MegaRAID® RAID Controller Configuration Software Guide MAN-MR-GENSW 7/20/00
© Copyright 2001 LSI Logic Corporation All rights reserved. LSI Logic Corporation 6145-D Northbelt Parkway Norcross, GA 30071 This publication contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright.
Table of Contents 1 Overview ...................................................1 In this Manual................................................................... 2 2 MegaRAID Configuration Utility.............5 Starting MegaRAID Configuration Utility....................... 5 MegaRAID Configuration Utility Menu Tree.................. 7 MegaRAID Configuration Utility Menu Tree for Ultra 160M Cards............................................................. 8 MegaRAID Configuration On Disk ..............
Table of Contents, Continued 4 MegaRAID Manager ...............................55 Overview ........................................................................ 55 Starting MegaRAID Manager ........................................ 55 MegaRAID Manager Menu Tree ................................... 57 MegaRAID Manager Configure Menu........................... 58 MegaRAID Manager Initialize Menu............................. 58 MegaRAID Manager Objects Menu...............................
Table of Contents, Continued 8 Assigning Hot Spares..........................129 Global Hot Spares ........................................................ 129 Reclaiming Hot Spares While Running the Wizard ..... 129 Reclaiming Hot Spares During Normal Operation....... 129 9 Virtual Sizing and Online Capacity Expansion…131 Location and Enabling.................................................. 131 Theory of Operation .....................................................
Preface MegaRAID supports Ultra, Ultra2, Wide, and Ultra160M SCSI channels with data transfer rates up to 160 MB/s. This manual describes the software that is shipped with the MegaRAID. Limited Warranty The buyer agrees if this product proves to be defective, that LSI Logic Corporation is obligated only to repair or replace this product at LSI Logic Corporation’s discretion according to the terms and conditions of the warranty registration card that accompanies this product.
Preface, Continued Disclaimer This manual describes the operation of the LSI Logic Corporation MegaRAID Disk Array Controller.
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1 Overview The basic MegaRAID documentation is contained in three manuals: • • • the MegaRAID Hardware Guide for your MegaRAID board the MegaRAID Operating System Drivers Guide the MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide This manual provides information about MegaRAID software utility programs. You will not need this manual until after you have planned your RAID system and have installed the MegaRAID controller.
In this Manual This manual is organized as follows: Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Note: Title Overview MegaRAID BIOS Configuration Utility WebBIOS Configuration Utility MegaRAID Manager Installing Power Console Plus Running Power Console Plus Configuring Arrays and Logical Drives Assigning Hot Spares Virtual Sizing and Online Capacity Expansion Turn to page 1 page 5 page 35 page 55 page 85 page 99 page 121 page 129 page 131 Some of the features and procedures in this manual apply only to boards that support
In This Manual, Continued WebBIOS Configuration Utility MegaRAID WebBIOS Configuration Utility is an HTML utility that you can run by pressing when the computer boots. Use WebBIOS Configuration Utility to perform the same functions as the BIOS Configuration Utility described above. MegaRAID Manager MegaRAID Manager is a character-based utility that you can run at any time.
In This Manual, Continued Power Console Plus, cont’d Power Console Plus can: • • • • • • • • add drives to any OPTIMAL RAID logical drive convert from RAID 0 or 1 to RAID 1, 3, or 5 by adding a physical drive restripe logical drives change from a DEGRADED redundant logical drive to an OPTIMAL RAID 0 logical drive convert a RAID 5 logical drive to a RAID 3 logical drive convert a RAID 3 logical drive to a RAID 5 logical drive remove any physical drive from a logical drive change a RAID 1, 3, or 5 logical dr
2 MegaRAID BIOS Configuration Utility The MegaRAID BIOS Configuration Utility configures disk arrays and logical drives. Because the utility resides in the MegaRAID BIOS, its operation is independent of the operating systems on your computer.
Starting MegaRAID Configuration Utility, Continued When you press , the following appears: Configuration Utility Menu Options The Configuration Utility menu options: Option Configure Initialize Objects Format Rebuild Check Consistency Select Adapter Description Choose this option to configure physical arrays and logical drives. Choose this option to initialize one or more logical drives. Choose this option to individually access controllers, logical drives, and physical drives.
MegaRAID Configuration Utility Menu Tree The following is an expansion of the menus in the MegaRAID Configuration Utility. The menu items are explained on the following pages.
MegaRAID Configuration Utility Menu Tree for Ultra 160M Cards The following is an expansion of the menus in the MegaRAID Configuration Utility for boards that support Ultra 160M, and 40 logical drives: Enterprise 1600, Elite 1600, and Express 500.
MegaRAID Configuration On Disk MegaRAID supports Configuration on Disk (drive roaming). Configuration on Disk saves configuration information both in the MegaRAID NVRAM and on the disk drives attached to MegaRAID. If MegaRAID is replaced, the new MegaRAID controller can detect the RAID configuration, maintaining the integrity of the data on each drive even if the drives have changed channel and/or target ID. It is important that the new controller have no configuration.
Configuration Utility Configure Menu Configure Choose the Configure option to select a method for configuring arrays and logical drives. Option Easy Configuration New Configuration View/Add Configuration Clear Configuration Description Select this method to perform a basic logical drive configuration where every physical array you define is automatically associated with exactly one logical drive. See page 17 for additional information.
Configuration Utility Objects Menu Objects Choose the Objects option from the Configuration Utility main menu to access the controllers, logical drives, physical drives, and SCSI channels individually. You can also change settings for each object. The Objects menu options are as follows. Battery Backup appears shown on some Objects menus but you cannot select this option because MegaRAID does not support this feature.
Configuration Utility Objects Menu, Continued Logical Drive Choose this option from the Configuration Utility Objects menu to select a logical drive and to perform the listed actions. Logical Drive Option Initialize Check Consistency View/Update Parameters Description Initializes the selected logical drive. Do this for every logical drive that is configured. Verifies the correctness of the redundancy data in the selected logical drive. This option is available only if RAID level 1, 3, or 5 is used.
Configuration Utility Objects Menu, Continued Physical Drive Choose this option from the Configuration Utility Objects menu to select a physical device and to perform the operations listed in the table below. The physical hard disk drives in the computer are listed.
Configuration Utility Format Menu Format Choose the Format option from the Configuration Utility main menu to lowlevel format one or more physical drives. Warning Formatting a hard drive destroys all data on the drive. See page 31 for additional information. Formatting Since most SCSI disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory, this step is usually not necessary.
Configuration Utility Check Consistency Menu Check Consistency Choose this option to verify the redundancy data in logical drives that use RAID levels 1, 3, or 5. When you choose Check Consistency, the parameters of the existing logical drives on the current controller and a selection menu listing the logical drives by number appear. If a discrepancy is found, it is automatically corrected, assuming always that the data is correct.
Configuration Utility Select Adapter Menu This menu item appears only if more than one MegaRAID host adapter is installed in the computer. You can install only one MegaRAID controller, but you can install other MegaRAID controllers in the computer. The following appears when you choose the Select Adapter option: Sel. Adapter Adapter-1 Adapter-2 Adapter-3 Select the MegaRAID adapter that you want to configure from this menu. Disable BIOS Menu Choose this option to disable the BIOS.
Choosing the Configuration Method Easy Configuration In Easy Configuration, each physical array you create is associated with exactly one logical drive, and you can modify the following parameters: • • • • • RAID level stripe size cache write policy read policy I/O policy If logical drives have already been configured when you select Easy Configuration, the configuration information is not disturbed. See page 19 for instructions on Easy Configuration.
Designating Drives as Hot Spares Hot Spares Hot spares are physical drives that are powered up along with the RAID drives and usually stay in a standby state. If a disk drive used in a RAID logical drive fails, a hot spare will automatically take its place and the data on the failed drive is reconstructed on the hot spare. Hot spares can be used for RAID levels 1, 3 5, 10, 30, and 50. Each MegaRAID controller supports up to eight hot spares.
Using Easy Configuration In Easy Configuration, each array is associated with exactly one logical drive. Follow the steps below to create arrays using Easy Configuration. The following graphics often show 2 or 3 SCSI channels. MegaRAID Explorer supports up to 4 SCSI channels. Step 1 2 3 Action Choose Configure from the MegaRAID Configuration Utility main menu. Choose Easy Configuration from the Configure menu. The array selection menu appears: Hot key information is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 4 Action Press when you are finished creating the current array. The logical drive configuration screen appears. The window from the top of the screen shows the logical drive that is currently being configured as well as any existing logical drives.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 6 Action Set the stripe size, cache write policy, Read policy, and I/O (cache) policy from the Advanced Menu. Stripe size This parameter specifies the size of the segments written to each disk in a RAID 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, or 50 logical drive. You can set the stripe size to 2 KB, 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB, or 128 KB. A larger stripe size produces better read performance, especially if your computer does mostly sequential reads.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 7 8 9 22 Action When you have defined the current logical drive, choose Accept and press . The array selection screen appears if any unconfigured disk drives remain. Repeat steps 3 through 7 to configure another array and logical drive. MegaRAID supports up to 40 logical drives per controller. If you are finished configuring logical drives, press to exit Easy Configuration.
Using New Configuration The New Configuration option allows you to associate logical drives with partial and/or multiple physical arrays (the latter is called spanning of arrays). Erases Configuration Choosing the New Configuration option erases the existing configuration information on the selected controller. To use the spanning feature and keep the existing configuration, use View/Add Configuration (see page 26). Step 1 2 Action Choose Configure from the MegaRAID Configuration Utility main menu.
Using New Configuration, Continued Step 5 Action Press to configure logical drives. The logical drive configuration screen appears, as shown below: The window from the top of the screen shows the logical drive that is currently being configured as well as any existing logical drives.
Using New Configuration, Continued Step 9 Action Open the Advanced menu to set the remaining options. Stripe size This parameter specifies the size of the segments written to each disk in a RAID 1, 3, 5, 10, 30 or 50 logical drive. You can set the stripe size to 2 KB, 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB, or 128 KB. A larger stripe size produces higher read performance, especially if your computer does mostly sequential reads.
Using View/Add Configuration View/Add Configuration allows you to associate logical drives with partial and/or multiple physical arrays (this is called spanning of arrays). The existing configuration is left intact, so you can also use View/Add Configuration simply to look at the current configuration. Step 1 2 Action Choose Configure from the MegaRAID Configuration Utility main menu. Choose View/Add Configuration from the Configure menu.
Using View/Add Configuration, Continued Step 5 Action Press to configure logical drives. The logical drive configuration screen appears, as shown below: The logical drive that is currently being configured and any existing logical drives are displayed.
Using View/Add Configuration, Continued Step 8 9 Action Set the logical drive size. Move the cursor to Size and press . By default, the logical drive size is set to all available space in the array(s) being associated with the current logical drive, accounting for the Span setting and for partially used array space. For example, if the previous logical drive used only a part of the space in an array, the current logical drive size is set to the remaining space by default.
Initializing Logical Drives Initialize each new logical drive you configure. You can initialize the logical drives using: • • Batch Initialization. The Initialize option in the main menu lets you initialize up to 40 logical drives simultaneously. Individual Initialization. The Objects/Logical Drive action menu for an individual logical drive has an Initialize option.
Initializing Logical Drives, Continued Individual Initialization Step 1 Action Choose the Objects option from the MegaRAID Configuration Utility main menu. Choose the Logical Drive option from the Objects menu. 2 Select the logical drive to be initialized. The following appears: 3 Choose the Initialize option from the action menu. Initialization progress appears as a bar graph on the screen. When initialization completes, press any key to display the previous menu.
Formatting Physical Drives You can do low-level formatting of SCSI drives using Configuration Utility. Since most SCSI disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory, this step is usually not necessary. Usually, you must format a disk if: • • Media Errors the disk drive was not low-level formatted at the factory, or an excessive number of media errors have been detected on the disk drive. Check the View Drive Information screen for the drive to be formatted.
Rebuilding Failed Disk Drives If a disk drive fails in an array that is configured as a RAID 1, 3, or 5 logical drive, you can recover the lost data by rebuilding the drive. Rebuild Types Type Automatic Rebuild Manual Rebuild The rebuild types are: Description If you have configured hot spares, MegaRAID automatically tries to use them to rebuild failed disks. Display the Objects/Physical Drive screen while a rebuild is in progress.
Using a Pre-loaded SCSI Drive “As-is” Important To use a pre-loaded system drive in the manner described here, you must make it the first logical drive defined (for example: LD1) on the controller it is connected to. This will make the drive ID 0 LUN 0. If the drive is not a boot device, the logical drive number is not critical. You may have a SCSI disk drive that is already loaded with software. The drive may be a boot disk containing an operating system.
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3 WebBIOS Configuration Utility The WebBIOS Configuration Utility is ROM-based and is available only on the following controllers: • • • • • Elite 1600 (Series 493) Enterprise 1500 (Series 467) Enterprise 1600 (Series 471) Express 300 (Series 490) Express 500 (Series 475) You can use this utility in place of or in conjunction with the BIOS configuration utility. It has a graphical user interface and makes full use of the mouse.
Starting the WebBIOS Utility on the Host Computer When the host computer boots, hold the key and press the key when the following appears: Copyright© AMERICAN MEGATRENDS, INC. Press to Run Configuration Utility Or press for WebBIOS After you press , the Adapter Selection screen displays. You can use this screen to select the adapter that you want to configure RAID arrays and logical drives for. Select an adapter and press the Start button to begin the configuration.
Starting the MegaRAID WebBIOS Utility on the Host Computer When the host computer boots, hold the key and press the key when the following appears: Copyright© AMERICAN MEGATRENDS,INC. Press to Run Configuration Utility Or press for WebBIOS Main Screen Note: When you press on the host computer, the following displays, as shown below.
WebBIOS Toolbar Icons The following icons appear on the toolbar: Icon Description Go to Home Page. Click on this icon to return to the main screen. Go to Previous Page. Click on this icon to return to the page you accessed immediately before the current page. Exit RAID Configuration Utility. Click on this icon to exit the WebBIOS program. Adapter Selection. Click on this icon to display the adapters that you can select. Scan for Adapters.
Adapter Properties The following screen appears when you select Adapter Properties from the MegaRAID WebBIOS main screen: The Adapter Properties menu options are: Option Firmware Version BIOS Version RAM Size Initiator ID Rebuild Rate Spinup Parameters Flex RAID PowerFail Alarm Control Adapter BIOS Cluster Mode Battery Backup Auto Rebuild Class Emulation Mode Set Factory Defaults Description This item displays the firmware version number. This item displays the BIOS version number.
Scan Devices When you select the Scan Devices option, WebBIOS checks the physical and logical drives to see if there are any changes to the drive status. It displays the results of the scan on the main screen in the physical and logical drives section. For example, if a physical drive has failed, the words “Not Responding” display to the right of the drive name under the Physical Drives heading.
SCSI Channel Properties, Continued SCSI Channels The SCSI Channels section of the screen lists the channels on the selected controller, and the values for the properties. Click on the Submit button to save changes to the options. Click on the Reset button to undo any changes and return to the configuration that existed before you made any changes.
Logical Drives A screen such as the following appears when you select Logical Drives from the main screen or click on a logical drive in the list of logical drives on the main screen: The upper right section of the screen displays the logical drives that currently exist.
Logical Drives, Continued Check Consistency Choose this option to verify the correctness of the redundancy data. This option is available only if RAID level 1, 3 or 5 is selected. MegaRAID automatically converts any differences found in the data. After you click on Check Consistency and the Go button, a progress chart displays on the left side of the screen to show how much of the consistency check has been completed. There is also an option to abort the check for any or all logical drives.
Logical Drives, Continued Properties Select this option to: • • • • • display the logical drive properties (such as RAID level, logical drive size, and stripe size) display the read, write and I/O policies change the read, write and I/O policies start initialization start a consistency check The following is an example of the properties screen: 44 MegaRAID Configuration Software Guide
Physical Drives A screen such as the following appears when you select Physical Drives from the main screen. This screen displays the physical drives for each channel. From this screen, you can rebuild the physical arrays or view the properties for the physical drive you select. Select Rebuild or Properties and click on Go to perform these actions. Press Reset to return to the configuration that existed before you made any changes.
Configuration Wizard A screen such as the following appears when you select Configuration Wizard on the MegaRAID WebBIOS main screen. Click on Next. On this screen, you can begin the procedure to clear a configuration, create a new configuration, or add a configuration. After you select one of the options, click on Next to go to step 2. Select Configuration Step 2 displays on the following screen.
Configuration Wizard, Continued Array Definition The array definition screen displays next. To add drives to an array, press the Ctrl key while you select ready drives. Click on Accept Array to add the drives. To undo the changes, press the Reclaim button. Click on Next to go to Step 4.
Configuration Wizard, Continued Logical Drive Definition The Logical Drive definition screen displays next. Click on a logical drive to display the following screen for that drive. Use this screen to configure the logical drive. Perform the following steps to configure a logical drive. Step 1 2 Action Select the RAID level. Click on the down arrow in the box to the right of RAID Level to display the possible RAID levels for the logical drive. Select the Stripe Size.
Configuration Wizard, Continued Step 4 Action Select the Write Policy. Write Policy This parameter specifies the cache write policy. You can set the write policy to write-back or write-through. 5 In Write-back caching, the controller sends a data transfer completion signal to the host when the controller cache has received all the data in a transaction.
Configuration Wizard, Continued Configuration Preview Step 5 displays a preview of the configuration that you have created. Click on Accept to save the configuration or Back to return to the previous screens and change the configuration.
Adapter Selection When you select the Adapter Selection option on the MegaRAID WebBIOS main screen, the following screen displays a list of the MegaRAID adapters in the system. You can select an adapter and begin configuration.
Physical View\Logical View A screen such as the one below displays when you select Physical View or Logical View from the WebBIOS main screen. The option toggles between Physical View and Logical View. For example, if you select Physical View on the screen below, the option changes to Logical View. If you then select Logical View, the option changes back to Physical View. That way, you can go back and forth between physical and logical views.
Configuration Mismatch A configuration mismatch occurs when the data in the NVRAM (Non-volatile Random Access Memory) and the hard disk drives are different.
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4 MegaRAID Manager Overview MegaRAID Manager is a character-based, non-GUI utility that configures and monitors RAID systems. MegaRAID Manager runs under MS-DOS 3.2 or later and MS-DOS-compatible operating systems, including: • • • • • • • • MS-DOS version 6.xx or later Microsoft Windows NT V4.0, and 2000 Novell NetWare 4.2, and 5.x OS/2 Warp Server 4.0, and e-business SCO UnixWare 7.x SCO Open Server 5.0x Sun Solaris 7, and 8 (x86) Linux Red Hat v6.
Starting MegaRAID Manager, Continued The first MegaRAID Manager screen is: Main Menu Options The MegaRAID Manager options are: Option Configure Initialize Objects Format Rebuild Check Consistency Advanced Menu Select Adapter Description Configure arrays and logical drives. Initialize one or more logical drives. Individually access controllers, logical drives, and physical drives. Low-level format hard disk drives. Rebuild failed disk drives.
MegaRAID Manager Menu Tree The menu items are explained on the following pages.
MegaRAID Manager Configure Menu Configure Choose the Configure option to select a method for configuring arrays and logical drives. Option Auto Configuration Easy Configuration New Configuration View/Add Configuration Clear Configuration Description Select this method to have the MegaRAID controller automatically configure arrays and logical drives for you. See page 66 for additional information.
MegaRAID Manager Objects Menu Objects Choose the Objects option from the MegaRAID Manager main menu to access the controllers, logical drives, physical drives, and SCSI channels individually, along with the battery backup. You can also change certain settings for each object. The Objects menu options are described below. Adapter Choose the Adapter option from the Objects menu to select a MegaRAID controller if your computer has more than one and to modify parameters.
MegaRAID Manager Objects Menu, Continued Logical Drive Choose this option from the Objects menu to select a logical drive and to perform the listed actions. Logical Drive Options Initialize Check Consistency View/Update Parameters Physical Drive Description Choose this option to initialize the selected logical drive. This should be done for every logical drive you configure. Choose this option to verify the correctness of the redundancy data in the selected logical drive.
MegaRAID Manager Objects Menu, Continued SCSI Channel Choose this option from the Objects menu to select a SCSI channel on the currently selected controller. You can perform the following operations on the selected channel. Channel Options Termination Status Activate Channel Terminate High 8 Bits Terminate Wide Channel Disable Termination View Parameters Description Choose this option to change the type of termination. Choose this option to activate the selected channel.
MegaRAID Manager Format Menu Choose the Format option from the MegaRAID Manager main menu to lowlevel format one or more physical drives. Format See 81 for additional information. Formatting Since most SCSI disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory, this step is usually not necessary. You typically must format a disk if: • • the disk drive was not low-level formatted at the factory, or an excessive number of media errors have been detected on the disk drive.
MegaRAID Manager Check Consistency Menu Check Consistency Choose this option to verify the redundancy data in logical drives using RAID levels 1, 3, or 5. When you choose Check Consistency, the parameters of the existing logical drives on the current controller appear. The logical drives are listed by number. MegaRAID automatically corrects any differences found in the data. Press the arrow keys to select the desired logical drives. Press the spacebar to select or deselect a drive for consistency checking.
MegaRAID Manager Advanced Menu Reconstruct Logical Drive You can select or deselect a logical drive to be recreated using this option. Choose this option before you add or remove a physical drive. Enclosure Management This option is used to monitor an external enclosure containing SCSI devices. MegaRAID can monitor the fan speed, power supply voltage, and temperature, appropriate signals from the enclosure. Beside each SCSI device listing, a diamond-shaped indicator shows the condition of that device.
MegaRAID Manager Select Adapter Menu This menu item appears only if more than one MegaRAID host adapter is installed in the computer. You can only install one MegaRAID controller, but you can install other MegaRAID controllers in the computer. The following appears when you choose the Select Adapter option: Sel. Adapter Adapter-1 Adapter-2 Adapter-3 Select the MegaRAID adapter that you want to configure from this menu.
Choosing the Configuration Method Automatic Configuration In Automatic Configuration, the MegaRAID controller examines the physical drives connected to it and automatically configures them into arrays and logical drives. If logical drives have already been configured when you select Auto Configuration, the configuration information is not disturbed. See page 68 for additional information.
Designating Drives as Hot Spares Hot Spares Hot spares are physical drives that are powered up along with the RAID drives and usually stay in a standby state. If a disk drive used in a RAID logical drive fails, a hot spare will automatically take its place and the data on the failed drive is reconstructed on the hot spare. Hot spares can be used for level 1, 3 and 5 RAID. Each MegaRAID controller supports up to eight hot spares.
Using Auto Configuration Configuration Guidelines In Auto Configuration, MegaRAID examines the physical drives connected to it and automatically configures them into arrays and logical drives. MegaRAID uses the following configuration guidelines in the following sequence: Step 1 2 3 Action Gather drives with the same capacity into groups of five, four, or three. These groups become arrays associated with RAID level 5 logical drives. Gather pairs of drives with the same capacity together.
Using Easy Configuration In Easy Configuration, each array is associated with exactly one logical drive. Follow the steps below to create arrays using Easy Configuration: Step 1 2 Action Choose Configure from the MegaRAID Manager main menu. Choose Easy Configuration from the Configure menu. The array selection menu appears: The hot key information appears at the bottom of the screen. The hot key functions are: 3 Display the manufacturer data and MegaRAID error count for the selected drive.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 4 Action Press when you are finished creating the current array. The logical drive configuration screen appears. The window at the top of the screen shows the logical drive that is currently being configured as well as any existing logical drives.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 6 Action Set the stripe size, cache write policy, Read policy, and I/O (cache) policy from the Advanced Menu. Stripe size This parameter specifies the size of the segments written to each disk in a RAID 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, or 50 logical drive. You can set the stripe size to 2 KB, 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB, or 128 KB. The default stripe size is 64 MB. A larger stripe size provides better read performance, especially if your computer does mostly sequential reads.
Using Easy Configuration, Continued Step 7 8 9 72 Action When you are finished defining the current logical drive, select Accept and press . The array selection screen appears if any unconfigured disk drives remain. Repeat steps 3 through 7 to configure another array and logical drive. If you are finished configuring logical drives, press to exit Easy Configuration. A list of the currently configured logical drives appears: After you respond to the Save prompt, the Configure menu appears.
Using New Configuration The New Configuration option allows you to associate logical drives with partial and/or multiple physical arrays (the latter is called spanning of arrays). Erases Configuration Choose the New Configuration option to erase the existing configuration information about the selected controller. To use the spanning feature and keep the existing configuration, use View/Add Configuration (see page 76). Step 1 2 Action Choose Configure from the MegaRAID Manager main menu.
Using New Configuration, Continued Step 5 Action Press to configure logical drives. The logical drive configuration screen appears, as shown below: The window from the top of the screen shows the logical drive that is currently being configured as well as any existing logical drives.
Using New Configuration, Continued Step 8 9 Action Set the logical drive size. Move the cursor to Size and press . By default, the logical drive size is set to all available space in the array(s) being associated with the current logical drive, accounting for the Span setting and for partially used array space. For example, if the previous logical drive used only a part of the space in an array, the current logical drive size is set to the remaining space by default.
Using View/Add Configuration View/Add Configuration allows you to associate logical drives with partial and/or multiple physical arrays. This is called array spanning. The existing configuration is left intact, so you can also use View/Add Configuration simply to look at the current configuration. Step 1 2 Action Choose Configure the MegaRAID Manager main menu. Choose View/Add Configuration from the Configure menu.
Using View/Add Configuration, Continued Step 5 Action Press to configure logical drives. The logical drive configuration screen appears: The window at the top of the screen shows the logical drive that is currently being configured as well as any existing logical drives.
Using View/Add Configuration, Continued Step 8 9 Action Set the logical drive size. Move the cursor to Size and press . By default, the logical drive size is set to all available space in the array(s) being associated with the current logical drive, accounting for the Span setting and for partially used array space. For example: if the previous logical drive used only a part of the space in an array, the current logical drive size is set to the remaining space by default.
Initializing Logical Drives You should initialize each new logical drive you configure. You can initialize the logical drives in two ways: • • Batch Initialization. The Initialize option in the main menu lets you initialize logical drives simultaneously. Individual Initialization. The Objects/Logical Drive action menu for an individual logical drive has an Initialize option. Batch Initialization Step 1 Action Choose Initialize from the MegaRAID Manager main menu.
Initializing Logical Drives, Continued Individual Initialization Step 1 Action Choose the Objects option from the MegaRAID Manager main menu. Choose the Logical Drive option from the Objects menu, shown below: 2 Select the logical drive to be initialized. The following appears: 3 Choose Initialize from the Action menu. The progress of the initialization appears as a graph on the screen. When initialization completes, press any key to display the previous menu.
Formatting Physical Drives You can do low-level formatting of SCSI drives using MegaRAID Manager. Since most SCSI disk drives are low-level formatted at the factory, this step is usually not necessary. You typically must format a disk if: • • Media Errors the disk drive was not low-level formatted at the factory, or an excessive number of media errors have been detected on the disk drive. Check the properties screen for the drive you wish to format.
Formatting Physical Drives, Continued Individual Formatting Step 1 2 Press the arrow keys to select the physical drive to be formatted and press . The following action menu appears: 3 Choose the Format option from the action menu and respond to the confirmation prompt. Formatting can take some time, depending on the drive capacity. When formatting completes, press any key to display the previous menu. 4 82 Action Choose the Objects option from the MegaRAID Manager main menu.
Rebuilding Failed Disk Drives If a disk drive fails in an array configured as a RAID 1, 3, or 5 logical drive, you can recover the lost data by rebuilding the drive. If a rebuilding spare fails, a new rebuild is started using a second spare, if available. The capacity of the second spare must be equal to or greater than the failed drive.
Rebuilding Failed Disk Drives, Continued Manual Rebuild – Batch Mode Step 1 2 3 4 Action Choose Rebuild from the MegaRAID Manager main menu. A device selection window is displayed showing the devices connected to the current controller. The failed drives have FAIL indicators. Press the arrow keys to select all drives to be rebuilt. Press the spacebar to select the selected physical drive for rebuild. After selecting the physical drives, press and type Yes at the confirmation prompt.
5 Installing Power Console Plus Power Console Plus is an object-oriented GUI utility that lets you efficiently configure, and monitor a large RAID array of disks locally or over a network with several servers. This is for servers that support Windows NT and 2000 and are capable of monitoring and being monitored, and for servers that support NetWare 4.x and 5.0, which can be monitored, but cannot monitor.
Overview, Continued Windows NT Users With some older firmware, you must use one logical drive if you have only one MegaRAID adapter in the host system. Most firmware requires only an attached device. If you have more than one MegaRAID adapter, make sure at least one physical drive is attached to each MegaRAID adapter before you access these MegaRAID adapters from Power Console Plus in Windows NT.
Installing on a Windows NT V4.x Server and Workstation Power Console Plus can be installed and registered on a Windows NT, Windows 2000. See the LSI Logic web site (www.lsilogic.com) for additional information about supporting Novell NetWare as a RAID server. This allows the NetWare server to be seen and accessed from Windows NT and 2000.
Installing on a Windows NT V4.x Server and Workstation, Continued Installing the Power Console Plus Software Step 1 Action Insert the Power Console Plus CD in the CD-ROM drive. You can view the files in Windows Explorer. In the CD-ROM directory, select the application folder, as shown below. Double-click on Setup.exe to run the program. Note: Power Console Plus requires Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 or later, and Service Pack 6 or later. 2 88 Click on Next when the first screen appears.
Step Action The license agreement and README screens appear. Click on Next. Choose the installation packages from the following screen. You can choose 1, 2, or all 3 packages: MegaRAID Registration Server Makes the server a Registration Server. MegaRAID Server Allow the server to register to the Registration Server. MegaRAID Client Allows the server to monitor other servers with a MegaRAID adapter. Any configuration is valid.
Step 4 Action The rest of this table is concerned with Power Console Plus installation. For additional information about SNMP package installation, see page 94. For additional information about MegaRAID Service Monitor installation, see page 95. Click on Install to begin installation. 5 The progress screen for the InstallShield Setup wizard displays. In this example, all three components are selected.
Step 7 Action Set the password as prompted. Verify the password and click on the OK button. 8 You are prompted to edit the REGSERV.DAT file, and HOST file. Edit REGSERV.DAT in c:\winnt\system32\drivers\etc using the Notepad program. REGSERV.DAT should look something like this: When editing REGSERV.DAT, replace the name “localhost” with your Registration Server name, no matter what configuration you have selected, even if the Registration Server is the server you are working on.
Step 9 Action If you have not edited the HOST file yet, edit HOST in c:\winnt\system32\drivers\etc using the Notepad program. HOST should look like this: The HOSTS file information varies depending on the type of installation: Enter the IP address and name of all MegaRAID servers including the registration server. Example: Specify all Sequential IP addresses for the server or servers, and the workstation. For example: 123.123.234.1 123.123.234.2 123.123.234.
Sample Power Console Plus Network Layout Chapter 5 Installing Power Console Plus 93
Installing an LSI Logic SNMP Agent The following installs the LSI Logic SNMP agent on a system running Windows NT 4.x Server and Workstation. SNMP Installation Prerequisites You must be running Windows NT v4.x or Windows 2000 in the system where SNMP will be installed. The LAN cards must be configured with TCP/IP. Ping all IP addresses to make sure the connections are good. Installing SNMP Services in Windows NT 4.
MegaRAID Service Monitor The MegaRAID Service Monitor Program is a Windows NT Service Process. The monitor program tracks status changes for hardware devices. The monitor program runs in the background. It polls the status of the resources connected to the MegaRAID adapters every 10 to 15 seconds. The monitor program, MegaService Monitor, is part of the Power Console Plus installation package. The monitor program is installed as a service and is loaded automatically.
Installing and Registering Power Console Plus Components in a NetWare Server 4.x TCP/IP must be configured and operational before you begin the following procedure. Important The process of installing the NetWare RAID and Registration Server components overwrites RPCBSTUB.NLM in the SYS:SYSTEM directory. In servers running Novell NetWare 4.1xs, this file is a Read-Only file, so you must first change the file attribute to Read-Write before beginning installation.
Installing and Registering Power Console Plus Components in a NetWare Server, Continued Edit the Hosts File for a RAID Registration Server Use the following procedure if installing Power Console Plus on a server that is the registration server. Step 1 Action Type LOAD EDIT 2 3 4 at the NetWare prompt and press . Press the key and select SYS volume. Select the ETC directory. Select the Hosts file and press .
De-registering and Re-registering under Power Console Plus If the registration server fails or is shut down, the other RAID servers or clients must log back into the registration server after the registration server has been restored to an online condition. RAID servers can register into the registration servers without resetting. The online command instructions for registering and de-registering under each operating system are: Operating System Windows NT 4.
6 Running Power Console Plus The current version of Power Console Plus is 4.xx. Double-click on the Power Console Plus icon in the MegaRAID program group on the Windows screen: Power Console Plus Screen Layout Windows user interface conventions are used. Click on an object with the left mouse button to select or deselect the object.
User Interface Restrictions You cannot choose a different server or adapter if an operation, such as a rebuild, background initialization, check consistency, Performance Monitor display, or drive reconstruction is in progress. Power Console Plus Restrictions When selecting a new server in Full Access mode, you must enter the password for the new server.
Power Console Plus Toolbox Icons Power Console Plus includes several toolbar icons at the top of the screen. These icons provide easy access to Power Console Plus features. The icons are described below. The Display Configuration icon is shown to the left. Click on this icon to display the current RAID system configuration, as shown on the sample screen below: The print icon is shown to the left. Click on this icon to print the current configuration. The Wizard configuration icon is shown to the left.
Power Console Plus Icons, Continued The Clear Configuration icon is shown to the left. Click on this icon to clear the RAID configuration on the currently selected controller. A confirmation screen will appear: Click on OK in the confirmation screen to reset the configuration. Warning Choosing Clear Configuration will clear all channels on the MegaRAID adapter. Clear Configuration will reset the entire MegaRAID adapter.
Power Console Plus Icons, Continued The Physical Drive Properties icon is to the left. Click here to display the properties of the selected physical drive, as shown on the sample Drive Properties screen below: The Logical Drive Properties icon is shown to the left. Click on this icon to display the properties of the selected logical drive, as shown on the sample screen below: The rebuild rate icon is shown to the left.
Power Console Plus Icons, Continued The rescan icon is shown to the left. When you click on this icon, the currently selected MegaRAID controller scans its SCSI channels again to make sure that all drive configuration information is current. The display log icon is shown to the left. Click here to display a list of MegaRAID activities, as shown on the sample screen below: Note: When running under Windows NT or Windows 2000, Power Console Plus logs all messages to RAID.LOG. RAID.
Power Console Plus Menus Main Menu Options The Power Console Plus main menus are: Option Configuration Adapter Physical Drv Logical Drv Progress Help Description Choose this option to select the Power Console Plus Wizard to configure the RAID system. Choose this option for adapter-related functions. You can configure logical drives, enable the speaker, toggle object identification, turn the performance monitor on or off, and display the toolbar by selecting an item from this menu.
Configuration Menu, Continued Wizard Choose Wizard to configure arrays of physical drives and the logical drives. The following appears: Choose Custom or Automatic array configuration. Automatic Configuration If you choose Automatic, the Wizard examines the system and automatically configures an optimal RAID system. Select Automatic and click on .
Configuration Menu, Continued Custom Configuration If you choose Custom, you can determine the configuration. Select Custom, and click . A screen such as the following screen displays: Highlight the drives you want to configure and click on Add to Array to add drives to the configuring array. You cannot add a drive to an existing array while running the Configuration Wizard. Click on Add Spare to add Hot Spare drives. Click on Accept Array if you approve of the configuration.
Configuration Menu, Continued Save Choose this option to save the current RAID configuration to a hard disk drive or floppy drive. Load Choose this option to load a previously saved RAID configuration. The following screen appears. Select the correct directory path and type the configuration filename. Clear Configuration Choose this option to erase the current RAID configuration. After choosing this option, you must configure a new RAID array.
Adapter Menu The Power Console Plus Adapter menu is shown below: Adapter Options The options on the Adapter menu are described below. Option Update Firmware Flush Cache Performance Monitor On/Off Properties Diagnostics Rebuild Rate Rescan View Log Enclosure Management Alarm Control Description Choose this option to download a new version of the MegaRAID firmware. This option may not be available.
Adapter Menu, Continued Update Firmware Choose this option to update the MegaRAID firmware. The following screen appears. Type the name of the firmware file and select the correct directory path. This option has not been implemented yet. Flush Cache If the MegaRAID system must be powered down rapidly, you must flush the contents of the cache memory to preserve data integrity. Performance Monitor Select Performance Monitor On from the Adapter menu to display a graphic representation of drive performance.
Adapter Menu, Continued Properties Select this option to display the adapter properties. A screen like the following appears: Rebuild Rate Choose Rebuild Rate to select the amount of system resources to be devoted to rebuilding failed disk drives. The higher the percentage of system resources devoted to drive rebuilds, the lower the percentage of system resources devoted to RAID operations and the more degraded the system will become. The following screen appears.
Adapter Menu, Continued View Log Select this option to display the MegaRAID event log. A screen such as the following appears: Enclosure Management Click on an icon to display the cooling fan, power supply, or temperature for each drive enclosure.
Adapter Menu, Continued Enclosure Management Icons The status of the power supply, fans, and temperature for SAFTE compliant subsystems appears when you click on one of the icons: Icon Description Displays the current status of the power supply in the enclosure for the selected subsystem. Displays the current status of the cooling fans in the enclosure for the selected subsystem. Displays the current temperature of the enclosure for the selected subsystem.
Physical Drive Menu The Power Console Plus Physical Drive menu is: Rebuild Choose the Rebuild option to rebuild one or more failed disk drives. Follow the instructions on the screen. Select Abort Rebuild to stop the rebuild process at any time. The drive will revert to its original status before the rebuild began. A RAID 1, 3, or 5 configuration has built-in redundancy. If a drive in a RAID group fails, the RAID subsystem continues to work but no additional redundancy is provided.
Physical Drive Menu, Continued Change Status Choose this option after you have selected a physical drive. The following options appear: Option Make Online Fail Drive Spin Up Spin Down Make Hot Spare Description Choose this option to bring the selected physical drive online. Choose this option to take the selected physical drive offline. Choose this option to allow a period of time for the selected physical drive to reach operational speed. This usually takes a few seconds.
Logical Drive Menu The Power Console Plus Logical Drive Menu is shown below: Initialize Choose this option to initialize the selected logical drive or drives. A screen such as the following appears to show progress. Initialization may take a long time. Warning Power Console Plus allows you to initialize a drive at any time. Make sure that the drive being initialized does not have live data. All data will be lost.
Logical Drive Menu, Continued Check Consistency Choose this option to verify the redundancy data in logical drives that use RAID levels 1, 3, or 5. Select the drives to be checked and choose Check Consistency from the Logical Drive menu. You are prompted to run parity checking. The following appears: Parity Checking Selected Device(s)? Click on OK to perform parity checking. If a discrepancy is found, it is automatically corrected, assuming that the data is correct.
Logical Drive Menu, Continued Change Cache Policy Click on Cache to change the cache memory policy. You can choose Direct or Cached. Change Read Policy Click on Read to change the Cache Read Policy. You can choose Normal, Read Ahead, or Adaptive Read Ahead. Read Policy Normal Read Ahead Adaptive Read Ahead Description The MegaRAID controller does not use read-ahead for the selected logical drive. The MegaRAID controller uses read-ahead for the selected logical drive. This is the default setting.
Progress Menu The Power Console Plus Progress menu is shown below. The features on this menu are available only when a rebuild, initialization, diagnostics test, check consistency, or drive reconstruction are in progress.
Securing Power Console Plus under Windows NT or Windows 2000 To secure Power Console Plus utility while running in Windows NT: Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Action Log in as the Administrator. Run File Manager. Select the path containing the Power Console Plus executable. Pull down the Security menu in File Manager and choose PERMISSIONS. When the permission dialog box appears, assign the LIST permission to all Groups except Administrator, Backup Operators, System, and Creator Owner.
7 Configuring Arrays and Logical Drives Step 1 Start Power Console Plus Double-click on the Power Console Plus icon or click on the Start button, select the Program group and choose Power Console Plus from the MegaRAID group. The Power Console Plus screen appears: Drive States The state of each physical drive is shown to the right of the SCSI ID or array.
Step 1 Run Power Console Plus, Continued Power Console Plus Logical Devices The Logical Device window on the bottom half of the screen displays the current adapter and the global hot spare pool for this adapter. All configured arrays, logical drives, and hot spares can be displayed here. Click on the Logical View button (on the right of the screen) to display the configured logical drives. Click on Physical View to display the configured physical drives.
Step 3 Run the Wizard If the RAID system is already up and running and you would like to reconfigure the adapter, choose Rescan from the Adapter menu to make sure that Power Console Plus recognizes all physical drives. Choose Wizard from the Configuration menu. The Wizard screen appears as follows. Choose Custom or Automatic. Click on the Next button. Types of Configuration You can choose either Custom or Automatic configuration.
Step 3 Run the Wizard, Continued Displaying Logical Drive Properties To display the logical drive properties, double-click on the logical drive icon. Displaying Physical Drive Properties To display the physical drive properties, double-click on the drive icon. Custom Configuration If you choose Custom Configuration, the Array Definition Screen appears, as shown below: The new array is displayed in the Logical Devices window. The drive SCSI ID follows the drive icons.
Step 3 Run the Wizard, Continued Custom Configuration, Cont’d Displaying Logical Drive Properties To display the logical drive properties, double-click on the logical drive icon. Adding Physical Drives to a New Array You can assign physical drives to the new array by selecting any combination of physical drives in the Ready status and clicking on the Add to Array button. Displaying Physical Drive Properties To display the physical drive properties, double-click on the drive icon.
Step 3 Run the Wizard, Continued Custom Configuration, Cont’d Finishing Click on the Accept Array button when the configuration is complete. A new array screen appears. Assign physical drives as discussed above. When finished, click on the Next button. Defining Logical Drives The Logical Drive Parameter screen appears next, as shown below: This screen displays the logical drive(s) to be defined. You can specify the RAID level and size. You can also span arrays and set advanced parameters.
Step 3 Run the Wizard, Continued Custom Configuration Defining Logical Drives, Cont’d Step 1 2 3 Action Specify the RAID level by clicking on the RAID Level dropdown menu on the Logical Drive Parameter screen and selecting a RAID level. The Wizard will not let you configure an invalid RAID level. See the MegaRAID hardware guide for your board for information about the requirements for each RAID level. Set the size either by accepting the default or by clicking in the Size box and typing a smaller size.
Step 4 Save Configuration and Initialize Save Configuration Click on OK when prompted to save the configuration. The configuration is saved to NVRAM and to the array. Save to Binary File The configuration parameters have been saved to NVRAM, but it is also a good idea to save the configuration to a binary file. Choose Save from the Power Console Plus Configuration menu. Type a filename and directory path for the Save file. The file extension should be .CFG.
8 Assigning Hot Spares Global Hot Spares To make a hot spare, click on a physical drive that is in Ready status. All physical drives appear in one of the Physical Devices windows. If you inadvertently click on a drive icon for a physical drive that you do not want to make a hot spare, click on it again to deselect the drive. Drag and drop the selected physical drive into the global hot spare pool.
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9 Virtual Sizing and Online Capacity Expansion Virtual Sizing is a unique feature designed by LSI Logic. With virtual sizing, the Administrator can use the disk space of a hard drive that was just added to an existing disk array, without rebooting the operating system. Virtual Sizing supports Windows NT 4.x, Windows 2000 (only supported for Basic Disk), and NetWare 4.x, 5.x only. Location and Enabling The Virtual Sizing option is found in the Boot Up Configuration Manager.
MegaRAID Drive Characteristics Mraid35x.sys Driver versions 2.19 and above are capable of reporting newly configured logical drives to Windows NT Disk Administrator without rebooting the operating system. After creating the drive arrays and logical drives in Power Console Plus, configure the new logical drive(s) in the NT Disk Administrator. If you’re not familiar with NT Disk Administrator, refer to the Windows NT Operations manual.
Adding Capacity under Windows NT 3.5x, 4.x and Windows 2000 Adding capacity under NT 3.51 and 4.
Adding Capacity under Window NT 4.x, and Windows 2000, Continued Adding Hard Disk Drives using Power Console Plus vX.X On the main Power Console Plus screen, verify that the drive(s) that were added display on the appropriate channel. There are three ways you can add a HDD to an existing array. The first method is: Step 1 2 3 4 5 Action Highlight the drive(s) you want to add, and the logical drive to add them to. On the Menu Bar, select Logical Drive. Select Change Configuration. Select Add Capacity.
Adding Capacity under NetWare 4.x and 5.x Adding capacity or adding a HDD to an existing array You can add capacity or a HDD only under the following conditions: • • • • Note: the Virtual Sizing option is enabled in the "Boot Up Configuration Utility" the FlexRAID Power Fail option needs to be enabled only one logical drive can be configured per array (not per controller) drives can be added to RAID levels 0, 3, or 5 only See the readme file on the CD for information about special cases.
Adding capacity under NetWare 4.x and 5.x, Continued Adding new space into the NetWare Volume Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Action Load INSTALL.NLM. Highlight the VOLUME OPTIONS (configure, mount, or dismount volumes). Press . Press . Highlight the drive that has available space (it should be nearly 81 GB). Press . Highlight the option Make Segment Part of Another Volume or New Volume. Press .
A MegaRAID Service Monitor Power Console Plus does not run as a Windows NT Service. The MegaRAID Service Monitor runs as a Windows NT service. It logs events to the Application log (MEGARAID.LOG) under Windows NT. Power Console Plus Internal Messages Power Console Plus logs the following messages to RAID.LOG: Message Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Message Power Console Plus has been started again. An adapter change has occurred.
MegaRAID Service Monitor The MegaRAID Service Monitor Program is a Windows NT Service Process. The monitor program tracks status changes for hardware devices and runs in the background. It polls the status of the resources connected to the MegaRAID adapters every 10 to 15 seconds. The monitor program, MegaService Monitor, can be started automatically the same time Windows NT starts or you can start it manually after you log into Windows NT.
Event Types Valid event types recorded in the Log Viewer include: Event types Severity Level Log Messages General Events RAID Monitor Service Ver.
Event types Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive state changed Physical drive format status Physical drive format status Physical drive error or the error count differs from the last check Temperature is over threshold or back to normal Fan is not operational or its status changed since last check Power supply is not operational
Event types Battery temperature out of range or back to normal Battery Voltage low or normal Battery fast charging in progress/failed/ completed Number of battery charge cycles Since the monitor program scans the bus periodically, it checks for devices and compares with the previous results. If not a match, it logs messages.
Event Types, Continued Event Message IDs Each event log message has its unique ID number.
Index # #Stripes, 19, 23, 26, 74, 78, 81 A Activate Channel, 65 ADAC Configuration Manager Adapter menu, 11 ADAC Configuration Utility, 5 Adapter and Server, 105 Adapter Menu, 115 Adapter option, 63 Configuration Utility, 10 Adapter Properties, 46 Adapter Properties icon, 108 Adapter Selection, 57 Adaptive, 20, 24, 27, 54, 75, 82 Adaptive Read Ahead, 124 Add Capacity, 124 Adding a Physical Drive to an Existing Array, 131 Adding Capacity under NetWare 3.12 and 4.
E Installing the Power Console Plus Software, 92 Easy Configuration, 9, 16, 18, 62, 70, 73 Edit REGSERV.
Do not use RAID 3, 75 O Objects, 10 Objects menu, 17 Online, 127 P Performance Monitor, 116 Performance Monitor On/Off, 115 Physical Devices, 105 Physical Drive Menu, 120 Physical Drive Properties icon, 109 Physical Drives, 12, 51, 64 Formatting, 30, 85 Physical View, 58 Policy, 75 Cache, 11, 20, 24, 27, 55, 75, 79, 82 for caching, 24 Read, 11 Write, 11, 20 Power Console, 3 Power Console Plus, 89 Features, 89 Power Console Plus Adapter Menu, 115 Power Console Plus Client, 90 Power Console Plus Client Rest
Terminate Wide Channel, 65 Toolbar, 105 Theory of Operation, 137 Virtual Sizing & Online Capacity Expansion, 137 U W Undoing the Array, 129 Update Firmware, 115, 116 User Interface Restrictions, 106 Web BIOS Configuration Utility, 43 Web BIOS Icons, 45 Web Site, 91 Windows NT, 90 Wizard, 112, 129 Wizard icon, 107 Write Policy, 11, 20, 24, 27, 55, 72, 75, 79, 82, 124 Changing in Windows NT, 124 Write-back, 27, 55 WriteBack, 124 Write-back caching, 20, 24, 75 Write-through, 27, 55 Write-through caching,
