Installation Similarly, the splitter is used to combine two receiving antennas to one antenna connector. Before installing the RFS 122, configure the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit via the Monitor to transmit through Antenna 2 only using the Transmit Diversity parameter (see Section 3.4.3), and connect the RFS 122 to antenna connector 2. For technical specifications, refer to Section 9.2. 6.3.1 Installing the RFS 122 The following diagram illustrates RFS-122 installation. Figure 6-3.
Accessory Installation Figure 6-4. AL-1 Connection Block Diagram One of the female-type N connectors is mounted directly through a hole in the shelter wall and held in place with a lockwasher and nut. 6.5 AMP 2440 Bi-Directional Amplifier The AMP 2440 is a bi-directional amplifier designed for extending the range of BreezeNET wireless LAN radios. The unit operates automatically, therefore there is no need for manual adjustments. The units receive signal gain and also provide transmit power amplification.
Accessory Installation The amplifier is installed directly at the antenna’s feed point, providing maximum effectiveness of transmit power which compensates for signal loss in the transmitter cable to the antenna. Likewise, the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) in the AMP 2440 boosts the receive signal right at the antenna prior to experiencing the loss in the transmission cable to the radio. This gain also overcomes the losses in the transmission cable between the amplifier and the radio.
Accessory Installation 6.5.1 Installing the AMP 2440 bi-directional amplifier The AMP 2440 bi-directional amplifier is designated for installation by professional radio installers. Several key factors unique to the particular installation determine the power level at the input of the amplifier. The most important consideration is the cable loss in the transmission cable between the radio and the pole mounted amp.
Accessory Installation The DC Power Injector is not in a waterproof enclosure and must be protected from the weather. It can be permanently mounted to a surface using the mounting flanges. For more information on amplifier installation, refer to Figure 6-7. Note: When using the 24dB gain dish antenna in the United States, the external filter (P/N: SPF-1) must be installed to comply with FCC emission requirements.
Upgrade Procedure 7. UPGRADE PROCEDURE Firmware upgrades to the unit's flash memory is done by a simple download procedure using a TFTP application. Before beginning an upgrade, be sure you have the correct files and latest instructions. Upgrade packages can be obtained at the BreezeCOM web site: http://www.breezecom.com/TechSupport/techsupp.html. In general terms, upgrading includes the following steps: 1. Set up an IP connection to the device. You can verify working connection using the Ping command. 2.
System Troubleshooting 8. SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING The following troubleshooting guide provides answers to some of the more common problems which may occur when installing and using BreezeNET PRO.11 series products. If problems not mentioned in this guide should arise, checking the Ethernet and WLAN counters may help (see Section 8.2). If the problem persists, please feel free to contact your local distributor or the BreezeCOM Technical Support Department. 8.
System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action Failure to establish wireless link (D models/external antennas) 1. Power supply to units may be faulty. 2. Cables may be improperly connected 3. There may be some problem with antenna installation. Wireless link established, but there is no Ethernet activity (AP and WB units). 1. Ethernet hub port or UTP cable is faulty. 2. Ethernet port in unit is faulty. 1. Verify power to units. 2.
System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action No network detected at Station Adapter (SA-10, SA40) workstation. 1. Workstation networking is improperly configured. 2. UTP cable connection is faulty. 3. Failure to pass Ethernet packets. High quality signal but throughput is poor. 1. Too much interference or multipath propagation. 2. Ethernet port of the unit may be faulty. Link signal quality low or not as good as expected (indoor installation). 1.
System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action Link signal quality low or not as good as expected (outdoor installation). There may be a problem with certain aspects of outdoor installation considerations (see relevant section in this manual). Unit associates with the wrong Access Point. In a multicell structure with overlapping cells, the units may not associate with the closest Access Point. Reduced performance in a multi-AP configuration.
System Troubleshooting 8.2 Checking Counters Checking counters is also a good way to pinpoint any problems that may occur in the BreezeNET wireless LAN. Counters can be checked from the monitor. See Section 3.6.1. 8.2.1 WLAN Counters When checking WLAN counters, total retransmitted fragments should be below 10% of total transmitted (bridge) frames. If total retransmitted fragments are above 10%, this indicates errors in data transmission.
Appendix 9. APPENDIX This appendix includes the following sections: • Supported MIBs and Traps – Lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 series products. • Technical Specifications – Lists product and attachment specifications. • Wireless LAN Concepts – Provides an overview of the concepts related to wireless LANs. • Radio Signal Propagation – Discusses the concepts and applications of radio signal propagation relevant to wireless LANs. • IEEE 802.
Appendix 9.1.2 Supported Traps The following traps are implemented by BreezeNET PRO.11 units. All BreezeNET PRO.11 units that have the SNMP Traps parameter enabled will send traps to the network’s designated managers. The traps can be viewed and filtered using SNMPc. To enable/disable trap sending for a device, use the IP and SNMP Parameters menu (see Section 3.4.2). The following table lists the traps implemented by BreezeCOM PRO.
Appendix Trap Variables Description BrzWlanStatusOfStati on brzTrapToggle brzTrapMacAddress BrzGeneral brzTrapIndex brzTrapText The quality of the wireless connection to the AP has changed. An ON value is sent when the connection goes lower than the predetermined threshold. An OFF value is sent when the quality improves above the threshold. The brzTrapMacAddress variable contains the MAC address of the applicable station. For future use. 9.2 Technical Specifications 9.2.
Appendix Technical Specifications AP-10 PRO. 11, SA-10/40 PRO. 11, WB-10 PRO. 11 SA-PCR PRO.11 SA-PCD PRO.11 Transmitted power - external antennas D models: - High Power (at the connector): 17dBm (50mW) - Low Power (at the connector): 4dBm (2.5 mW) DE models: At the connector: -2dBm (0.01mW) N/A DL models: At the connector: 4dBm (2.
Appendix Technical Specifications AP-10 PRO. 11, SA-10/40 PRO. 11, WB-10 PRO. 11 SA-PCR PRO.11 SA-PCD PRO.11 Range - unobstructed with integrated antennas 2000 ft. (600m) 1500 ft. (450m) Range - unobstructed with external antennas (models D, DE and DL) USA FCC - up to 6 miles Europe ETSI (DL model only) - up to 2.5 km Europe ETSI (DE model only) - up to 5 km Non-Regulated - 30 km and above N/A Range - Office Environment Up to 500 ft. (150m) Maximum no.
Appendix 9.2.2 Specifications for TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier Models used with the BreezeNET PRO.
Appendix 9.2.3 Specifications for LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier Gain 10dB Noise Figure 1.5dB Typ, 2dB Max. Response Flatness ± 1.5dB Max. RF Input Level -15dBm Input Impedance 50W Output Impedance 50W Connectors • LNA-10: Power Supply: Required Voltage Required Current +12V to +28Vdc 20mA Operating Temperature -20° C to +50° C Dimensions 60mm x 35mm x 25mm (2.3”x 1.
Appendix 9.2.4 Specifications for RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter Insertion Loss 3.8dB max. Isolation 19dB min. Power Rating 10 W max. Internal Load Dissipation 125 mW max. Input Impedance 50W Output Impedance 50W Connectors • SUM: N-type, Male • PORTS: N-type, Female (on each port) Operating Temperature -20° C to +85° C Dimensions 51mm x 51mm x 19mm (2” x 2” x 0.75”) Operating Environment Outdoor/Indoor 9.2.
Appendix 9.2.6 Specifications for AMP 2440 Bi-Directional Power Amplifier General Specifications Operating Range 2400-2483 MHz Operating Mode Bi-directional, half-duplex.Senses RF carrier from transmitter and automatically switches from receive to transmit mode.
Appendix Mechanical and Environmental Operating Temperature -20°C to +60°C Power 12VDC @ 650mA or 105-240 VAC from power supply provided with kit Dimensions Amplifier: 3.85” x 2.52” x 1.46” DC Power injector: 4.42” x 2.40” x 1.22” Mounting Bracket for amplifier Accommodates pole/mast diameters from 3/4” to 3” Kit Weight Approx. 1.5 lb. with U-bolts 9.
Appendix Figure 9-1. Wired LAN Topology Wireless LAN Topology Wireless LANs allow workstations to communicate and to access the network using radio propagation as the transmission medium. Wireless LANs can be connected to existing wired LANs as an extension, or can form the basis of a new network. While adaptable to both indoor and outdoor environments, wireless LANs are especially suited to indoor locations such as office buildings, manufacturing floors, hospitals and universities.
Appendix Figure 9-2. The Basic Wireless LAN Cell Each wireless LAN cell requires some communications and traffic management. This is coordinated by an Access Point (AP) which communicates with each wireless station in its coverage area. Stations also communicate with each other via the AP, so communicating stations can be hidden from one another. In this way, the AP functions as a relay, extending the range of the system.
Appendix Figure 9-3. Wireless LAN Connectivity 5RDPLQJ When any area in the building is within reception range of more than one Access Point, the cells’ coverage is said to overlap. Each wireless station automatically establishes the best possible connection with one of the Access Points. Overlapping coverage areas are an important attribute of the wireless LAN setup, because this enables seamless roaming between overlapping cells. BreezeNET PRO.
Appendix Figure 9-4. Roaming Through Overlapping Cells Roaming allows mobile users with portable stations to move freely between overlapping cells, constantly maintaining their network connection. Roaming is seamless: a work session can be maintained while moving from one cell to another. Multiple Access Points can provide wireless coverage for an entire building or campus.
Appendix Figure 9-5. The Common Coverage Area of a Multi-cell Structure '\QDPLF 5DWH 6ZLWFKLQJ The data rate of each station is automatically adjusted according to the received signal quality. Performance (throughput) is maximized by increasing the data rate and decreasing retransmissions. This is very important for mobile applications where the signal quality fluctuates rapidly, but less important for fixed outdoor installations where signal quality is stable.
Appendix )UDJPHQWDWLRQ Fragmentation of packets into shorter fragments adds protocol overhead and reduces protocol efficiency when no errors are expected, but reduces the time spent on retransmissions if errors are likely to occur. No fragmentation or longer fragment length adds overhead and reduces efficiency in case of errors and retransmissions (multi-path).
Appendix 9.4 Radio Signal Propagation 9.4.1 Introduction This section explains and simplifies many of the terms relating to antennas and RF (Radio Frequency) used when dealing with an RF installation system. The following diagram depicts a typical radio system: Figure 9-6. Typical Radio System A radio system transmits information to the transmitter. The information is transmitted through an antenna which converts the RF signal into an electromagnetic wave.
Appendix 9.4.2 RF Terms and Definitions G% The dB convention is an abbreviation for decibels. It shows the relationship between two values. 5) 3RZHU /HYHO RF power level at either the transmitter output or the receiver input is expressed in Watts. It can also be expressed in dBm.
Appendix 3DWK /RVV Loss of power of an RF signal traveling (propagating) through space. It is expressed in dB. Path loss depends on: • The distance between transmitting and receiving antennas • Line of sight clearance between the receiving and transmitting antennas • Antenna height )UHH 6SDFH /RVV Attenuation of the electromagnetic wave while propagating through space. This attenuation is calculated using the following formula: Free space loss = 32.
Appendix Radiation Pattern A graphical representation in either polar or rectangular coordinates of the spatial energy distribution of an antenna. Side Lobes The radiation lobes in any direction other than that of the main lobe. Omni-directional Antenna Radiates and receives equally in all directions in azimuth. The following diagram shows the radiation pattern of an omni-directional antenna with its side lobes in polar form. Figure 9-8. Side View Figure 9-9.
Appendix Figure 9-10. Radiation Pattern of Directional Antenna Antenna Beamwidth The directiveness of a directional antenna. Defined as the angle between two halfpower (-3 dB) points on either side of the main lobe of radiation. 6\VWHP &KDUDFWHULVWLFV Receiver Sensitivity The minimum RF signal power level required at the input of a receiver for certain performance (e.g. BER). EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) The antenna transmitted power.
Appendix Example: Link Parameters: Frequency: 2.4 Ghz Pout = 4 dBm (2.5 mW) Tx and Rx cable length (Ct and Cr) = 10 m. cable type RG214 (0.6 dB/meter) Tx and Rx antenna gain (Gt and Gr) = 18 dBi Distance between sites = 3 Km Receiver sensitivity (Ps) = -84 dBm Link Budget Calculation EIRP = Pout - Ct + Gt = 16 dBm Pl = 32.4 + 20xLog(FMhz) + 20xLog(RKm) ≅ 110 dB Si = EIRP - Pl + Gr - Cr = -82 dBm In conclusion, the received signal power is above the sensitivity threshold, so the link should work.
Appendix 6LJQDO )DGLQJ Fading of the RF signal is caused by several factors: • Multipath The transmitted signal arrives at the receiver from different directions, with different path lengths, attenuation and delays. The summed signal at the receiver may result in an attenuated signal. Figure 9-11. Multipath Reception • Bad Line of Sight An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can connect the antennas on either side of the link.
Appendix • Interference Interference may be caused by another system on the same frequency range, external noise, or some other co-located system. 7KH /LQH RI 6LJKW &RQFHSW An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can be drawn connecting the antennas on either side of the link. Clear Line of Sight A clear line of sight exists when no physical objects obstruct viewing one antenna from the location of the other antenna.
Appendix Figure 9-13. Fresnel Zone Clear of Obstacles When at least 80% of the first Fresnel Zone is clear of obstacles, propagation loss is equivalent to that of free space. 9.5 IEEE 802.11 Technical Tutorial The purpose of this chapter is to give technical readers a basic overview of the new IEEE 802.11 Standard, enabling them to understand the basic concepts, principles of operation, and the reasons behind some of the features and/or components of the Standard.
Appendix connected through some kind of backbone (called Distribution System or DS). This backbone is typically Ethernet but, in some cases, might be wireless itself. The whole interconnected wireless LAN, including the different cells, their respective Access Points and the Distribution System, is seen as a single 802 network to the upper layers of the OSI model and is known in the Standard as the Extended Service Set (ESS). The following diagram shows a typical 802.
Appendix 9.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Layers Description As in any 802.x protocol, the IEEE 802.11 protocol covers the Media Access Control Layer (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY). The Standard currently defines a single MAC which interacts with three PHYs (all of them running at 1 or 2 Mbit/s) as follows: • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band, and • InfraRed 802.2 802.
Appendix These kinds of protocols are very effective when the medium is not heavily loaded since it allows stations to transmit with minimum delay. But there is always a chance of two or more stations simultaneously sensing the medium as being free and transmitting at the same time, causing a collision. These collision situations must be identified so the MAC layer can retransmit the packet itself, not by the upper layers, to avoid significant delay.
Appendix 9.5.3.2 Virtual Carrier Sense In order to reduce the probability of two stations colliding because they cannot hear each other, the standard defines a Virtual Carrier Sense mechanism: A station wanting to transmit a packet first transmits a short control packet called RTS (Request To Send), which includes the source, destination, and the duration of the following transaction (i.e.
Appendix Figure 9-15. Transaction Between Stations A and B The NAV State is combined with the physical carrier sense to indicate the busy state of the medium. 9.5.3.3 MAC Level Acknowledgments As mentioned earlier in this document, the MAC layer performs Collision Detection by expecting the reception of an acknowledge to any transmitted fragment (Packets that have more than one destination, such as Multicasts, are not acknowledged.) 9.5.3.
Appendix However, it doesn’t make sense to introduce a new LAN protocol that cannot deal with packets 1518 bytes long which are used on Ethernet, so the committee decided to solve the problem by adding a simple fragmentation/ re-assembly mechanism at the MAC Layer. The mechanism is a simple Send-and-Wait algorithm, where the transmitting station is not allowed to transmit a new fragment until one of the following happens: 1. Receives an ACK for the said fragment, or 2.
Appendix 9.5.3.5 Inter-Frame Spaces The Standard defines 4 types of Inter Frame Spaces, which are use to provide different priorities: • SIFS – Short Inter Frame Space, separates transmissions belonging to a single dialog (e.g. Fragment-Ack), and is the minimum Inter Frame Space. There is always at most one single station to transmit at any given time, therefore giving it priority over all other stations.
Appendix Exponential Back-off means that each time the station chooses a slot and happens to collide, it will increase the maximum number for the random selection exponentially. The 802.
Appendix • Passive Scanning: In this case the station just waits to receive a Beacon Frame from the AP, (the beacon frame is a frame sent out periodically by the AP containing synchronization information), or • Active Scanning: In this case the station tries to locate an Access Point by transmitting Probe Request Frames, and waits for Probe Response from the AP. Both methods are valid. A method is chosen according to the power consumption/performance trade-off. 9.5.4.
Appendix The 802.11 standard does not define how roaming should be performed, but defines the basic tools. These include active/passive scanning, and a re-association process, where a station which is roaming from one Access Point to another becomes associated with the new one1. 9.5.6 Keeping Synchronization Stations need to keep synchronization, which is necessary for keeping hopping synchronized, and other functions like Power Saving.
Appendix 9.5.7.1 Preventing Access to Network Resources This is done by the use of an Authentication mechanism where a station needs to prove knowledge of the current key. This is very similar to Wired LAN privacy, in the sense that an intruder needs to enter the premises (by using a physical key) in order to connect his workstation to the wired LAN. 9.5.7.2 Eavesdropping Eavesdropping is prevented by using the WEP algorithm which is a pseudo-random number generator initialized by a shared secret key.
Appendix As part of its Beacon Frames, the AP also periodically transmits information about which Power Saving Stations have frames buffered at the AP, so these stations wake up in order to receive the Beacon Frame. If there is an indication that there is a frame stored at the AP waiting for delivery, then the station stays awake and sends a Polling message to the AP to get these frames.
Appendix 9.5.9 Frame Formats All 802.11 frames are composed of the following components: Preamble PLCP Header MAC Data CRC 9.5.9.1 Preamble This is PHY dependent, and includes: • Synch: An 80-bit sequence of alternating zeros and ones, which is used by the PHY circuitry to select the appropriate antenna (if diversity is used), and to reach steady-state frequency offset correction and synchronization with the received packet timing.
Appendix 9.5.9.3 MAC Data The following figure shows the general MAC Frame Format. Part of the fields are only present in part of the frames as described later. Figure 9-18. MAC Frame Format )UDPH &RQWURO )LHOG The Frame Control field contains the following information: Figure 9-19. Frame Control Field Protocol Version This field consists of 2 bits which are invariant in size and placement across following versions of the 802.11 Standard, and will be used to recognize possible future versions.
Appendix Type and Subtype These 6 bits define the Type and SubType of the frame as indicated in the following table: Type Value b3-b2 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Type Description Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Management Control Control Control Control Control Control Control Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Subtype Value b7 b6
Appendix FromDS This bit is set to 1 when the frame is received from the Distribution System. More Fragments This bit is set to 1 when there are more fragments belonging to the same frame following the current fragment. Retry This bit indicates that this fragment is a retransmission of a previously transmitted fragment. This is used by the receiver station to recognize duplicate transmissions of frames that may occur when an Acknowledgment packet is lost.
Appendix 'XUDWLRQ ,' This field has two meanings depending on the frame type: • In Power-Save Poll messages this is the Station ID • In all other frames this is the duration value used for the NAV Calculation. $GGUHVV )LHOGV A frame may contain up to 4 Addresses depending on the ToDS and FromDS bits defined in the Control Field, as follows: • Address-1 is always the Recipient Address (i.e. the BSS station that is the immediate recipient of the packet).
Appendix 6HTXHQFH &RQWURO The Sequence Control Field is used to represent the order of different fragments belonging to the same frame, and to recognize packet duplications. It consists of two subfields, Fragment Number and Sequence Number, which define the frame and the number of the fragment in the frame. &5& The CRC is a 32-bit field containing a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). 9.5.10 Most Common Frame Formats 9.5.10.1 RTS Frame Format The RTS frame looks as follows: Figure 9-20.
Appendix 9.5.10.2 CTS Frame Format The CTS frame looks as follows: Figure 9-21. CTS Frame The Receiver Address (RA) of the CTS frame is copied from the Transmitter Address (TA) field of the immediately previous RTS frame to which the CTS is a response. The Duration value is the value obtained from the Duration field of the immediately previous RTS frame, minus the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the CTS frame and its SIFS interval. 9.5.10.
Appendix the Duration field of the previous frame, minus the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the ACK frame and its SIFS interval. 9.5.11 Point Coordination Function (PCF) Beyond the basic Distributed Coordination Function, there is an optional Point Coordination Function, which may be used to implement time-bounded services, like voice or video transmission.
Index 1 10BaseT cable ................................................. 2-4 A Access Control Change Access Rights .............................. 3-29 Change Installer Password ....................... 3-30 Show Current Access Right...................... 3-30 Access Method .............................................. 9-27 Access Point Data Rates Supported ................................. 1-4 Description.................................................. 1-4 Displaying Neighboring APs....................
Index C Card & Socket Services................................. 4-38 Cell Size................................................5-15, 5-20 Cell, Defined.................................................. 9-11 Changing Access Rights ........................................... 3-29 Configuration Access mode ..................... 4-18 Installer Password..................................... 3-30 Password ................................................... 4-18 Channelization.......................................
Index H Handling 802.3 packets ................................. 4-23 Histogram, Rx Packets per Frequency .......... 3-23 HyperTerminal ................................................ 3-1 I Iconize button ................................................ 4-29 IEEE 802.11 .................................................... 1-2 Layers Description.................................... 9-27 Technical Tutorial..................................... 9-25 Wireless LAN standard ..............................
Index P Packing List ..................................................... 2-1 Parameters Acknowledge Delay ................................. 3-15 Alias.......................................................... 4-28 AP Address ........................................3-6, 4-28 Associated AP........................................... 4-28 Authentication Algorithm......................... 3-13 Auto Calibration ....................................... 3-17 Broadcast Relaying...................................
Index Performance................................................... 3-15 Performance tuning......................................... 4-25 PIFS ............................................................... 9-32 Planning Wireless LANs ................................. 5-1 PLCP Header ................................................. 9-38 Point Coordination Function ......................... 9-45 Positioning PRO.11 units ................................ 2-2 Positioning the Access Point ....................
Index SA-PRC Configuration Utility Main Window Configuration Access tab ......................... 4-17 Maintenance tab........................................ 4-23 Performance tab ......................................... 4-25 Power Management tab ............................ 4-19 Radio tab................................................... 4-24 Security tab ............................................... 4-20 Station Control tab.................................... 4-16 Station Status tab .................
Index Troubleshooting Card does not function properly ............... 4-37 Conflict with DOS drivers........................ 4-37 ODI Installation ........................................ 4-40 System Problems ........................................ 8-1 U Uninstalling SA-PCR Drivers in Windows 95............................................ 4-7 in Windows 98............................................ 4-4 in Windows NT ........................................ 4-10 Uninstalling SA-PRC Utilities ............
