Part I Getting Started Part II Learning Macintosh User’s Guide for Macintosh PowerBook 145 Includes setup instructions and important health-related information Part III Reference Part IV Index
K Apple Computer, Inc. This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original.
Contents Preface How to Use This Book xiii Learning the basics 10 Before you begin 10 Radio and television interference xv Finding the tour 11 Starting the tour from the hard disk 11 n Part I Getting Started With Your Computer 1 Starting the tour from a floppy disk 15 Turning the Powerbook on and off 17 Off 17 Chapter 1 Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 1 Setting up the computer 2 Sleep 18 On 19 On/off summary 19 Step 1: Plug in the power adapter 2 When you turn on your computer 20 Step 2: Open
n Part II Learning Macintosh 31 Chapter 2 Working on the Desktop 31 Use the trackball 32 Chapter 3 Creating and Changing a Document 51 Open a program 52 Create a document 53 Point 32 Save your work 53 Click 33 Switch programs 54 Press 34 Close a document 56 Drag 35 Choose a command 36 Giving orders to your computer 36 Open an icon 37 Look at the contents of a window 38 Two types of programs 57 Open a document 57 Change a document 58 Save your work so far 61 Taking a shortcut 62 Make a window the
Chapter 4 Working With Disks 69 n Part III Macintosh Reference 87 Insert a floppy disk 70 Floppy disks and hard disks 71 Initialize a disk 72 Copy the contents of a disk 74 Taking care of floppy disks 75 Chapter 6 Setting Up Your Programs 87 Installing or updating system software 87 Before you install 88 Installing system software 88 Take a floppy disk out of its drive 76 Installing customized system software 90 Protect the contents of disk 77 Starting up with a floppy disk 91 On your own: Install
Using a RAM disk 97 Creating a RAM disk 97 Chapter 8 Using Disks 113 Preparing a new disk for use 113 Erasing a RAM disk 98 Initializing a hard disk 113 Resizing or removing a RAM disk 98 Initializing a floppy disk 115 Making a RAM disk the startup disk 99 Erasing a floppy disk 116 Designating a startup disk 116 Chapter 7 Power Management 101 Monitoring the battery charge level 101 Scanning order for startup disks 117 Protecting the information on a disk 117 Using the battery desk accessory 101 L
Chapter 9 Organizing Your Files 125 Straightening up your files 125 Using folders to organize your files 126 Creating and naming folders 126 Filing documents when you save them 127 Making items easier to find 128 Chapter 10 Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 139 Specifying which items you want opened at startup 140 Installing an item in the Apple menu 140 Installing files in the System Folder 140 Removing files from the System Folder 141 Creating an alias 128 Changing the items in the Label menu 142
Turning off the Empty Trash warning 154 Controlling background printing 175 Managing memory 155 Working with fonts 176 Checking memory use 155 Outline fonts and bitmap fonts 176 Making the most of your memory 155 Installing fonts 177 Adjusting the disk cache 156 Removing fonts 178 Using hard disk space as memory 157 Transferring fonts to a LaserWriter printer 178 Turning on 32-bit addressing 158 Finding out about available fonts 180 Setting the beep sound 159 Other ways to use the LaserWriter
Working with files and folders on other computers 191 Creating a new folder on another computer 191 Changing your password 191 Giving folder ownership to someone else 193 Sharing your own files 193 How file sharing works 193 Turning file sharing on 194 Turning on guest access 194 Selecting a folder or disk to share 195 Naming a registered user 197 Setting a registered user’s password 198 Naming a group of users 198 Seeing who’s in a group 199 Selecting a user or group to share a folder or disk 200 Preventin
Connecting a modem 222 Quick Reference Summary and Shortcuts 233 Connecting a printer 223 Shift-Click 233 Connecting a mouse or other ADB device 223 Working with icons 233 Using sound input and output devices 224 Selecting icons 233 Connecting a microphone 224 Opening an icon 234 Sound output devices 225 Moving, copying, and renaming an icon 234 Adding memory to your computer 225 Working with windows 234 Making a window the active window 234 Chapter 14 Travel, Storage, and Service 227 Moving
Troubleshooting 239 Appendix A Keyboard and Character Sets 253 The PowerBook 239 Using Caps Lock 254 Power 241 Typing special characters and symbols 254 The Screen 243 Memory 244 SCSI devices 244 Appendix B Exchanging Disks and Files with MS-DOS Computers 257 Disk drives and disks 245 Initializing a disk in MS-DOS format 257 Modems 248 Converting files to and from MS-DOS format 269 Printers 248 Other file-conversion options 261 Networks 250 Application programs 251 Contents xi
Appendix C Map 263 Setting your location 263 Comparing locations 264 Finding a location 265 Adding or removing a location 266 Adding a location 266 Changing or removing a location 266 n Part IV Index 271 xii Contents
Preface How to Use This Book Certain kinds of information are not included in this book. n This book has several parts. n n n n Chapter 1 explains how to set up your computer and learn how to use it. Chapters 2–5 are a tutorial designed for people who have not used a Macintosh computer before. If you are new to the Macintosh, you should read this section of the book before you start your own work.
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Radio and television interference Important The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radiofrequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules.
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Chapter 1 Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook In this chapter m Setting up your computer m Installing system software m Learning how to use your computer m Turning the computer on and off m Important care and safety instructions m Being comfortable while you work m New Macintosh users: If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, read this entire chapter. It explains how to set up your computer, learn how to use it, and turn it on and off.
Setting up the computer Step 1: Plug in the power adapter m Plug the power adapter into a standard electrical outlet or power strip. Then plug the power adapter cable into the power adapter port (marked with the icon ¯) on the back panel of the computer. Plugging in the power adapter recharges the computer’s battery while you work. You should plug it in now in case the battery has drained during shipping and storage. s Warning: Use only the power adapter that came with your PowerBook computer.
Step 2: Open the display m Slide the latch to the right and lift up the display. Position the display at a comfortable viewing angle. You can adjust the angle of the display at any time.
Step 3: Turn on the computer m Open the door to the back panel of your computer. m Press the power button to turn the computer on. The power button has this icon: I Power button You hear a tone when you turn on the computer. It takes the computer a moment to start up.
m If you see a blinking question mark on your screen, you need to install system software on the computer’s hard disk. System software includes the programs the computer uses to start itself up. Continue with the section “Installing System Software.” Trouble? m The computer made a sound, but you can’t see anything on the screen. Adjust the brightness control (marked with the icon ¤) and the contrast control (O) until an image appears and the screen is easy to read.
Installing system software System software is a set of programs that your computer uses to start up and operate. To install system software on your hard disk, follow these steps. You do not need to install system software if you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen when you turn on the computer. 1. Find the Install disk provided with your computer. Insert the disk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up). 2. Press the Return key on your keyboard to continue.
Continuing your work Next you see a message that asks whether you want to continue using your Macintosh. To continue working or to learn how to use the computer, use the trackball to choose Restart. 1. Place the index and middle fingers of your dominant hand on the trackball and the thumb of the same hand on the lower trackball button. Don’t press either button yet. 2. Roll the trackball around with your fingers. Notice that the arrow (8) on the screen moves in the direction that you roll the trackball.
4. Press and release one of the trackball buttons. Both buttons do the same thing. The screen darkens, you hear a sound, and then after a moment the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen. What to do next m If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, continue with the section “Learning the Basics.” m Otherwise, continue with the section “Turning the PowerBook On and Off.” This section contains information that can help you use your computer efficiently.
Your computer at a glance Speaker Elevation feet [ Printer port W Modem port I Power button P Reset button O Contrast control ¤ Brightness control Floppy disk drive ¥ Interrupt button ¯ Power adapter port g SCSI port (HDI-30) - Sound out port ≈ Sound in port V Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port Microphone (optional) Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 9
Learning the basics Before you begin The PowerBook comes with a tour and a tutorial to help you start using your computer as quickly as possible. Make sure your computer is turned on. If the screen is dark, try the following steps in order until you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen. m The Macintosh Basics tour teaches the most basic skills you need to master before you can use your computer.
Finding the tour Starting the tour from the hard disk Your Macintosh Basics tour may be on a floppy disk, or it may be on the computer’s hard disk. 1. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture labeled “Macintosh HD.” m If the Macintosh desktop appeared on the screen when you first turned on your computer, then the system software and the Macintosh Basics tour were installed on your computer’s hard disk at the factory. Continue with the section “Starting the Tour From the Hard Disk.
2. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the picture following step 3. If it doesn’t, try steps 1 and 2 again, paying special attention to the following: m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. m Be sure to press the trackball button twice. m Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll the trackball while you press.
4. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the following illustration: 5. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.” Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.” continues .
6. Press the trackball button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the following picture: 7. Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour. When you finish the tour, continue with “Turning the PowerBook On and Off ” and read the rest of this chapter for information that can help you use your computer safely and efficiently. Then turn to Chapter 2 and begin the tutorial.
Starting the tour from a floppy disk After a moment, your screen should look like this: 1. Insert the Macintosh Basics disk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up). Insert metal end first. continues .
2. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.” Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.” If you don’t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following: m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. m Be sure to press the trackball button twice. m Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll the trackball while you press. 4.
Turning the PowerBook on and off To turn the PowerBook off Your Macintosh PowerBook can be in one of three power states: off, sleep, or on. m If the computer is on, choose the Shut Down command from the Special menu. (The Macintosh Basics tour teaches how to choose a menu command.) Off When the PowerBook is off, the computer is not using any power or doing any work. The terms shut down and off both refer to this state.
Sleep When the PowerBook is in sleep, it draws enough power to maintain the information in its memory (including any open programs and documents). The computer is on, but almost completely inactive. You should put the computer to sleep to conserve power when you take a work break. To put the PowerBook to sleep m If the computer is on, choose the Sleep command from the Special menu.
On On/off summary When the PowerBook is on, you can do your work. And you want it to be To turn the PowerBook on If the power state is Off Sleep On m If the computer is off, press the power button (marked with the icon I).
When you turn on your computer When you turn on your PowerBook, the computer looks on the hard disk inside the computer for the system software it uses to start itself up. (A disk that contains the system software is called a startup disk.) When the computer finds the system software, it displays the icon shown and proceeds to start itself up. Menu bar Startup disk icon Trash icon When the startup process is complete, the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen.
Restarting a computer that’s already on You need to restart your computer—turn it off and back on again immediately—when you want to make certain changes to your control panels, use a newly installed system software file, or start up the computer from a different disk. m Choose Restart from the Special menu.
m Hold down the power button for 5 seconds. When you let go, the computer turns itself off. Turning the computer off with the power button erases the contents of a RAM disk. m Restart from a floppy disk. 1. Insert the Disk Tools disk into the floppy disk drive. 2. Press the power button. If the computer turns on, there may be a problem with your hard disk.
Important care and safety instructions m Always handle batteries carefully. For your own safety and that of your equipment, read and follow all the instructions in this section. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others. m Do not drop, puncture, disassemble, mutilate, or incinerate the battery. ± Warning m Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an adult.
s Caution m If you have a problem with your computer and nothing presented in the manuals that came with the computer solves the problem, take the computer to your authorized Apple dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the computer yourself may void the limited warranty. Contact your authorized Apple dealer or service provider for additional information about this or any other warranty question. m Do not attempt to open the computer’s case. There are no user-serviceable parts inside.
m Do not use the computer in wet or dusty environments. m Keep dirt and liquids away from the ports on the back panel, the keyboard, and the trackball. If you spill any food or liquid onto the computer, shut it down immediately and unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and how much got into the computer, you may have to bring the computer to an authorized Apple service provider for cleaning. m Do not touch the screen with any sharp or pointed objects.
Health concerns associated with computer use Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes associated with computer use can result from performing any number of activities. Misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can create a problem that might not otherwise exist.
Arranging your work space and equipment Keyboard and trackball The suggestions in this section can help you work more comfortably with your computer. m When you use the keyboard and trackball, your shoulders should be relaxed. Your upper arm and forearm should form a right angle, with your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line. Chair Whenever possible, use an adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support.
m If you prefer, you can adjust the angle of the keyboard by rotating the elevation feet at both ends of the back panel until they snap into position. Built-in display m Adjust the angle of the display to minimize glare and reflections from lights and windows. Make sure there is enough light to read the screen easily. m You may need to adjust the brightness and contrast of the screen when you take the computer from one work location to another, or if the lighting in your work area changes.
General suggestions m Wherever you’re working, take a moment to think about whether you feel comfortable, and change position if necessary. m Occasionally rest your eyes. From time to time focus your eyes on a distant object, and blink often while you work. m Some computer users may develop discomfort in their arms, wrists, or hands if they do intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic pain or discomfort in your arms, wrists, or hands, consult your health specialist.
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Chapter 2 Working on the Desktop Before you begin In this chapter m set up your computer according to the instructions in Chapter 1 Review basic trackball skills: You should have already m Moving the pointer m gone through the Macintosh Basics tour supplied with your computer m Choosing a command Make sure your computer is on.
Use the trackball Point Your computer has a two-button trackball. You use the ball itself to control the movements of a pointer on the screen. The pointer you’ll see most often is an arrow (8). You point to an object on the screen by rolling the trackball so the pointer is positioned over that object. When the pointer is an arrow, the tip of the arrow must be exactly over the object. You use the buttons to initiate actions that you want the computer to perform. Both trackball buttons do the same thing.
Practice clicking different objects on the Macintosh desktop, such as the startup hard disk icon near the upper-right corner and the Trash icon near the lower-right corner. Click You click an object on the screen by pressing and quickly releasing a trackball button while the pointer is over that object. When you click an icon, it becomes highlighted (the icon is darkened). A highlighted icon is said to be selected. A selected icon is the object of whatever action you choose next.
Press You press by holding down a trackball button without moving the trackball. 34 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop Practice pressing the menu names and icons in the menu bar— start with the Apple (K) menu icon at the left side, through the menu names, and across to the Help and Application menu icons at the right side. Pressing a menu name or icon “pulls down” the menu. Read the items in each menu you pull down.
Drag You drag an object on the screen by pointing to that object and holding down a trackball button while you roll the trackball. Practice dragging the startup hard disk icon and the Trash icon around the Macintosh desktop. When you drag an icon, an outline of the icon follows the pointer on the screen. When you release the trackball button, the icon itself moves. When you’re finished practicing, drag the icons back to their original positions. Then click once in the middle of the desktop.
Choose a command Choosing a command involves using a combination of the trackball actions you’ve reviewed. 1. Point to the Special menu title in the menu bar. Giving orders to your computer Telling the Macintosh to do something involves two steps: 1. selecting an object on the screen, and 2. Press to pull down the Special menu. 2. choosing the action you want to perform on that object. 3.
Open an icon Opening an icon is your first exercise in telling the computer what you want it to do. 1. Click the startup hard disk icon to select it. The icon is in the upper-right corner of the screen. Unless someone has changed its name, the icon is called “Macintosh HD.” Make sure that the icon is highlighted (darkened), which means that it’s selected. When you choose the Open command, the selected icon opens into a window (in this case, the Macintosh HD window).
Look at the contents of a window Every window has several features that help you view the window’s contents. But before you can work with the contents of a window, you need to make that window the active window. 1. Click the Trash icon near the lower-right corner of the screen to select it. Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it’s selected to be the object you’ll act upon next.
4. Drag to the Open command so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button. When you choose the Open command, the Trash icon opens into a window (the Trash window). The Trash icon becomes filled in with a pattern of dots, indicating that it has been opened. Active window You should now have two windows on your Macintosh desktop: the Macintosh HD window and the Trash window. The Trash window is the active window. An active window has a series of solid lines at the top of the window.
5. Click anywhere in the Macintosh HD window to make it the active window. Notice that the solid lines now appear at the top of the Macintosh HD window. (The area containing the window title and the solid lines is called the title bar.) When windows overlap, the active window is the one that’s on top. Active window Make a window larger or smaller Sometimes you want to make a window larger, so you can see more of its contents, or smaller, so it takes up less space on your screen.
2. Drag the size box in any direction, and then release the trackball button. 3. Click the zoom box near the right end of the title bar. While you drag, an outline follows the pointer to indicate the window’s new size. The new size takes effect when you release the trackball button. Zoom box The window “zooms” to a size that shows all the items in the window. 4. Click the zoom box again. The window zooms back to its previous size (the size that you chose in step 2).
Move the hidden contents of a window into view 2. Point to the File menu title in the menu bar. As you work with your computer, you’ll encounter windows containing more than you can view on the screen at one time. You can view contents that are out of sight, as described in the following steps. 3. Press to pull down the File menu. 1. Check that the Macintosh HD window is active, then click the System Folder to select it. 4.
6. Drag the size box diagonally (up and to the left) to make the window about half its current size, and then release the trackball button. 7. Press the scroll arrow at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar. Scroll arrow The contents of the window scroll past, bringing into view the icons that were out of sight on the right. Vertical scroll bar Horizontal scroll bar 8. Press the scroll arrow at the left end of the horizontal scroll bar.
9. Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the horizontal scroll bar, and then release the trackball button. Close a window When you no longer need to see the contents of a window, you can close it by clicking the close box. Scroll box 1. In the (active) System Folder window, point to the close box near the left end of the title bar. Close box Now you see the icons near the middle of the window. The vertical scroll bar, scroll box, and scroll arrows work the same way. Try them. 2. Click the close box.
Move a window You can move a window anywhere on the screen by dragging its title bar. By changing the position and size of windows, you can arrange your Macintosh desktop in whatever way is best for you. Notice how the Macintosh HD window, because it is the active window, stays on top of the Trash window if and when the two windows overlap. 1. Point to the title bar of the (active) Macintosh HD window. Position the pointer anywhere on the title bar except over the close box or the zoom box. Title bar 3.
The window closes, and the Macintosh HD icon reappears in its previous form. The Trash window (the remaining window on the Macintosh desktop) becomes the active window. 4. Close the Trash window by choosing Close Window from the File menu. What’s on the desktop? Just as a desk’s large flat surface is its work space, the Macintosh “desktop” is the work space on your computer. The desktop metaphor gives you a familiar way of thinking about how to use the Macintosh.
Different types of icons represent different types of containers. Hard disks and floppy disks are like filing cabinets. You use disks to store files—your programs and the documents you create with them. Folders are like folders in a file drawer. You use folders to organize your files. Programs are files containing instructions to the computer that let you do certain types of work. Shared disks are like filing cabinets containing office supplies or information that you share with others in your work group.
Documents are files containing words, pictures, numbers, sounds—whatever you create with your programs. Windows let you see what’s inside containers Windows let you see what’s inside all these containers. When you open a disk icon, the window that appears shows you what’s on the disk. When you open the document icon representing a memo, the window that appears shows you the memo. Changing the size of a window or viewing its contents does not change the contents.
Using the keyboard Arrow keys You use the keyboard to type text and numbers, just as you would on a typewriter. (For touch typists, your keyboard has raised dots in the middle of the D key and the K key to help position your fingers on the home row.) All Macintosh keyboards have four arrow keys: Up Arrow, Down Arrow, Left Arrow, and Right Arrow. Many programs let you use the arrow keys as well as the trackball to move the pointer on the screen.
50 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop
Chapter 3 Creating and Changing a Document In this chapter n What “keyboard shortcuts” are and how to use them n How to quit a program n How to make a copy of a document n How to change the name of a document n How to use the Trash n How to open a program n How to use a program to create a document Before you begin n Why it’s important to save your work, and how to save it Make sure that your computer is on.
Open a program Your computer comes with a simple word-processing program called TeachText. You’re going to use this program to create a document. 1. Open the Macintosh HD icon. (Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.) The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program. When you open the TeachText program, there is one dramatic change on your desktop: n A window called “Untitled” appears.
Create a document Save your work The untitled window is like a blank sheet of paper. In the upper-left corner of the empty document is a blinking vertical line (|). This line is called the insertion point, because it marks the place where the text you type will be inserted. Work that you do in a program exists only in the computer’s memory until you save it onto a disk.
2. Type “Opening Lines”. Switch programs You can have several programs open on your Macintosh desktop at one time (how many depends on how much memory your computer has and how much memory the programs use). But only one program at a time can be the active program. The active program is the one that’s “on top of ” other open programs—in the same way that the active window is on top of other windows. The Opening Lines window is now the active window, and TeachText is the active program.
2. Make the Finder the active program by clicking the Macintosh HD icon, or clicking anywhere on the desktop outside the Opening Lines window. The Finder becomes the active program. Notice: n n n The Macintosh HD window appears on top of the Opening Lines window. The menu bar shows the Finder’s menu titles. The Application menu icon at the right end of the menu bar becomes the Finder icon. 3. Make the Opening Lines window active by clicking anywhere inside it.
You choose Finder by pointing to the Application menu icon, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to highlight the name Finder, and then releasing the trackball button. The Finder becomes the active program, and the Macintosh HD window becomes the active window. 5. Make TeachText the active program by choosing TeachText from the Application menu. Close a document When you close a document, you do not close the program that you used to create it. (Closing a program is called quitting.
Two types of programs Programs that you use to do your work on the computer are called application programs, or applications, because they’re ways of applying computer technology to the work that you do. Word-processing programs, for example, are applications that enable you to write memos, novels, or whatever you need to write.
2. Open the Opening Lines icon by double-clicking it. Change a document The Opening Lines window shows you the text you typed. In this section you’ll make some changes to the text using techniques that work in most Macintosh programs. Keep two things in mind: n To double-click an icon, you click it twice in rapid succession without moving the pointer. (Use the trackball to position the pointer over the icon, and then click one of the trackball buttons twice.
3. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “people” (after “All”). 6. Move the I-beam pointer between the word “equal” and the period (to the immediate left of the period). 4. Drag horizontally, selecting the word “people”, and then release the trackball button. 7. Click the trackball button once. To drag, hold the trackball button down while you roll the trackball. The selected word is highlighted (surrounded by black).
Now you’ll rearrange some text. 9. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “they” (after “conscience,”). 12. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “Endowed”. 10. Drag horizontally, selecting the word “they”, and then release the trackball button. 13. Click to place the insertion point. 14. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. 11. With “they” selected, choose Cut from the Edit menu.
15. Press the space bar once, type “are”, and then press the space bar once again. Save your work so far The changes you’ve made so far are not part of Opening Lines until you save them. You save them by telling the computer to record them in the Opening Lines document that’s stored on your hard disk. 16. Move the I-beam pointer between the letters t and h in the word “they”. It’s important to remember that no change is “official” until you save it onto a disk.
Taking a shortcut You can choose some menu commands by using the keyboard instead of the trackball. A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that you press at the same time to get the same result as choosing a command from a menu. One of the keys you press is always the x key or another modifier key. Make more changes The changes you’ve made so far are now part of the document that’s stored on your hard disk. 1. Move the I-beam pointer (9) between the letters E and n in the word “Endowed”.
5. Press the Delete key once, press the space bar once, and then type “and”. 8. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate right of the “each other”. Do not drag. Do not click the trackball button yet. 9. Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click to select the words “each other”. 6. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of “each other”. Holding down the Shift key while you click selects the text between the insertion point and wherever you click. 10.
11. Select the word “togetherness” by double-clicking it. Quit a program Quitting a program closes the program as well as any open documents that were created using that program. (Simply closing a document leaves the program open and active.) 1. Make sure that the Opening Lines window is active. 2. Quit the TeachText program. To select a word by double-clicking it, position the I-beam pointer over the word and then click twice in rapid succession, without moving the pointer.
Opening and closing documents and programs Doing this Also causes this Opening a document Opens the program that created that document Making a document window active Makes the program that “owns” that document active Closing a document Simply closes that document; does not close the program that created that document (the program continues to use memory) Quitting a program Prompts you to save your work, then closes the program that created the active document (memory becomes available for other pr
3. Choose Duplicate from the File menu. Change the name of an icon You can change the name of any icon, using any characters except a colon (:). If you change an icon’s name and then open it, you’ll see that the name of its window has also changed. 1. Drag the “Opening Lines copy” icon away from the original icon so that the two icons do not overlap. 2. Click the name (not the icon) “Opening Lines copy.” Do this even if the icon is already selected.
3. With the name selected, type “Article 1”. Whatever you type replaces the selected text. 4. Press the Return key. Pressing Return saves the new name. Use the Trash When you no longer need a file or a folder, you can throw it away by dragging its icon to the Trash. Practice using the Trash by throwing away the “Article 1” document, which you created when you made a copy of the “Opening Lines” document. 1. If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.
2. Drag the Article 1 icon to the Trash icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button. If the Macintosh HD window is blocking the Trash icon, move the window by dragging its title bar. Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Trash icon. 3. Open the Trash icon. (Click to select the icon, and then choose Open from the File menu, or click the Trash twice in quick succession.) The Trash window appears.
Chapter 4 Working With Disks Before you begin In this chapter You need a new floppy disk to follow the steps in this chapter. You should be able to get floppy disks from wherever you got your computer. m What hard disks and floppy disks are for, and how they differ Make sure that your computer is on.
Insert a floppy disk Follow these steps to insert your new disk into the disk drive. Your computer’s floppy disk drive can accommodate 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks of two types: 1. Write “Practice” on a blank disk label. m high-density disks, which can hold up to 1.4 megabytes (MB) of information 2. Attach the label to your new floppy disk. The molding of the disk’s plastic case indicates where the label goes. Do not affix the label over the metal shutter.
Floppy disks and hard disks 10,000 pages Both floppy disks and hard disks function like filing cabinets: you use them to store information. You can store much more on a hard disk than on a floppy disk, however, and the computer can retrieve information from a hard disk much faster. 5,000 pages Floppy disks and hard disks are represented by different icons.
Initialize a disk If you inserted a double-sided disk, this dialog box appears: Every new disk needs to be prepared for use. Preparing a new disk is called initializing it. In the same way that lines are drawn on a newly paved parking lot to mark off parking spaces, the initializing process creates organized areas on the disk where the computer can store information. Your computer’s hard disk was initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize any new floppy disks you want to use. 1.
3. Click Erase. A third dialog box appears: 5. Click OK. The computer takes about a minute to initialize the disk. Messages appear on the screen to let you know how the process is going. When initialization is finished, the disk’s icon appears directly below the Macintosh HD icon (the startup hard disk icon) near the upper-right corner of the desktop. 4. Type “Practice”. If you make any typing errors, press the Delete key to backspace over them.
Copy the contents of a disk Most programs you’ll use with your Macintosh are supplied on floppy disks. You can use a program more efficiently if you first install it on your hard disk. You install most programs by copying them from the floppy disk to your hard disk. To practice copying the contents of a floppy disk to your hard disk, use your practice disk (even though there’s nothing on it). 1.
3. Open the Practice folder icon. To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu. The folder holds the contents of the floppy disk you’ve copied. In this case, the folder is empty because there’s nothing on the Practice disk. Taking care of floppy disks Follow the care instructions that came with your disks, and remember three key points: n 4. Close all the windows on the Macintosh desktop.
Take a floppy disk out of its drive 2. Eject the floppy disk by choosing Put Away from the File menu. You take a floppy disk out of its drive when you no longer need to get information from or store information on that disk. 1. Click the Practice floppy disk icon to select it. Click the icon, not its name. You choose Put Away by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Put Away command, and releasing the trackball button.
Protect the contents of a disk 3. Turn the disk over and lock it by sliding the tab so that the square hole is open. You can lock a floppy disk so its contents cannot be changed in any way. When a disk is locked, you can look at the files it contains, but you cannot modify the files on it, delete them, or store any new files. Use your practice disk to practice locking and unlocking a floppy disk. 1.
On your own: Install your programs If you have a floppy disk drive and disks containing programs that you plan to use with your Macintosh, you can install the programs on your hard disk now (or you can wait until later and continue with the next chapter). The general instructions in this section describe how to copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk. s Important: Some programs need to be installed in a particular way.
6. Click the program folder to select it. Throw away extra System Folders 7. Choose Open from the File menu. Your startup disk must have only one System Folder on it. Whenever you copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk, make sure that you have not copied an extra System Folder. If you have, throw the extra System Folder away. The folder window appears, showing you the contents of the program folder. The folder has the same contents as the program disk. 8.
Chapter 5 Learning More About Your Computer In this chapter m How to open the Battery desk accessory Before you begin Make sure that your computer is on. This short chapter introduces you to the Battery desk accessory and the PowerBook control panel, with which you can monitor and control your computer’s power consumption. This chapter also tells you where to find answers to other questions you may have about your computer.
Open the Battery desk accessory Open the PowerBook control panel The Battery desk accessory tells you approximately how much power is left in the battery as you use the computer. The PowerBook control panel lets you control the balance between power consumption and system performance (it also lets you control other PowerBook features). To open the Battery desk accessory: m Choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu. To open the PowerBook control panel: 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.
2. Open the PowerBook icon. Use Balloon Help Balloon Help explains icons, menus, commands, and other objects on the Macintosh screen, using balloons similar to those in comic strips. Each balloon points to the object it explains. Many Macintosh programs also have Balloon Help. (Click the icon once to select it, then choose Open from the File menu. Or double-click the icon.) The PowerBook control panel appears.
4. To show a balloon describing your startup hard disk, point to the hard disk icon. A balloon appears next to the icon. Balloons do not affect how you work with your computer. You still select icons, choose commands, and so on. Turn off Balloon Help Balloons can block items on the screen as you work, so you may wish to turn them off when you're finished reading. m Choose Hide Balloons from the Help menu. 5. Click your hard disk icon to select it. You can select the icon even with the balloon showing. 6.
Use Part III of this book What next? Part III of this book, Macintosh Reference, contains all the information you need to use your computer’s hardware and system software. Unlike Parts I and II, which are meant to be read from beginning to end, Part III is meant to be used like an encyclopedia: you turn to it when you need to look up some information, and read only that information. Congratulations.
Chapter 6 Setting Up Your Programs If your Macintosh cannot find a startup disk, it displays this icon in the middle of the screen: In this chapter m Installing or updating system software m Installing your programs m Working with several programs at a time m Using the Scrapbook m Using a RAM disk Installing or updating system software System software is the set of programs and other files that your computer uses to start itself up, keep track of your files, and run the application programs you use.
Before you install Installing system software You use the Installer program to install, reinstall, or update system software on a startup disk. If you have access to the system software on a network, open the Installer program and then follow this procedure, beginning with step 4. To install system software from another hard disk or a desktop Macintosh, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.
4. Click OK. 5. Make sure that the hard disk named in the box is the one you want to install system software on. The Easy Install dialog box appears. Parts of system software to be installed Click to install on a different disk. If it isn’t, click the Switch Disk button until the correct disk name appears. 6. Click Install. 7. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen. If you are installing from floppy disks, you see messages asking you to insert different disks. 8.
Installing customized system software Custom installation allows you to select a combination of system files for your specific needs. You can also use custom installation to install or update a single file, or to save space on your hard disk by installing only the files you want. To install from floppy disks, begin with step 1; to install over a network, open the Installer program and begin with step 4. Make sure the system software you’re using is compatible with your computer. 1. Shut down your Macintosh.
s Important: Be sure to install the files that your Macintosh uses to communicate with the printer, network, and other equipment it is connected to. s 8. Click Install. 9. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen. If you are installing from floppy disks, you may see messages asking you to insert different disks. 10. When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, click Quit. If a message reports that installation was not successful, try installing again.
Installing your programs Most application programs come on floppy disks, and you install them by simply copying them from the floppy disks to your hard disk. Some programs need to be installed in a particular way. If your program came with specific instructions, follow them. To use your programs most effectively: m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than one copy can lead to problems when you’re using the program.
Checking for computer viruses Viruses—programs that damage files or erase disks—can be introduced into your computer from a floppy disk, from a shared disk on a network, or from an electronic bulletin board service. Programs that detect and eliminate viruses are available from user groups, bulletin boards, and dealers. You should check for viruses frequently if you exchange disks or data with other users. Some programs check for viruses automatically.
Working with several programs at a time Switching programs You can open as many programs and desk accessories as your computer’s memory allows. You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its name from the Application menu. All open programs are listed in the Application menu at the right end of the menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you’re using right now) has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the menu bar.
Changing the amount of memory a program uses Each program you open sets aside the amount of memory it needs. (If you don’t have enough memory to open a program, you need to quit one of the programs already open to free up some memory.) If you want to be able to open more programs, decrease the minimum size. If you type a size smaller than “Suggested size,” the program may work more slowly, show other performance problems, or not work at all.
4. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. Using the Scrapbook You can use the Scrapbook to store text, graphics, sounds, and other elements that you frequently include in your documents. The new element is pasted ahead of the one previously displayed. Storing items in the Scrapbook: Copying items from the Scrapbook: 1. In your document, select the text or other element that you want to store in the Scrapbook. 1. Choose Scrapbook from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Choose Copy from the Edit menu. 2.
Using a RAM disk Creating a RAM disk A RAM disk is a portion of your computer’s memory that you set aside for use as a temporary storage device. Using a RAM disk conserves power because the computer uses less energy to access RAM than to access a hard disk or a floppy disk. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. To use a RAM disk, you should have at least 4 MB of RAM in your computer because memory assigned to a RAM disk is not available for opening programs. 2.
5. Choose Restart from the Special menu. A RAM disk icon appears on the desktop when the computer restarts. 6. Drag the items you want to the RAM disk icon. Resizing or removing a RAM disk 1. Copy any programs or documents that you want to save onto the internal hard disk or a floppy disk. If you want to resize a RAM disk, you need to remove its contents and then restore them. Erasing a RAM disk 2. Drag everything in the RAM disk to the Trash. There are two ways to erase the contents of a RAM disk.
Making a RAM disk the startup disk If you have 6 MB or more of memory, you can make a RAM disk your startup disk. 1. Create a RAM disk. 2. Locate and open the Installer program on the Install disk. The RAM disk is now your startup disk. Be sure to keep a System Folder on your hard disk as well, in case the contents of the RAM disk are erased. Also, keep a copy of the RAM disk contents on another disk. (Don’t keep two System Folders on a single disk.
Chapter 7 Power Management In this chapter m Checking the battery level m Responding to low-power messages Monitoring the battery charge level Your computer’s main power source is a nickel-cadmium battery. The battery provides power for up to 3 hours of work (the exact time depends on how often you use the hard disk, how bright the screen is, and other factors). Use the Battery desk accessory to monitor the charge level of the battery so you can recharge it when necessary.
The Battery desk accessory appears. Responding to low-power messages When the battery charge drops to about 15%, the computer displays a series of low-power messages. The work time remaining after you see the first message will vary depending on how you are using the computer. It’s a good idea to act promptly. The line of rectangles is the battery gauge. Black rectangles indicate the charge level.
The second message is followed almost immediately by a third and final message indicating that the computer is about to put itself to sleep. When time is up, the computer goes to sleep automatically to protect the contents of RAM. If you continue working until the computer goes to sleep automatically, you may not be able to wake it again until you recharge the depleted battery in the computer for 15 minutes.
s Warning: Use only the power adapter that came with your computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. s A lightning bolt icon appears in the Battery desk accessory when the power adapter is plugged in and the battery is recharging. The lightning bolt icon disappears when recharging is about 85% complete, though recharging continues.
Recharging with a recharger To recharge a battery, follow these steps. A battery recharger and additional batteries are available as options for your computer. If you purchase a recharger and an extra battery, you can charge one battery while you use the other, so you always have a fully charged battery on hand. 1. Place the recharger on a level surface. 2. Connect the recharger and the power adapter as shown in the illustration. The recharger can accommodate two batteries.
3. Place the battery in the recharger as shown. Recharging begins immediately. You can remove a battery from the recharger at any time. s Important: To preserve a battery’s charge, don’t leave it in the recharger if the power adapter is not plugged into an electrical outlet. s Removing or replacing the battery Don’t attempt to use your computer without a battery (even when the power adapter is plugged in). To remove or replace the battery, follow these steps. 1.
4. Carefully pull the battery out of its compartment. 5. If you are inserting another battery, slide it into the battery compartment. Replacement batteries come with a door attached. 6. Close the battery door by pushing it back into place. 7. If you just inserted a new battery, it’s a good idea to plug in the power adapter in case the battery is not fully charged. s Important: Nickel-cadmium batteries contain metals which are hazardous when released to the environment.
Maximizing battery life To maximize battery life, discharge and then recharge the battery completely once every 90 days. Just use the computer as you normally would, but ignore the low-power messages that appear on the screen. (Make sure to save your work, however.) When the computer goes to sleep automatically, recharge the battery completely before using that battery again.
Maximizing work time m Keep virtual memory turned off in the Memory control panel. Your PowerBook’s battery can provide up to 3 hours of work time before you need to recharge it. The actual work time available depends on what equipment you’re using with your computer and what steps you take to conserve power while you work. m If your computer has 6 MB of memory or more, you can use a RAM disk as your startup disk to minimize hard disk use.
Adjusting the battery conservation settings 3. Close the PowerBook control panel. The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel gives you several ways to regulate your computer’s power consumption. The easiest approach You can think of the battery conservation setting as an automatic sleep setting. If you don’t use the computer for several minutes (how many depends on which setting you choose), it goes to sleep without any action on your part.
More about automatic sleep Using the battery conservation options The Battery Conservation slider controls two different power conservation features: system sleep and hard disk sleep. The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel includes a button labeled Options. Click this button to see more options that affect your computer’s power consumption. m System sleep is a state in which your computer uses only the power it needs to maintain the contents of RAM.
Processor cycling 4. Close the PowerBook control panel. If the computer is not doing anything for a few seconds, it reduces the power consumption of its microprocessor. The microprocessor comes back up to speed instantaneously when you resume work. This feature is called processor cycling. To turn processor cycling back on, click “Allow cycling.” You don’t need to do anything to use the processor cycling feature.
Chapter 8 Using Disks In this chapter m Preparing a new disk for use m Erasing a disk m Choosing a startup disk Preparing a new disk for use Before you can use a new disk, you need to prepare it so the computer knows where to store information on the disk. This preparation is called initializing (or formatting) the disk. The hard disk inside your computer is initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize new 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks that you want to use in a floppy disk drive.
1. Insert Disk Tools and turn on your computer. 2. Locate the Apple HD SC Setup icon and open it. You cannot initialize the disk that you used to start up your computer or the disk that contains the Apple HD SC Setup program. 4. Click Initialize. 5. Click Init to initialize the hard disk. 6. If a message appears asking you to name the disk, type a name and then click OK. The name of the hard disk currently selected is shown as the “volume name.
Initializing a floppy disk Initializing a new floppy disk prepares the disk to store information. 1. Insert a new floppy disk into your floppy disk drive. If you inserted a high-density disk (1.4 MB), this message appears: 2. If you inserted a high-density disk, click Initialize. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click Two-Sided. A message alerts you that you’re about to erase any information that may be on the floppy disk. A new floppy disk has no information on it. 3. Click Erase.
Erasing a floppy disk Designating a startup disk Erasing a disk actually reinitializes it. If you use more than one hard disk with your computer, you can specify which hard disk you want the computer to use as the startup disk. (A startup disk must have a System Folder on it that contains the correct version of the system software.) s Warning: When you erase a disk, you lose any information that was on the disk. s 1. Click the icon of the disk you want to erase. 2.
Scanning order for startup disks Protecting the information on a disk When you turn on your computer, it looks for a startup disk (a disk containing a System Folder) in the following sequence: The information on a locked floppy disk or in a locked file can be opened or copied but cannot be changed. 1. internal floppy disk drive (if any) 2. external floppy disk drive (if any) Locking a floppy disk 3.
Locking a file 4. Close the Info window. You use the Get Info command to lock a document or a program. Locking a program may affect its operation. To unlock the file, click the Locked box again (so the X disappears). 1. Click the icon of the file you want to lock. You can’t lock a folder, but you can lock items in a folder. 2. Choose Get Info from the File menu. Locking an alias does not lock the original file. Locking an alias merely protects it from being thrown away. 3.
Backing up your files If you can’t save files on a floppy disk Making backup copies of important files is good protection against possible damage to the originals. If you can’t save files on a floppy disk, the disk may be locked, full, or damaged, or the disk drive may not be working properly. Try the following: m You can back up files stored on your hard disk by copying them onto floppy disks. m You can back up an entire floppy disk by copying it to another floppy disk, or to a hard disk.
Ejecting a disk If you can’t eject a floppy disk You can eject a floppy disk by doing any of the following: If you can’t eject a floppy disk in the usual way, try the following in order: m Click the disk icon to select it and choose Put Away from the File menu. The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop. m Drag the disk icon to the Trash. The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop. (Dragging a disk to the Trash does not erase the disk’s contents.
Caring for disks Testing and repairing disks For information on floppy disk care, see the section on working with disks in Part II of this book, or consult the instructions that came with your floppy disks. Both floppy disks and hard disks can become damaged by repeated use and handling. If you see a message reporting that a disk is damaged or unreadable, you can use Disk First Aid or Apple HD SC Setup to try to diagnose and correct the problem.
m If the hard disk is external, make sure it is turned on and its cable is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh. m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer. Each device must have a unique ID number (the computer itself has the ID number 7, and the internal hard disk has the number 0). Also check that the chain of devices is terminated properly. (See the chapter on enhancing your computer system for information about setting SCSI ID numbers and checking termination.
3. Click the Drive button until the name of the disk you want to test appears. Click the Eject button if you want to insert a different floppy disk. 4. Click Open. 5. Choose Repair Automatically from the Options menu. 6. Click the Start button to begin testing the disk. 7. When testing and repair are finished, choose Quit from the File menu. If you want to test another disk, choose Close from the File menu, then select and open another disk (repeat steps 3–7).
Testing a hard disk 4. Click Test. You can test a hard disk with the Apple HD SC Setup program, which is on the system software disk labeled Disk Tools. 5. When a message tells you that testing is complete, click Quit. 1. Insert Disk Tools and start up your computer. 2. Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon. 3. Click the Drive button until the disk you want appears.
Chapter 9 Organizing Your Files Straightening up your files In this chapter To accomplish this . . . Do this . . .
Using folders to organize your files Creating and naming folders Macintosh folders, like the paper folders in a file cabinet, can be used to store and organize your work. You can place one folder inside another to create a hierarchy of files. You can create a new folder whenever the Finder is the active program. A new folder appears in the active window (or on the desktop if no window is active). The name is already selected. Hard disk Budgets 1. Choose New Folder from the File menu. Proposals 2.
Filing documents when you save them The first time you save a document (or whenever you choose Save As to create another version of that document), a directory dialog box appears. A directory is the list of files and folders contained in a folder or on a disk. You use this box to name your document and indicate where to store it. Directory dialog boxes vary slightly from program to program, but all share certain features. Use this pop-up menu to see the directory of a higher-level folder or disk.
Making items easier to find Uses for aliases Your Macintosh provides several ways to make a file, folder, or other item easy to find and open. You can Alias for Location Purpose Any item that could be stored in several places Everywhere the item belongs You can get access to an item from several places. Apple Menu Items folder On the desktop You can easily add or remove Apple menu items.
Locating the original of an alias Installing an item in the Apple menu An alias’s Info window shows the location of the original. You can install any item in the Apple menu, and then open the item by choosing it from the menu. 1. Select the alias whose original you want to find. 2. Choose Get Info from the File menu. 1. Open the System Folder icon and locate the Apple Menu Items folder. 2. Drag the item you want to install (or its alias) into the Apple Menu Items folder.
2. Type the name (or part of the name) of the item you want to find. Finding an item When the Finder is the active program, you can use the Find command in the File menu to find any item on any disk connected to your computer. (The Find command cannot locate items inside the System file. You need to open the System file to see its contents.) Finding an item by name 1. Choose Find from the File menu. The dialog box that appears lets you find an item by name. Capitalization does not have to match. 3.
Finding an item using other criteria The content of the middle pop-up menu and the text area vary according to the item selected in the left pop-up menu. You can use the Find command to find items by size, label, date, or other characteristics. 3. Choose an item from the left pop-up menu. 1. Choose Find from the File menu. 4. Choose an item from the middle pop-up menu. 2. If you see a button labeled More Choices, click the button. 5.
6. Choose a search location from the pop-up menu labeled Search. 8. Click the Find button when you’ve finished selecting options. The first matching item is shown highlighted in a Finder window. To see the next matching item, choose Find Again from the File menu. If the item is found on the desktop, a message appears. If no item is found, you hear an alert sound. When you display items all at once, they are shown highlighted in an outline view. Location for the search 7.
Finding items that meet two criteria Ways to use the Find command You can locate items that meet two sets of criteria, such as all items created before a certain date and larger than a certain size. The Find command can help you locate files quickly, organize documents, and develop an efficient system for backing up and archiving your work. 1. Choose the first criterion. 2. Click the “all at once” box so that an X appears. This characteristic Can be used to locate Name 1.
Creating a template or stationery Most documents can be saved as or converted into a stationery pad, which is a template form of the document. The template retains its format and content, and you can use it repeatedly as a master for similar documents with different content. Many programs let you save a document as a stationery pad when you choose Save or Save As. Click the stationery pad option to save your document as a template.
4. Close the Info window. The document icon now appears as a stationery pad icon. When you open a stationery pad, an untitled window appears showing the contents of the stationery, or a dialog box appears asking you to name the new document. Using the Info window The Get Info command displays information about a selected item. 1. Click to select the item you want information about. 2. Choose Get Info from the File menu.
Using the View menu Assigning a label to a file You can use the View menu to display the contents of a window by icon or small icon, or you can list items according to various characteristics such as name, size, or kind. (You can use the Views control panel to change how files are listed and what information is included in the list. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.) You can assign a label to a file and then group related files according to the label you have given them.
Tips on transferring files You can transfer files from your computer’s internal hard disk in the following ways: m Over a network You can connect your computer to a network and transfer files over the network. For information, see the networking chapter. m Over telephone lines If your computer is connected to a modem or has a modem installed, you can transfer files over telephone lines using an appropriate communications program. For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.
Chapter 10 Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use m Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works m Adjusting the way the keyboard works m Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type m Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing In this chapter m Specifying which items you want opened at startup m Installing an item in the Apple menu m Installing files in the System Folder m Changing the labels in the Label menu m Setting the time and date m Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off m Turning the alarm
Specifying which items you want opened at startup To have a program or a document open automatically when you start up your computer, drag its icon or its alias to the Startup Items folder, which is inside the System Folder. Programs or documents that you put in the Startup Items folder are opened when you start up your computer. You can open as many files as your computer’s memory allows.
Most special files are stored in folders inside the System Folder. When you drag a file’s icon to the System Folder icon, your computer recognizes which type of file it is and stores the file in the appropriate folder. This folder holds networking and printing software and files that extend your computer’s capabilities. The System file holds sounds, and keyboard files. Removing files from the System Folder You remove a file from the System Folder by dragging its icon out of the System Folder.
Changing the items in the Label menu Setting the time and date You can change the labels in the Label menu. You make these changes in the Labels control panel. Your computer has a clock that keeps track of the time and date (a battery keeps it running when the computer is turned off ). 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Labels control panel.
Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off You can set the Alarm Clock to alert you when it’s time for an appointment or a meeting. 1. Choose Alarm Clock from the Apple (K) menu. To set the date, click the month, date, or year to select it, then click the up or down arrow (or type the new number). To set the time, click the hours, minutes, or seconds to select them, then click the up or down arrow (or type the number). 2.
3. Click the alarm clock icon in the lower-right corner to select it. Button in the upper position indicates that the alarm is on. The alarm clock icon becomes highlighted when you select it. The time that appears in the middle section is the current alarm clock setting. Icon showing ringing alarm 8. Click the close box to close the Alarm Clock. The alarm will not go off unless you close the Alarm Clock, click the lever to make the Alarm Clock smaller, or make another window active.
Changing the date format 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel. 2. In the Date & Time control panel, click Date Formats. 3. In the dialog box that appears, make the changes you want. A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box. 4. Click OK to close the control panel. Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu. Type prefix and separators in these boxes. Use this pop-up menu to set the order of elements in the date.
Changing the time format 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel. 2. In the Date & Time control panel, click Time Formats. 3. Make the changes you want. A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box. 4. Click OK to close the control panel. Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu. When you choose the 12-hour clock, you can also choose either 0:00 or 12:00 to represent noon and midnight.
Changing number and currency formats 2. Make the changes that you want. You can choose among several formats for displaying numbers and currency. 3. Close the control panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Numbers control panel. Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu. Type the decimal separator here or choose a separator from the pop-up menu. Type the thousands separator here or choose a separator from the pop-up menu. Type the currency symbol here.
Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works You can adjust two aspects of trackball or mouse operation in the Mouse control panel: tracking, which is the relation between trackball or mouse movement and pointer movement on the screen, and double-clicking speed. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Mouse control panel. 2. Click the tracking speed you want.
Adjusting the way the keyboard works 2. To adjust the rate at which a key repeats when it is held down, click the button for the rate you want. You can adjust the rate at which a character repeats when its key is held down as well as the delay before the character begins repeating. You can also change the keyboard layout if you have additional keyboard layouts installed. 3. To adjust the delay before keys repeat, click the button for the delay you want. 1.
Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing With the system software feature called Sticky Keys, you can type keyboard shortcuts (such as x-S for the Save command) without actually pressing the keys simultaneously. The system software feature called Slow Keys lets you type very slowly and ignores accidental keystrokes by delaying the acceptance of the next keystroke. m To turn Sticky Keys on or off, press the Shift key five times without moving the mouse.
Adjusting the blinking of a menu item Adjusting the blinking of the insertion point You can change the number of times a menu item blinks when it’s chosen. You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel. You can adjust how quickly the insertion point blinks (the insertion point indicates where any text you type will appear). You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the General Controls panel. 2.
Changing the way the contents of windows appear Options for clean-up of icons Pop-up menu of fonts for icon names and list views Pop-up menu of font sizes for icon names and list views You can change the way the contents of Finder windows are displayed, and you can change the items in the View menu. You make these changes in the Views control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Views control panel.
Changing an icon 2. Copy the picture by choosing Copy from the Edit menu. You can change an icon by creating or copying a picture you want and then pasting it into an icon’s Info window. 3. Switch to the Finder, then click to select an icon you want to change. Some icons can’t be changed, including those for control panels and other parts of the system software. Every icon fits inside a small square. 4. Choose Get Info from the File menu. 1. Select the picture you want to use for the icon. 5.
6. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. The picture you copied replaces the selected icon in the Info window. If the picture is bigger than the icon, it automatically shrinks to fit. Turning off the Empty Trash warning When you choose Empty Trash from the Special menu, a message warns you that you will not be able to recover the contents of the Trash once it’s emptied. (The warning helps you avoid throwing away items unintentionally.) You can turn off this warning in the Trash’s Info box. 1.
Managing memory Making the most of your memory Occasionally you may need to make adjustments in how your Macintosh uses its random-access memory (RAM) in order to work efficiently with large programs or with several programs at once. Remember the following tips on memory management: Checking memory use You can find out how much memory your computer has, how much of it is available, and how much memory is being used by each program you have open.
m Reducing the size of the disk cache makes more memory available. (See the disk cache section in this chapter.) m Reducing the amount of memory a program uses may allow you to open more programs at once (see the chapter on setting up your programs). You set the size of the disk cache in the Memory control panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel. Adjusting the disk cache The disk cache is memory set aside to help programs work more quickly and efficiently.
Using hard disk space as memory 2. Click the On button to turn on virtual memory. Your computer can use space on a hard disk to increase the memory available for opening programs. The disk space, called virtual memory, is not available for storing files. 3. Press the pop-up menu and drag to choose a hard disk to use for virtual memory. Your computer should contain enough built-in memory for your regular needs—that is, for the programs you frequently have open simultaneously.
5. Choose Restart from the Special menu. Turning on 32-bit addressing After you restart, your computer’s total memory includes the virtual memory you set aside on the hard disk. Choose About This Macintosh from the Apple (K) menu to see memory use information. Your computer can use very large amounts of memory (more than 8 megabytes) by taking advantage of a feature called 32-bit addressing—the use of very long (32-digit) binary numbers to control the way data is manipulated.
Setting the beep sound 3. Click the beep sound that you want your computer to use. Many programs have the computer make a sound when your attention is required or when you’re attempting an action that the computer cannot perform at that time. You can choose the type of beep sound that you want your computer to make. You can also set the sound’s volume. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Open the Sound control panel.
Installing a sound Removing a sound Your computer comes with several beep sounds. You can get additional sounds from various sources. You can remove sounds in the Sound control panel. Make sure you have a backup copy of the sounds on floppy disk. (To copy a sound, you can open the System file to see its icon.) m To install a sound, you drag its icon to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window). The sound is automatically installed in the System file, where it belongs. 1.
Recording sounds 5. Click the Add button. Your computer can use an external microphone, which you can use to record a sound and add it to the Sound control panel. 6. Get ready to record, then click the Record button. 1. Connect a microphone or another audio source to the sound input port (marked with the icon X) on your computer . Recording begins immediately. You have ten seconds to record your sound. For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system. 2.
10. Type a name for the sound, and click OK. Changing the background pattern You can change the background pattern that appears on your computer screen in the General Controls panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the General Controls panel. The new sound appears in the Sound control panel. Its icon also appears in the System file.
You can choose from a variety of patterns provided, or you can create your own design by editing one of the patterns supplied. 5. To edit a pattern, click in the pattern editing area to the left of the sample pattern. Each dot in the square changes from white to black (or black to white) when you click it. Your changes are displayed in the sample pattern. 3. To see the patterns available, click either of the small triangles above the sample pattern. 4.
6. When you’ve finished creating your new pattern, click the sample pattern to display it on your desktop. 7. To save the new pattern, double-click the sample pattern. Magnifying the screen image If you don’t save the pattern, you lose it when you click one of the small triangles to display another pattern. 8. Close the control panel. 164 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use The CloseView control panel lets you magnify the image on your computer screen up to sixteen times.
2. Drag the CloseView icon to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window) on your startup disk. 3. Choose Restart from the Special menu. To turn CloseView on or off, press x-Option-O. To turn the magnification on or off, press x–Option–X. (When CloseView is on and the magnification is off, a rectangle on the screen indicates which area will be magnified. You can move the rectangle by moving the pointer.) To increase or decrease magnification, press x–Option–Up Arrow or x–Option–Down Arrow.
Turns CloseView on Turns magnification on or off Keyboard shortcuts Arrows change magnification power Inverts screen image Turns shortcuts on or off 166 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use
Chapter 11 Printing In this chapter m Before you print m Printing your work m Controlling background printing m Working with fonts Before you print Before you can print, your computer must be connected to a printer, either directly or over a network. See the information that came with your printer for instructions on how to connect it, or check with your network administrator. Choosing a printer Once your printer is connected, you must tell your computer which printer to use by choosing that printer.
If your printer is connected directly to your computer Make sure you’ve connected the printer according to the instructions that came with it. 1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Click the icon of your printer to select it. If you have a Personal LaserWriter SC, you’re finished. Close the Chooser now. 3. Click the icon of the port to which your printer is connected. If your printer is connected to the computer’s modem port (marked with the icon W), you’re finished. Close the Chooser now.
1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu. 3. Click the icon of the printer you want to use. 2. Click the Active button next to the word “AppleTalk.” v If your printer’s icon does not appear in the Chooser: The printer software is not in your System Folder. Close the Chooser and install the software you need. If you have an Apple printer, you can use the Installer to add the printer software.
Selecting Page Setup options You use the Page Setup dialog box when you’ve selected a new printer in the Chooser, or when you want to use a different paper size or printing options. When an ImageWriter printer is selected, this Page Setup dialog box appears: m Choose Page Setup from the File menu and select the options you want.
Updating printer software on networked computers All computers that share printers on a network must have the same version of the printer software. The printer restarts itself each time a different version is used (which takes time and clears any fonts from its temporary memory). s Important: All computers on a network must have the same printer software versions in the System Folder. s You or your network administrator should update the printer software on all Macintosh computers on the network.
If you want to update the printer software that is already installed on your disk, go to step 5. When you click Customize, the custom installation dialog box shows a list of printer software. Printer software available Printing your work You can print a document while it’s open and its window is active; you can also print documents while the Finder is active. 1. Make sure that the document you want to print is in the active window. If you’re printing in the Finder, select the documents you want to print.
v Printing color or gray-scale documents: You can print color or gray-scale documents on any color printer that can use the LaserWriter printer software. If you print a color document on a black-and-white printer, the document is produced as a halftone (that is, it is composed of patterns of dots). v Some programs offer additional printing options. See the manuals that came with your programs for more information on their printing features. 3. Click Print. A status message appears.
Solutions to common printing problems If nothing happens or if you see an error message when you try to print, try the following: m Make sure that the printer is turned on and warmed up. m Check the cable connections to the printer. m If your printer is an ImageWriter, make sure that the Select light is on. (If not, press the Select button.) m Make sure that the printer has paper and that the paper is feeding properly. m Make sure that a printer (and its name or port) is selected in the Chooser.
Controlling background printing You can use PrintMonitor to If you are using a LaserWriter or StyleWriter printer and the background printing option is turned on in the Chooser, you can continue to work while your documents are printing. m check the printing of your document You don’t need to do anything once background printing is turned on. But if you wish, you can control background printing with PrintMonitor, a program that’s part of system software. 1.
Working with fonts A font is a collection of letters, numbers, and symbols in a distinctive typographic design. Several fonts come with your computer’s system software. They are stored in the Fonts folder (inside the System Folder on your startup disk). You can install additional fonts and remove fonts. Additional fonts are supplied on one of the system software disks. Fonts are also available from independent manufacturers, user groups, and electronic bulletin board services.
Bitmap fonts (also called fixed-size fonts) appear only in certain sizes, because each character is a grid of black-and-white dots (called a bitmap), which is a rendering of the character’s shape in a specific size. Installing fonts 1. Quit all open programs. 2. Locate the font you want to install, and drag it to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window) on your startup disk. Fonts are supplied either as individual files (for individual fonts) or in suitcases (for font families).
Removing fonts Transferring fonts to a LaserWriter printer 1. Quit all open programs. If you’re using a LaserWriter printer equipped with PostScript and you want to print with PostScript fonts that are not built into your printer, you can transfer, or download, those fonts from your System Folder to the printer. Downloading fonts saves printing time if you plan to print several documents that use those fonts. 2. Open the System folder on your startup disk. 3. Locate the Fonts folder and open it.
2. Choose Download Fonts from the File menu. 3. If the font you want to download is not listed, click the Add button to add fonts to the list. 4. In the directory dialog box, locate your font, click its name, and then click Add. Fonts available for downloading Click to remove selected fonts from the list. Click to download all listed fonts to the printer. Click to display a directory dialog box for locating and selecting additional fonts.
Finding out about available fonts Other ways to use the LaserWriter Font Utility Many programs have a Font menu that lists the fonts installed in your system, though some programs do not list them all. You can open the Fonts folder, inside the System Folder, to see all the fonts stored there. You can also see available fonts with the Key Caps desk accessory in the Apple (K) menu.
Restarting a LaserWriter printer Turning the printer’s start page on or off Restarting the printer clears its memory, removing the fonts stored there. The LaserWriter can print a start page each time it is turned on or restarted. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. 2. Choose Restart Printer from the Utilities menu. 2. Choose Start Page Options from the Utilities menu. 3. Click Restart. 3. Click the On or Off button. 4. Click OK.
Transferring a PostScript file to a LaserWriter 4. Type a name for the log, and then click Save. You can use the LaserWriter Font Utility to send a file in PostScript format to a LaserWriter printer. The file is sent to the printer and a record of the PostScript activity is saved in the log. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. You can open the log to see the sequence of PostScript commands when the file was sent. 2. Choose Download PostScript File from the Utilities menu. 3.
Chapter 12 Using Your Computer on a Network What networking offers When your computer is connected to a network, you can: m Gain access to information on other computers. In this chapter m What networking offers m Setting up your Macintosh on a network m Gaining access to files on shared disks m Working with files and folders on other computers m Sharing your own files m Using access privileges m Allow others access to information on your own computer.
You can designate specific folders and hard disks on your computer as “shared files” that other people can gain access to. m Print documents on network printers. m Update files over the network automatically. 1. … 2. … m Link your programs to programs on other computers. You can automatically update documents created in programs that use the Macintosh system software’s publish-and-subscribe feature. (See the instructions that came with your programs for information about publish-and-subscribe.
Connecting to a network Turning on AppleTalk Your computer has built-in AppleTalk networking software. This software directly supports the LocalTalk cables you need to connect your computer to the network. (If your computer has the appropriate port or expansion card, AppleTalk also supports Ethernet and TokenRing cables.) The first time you turn on your computer after you have connected it to a network, you need to make sure that AppleTalk is turned on. 1. Choose Shut Down from the Special menu. 1.
3. Close the Chooser. When AppleTalk is active, Macintosh PowerBook computers go to sleep automatically only when they run out of battery power, or when the power adapter is plugged in and the PowerBook is not connected to any shared disks on the network. 2. Type your name in the box labeled Owner Name and press Tab. Naming your computer and its owner Before you use the network, you should give your computer a name and name yourself as its owner. 1.
Gaining access to files on shared disks Connecting to a shared disk You can retrieve and store information on other computers connected to your network. For example, a colleague can place some files for you on a shared disk called a file server— a computer dedicated to storing shared files. Individually owned computers on your network might also have shared disks. 1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu. Before you begin 2. Make sure that AppleTalk is active. 3.
v If the AppleShare icon does not appear: Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser. Make sure that the AppleShare file is in the Extensions folder in your System Folder, and restart your computer. If that doesn’t work, use the Installer to install the AppleTalk software. v 7. Click Guest or Registered User. Click here if you are not registered on the computer that you’re connecting to. 4. If you see a box labeled “AppleTalk Zones”, click the zone the computer is in.
10. Click OK. Disconnecting from a shared disk If your password is not accepted: Make sure that Caps Lock is not on. Type your password again, taking care not to make typing errors. If it’s still not accepted, ask the computer’s owner for help. 11. Click the name of a shared disk to select it. When you’re finished using a shared disk, close any open files or programs on the shared disk and then disconnect in one of the following ways: m Select the shared disk icon and choose Put Away from the File menu.
Connecting quickly to a shared disk Connecting automatically when you start up By making an alias for a shared disk, you can connect to that disk by simply opening the alias. You can connect automatically to one or more shared disks whenever you turn on your computer. 1. Connect to a shared disk. 1. Connect to the computer that has the shared disk you want to open. See the section on connecting to a shared disk in this chapter. 2. Select the shared disk icon. 3. Choose Make Alias from the File menu.
3. If you’re connecting as a registered user, click the button that indicates whether you want to save your name only, or both your name and your password. The icons of folders that you own on another disk have a darkened tab. For more security, click “Save My Name Only.” When you start up your computer, you’ll need to enter your password to connect to the shared disk. 4. Click OK. 5. Close the Chooser.
3. Type your current password. Then press Tab and type a new password. A bullet (•) appears for each letter you type. Click here to change your password. If a message tells you that you cannot change your password, your network administrator has turned off this feature. 4. Click OK. 5. Click OK in the dialog box that appears. 6. Retype your new password and click OK. Your new password is now in effect.
Giving folder ownership to someone else Sharing your own files You can give away ownership of any folder you own. Once you do so, however, the new owner can restrict your access to that folder. Make sure you have copies of any files you may need before you give ownership of a folder to someone else. 2. Click a folder that you own to select it. You can share files stored on your computer with others on the network.
Turning file sharing on 3. Close the Sharing Setup control panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Sharing Setup icon. If you want to give everyone on the network access to the items you share, continue with the next section, “Turning On Guest Access.” Turning on guest access If you want all users connected to the network to have access to your shared folders and disks, you need to turn on guest access.
3. Click the box under File Sharing labeled “Allow guests to connect” to place an X in it. To allow guests to connect to your computer, click here so that an X appears in the box. Selecting a folder or disk to share You can share any folder, hard disk, or CD-ROM disc connected to your computer. ( You cannot share floppy disks.) You can share up to ten folders or disks at a time. (This number does not include folders within the folders or disks you share.) 1. Make sure file sharing is turned on. 2.
5. Close the window and click Save in the dialog box. At this point, only you have access to the item you shared and the files inside it, unless you turned on guest access and some or all of the boxes next to “Everyone” are checked. If you haven’t turned on guest access, continue with the section “Naming a Registered User” if you want to name the specific people you want to share the item with.
Naming a registered user You can register as many as 100 people and groups combined, but for best network performance you should name no more than 50. 3. Type the name of a person you want to register. Make sure you notify the person of the name you type. (Capitalization does not have to match.) 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. 2. Choose New User from the File menu. An icon labeled New User appears. Its name is selected for editing.
Setting a registered user’s password Naming a group of users You can assign passwords for registered users to verify their identities when they want to gain access to your computer. You can name several registered users as a registered group. 1. Open a user icon in the Users & Groups control panel. 1. Open the Users & Groups control panel and choose New Group from the File menu. An icon labeled New Group appears. The name is selected for editing. Type the user’s password here. 2.
3. Drag user icons to the new group icon. The icons are not moved inside the group icon, as they would be if it were a folder. Instead, member icons are created inside the group icon. You don’t need to drag your own icon to the group icon because you (as the owner) have access to the entire contents of your computer (unless you specify otherwise). m To see all the groups that a user belongs to, open the user’s member icon or user icon. You don’t need to include the icon in any group.
Selecting a user or group to share a folder or disk You can give one registered user or group exclusive access to a shared folder or disk on your computer. 5. To share the item with only the user or group you’ve chosen, click the bottom row of checkboxes (next to Everyone) to remove the X from each box. 1. Select a folder or disk to share. 2. Choose Sharing from the File menu. 3. Click the box labeled “Share this item and its contents” so an X appears. 4.
Preventing specific users or guests from accessing your computer 2. To deny access to a specific user, open the user icon. To prevent all network access to your computer, you can turn file sharing and program linking off, as described elsewhere in this chapter. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. To deny access to guests, open the icon. continues .
3. If an X appears in the “Allow to connect” checkbox, click to remove the X (to deny access). 4. Close the window and click Save in the dialog box. If you deny access to a user who is currently connected, he or she is disconnected immediately. That user is no longer a member of any group, and can connect only as a guest. If you deny access to guests, any guests currently connected are disconnected immediately. Only registered users and groups that you’ve specified will have access to your computer.
Giving away ownership of a folder or disk on your computer You can give away ownership of a shared folder or disk on your computer to a registered user or group. Because you are the owner of your computer, the new owner of a folder or disk on your computer cannot restrict your access to it. However, the new owner can change the access privileges that other people have to the item.
2. In the section labeled File Sharing, click the Stop button. A dialog box appears in which you can specify a delay before file sharing is turned off. If you specify a delay, users who are connected to your computer are warned to save their work and disconnect. 3. Type the number of minutes you want to elapse before file sharing is turned off. To turn file sharing off immediately, type the number 0. 4. Click OK.
Disconnecting someone who is connected to your computer You can disconnect users who are currently connected to your computer in the File Sharing Monitor control panel. 1. Select the user or users you want to disconnect. 2. Click Disconnect. 3. Type the number of minutes that you want to elapse before users are disconnected. 4. Click OK. A message remains on the screen until the time is up. You can switch to any program you already have open so you can continue working. 5.
3. Open the owner icon (the one with the bold outline). 4. Click the boxes labeled “Allow user to connect” and “Allow user to see entire disk” to place an X in them. 5. Close the window and the Users & Groups control panel. 6. Leave your computer turned on. To gain access to your computer, connect to it as a registered user. Type your owner name and password as they appear in the Sharing Setup control panel of your computer. Then connect as you normally would.
2. Type a new password in the box labeled Owner Password and press Tab. Using access privileges Access privileges let you control what other people can do with the information you share on a network. For example, you might want to let people see a file but prevent them from changing it. Understanding access privileges You can set access privileges for any shared folders on your own computer and any folders you create on another Macintosh.
There are three types of access to shared items: Setting access privileges to folders and disks m See Folders: allows people to see, open, and copy folders. You can set access privileges for shared items on your own computer and for items that you own on other computers. m See Files: allows people to see, open, and copy files. m Make Changes: allows people to copy, delete, or change the contents of a folder or disk, or to add items to a folder or disk.
m If you’ve selected a folder you do not own, all the checkboxes and their labels are dimmed. 3. Choose a registered user or group to share the item with. Choose from the list of users and groups in the pop-up menu, or type the name of a registered user or group in the box. Access privilege strategies Access privileges can be combined in several ways. A few common and useful strategies are summarized here. m Allow everyone on the network all access privileges.
m Keep a folder or disk private. To keep a folder or disk on your own computer private, do not share it. To keep your folder on another computer private, use these settings. m Allow access to one other person or group. This set of privileges allows the owner of the item and one registered user or group to use the item. 210 Chapter 12: Using Your Computer on a Network m Keep a folder private but allow others to place files or folders into it.
Working with privileges that others have set Checking your access privileges When you are using the By Icon or By Small Icon view, the appearance of shared folders indicates the access you have. When you open a folder on another computer, icons under the title bar indicate the privileges that you do not have. Icon Meaning A darkened tab indicates that you own the folder and can set its access privileges. A plain tab indicates that you can open and use the folder.
Linking programs Some programs can exchange information directly with other programs. For example, one program might be able to instruct another program to add a row to a spreadsheet or change the font size of a paragraph. Programs implement linking in various ways and not all programs have this capability. See the documentation that came with your programs for more information. Linking to a program on another computer You can only link to programs that are shared. 1.
5. Click OK. In most cases, you need to identify yourself as a guest or a registered user. Disconnecting a program link To disconnect a link to a program on another computer, quit the program you used to create the link. Allowing other people to link to your programs You can allow people on the network to link to programs on your computer. m First you turn on program linking. m Then you make a program available for linking by sharing it.
Turning program linking on Selecting a program for linking When you turn program linking on, your computer is visible to others on the network whenever they attempt to link a program. Before you turn program linking on, make sure that AppleTalk is active and that you have named your Macintosh in the Sharing Setup control panel. Before a network user can link to your program, you need to share it. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Sharing Setup icon. 2.
Allowing guests to link to your programs Naming specific users to link to your programs You can let everyone on the network link to your shared programs. You can identify the registered users and groups you want to link to your programs. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. 2. Double-click the icon. 2. Open the icon of a user. 3.
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Chapter 13 Expanding Your Computer System In this chapter m Using SCSI devices m Connecting a modem m Connecting a printer Using SCSI devices A SCSI device is any product—including hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, scanners, and printers—that communicates with Macintosh computers by means of a standard electronic interface. (SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.) You can attach up to six SCSI devices to your computer by linking them together in a chain that starts at your computer’s SCSI port.
To connect a SCSI device to the SCSI port on your PowerBook, you need an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable. Setting up one or more SCSI devices for use with your PowerBook involves the steps listed here. m installing software m setting SCSI ID numbers m checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated Setting SCSI ID numbers Each device in a SCSI chain must have a unique ID number between 1 and 6 so the computer can identify it properly.
The ID numbers of Apple SCSI devices can be set as follows. 1. Make sure the SCSI device is turned off. If the device is already part of a SCSI chain, make sure that all devices in the chain are turned off, including the computer. 2. Locate the ID number indicator and switch (usually on the back panel of the SCSI device). ID number indicator 5 5 ID number switch 3. Check the ID numbers of all the devices you want to connect.
Checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated If you are attaching one SCSI device To ensure accurate transmission of information, a chain of SCSI devices must have a terminator at each end. Terminators are built into some SCSI devices and can also be added externally. Make sure that there is m an external terminator between the HDI-30 system cable and the SCSI device and m an internal terminator in the SCSI device, or an external terminator attached to the device.
Connecting cables s Warning: When making SCSI connections, always turn off power to all devices in the chain. Failure to do so can cause the loss of information and damage to your equipment. s 1. Shut down your PowerBook and all SCSI devices in the chain. 2. To connect the first device, use an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable. Attach the smaller end of the cable to your computer’s SCSI port (marked with the icon g) and the larger end of the cable to either SCSI port on the device.
Connecting a modem 7. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. Apple offers an optional, low-power, internal fax/data modem for your computer. See the modem manual for information about this modem and how to use it. 8. Open the PowerBook control panel. 9. Click the External Modem button. You can also connect an external modem to the modem port on the back panel of the computer. To connect an external modem, follow these steps. 1. Make sure the computer is in sleep or shut down. 2.
Connecting a printer Connecting a mouse or other ADB device The printer port on your computer can accept either a direct cable connection (to a printer such as the StyleWriter) or a network cable connection (to a printer such as the LaserWriter IINTX). The printer port is marked with this icon: [. Your computer has one Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port, to which you can connect optional low-power input devices (such as a mouse) provided by Apple and other vendors. The ADB port has this icon: √.
Using sound input and output devices 3. Decide where you want to place the microphone. Connecting a microphone s Warning: Do not plug a sound output device (such as a pair of headphones) into the sound input port. Doing so may damage your audio equipment. s Your PowerBook has a sound input port to which you can connect an external microphone. (Sound recording is described in the chapter Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use.) 1. Open the door covering the back panel of your computer. 2.
Adding memory to your computer Your PowerBook computer comes with at least 4 MB of RAM. By adding memory upgrade cards you can increase your computer’s memory. You can find out how much memory your computer has by choosing About This Macintosh from the Finder’s Apple menu. Apple provides memory upgrades through its authorized dealers. Memory upgrades are also available from other vendors; ask your dealer for more information. Apple recommends that memory upgrades be installed by an authorized Apple dealer.
Chapter 14 Travel, Storage, and Service In this chapter m Traveling with the computer m Storing the computer m Getting service and support m Getting more information about Macintosh computers Traveling with the PowerBook The safety instructions in the first part of this book also apply when you are traveling. In addition, note these precautions: m Do not transport your PowerBook while it is turned on.
m Some airlines may restrict or prohibit the use of computers in flight. Check ahead to find out what restrictions, if any, apply. Storing the PowerBook m Take the necessary plug adapters if you’re traveling overseas. ( You may need to use them with the power adapter.) You do not need a voltage transformer. The power adapter can handle 90 volts to 260 volts AC (48 to 62 Hz).
Long-term storage (more than 2 weeks) Service and support 1. Save your work on a hard disk or floppy disks. 2. Choose Shut Down from the Special menu. 3. Close the display. 4. Recharge the battery. Plug in the power adapter or use the recharger. 5. If you recharged the battery in a recharger, put the battery back into the computer.
How to get help To obtain service in the United States, you can contact either your nearest authorized Apple dealer or Apple Computer directly. If you are in North America, call 800-538-9696 to request the name of an authorized dealer near you. If you are anywhere else, check the local telephone directory. To contact Apple directly, call 800-SOS-APPL (800-767-2775), Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. (Pacific time) to speak to a Technical Support Engineer.
Quick Reference Summary and Shortcuts m Double-click an object on screen by pointing to the object and clicking twice in rapid succession, without moving the trackball or mouse. Double-clicking is a common shortcut for opening an icon or the selected item in a directory dialog box. Shift-click m Hold down the Shift key while clicking. Shift-clicking is a way to select more than one icon or item in a list. Working with icons Selecting icons To do this Take these steps Select an icon Click the icon.
Opening an icon Working with windows You open an icon by selecting it and choosing Open from the File menu or using the keyboard shortcut x-O or x–Down Arrow. Or you can double-click the icon. Making a window the active window Moving, copying, and renaming an icon To do this Take these steps You make a window active by clicking inside it. You can also make a window active by clicking its icon (even though it’s dimmed) and choosing Open from the File menu, or by double-clicking the dimmed icon.
Scrolling through the contents of a window Scroll box (shows relative location in window) Opening higher-level folder windows You can open a higher-level folder window (whose contents include the active window) from a pop-up menu in the active window’s title. 1. Hold down the x key as you press the active window’s title. A pop-up menu of the higher-level folders (and the disk) appears. 2. Drag to choose a higher-level folder (or the disk), and then release the trackball or mouse button.
Using the outline form in list views Working with menus Any list view you choose from the View menu (that is, any view except the icon and small icon views) shows the contents of the active window in outline form. You can see the contents of a folder without opening the folder in its own window. Macintosh menus come in two types: pull-down menus and pop-up menus. The menus in the menu bar are pull-down menus.
Pop-up menus often appear in dialog boxes that you use to set options or preferences. You can recognize a pop-up menu by a small solid triangle, pointing down, next to its name. The name shows the current option or preference. Pop-up menu (closed) Pressing the triangle displays the menu (but does not allow you to choose a menu item).
2. Drag to the menu item so that the submenu appears. 3. Drag sideways to the submenu, drag to the submenu item you want to choose so that it’s highlighted, and then release the trackball or mouse button. Keyboard shortcuts in the Finder and in directory dialog boxes Key Action Up, Down, Left, or Right Arrow key Selects the next item in the direction of the arrow Tab key Selects the next item alphabetically (except in a directory dialog box and the Chooser) Character key (a, b, c . . .
Troubleshooting The PowerBook This section describes possible causes and solutions for some common problems you may have with your Macintosh PowerBook or associated equipment provided by Apple. The computer won’t start. This section is not comprehensive. Check the appropriate reference section for additional help on specific topics. Also check the documentation that came with your other equipment and with your programs for more information.
The computer just stopped. The computer is very hot. m The computer may have gone to sleep. Press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock) to wake it again. m It is normal for the computer to be warm to the touch while you are using it, especially on the side beneath the keyboard. If the computer seems unusually hot, try the following: m The battery may have drained so far that the computer has put itself to sleep to protect the contents of RAM.
The computer exhibits odd behavior, such as many unexplained system failures. Power m A common cause of unexplained problems is multiple System Folders on your computer’s startup disk. The System Folder that the PowerBook is using to operate is marked with an icon. Use the Find command in the Finder’s File menu to locate any other System Folders, and throw them in the Trash. The battery is draining too fast. m You may have a virus on your hard disk.
The battery can’t be recharged. The computer doesn’t go to sleep automatically. m There may be a loose connection. Make sure all plugs are securely attached. m You may have selected “Don’t sleep when plugged in” in the Options section of the PowerBook control panel. Click the box to remove the X. m The battery may be damaged or dead. Obtain a replacement battery from your authorized Apple dealer. m The outlet may have no power.
The screen There are ghost images or black dots on the screen. The screen looks blurred or out of focus. m When the computer is left on for many hours, temporary defects may appear on the screen. Put the computer to sleep. The longer the computer was left on, the longer it will take for the images to fade, but they will eventually disappear. m The viewing angle may not be optimal. Tilt the display on its hinge until the screen looks better. The screen is too dark.
A window has disappeared. Memory m Another open window on the desktop may have covered the window you’re looking for. Move, resize, close, or hide windows you aren’t using until you see the one you want. A “not enough memory” message appears when you try to open a program. m Windows belonging to open but inactive programs may be hidden. Choose Show All from the Application menu to show hidden windows. m Quit any programs you aren’t using, then try again to open the program you want.
The computer doesn’t recognize your SCSI devices. m The devices may be off. Check to make sure that they are plugged in and turned on. m If the device is a disk drive, it may need to be initialized before you can use it. See the instructions that came with the device. m The software (driver) needed to communicate with the device may not be installed in your System Folder. See the instructions that came with the device. m Two or more devices in the SCSI chain may have the same ID number.
The hard disk keeps stopping and starting again. m The hard disk may be going to sleep to conserve power. Open the PowerBook control panel and move the Battery Conservation slider toward Maximum Performance. The hard disk is full. m You can reclaim space on your hard disk by removing unneeded files; installing a smaller, customized System Folder; turning off virtual memory; or purchasing a disk optimization program to reorganize the information on the hard disk.
A message says that a disk is not initialized—but you know that it is. m The disk may not be seated properly in the disk drive. Eject it and try inserting it again. m The disk may be damaged. If you insert another disk in the drive and the message does not appear, you can assume that the original disk needs repair. See Chapter 8 for information about recovering information from a damaged disk. If the second disk is also not recognized, take the computer or disk drive to an authorized Apple service provider.
Modems Printers The external modem doesn’t work. Your computer can’t find the printer. m The modem may be turned off or improperly connected. Make sure that it is turned on and that all connections are correct. m The printer may be turned off. Turn it on. m The modem port may not be activated. Open the PowerBook control panel and make sure that External Modem is selected. The internal modem doesn’t work. m The modem port may not be activated.
The network printer keeps restarting. Your documents are printed with the wrong fonts. m Someone on the network may be using a different version of the printer software. Everyone connected to a network should use the same printer software version. Consult the network administrator for more information. m The printer may not have your fonts in its memory and is substituting other fonts.
Networks The shared disk you want to connect to does not appear in the Chooser window. You can’t find or can’t open icons needed to set up file sharing. m AppleTalk must be active before you can use a shared disk. Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser. m One or more icons may be in the wrong place. Make sure that the Sharing Setup icon is in the Control Panels folder, and that the File Sharing Extension file, the Network Extension file, and the AppleShare file are in the Extensions folder.
You can’t open a shared disk or folder. Application programs m You may not have the access privileges needed to use the disk or folder. Ask the network administrator or the owner of the shared item to grant you access. A program won’t open. m You may have entered your name or password incorrectly when you tried to open the shared disk or folder. Check with the owner of the item to make sure you are entering your name and password correctly, and try again.
A program doesn’t work, or malfunctions consistently. You just did something you didn’t mean to do. m You may have more than one copy of the program on your hard disk. Remove extra copies by dragging them to the Trash. m If you have not yet taken any other action, you can usually undo your most recent action (even if you aren’t sure what it was). Most programs have an Undo command in the Edit menu (x-Z). Choose Undo to go back one step in your work. You cannot undo more than one action.
Appendix A Keyboard and Character Sets Tab key: Moves the insertion point to the next stopping place (such as a tab stop or data field). Caps Lock key: A Shift key for letters only (numbers and symbols aren’t affected). Shift key: Produces capital letters (or the upper character on the key). Control key: In combination with other keys, provides shortcuts or modifies actions. Option key: In combination with other keys, produces special characters or modifies actions.
Using Caps Lock Typing special characters and symbols The Caps Lock key on PowerBook computers does not stay depressed even when it’s locked. You can tell whether Caps Lock is on or off by looking at the menu bar. An arrow appears to the left of the Help menu icon when Caps Lock is on. You can type a variety of special characters (with diacritical marks) and symbols by pressing modifier keys in combination with certain letter and number keys. To turn Caps Lock on or off, press the Caps Lock key.
Characters available in the Chicago font when the Option key is pressed The highlighted key represents the key held down on the keyboard—in this case, the Option key. To type a character with a diacritical mark (such as an acute accent or an umlaut), you press the Option key along with a specific letter key, and then type the character.
Appendix B Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers Initializing a disk in MS-DOS format ( You can also follow these instructions to initialize a disk in ProDOS format.) 1. Locate the Apple File Exchange icon and open it. Apple File Exchange is a file format conversion program supplied on your system software disks. The program and translator files are stored in the Apple File Exchange Folder.
3. Click MS-DOS. 4. If necessary, click the capacity (in K) of the disk you inserted. If you want to initialize a high-density (Ó) disk in MS-DOS format, 1440K is the only option and it is already selected. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click 720K. Apple File Exchange cannot initialize a high-density disk in 720K format, nor can it read a double-sided disk that has been initialized in the high-density (1.4 MB) format. 5. Click Initialize.
Follow these steps to translate an MS-DOS (or ProDOS) file: Converting files to and from MS-DOS format 1. Locate the Apple File Exchange program and open it. Apple File Exchange provides two methods of file conversion— text and binary. Text translation is for text files, and binary translation is for other file types. Apple File Exchange can also use translator files designed to convert files into formats that specific programs can use.
5. Pull down the translation menu you want. 6. Make sure that the translators for the types of files you selected have checkmarks; if not, choose them so checkmarks appear next to them. An active translator has a checkmark. The default translator has a diamond (indicating that it’s always active). Choosing an active translator makes it inactive. 7. Compare the size of the files or folders selected for translation with the space available on the destination disk.
Other file-conversion options Apple File Exchange’s File menu provides several other options to assist you with file conversions. The active translators and options for each translator can be saved in a file by choosing “Save settings as.” You can use these options again later by choosing “Restore settings from” and opening the file. To see explanations of the translators Apple File Exchange uses, choose About Apple File Exchange from the Apple menu.
Appendix C Map The Map control panel lets you set your computer’s location and find out the distance and the time difference between your location and cities around the world. If you travel with your computer and use Map to reset your location accordingly, the time (in the Date & Time control panel) is automatically reset to the local time. Certain programs (in networking and telecommunications, for example) can use your computer’s location to account for time zones and distances when making calculations.
2. Type the city nearest your current location and then click the Find button (or press the Return key). If you aren’t sure how the city is spelled, type the first few letters and press the Return key. If the city isn’t found, you can add it to the list of cities stored in Map (instructions are given elsewhere in this appendix). 3. Click the Set button. Your current location is indicated by a blinking cross.
The distance to and the time at the other location are shown at the bottom of the window. The distance is based on the shortest possible route (called the great circle). To find out the time difference between your location and the other location, click the words “Time Zone.” Click again to see the other location’s time zone. Finding a location The Map has a list of locations, with information on the latitude, longitude, and time zone of each location. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. 2.
Adding or removing a location Adding a location 1. If the map does not show the location you want to add, scroll by dragging beyond the map in the direction of the location. 2. Click the location. A blinking star appears at the location, and its coordinates and approximate time zone are displayed. 3. Type the name of the new location. 5. If the time zone is not correct, click the Time Zone boxes and type in the correct number.
Index A About This MacintoshCommand 155, 158, 225 accent marks, typing 254–255 access privileges 207–211. See also file sharing; guests; network; passwords checking 211 icons and 211 restricting 201–195 set by others 211 setting 208–209 strategies for using 209–210 turning off 203–204 types of 207–208 active programs 54–56, 58 identifying 94 active windows 38–40 printing contents of 173 ADB.
Application menu 52 hiding and showing windows 94 making open program active 55–56 programs listed in 94 switching programs 94 application programs 57. See also programs installing 92 locating 133 making active 55–56 switching 94 troubleshooting 92, 251–252 arrow keys 49, 238, 253 arrow pointer 7, 8, 32, 243.
case sensitivity passwords and 187, 198 registered user names and 188, 197 CD-ROM disc access privileges for 209 ejecting 120 selecting for sharing 195–196 character repeat rate, adjusting 149 character sets 253–255 Chooser 167–169, 185–186 cities. See Map control panel cleaning the computer 25, 28 Clean Up command 36, 125 Clear command 96 clicking 33, 35.
currency formats, changing 147 cursor. See arrow pointer; insertion point customized system software, installing 90–91 Cut command 60, 160 D damage to computer 229, 241 DAs.
“Don’t sleep when plugged in” option 110, 242 DOS, exchanging files with 257–261 double-clicking 233. See also clicking adjusting speed of 148 icons 58, 94 selecting text by 64 double-sided floppy disks 70, 71. See also floppy disks downloading printer fonts 178–179 Download PostScript File command 182 dragging 35 size box 40–41, 43 title bar 45 drivers 218, 245 drop boxes 210 Duplicate command 66 duplicating.
closing 56, 65 converting to and from MS-DOS format 257–261 copying 65–66, 247 deleting 67–68, 247 getting information about 135 labels for 136 locating 128–129, 130–133 locking and unlocking 118, 247 naming 127 opening 57–58, 65 opening automatically 140 organizing 125 program versus document 47–48 RAM disk and 97 removing from System Folder 141 saving 53, 127, 247 straightening up 125 transferring 137 file servers 187, 188, 260 file sharing 184, 193–206.
locking and unlocking 77, 117 obtaining 69 repairing 22, 119 restarting from 22 starting Macintosh Basics tour from 11–14 starting up from 91 transferring files with 137 troubleshooting 119, 120, 122–123, 246–247 types of 70, 71 viruses and 93 folders 47, 126.
hard disk sleep 111 initializing (formatting) 72, 88, 113–114 initializing printer 180 installing programs on 74–75, 78–79, 92 installing system software on 6, 87–91 safety tips for 24, 121 saving space on 90 scanning order at startup 117 starting Macintosh Basics tour from 11—14 as startup disk 20, 116–117 testing and repairing 121–124 transferring files from 137 troubleshooting 22, 87, 113, 114, 121–124, 245–246 virtual memory and 157–158 hard disk icon failure to appear 121–122 opening 37 removing from d
initializing disk repair and 123 a floppy disk 72–73, 115, 247 a floppy disk in MS-DOS file format 257–258 a hard disk 72, 88, 113–114 injuries 26 inserting text 53, 58–59 insertion point 53, 58 adjusting blinking of 151 positioning 59 Inside Macintosh 231 Install disk 6, 88, 90, 99 Installer program 6, 88, 99 printer software installation with 168, 169 printer software update with 171–172 installing Apple menu items 129, 140 AppleTalk software 186 application programs 92 CloseView control panel 164–165 dev
locking aliases 118 files 118, 247 floppy disks 77, 117, 247 folders 118 log files, printer 182 long-term storage 103, 229 low-power input devices 223, 241 low-power messages 102–103 M Macintosh Basics tour versus book’s tutorial 10 finding 11 starting from floppy disk 11, 15–16 starting from hard disk 11–14 Macintosh desktop computer, connecting to 193 Macintosh HD icon, opening 37, 74 Macintosh user groups 231 MacWrite format, converting to and from 259 magnifying screen image 164–166 maintenance instruc
N naming a document 53–54, 66–67, 127 a folder 126 an icon 66–67, 234 a registered group 198–199 a registered user 188, 197 your Macintosh 186 network administrator 184, 187, 191, 192 Network icon 186 network printers. See also printers choosing 168–169 troubleshooting 248, 249 updating software for 171—172 network 183–216.
Option key 49, 253 Clean Up command and 125 Empty Trash warning override 154 typing accent marks with 255 organizing files 125–129 outline form in list views 236 outline (scalable or variable-size) fonts 176 out of paper signal 175 owner icon 191, 199 owner password 186 P Page Setup options 170–172, 174 passwords 186, 191 assigning to others 198 case sensitivity of 187, 198 changing your own 191–192, 206–207 troubleshooting 189 Paste command 60, 96, 160 pattern, background 162–164 peripheral devices 217–22
power problems low battery 102–103 troubleshooting 5, 239, 241–242 power states 17–19 Preferences command 175 pressing 34 Print command 172–173 Print Desktop command 173 printer port 9, 24, 168, 185, 223, 242 printers.
Q question mark (Help menu) icon 83–84 question mark startup icon 5, 87, 117 Quick Reference 233–238 icons 233–234 keyboard shortcuts 238 menus 236–238 windows 234–236 Quit command 64 R RAM.
S safety instructions 23–25 battery 23, 25, 107 floppy disk 75 hard disk 24, 121 malfunction or damage 229 power adapter 2, 24, 25, 104, 223 RAM disk 97 SCSI devices 221 traveling 227–228 viruses 93 Save As command 127, 134 Save command 53–54, 62, 134 saving changes 61 in a directory 127 documents 53–54, 127, 247 documents as templates 134–135 and quitting 64 scalable fonts 176 scanning order for startup disks 117 Scrapbook 96 screen background pattern, changing 162–164 battery and 101, 104, 109, 243 bright
shift-clicking 63, 233 Shift key 253 Clean Up command and 125 system extensions and 241 short-circuiting battery 23 shortcuts.
symbols, typing 254–255 System 7 software, networks and 193 system crashes 21, 240 system error, restarting after 21–22 system extensions 155, 241 system failures 241 System Folder Extensions folder 186, 188, 241 Find command and 130 Fonts folder 176, 180 installing files in 140–141 installing fonts in 176, 177 installing sounds in 160 listing fonts in 180 on program disks 79 on RAM disk 99 removing extra System Folders 79, 91, 241 removing files from 141, 160 removing fonts from 178 removing sounds from 16
Trash deleting files with 67–68 ejecting a disk with 120 emptying 68, 98 location of 20 purpose of 48 retrieving items from 68 turning off warning for 154 travel tips 227–228.
V W X,Y variable-size fonts 176 vertical scroll bar 43–44 viewing contents of folders 236 contents of windows 38–40 hidden contents of windows 42–44 hidden windows 94 list views 136, 152, 236 members of registered group 199 menus 34 View menu 136, 236 Views control panel 136, 152 virtual memory creating 157–58, 225 insufficient memory and 244 power conservation and 109 viruses 93, 241 VM Storage file 158 waking the computer 10, 17, 18, 110 warranty service 24, 230, 239 windows 48.
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