Part I Getting Started Part II Learning Macintosh User’s Guide for Macintosh PowerBook 145B Includes setup instructions and important health-related information Part III Reference Part IV Index
K Apple Computer, Inc. This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original.
Contents Radio and television interference xiv Your computer at a glance 7 Backing up your hard disk 8 Preface How to Use This Book xv Why back up? 8 What you need 9 Make the copy 10 n Part I Getting Started With Your Computer 1 If something happens to your hard disk 12 Turning the Powerbook on and off 13 Off 13 Chapter 1 Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 1 Setting up the computer 2 Sleep 14 On 15 On/off summary 15 Step 1: Plug in the power adapter 2 When you turn on your computer 16 Step 2: Op
Learning the basics 19 Before you begin 19 Finding the tour 20 Starting the tour from the hard disk 20 Starting the tour from a floppy disk 24 Important care and safety instructions 26 ± Warning 26 s Caution 27 S Important 28 Health concerns associated with computer use 29 Repetitive stress injuries 30 Arranging your work space and equipment 31 n Part II Learning Macintosh 35 Chapter 2 Working on the Desktop 35 Use the trackball 36 Point 36 Click 37 Press 38 Drag 39 Choose a command 40 Giving orders to y
Chapter 3 Creating and Changing a Document 55 Open a program 56 Chapter 4 Working With Disks 73 Insert a floppy disk 74 Floppy disks and hard disks 75 Create a document 57 Initialize a disk 76 Save your work 57 Copy the contents of a disk 78 Switch programs 58 Close a document 60 Two types of programs 61 Open a document 61 Change a document 62 Taking care of floppy disks 79 Take a floppy disk out of its drive 80 Protect the contents of disk 81 On your own: Install your programs 82 Throw away extra Sy
n Part III Macintosh Reference 91 Chapter 6 Setting Up Your Programs 91 Reminder: Back up 91 Reinstalling system software 91 Installing your programs 92 Installing programs without a floppy disk drive 92 Using a RAM disk 99 Creating a RAM disk 99 Erasing a RAM disk 100 Resizing or removing a RAM disk 100 Chapter 7 Power Management 101 Monitoring the battery charge level 101 Installing system software from floppy disks 93 Using the battery desk accessory 101 Checking for computer viruses 94 Respondin
Chapter 8 Using Disks 113 Preparing a new disk for use 113 Initializing a hard disk 113 Initializing a floppy disk 115 Caring for disks 127 Hard disk precautions 127 Testing and repairing disks 127 If a hard disk icon doesn’t appear 127 Erasing a floppy disk 116 Using Disk First Aid 128 Designating a startup disk 116 Testing a hard disk 130 Scanning order for startup disks 117 Protecting the information on a disk 117 Chapter 9 Organizing Your Files 125 Locking a floppy disk 117 Straightening up you
Finding an item 136 Changing the items in the Label menu 148 Finding an item by name 136 Setting the time and date 148 Finding an item using other criteria 137 Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off 149 Finding items that meet two criteria 139 Ways to use the Find command 139 Turning the alarm off 150 Changing time and date formats 150 Creating a template or stationery 140 Changing the date format 151 Getting information about your files 141 Changing the time format 152 Using the Info wind
Managing memory 161 Printing your work 178 Checking memory use 161 Printing the contents of a window or the desktop 179 Making the most of your memory 162 Solutions to common printing problems 180 Adjusting the disk cache 162 Controlling background printing 181 Using hard disk space as memory 163 Working with fonts 182 Turning on 32-bit addressing 164 Outline fonts and bitmap fonts 182 Setting the beep sound 165 Installing fonts 183 Installing a sound 166 Removing fonts 184 Removing a sound
Gaining access to files on shared disks 193 Setting a registered user’s password 204 Before you begin 193 Naming a group of users 204 Connecting to a shared disk 193 Seeing who’s in a group 205 Disconnecting from a shared disk 195 Selecting a user or group to share a folder or disk 206 Connecting quickly to a shared disk 196 Preventing specific users or guests from accessing your computer 207 Connecting automatically when you start up 196 Working with files and folders on other computers 197 Creat
Using access privileges 213 Connecting a modem 228 Understanding access privileges 213 Connecting a printer 229 Setting access privileges to folders and disks 214 Connecting a mouse or other ADB device 229 Access privilege strategies 215 Using sound input and output devices 230 Working with privileges others have set 217 Connecting a microphone 230 Checking your access privileges 217 Sound output devices 230 Linking programs 218 Adding memory to your computer 231 Linking to a program on anothe
Quick Reference Summary and Shortcuts 239 Troubleshooting 245 Double-click 236 The PowerBook 245 Shift-click 239 Power 247 Working with icons 239 The screen 249 Selecting icons 239 Memory 250 Opening an icon 240 SCSI devices 250 Moving, copying, and renaming an icon 240 Disk drives and disks 251 Working with windows 240 Modems 254 Making a window the active window 240 Printers 254 Moving a window and changing its size 240 Networks 256 Scrolling through the contents of a window 241 Appli
Appendix A Keyboard and Character Sets 259 n Part IV Index 275 Using Caps Lock 260 Typing special characters and symbols 260 Appendix B Exchanging Disks and Files with MS-DOS Computers 263 Initializing a disk in MS-DOS format 263 Converting files to and from MS-DOS format 265 Other file-conversion options 267 Appendix C Map 269 Setting your location 269 Comparing locations 270 Finding a location 271 Adding or removing a location 272 Adding a location 272 Changing or removing a location 272 Contents xi
Radio and television interference Important The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radiofrequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly—that is, in strict accordance with Apple’s instructions—it may cause interference with radio and television reception. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules.
Preface How to Use This Book Certain kinds of information are not included in this book. n This book has several parts. n n n n Chapter 1 explains how to set up your computer and learn how to use it. Chapters 2–5 are a tutorial designed for people who have not used a Macintosh computer before. If you are new to the Macintosh, you should read this section of the book before you start your own work.
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Chapter 1 Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook In this chapter m Setting up your computer m Backing up your computer’s hard disk m Learning how to use your computer m Turning the computer on and off m Important care and safety instructions m Being comfortable while you work m New Macintosh users: If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, read this entire chapter. It explains how to set up your computer, learn how to use it, and turn it on and off.
Setting up the computer Step 1: Plug in the power adapter m Plug the power adapter into a standard electrical outlet or power strip. Then plug the power adapter cable into the power adapter port (marked with the icon ¯) on the back panel of the computer. Plugging in the power adapter recharges the computer’s battery while you work. You should plug it in now in case the battery has drained during shipping and storage. s Warning: Use only the power adapter that came with your PowerBook computer.
Step 2: Open the display m Slide the latch to the right and lift up the display. Position the display at a comfortable viewing angle. You can adjust the angle of the display at any time.
Step 3: Turn on the computer m Open the door to the back panel of your computer. m Press the power button to turn the computer on. The power button has this icon: I Power button You hear a tone when you turn on the computer. It takes the computer a moment to start up.
You see the Macintosh desktop on your screen. The computer is ready to use. Continue with the section “What to Do Next.
What to do next m If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, continue with the section “Learning the Basics.” m Otherwise, continue with the section “Backing Up Your Hard Disk.” This section contains important information about protecting your software. Then go to “Turning the PowerBook On and Off.” This section contains information that can help you use your computer efficiently. m Be sure to read the safety instructions and the section on health concerns before beginning to use your PowerBook.
Your computer at a glance Speaker Elevation feet [ Printer port W Modem port I Power button P Reset button O Contrast control ¤ Brightness control Floppy disk drive ¥ Interrupt button ¯ Power adapter port g SCSI port (HDI-30) - Sound out port ≈ Sound in port V Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port Microphone (optional) Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 7
Backing up your hard disk This section describes how to protect the software on your computer’s hard disk. Why back up? Your computer’s hard disk comes with valuable information stored on it, including the system software (which operates the computer) and some programs. You should make a copy of the information on your hard disk for safekeeping, using the PowerBook 145B Backup program supplied on your hard disk. (The extra copy is called a backup, and the process of making the copy is called backing up.
What you need Just as you’d need paper to make copies of important documents, you need floppy disks to copy the information on your hard disk. You can probably buy the floppy disks at the same place you bought the computer. Floppy disks come in a variety of sizes and capacities. The ones you need for this chapter are called high-density 3.5-inch disks. You can recognize the disks by the way they look: Even though these disks are called “floppy disks,” they aren’t actually floppy.
Make the copy After a moment, the PowerBook 145B Backup program opens. To start the PowerBook 145B Backup program, follow these instructions: 1. Turn on your computer. 2. Open the PowerBook 145B Backup program by doubleclicking its icon. 3. Make sure your disks are high-density floppy disks. Then click the Continue button. A message appears, telling you how many floppy disks you need to make your backup copy and about how long it will take.
Make sure you have enough time and floppy disks to complete the copying. If you stop the copying before it’s finished, you’ll have to start over again from the beginning. 5. Insert a high-density floppy disk into the disk drive. Do not use the Disk Tools floppy disk that came with your computer. Insert metal end first. 4. Click the appropriate choice, as follows: m The first time through these instructions, click the Copy System Folder button.
6. Follow the instructions on the screen until a message tells you that you’re finished. Remember to label each disk with the name displayed on the screen. The name will disappear as soon as the disk is ejected. Be sure to follow the labeling instructions so you can find the floppy disks again later. As time goes by, you will store more information on your computer. You should back up your hard disk at least once a month.
Turning the PowerBook on and off To turn the PowerBook off Your Macintosh PowerBook can be in one of three power states: off, sleep, or on. m If the computer is on, choose the Shut Down command from the Special menu. (The Macintosh Basics tour teaches how to choose a menu command.) Off When the PowerBook is off, the computer is not using any power or doing any work. The terms shut down and off both refer to this state.
Sleep When the PowerBook is in sleep, it draws enough power to maintain the information in its memory (including any open programs and documents). The computer is on, but almost completely inactive. You should put the computer to sleep to conserve power when you take a work break. To put the PowerBook to sleep m If the computer is on, choose the Sleep command from the Special menu.
On On/off summary When the PowerBook is on, you can do your work. And you want it to be To turn the PowerBook on If the power state is Off Sleep On m If the computer is off, press the power button (marked with the icon I).
When you turn on your computer When you turn on your PowerBook, the computer looks on the hard disk inside the computer for the system software it uses to start itself up. (A disk that contains the system software is called a startup disk.) When the computer finds the system software, it displays the icon shown and proceeds to start itself up.
Restarting a computer that’s already on You need to restart your computer—turn it off and back on again immediately—when you want to make certain changes to your control panels, use a newly installed system software file, or start up the computer from a different disk. m Choose Restart from the Special menu.
m Hold down the power button for 5 seconds. When you let go, the computer turns itself off. Turning the computer off with the power button erases the contents of a RAM disk. m Restart from a floppy disk. 1. Insert the Disk Tools disk into the floppy disk drive. 2. Press the power button. If the computer turns on, there may be a problem with your hard disk.
Learning the basics Before you begin The PowerBook comes with a tour and a tutorial to help you start using your computer as quickly as possible. Make sure your computer is turned on. If the screen is dark, try the following steps in order until you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen. m The Macintosh Basics tour teaches the most basic skills you need to master before you can use your computer.
Finding the tour Starting the tour from the hard disk Your Macintosh Basics tour may be on a floppy disk, or it may be on the computer’s hard disk. 1. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture labeled “Macintosh HD.” m If the Macintosh desktop appeared on the screen when you first turned on your computer, then the system software and the Macintosh Basics tour were installed on your computer’s hard disk at the factory. Continue with the section “Starting the Tour From the Hard Disk.
2. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the picture following step 3. If it doesn’t, try steps 1 and 2 again, paying special attention to the following: m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. 3. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the folder labeled “Macintosh Basics.
4. Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession. Now your screen should look like the following illustration: 5. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.” Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.
6. Press the trackball button twice in quick succession.
Starting the tour from a floppy disk 1. Insert the Macintosh Basics disk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up). Insert metal end first.
2. Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled “Macintosh Basics.” If you don’t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following: Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words “Macintosh Basics.” m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it. m Be sure to press the trackball button twice.
Important care and safety instructions m Always handle batteries carefully. For your own safety and that of your equipment, read and follow all the instructions in this section. Keep these instructions available for reference by you and others. m Do not drop, puncture, disassemble, mutilate, or incinerate the battery. ± Warning m Electrical equipment may be hazardous if misused. Operation of this product, or similar products, must always be supervised by an adult.
s Caution m If you have a problem with your computer and nothing presented in the manuals that came with the computer solves the problem, take the computer to your authorized Apple dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the computer yourself may void the limited warranty. Contact your authorized Apple dealer or service provider for additional information about this or any other warranty question. m Do not attempt to open the computer’s case. There are no user-serviceable parts inside.
m Do not use the computer in wet or dusty environments. S Important m Keep dirt and liquids away from the ports on the back panel, the keyboard, and the trackball. If you spill any food or liquid onto the computer, shut it down immediately and unplug it before cleaning up the spill. Depending on what you spilled and how much got into the computer, you may have to bring the computer to an authorized Apple service provider for cleaning.
Health concerns associated with computer use Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes associated with computer use can result from performing any number of activities. Misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can create a problem that might not otherwise exist.
Repetitive stress injuries Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) can occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not understood, but it is thought that awkward posture, the amount of repetition, the force used in the activity, and your physiology and lifestyle may all contribute to their occurrence.
Arranging your work space and equipment Keyboard and trackball The suggestions in this section can help you work more comfortably with your computer. m When you use the keyboard and trackball, your shoulders should be relaxed. Your upper arm and forearm should form a right angle, with your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line. Chair Whenever possible, use an adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support.
m If you prefer, you can adjust the angle of the keyboard by rotating the elevation feet at both ends of the back panel until they snap into position. Built-in display m Adjust the angle of the display to minimize glare and reflections from lights and windows. Make sure there is enough light to read the screen easily. m You may need to adjust the brightness and contrast of the screen when you take the computer from one work location to another, or if the lighting in your work area changes.
General suggestions m Wherever you’re working, take a moment to think about whether you feel comfortable, and change position if necessary. m Some computer users may develop discomfort in their arms, wrists, or hands if they do intensive work without breaks. If you begin to develop chronic pain or discomfort in your arms, wrists, or hands, consult your health specialist. m Occasionally rest your eyes. From time to time focus your eyes on a distant object, and blink often while you work.
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Chapter 2 Working on the Desktop Before you begin In this chapter m set up your computer according to the instructions in Chapter 1 Review basic trackball skills: You should have already m Moving the pointer m gone through the Macintosh Basics tour supplied with your computer m Choosing a command Make sure your computer is on.
Use the trackball Point Your computer has a two-button trackball. You use the ball itself to control the movements of a pointer on the screen. The pointer you’ll see most often is an arrow (8). You point to an object on the screen by rolling the trackball so the pointer is positioned over that object. When the pointer is an arrow, the tip of the arrow must be exactly over the object. You use the buttons to initiate actions that you want the computer to perform. Both trackball buttons do the same thing.
Practice clicking different objects on the Macintosh desktop, such as the startup hard disk icon near the upper-right corner and the Trash icon near the lower-right corner. Click You click an object on the screen by pressing and quickly releasing a trackball button while the pointer is over that object. When you click an icon, it becomes highlighted (the icon is darkened). A highlighted icon is said to be selected. A selected icon is the object of whatever action you choose next.
Press You press by holding down a trackball button without moving the trackball. 38 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop Practice pressing the menu names and icons in the menu bar— start with the Apple (K) menu icon at the left side, through the menu names, and across to the Help and Application menu icons at the right side. Pressing a menu name or icon “pulls down” the menu. Read the items in each menu you pull down.
Drag You drag an object on the screen by pointing to that object and holding down a trackball button while you roll the trackball. Practice dragging the startup hard disk icon and the Trash icon around the Macintosh desktop. When you drag an icon, an outline of the icon follows the pointer on the screen. When you release the trackball button, the icon itself moves. When you’re finished practicing, drag the icons back to their original positions. Then click once in the middle of the desktop.
Choose a command Choosing a command involves using a combination of the trackball actions you’ve reviewed. 1. Point to the Special menu title in the menu bar. Giving orders to your computer Telling the Macintosh to do something involves two steps: 1. selecting an object on the screen, and 2. Press to pull down the Special menu. 2. choosing the action you want to perform on that object. 3.
Open an icon Opening an icon is your first exercise in telling the computer what you want it to do. 1. Click the startup hard disk icon to select it. The icon is in the upper-right corner of the screen. Unless someone has changed its name, the icon is called “Macintosh HD.” Make sure that the icon is highlighted (darkened), which means that it’s selected. When you choose the Open command, the selected icon opens into a window (in this case, the Macintosh HD window).
Look at the contents of a window Every window has several features that help you view the window’s contents. But before you can work with the contents of a window, you need to make that window the active window. 1. Click the Trash icon near the lower-right corner of the screen to select it. Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it’s selected to be the object you’ll act upon next.
4. Drag to the Open command so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button. When you choose the Open command, the Trash icon opens into a window (the Trash window). The Trash icon becomes filled in with a pattern of dots, indicating that it has been opened. Active window You should now have two windows on your Macintosh desktop: the Macintosh HD window and the Trash window. The Trash window is the active window. An active window has a series of solid lines at the top of the window.
5. Click anywhere in the Macintosh HD window to make it the active window. Notice that the solid lines now appear at the top of the Macintosh HD window. (The area containing the window title and the solid lines is called the title bar.) When windows overlap, the active window is the one that’s on top. Active window Make a window larger or smaller Sometimes you want to make a window larger, so you can see more of its contents, or smaller, so it takes up less space on your screen.
2. Drag the size box in any direction, and then release the trackball button. 3. Click the zoom box near the right end of the title bar. While you drag, an outline follows the pointer to indicate the window’s new size. The new size takes effect when you release the trackball button. Zoom box The window “zooms” to a size that shows all the items in the window. 4. Click the zoom box again. The window zooms back to its previous size (the size that you chose in step 2).
Move the hidden contents of a window into view 2. Point to the File menu title in the menu bar. As you work with your computer, you’ll encounter windows containing more than you can view on the screen at one time. You can view contents that are out of sight, as described in the following steps. 3. Press to pull down the File menu. 1. Check that the Macintosh HD window is active, then click the System Folder to select it. 4.
6. Drag the size box diagonally (up and to the left) to make the window about half its current size, and then release the trackball button. 7. Press the scroll arrow at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar. Scroll arrow The contents of the window scroll past, bringing into view the icons that were out of sight on the right. Vertical scroll bar Horizontal scroll bar 8. Press the scroll arrow at the left end of the horizontal scroll bar.
9. Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the horizontal scroll bar, and then release the trackball button. Scroll box Close a window When you no longer need to see the contents of a window, you can close it by clicking the close box. 1. In the (active) System Folder window, point to the close box near the left end of the title bar. Close box Now you see the icons near the middle of the window. The vertical scroll bar, scroll box, and scroll arrows work the same way. Try them. 2. Click the close box.
Move a window You can move a window anywhere on the screen by dragging its title bar. By changing the position and size of windows, you can arrange your Macintosh desktop in whatever way is best for you. Notice how the Macintosh HD window, because it is the active window, stays on top of the Trash window if and when the two windows overlap. 1. Point to the title bar of the (active) Macintosh HD window. Position the pointer anywhere on the title bar except over the close box or the zoom box. Title bar 3.
The window closes, and the Macintosh HD icon reappears in its previous form. The Trash window (the remaining window on the Macintosh desktop) becomes the active window. 4. Close the Trash window by choosing Close Window from the File menu. What’s on the desktop? Just as a desk’s large flat surface is its work space, the Macintosh “desktop” is the work space on your computer. The desktop metaphor gives you a familiar way of thinking about how to use the Macintosh.
Different types of icons represent different types of containers. Hard disks and floppy disks are like filing cabinets. You use disks to store files—your programs and the documents you create with them. Folders are like folders in a file drawer. You use folders to organize your files. Programs are files containing instructions to the computer that let you do certain types of work. Shared disks are like filing cabinets containing office supplies or information that you share with others in your work group.
Documents are files containing words, pictures, numbers, sounds—whatever you create with your programs. Windows let you see what’s inside containers Windows let you see what’s inside all these containers. When you open a disk icon, the window that appears shows you what’s on the disk. When you open the document icon representing a memo, the window that appears shows you the memo. Changing the size of a window or viewing its contents does not change the contents.
Using the keyboard Arrow keys You use the keyboard to type text and numbers, just as you would on a typewriter. (For touch typists, your keyboard has raised dots in the middle of the D key and the K key to help position your fingers on the home row.) All Macintosh keyboards have four arrow keys: Up Arrow, Down Arrow, Left Arrow, and Right Arrow. Many programs let you use the arrow keys as well as the trackball to move the pointer on the screen.
Chapter 3 Creating and Changing a Document In this chapter n What “keyboard shortcuts” are and how to use them n How to quit a program n How to make a copy of a document n How to change the name of a document n How to use the Trash n How to open a program n How to use a program to create a document Before you begin n Why it’s important to save your work, and how to save it Make sure that your computer is on.
Open a program Your computer comes with a simple word-processing program called TeachText. You’re going to use this program to create a document. 1. Open the Macintosh HD icon. (Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.) The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program. When you open the TeachText program, there is one dramatic change on your desktop: n A window called “Untitled” appears.
Create a document Save your work The untitled window is like a blank sheet of paper. In the upper-left corner of the empty document is a blinking vertical line (|). This line is called the insertion point, because it marks the place where the text you type will be inserted. Work that you do in a program exists only in the computer’s memory until you save it onto a disk.
2. Type “Opening Lines”.
2. Make the Finder the active program by clicking the Macintosh HD icon, or clicking anywhere on the desktop outside the Opening Lines window. The Finder becomes the active program. Notice: n n n The Macintosh HD window appears on top of the Opening Lines window. The menu bar shows the Finder’s menu titles. The Application menu icon at the right end of the menu bar becomes the Finder icon.
You choose Finder by pointing to the Application menu icon, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to highlight the name Finder, and then releasing the trackball button. The Finder becomes the active program, and the Macintosh HD window becomes the active window. 5. Make TeachText the active program by choosing TeachText from the Application menu. Close a document When you close a document, you do not close the program that you used to create it. (Closing a program is called quitting.
Two types of programs Programs that you use to do your work on the computer are called application programs, or applications, because they’re ways of applying computer technology to the work that you do. Word-processing programs, for example, are applications that enable you to write memos, novels, or whatever you need to write.
2. Open the Opening Lines icon by double-clicking it.
3. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “people” (after “All”). 4. Drag horizontally, selecting the word “people”, and then release the trackball button.
Now you’ll rearrange some text. 9. Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word “they” (after “conscience,”). 10. Drag horizontally, selecting the word “they”, and then release the trackball button.
15. Press the space bar once, type “are”, and then press the space bar once again.
Taking a shortcut You can choose some menu commands by using the keyboard instead of the trackball. A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that you press at the same time to get the same result as choosing a command from a menu. One of the keys you press is always the x key or another modifier key. For example, instead of choosing Save from the File menu, you can hold down the x (Command) key on the keyboard while you press the S key.
5. Press the Delete key once, press the space bar once, and then type “and”.
11. Select the word “togetherness” by double-clicking it.
Opening and closing documents and programs Doing this Also causes this Opening a document Opens the program that created that document Making a document window active Makes the program that “owns” that document active Closing a document Simply closes that document; does not close the program that created that document (the program continues to use memory) Quitting a program Prompts you to save your work, then closes the program that created the active document (memory becomes available for other pr
3. Choose Duplicate from the File menu.
3. With the name selected, type “Article 1”. Whatever you type replaces the selected text. 4. Press the Return key. Pressing Return saves the new name.
2. Drag the Article 1 icon to the Trash icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button. If the Macintosh HD window is blocking the Trash icon, move the window by dragging its title bar. Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Trash icon. 3. Open the Trash icon. (Click to select the icon, and then choose Open from the File menu, or click the Trash twice in quick succession.) The Trash window appears.
Chapter 4 Working With Disks Before you begin In this chapter You need a new floppy disk to follow the steps in this chapter. You should be able to get floppy disks from wherever you got your computer. m What hard disks and floppy disks are for, and how they differ Make sure that your computer is on.
Insert a floppy disk Follow these steps to insert your new disk into the disk drive. Your computer’s floppy disk drive can accommodate 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks of two types: 1. Write “Practice” on a blank disk label. m high-density disks, which can hold up to 1.4 megabytes (MB) of information 2. Attach the label to your new floppy disk. The molding of the disk’s plastic case indicates where the label goes. Do not affix the label over the metal shutter.
Floppy disks and hard disks 10,000 pages Both floppy disks and hard disks function like filing cabinets: you use them to store information. You can store much more on a hard disk than on a floppy disk, however, and the computer can retrieve information from a hard disk much faster. 5,000 pages Floppy disks and hard disks are represented by different icons.
Initialize a disk If you inserted a double-sided disk, this dialog box appears: Every new disk needs to be prepared for use. Preparing a new disk is called initializing it. In the same way that lines are drawn on a newly paved parking lot to mark off parking spaces, the initializing process creates organized areas on the disk where the computer can store information. Your computer’s hard disk was initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize any new floppy disks you want to use. 1.
3. Click Erase. A third dialog box appears: 5. Click OK. The computer takes about a minute to initialize the disk. Messages appear on the screen to let you know how the process is going. When initialization is finished, the disk’s icon appears directly below the Macintosh HD icon (the startup hard disk icon) near the upper-right corner of the desktop. 4. Type “Practice”. If you make any typing errors, press the Delete key to backspace over them.
Copy the contents of a disk Most programs you’ll use with your Macintosh are supplied on floppy disks. You can use a program more efficiently if you first install it on your hard disk. You install most programs by copying them from the floppy disk to your hard disk. To practice copying the contents of a floppy disk to your hard disk, use your practice disk (even though there’s nothing on it). 1.
3. Open the Practice folder icon. To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu. The folder holds the contents of the floppy disk you’ve copied. In this case, the folder is empty because there’s nothing on the Practice disk. Taking care of floppy disks Follow the care instructions that came with your disks, and remember three key points: n 4. Close all the windows on the Macintosh desktop.
Take a floppy disk out of its drive You take a floppy disk out of its drive when you no longer need to get information from or store information on that disk. 2. Eject the floppy disk by choosing Put Away from the File menu. 1. Click the Practice floppy disk icon to select it. Click the icon, not its name. You choose Put Away by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Put Away command, and releasing the trackball button.
Protect the contents of a disk You can lock a floppy disk so its contents cannot be changed in any way. When a disk is locked, you can look at the files it contains, but you cannot modify the files on it, delete them, or store any new files. 3. Turn the disk over and lock it by sliding the tab so that the square hole is open. Use your practice disk to practice locking and unlocking a floppy disk. 1.
On your own: Install your programs If you have a floppy disk drive and disks containing programs that you plan to use with your Macintosh, you can install the programs on your hard disk now (or you can wait until later and continue with the next chapter). 3. Drag the program disk icon to the Macintosh HD icon (your hard disk icon) until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button. Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Macintosh HD icon.
6. Click the program folder to select it. Throw away extra System Folders 7. Choose Open from the File menu. Your startup disk must have only one System Folder on it. Whenever you copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk, make sure that you have not copied an extra System Folder. If you have, throw the extra System Folder away. The folder window appears, showing you the contents of the program folder. The folder has the same contents as the program disk. 8.
Chapter 5 Learning More About Your Computer In this chapter m How to open the Battery desk accessory Before you begin Make sure that your computer is on. This short chapter introduces you to the Battery desk accessory and the PowerBook control panel, with which you can monitor and control your computer’s power consumption. This chapter also tells you where to find answers to other questions you may have about your computer.
Open the Battery desk accessory Open the PowerBook control panel The Battery desk accessory tells you approximately how much power is left in the battery as you use the computer. The PowerBook control panel lets you control the balance between power consumption and system performance (it also lets you control other PowerBook features). To open the Battery desk accessory: m Choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu. To open the PowerBook control panel: 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.
2. Open the PowerBook icon. Use Balloon Help Balloon Help explains icons, menus, commands, and other objects on the Macintosh screen, using balloons similar to those in comic strips. Each balloon points to the object it explains. Many Macintosh programs also have Balloon Help. (Click the icon once to select it, then choose Open from the File menu. Or double-click the icon.) The PowerBook control panel appears.
4. To show a balloon describing your startup hard disk, point to the hard disk icon. A balloon appears next to the icon. Balloons do not affect how you work with your computer. You still select icons, choose commands, and so on. Turn off Balloon Help Balloons can block items on the screen as you work, so you may wish to turn them off when you're finished reading. m Choose Hide Balloons from the Help menu. 5. Click your hard disk icon to select it. You can select the icon even with the balloon showing. 6.
Use Part III of this book What next? Part III of this book, Macintosh Reference, contains all the information you need to use your computer’s hardware and system software. Unlike Parts I and II, which are meant to be read from beginning to end, Part III is meant to be used like an encyclopedia: you turn to it when you need to look up some information, and read only that information. Congratulations.
Chapter 6 Setting Up Your Programs In this chapter m Reinstalling system software m Installing your programs m Working with several programs at a time m Using the Scrapbook m Using a RAM disk Reinstalling system software System software is the set of programs and other files that your computer uses to start itself up, keep track of your files, and run the application programs you use.
Installing your programs Most application programs come on floppy disks, and you install them by simply copying them from the floppy disks to your hard disk. Some programs need to be installed in a particular way. If your program came with specific instructions, follow them. To use your programs most effectively: m Put only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than one copy can lead to problems when you’re using the program.
Installing system software from floppy disks System software is a set of programs that your computer uses to start up and operate. If you purchased a system software update kit or have system software on floppy disks or on a shared disk on the network, use these instructions. To reinstall system software from a backup you have made, see “Restoring the Information on Your Hard Disk” in Chapter 8.
4. When the computer prompts you, remove the disk and insert the next disk the computer requests. During installation, the computer automatically ejects a disk it has finished with and requests the next disk it needs. If you’re installing over a network, you won’t need to insert disks. 5. Insert the remaining disks as the computer prompts you. 6. When you see a message reporting that installation was successful, press the Return key once more to quit the Installer program.
m To avoid compatibility problems, be sure to use only one virus-detection program at a time. m If your computer is on a network or if you use a modem, check for viruses each time you copy information from an outside source. m If you give information to other computer users on disks or send information electronically, make certain that there are no viruses on your computer system before distributing the information. m Make sure that you have a virus-free copy of your System Folder on floppy disks.
Switching programs Hiding and showing windows on the desktop You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its name from the Application menu. You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing the Hide Others command from the Application menu. If a program’s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its windows. The other programs remain open even though the windows are hidden.
Changing the amount of memory a program uses Each program you open sets aside the amount of memory it needs. (If you don’t have enough memory to open a program, you need to quit one of the programs already open to free up some memory.) On occasion you may want to increase or decrease the amount of memory a program uses. You increase the amount so you can open more or larger documents in that program, and you decrease the amount so you can open more programs at the same time.
Using the Scrapbook 4. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. You can use the Scrapbook to store text, graphics, sounds, and other elements that you frequently include in your documents. The new element is pasted ahead of the one previously displayed. Storing items in the Scrapbook: Copying items from the Scrapbook: 1. In your document, select the text or other element that you want to store in the Scrapbook. 1. Choose Scrapbook from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Choose Copy from the Edit menu. 2.
Using a RAM disk Creating a RAM disk A RAM disk is a portion of your computer’s memory that you set aside for use as a temporary storage device. Using a RAM disk conserves power because the computer uses less energy to access RAM than to access a hard disk or a floppy disk. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. To use a RAM disk, you should have at least 4 MB of RAM in your computer because memory assigned to a RAM disk is not available for opening programs. 2.
3. Click the On button below the words “RAM disk.” Resizing or removing a RAM disk 4. Drag the slider to choose the percentage of available memory you want to use for your RAM disk. 1. Copy any programs or documents that you want to save onto the internal hard disk or a floppy disk. Choose a size just large enough to accommodate the programs and documents you want to put on the RAM disk.
Chapter 7 Power Management In this chapter m Checking the battery level m Responding to low-power messages Monitoring the battery charge level Your computer’s main power source is a nickel-cadmium battery. The battery provides power for up to 3 hours of work (the exact time depends on how often you use the hard disk, how bright the screen is, and other factors). Use the Battery desk accessory to monitor the charge level of the battery so you can recharge it when necessary.
The Battery desk accessory appears. When the battery charge drops to about 15%, the computer displays a series of low-power messages. The work time remaining after you see the first message will vary depending on how you are using the computer. It’s a good idea to act promptly.
The second message is followed almost immediately by a third and final message indicating that the computer is about to put itself to sleep. When time is up, the computer goes to sleep automatically to protect the contents of RAM. If you continue working until the computer goes to sleep automatically, you may not be able to wake it again until you recharge the depleted battery in the computer for 15 minutes.
s Warning: Use only the power adapter that came with your computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. s A lightning bolt icon appears in the Battery desk accessory when the power adapter is plugged in and the battery is recharging. The lightning bolt icon disappears when recharging is about 85% complete, though recharging continues.
Recharging with a recharger To recharge a battery, follow these steps. A battery recharger and additional batteries are available as options for your computer. If you purchase a recharger and an extra battery, you can charge one battery while you use the other, so you always have a fully charged battery on hand. 1. Place the recharger on a level surface. 2. Connect the recharger and the power adapter as shown in the illustration. The recharger can accommodate two batteries.
3. Place the battery in the recharger as shown. Recharging begins immediately. You can remove a battery from the recharger at any time. Removing or replacing the battery Don’t attempt to use your computer without a battery (even when the power adapter is plugged in). s Important: To preserve a battery’s charge, don’t leave it in the recharger if the power adapter is not plugged into an electrical outlet. s To remove or replace the battery, follow these steps.
4. Carefully pull the battery out of its compartment. 5. If you are inserting another battery, slide it into the battery compartment. Replacement batteries come with a door attached. 6. Close the battery door by pushing it back into place. 7. If you just inserted a new battery, it’s a good idea to plug in the power adapter in case the battery is not fully charged. S Important: Nickel-cadmium batteries contain metals which are hazardous when released to the environment.
Maximizing battery life To maximize battery life, discharge and then recharge the battery completely once every 90 days. Just use the computer as you normally would, but ignore the low-power messages that appear on the screen. (Make sure to save your work, however.) When the computer goes to sleep automatically, recharge the battery completely before using that battery again.
Maximizing work time m Keep virtual memory turned off in the Memory control panel. Your PowerBook’s battery can provide up to 3 hours of work time before you need to recharge it. The actual work time available depends on what equipment you’re using with your computer and what steps you take to conserve power while you work. m Quit any program that uses a modem unless you’re using the program for telecommunication. As long as the program is open, your modem is consuming power.
Adjusting the battery conservation settings 3. Close the PowerBook control panel. The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel gives you several ways to regulate your computer’s power consumption. The easiest approach You can think of the battery conservation setting as an automatic sleep setting. If you don’t use the computer for several minutes (how many depends on which setting you choose), it goes to sleep without any action on your part.
More about automatic sleep Using the battery conservation options The Battery Conservation slider controls two different power conservation features: system sleep and hard disk sleep. The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel includes a button labeled Options. Click this button to see more options that affect your computer’s power consumption. m System sleep is a state in which your computer uses only the power it needs to maintain the contents of RAM.
Processor cycling 4. Close the PowerBook control panel. If the computer is not doing anything for a few seconds, it reduces the power consumption of its microprocessor. The microprocessor comes back up to speed instantaneously when you resume work. This feature is called processor cycling. To turn processor cycling back on, click “Allow cycling.” You don’t need to do anything to use the processor cycling feature.
Chapter 8 Using Disks In this chapter Preparing a new disk for use Before you can use a new disk, you need to prepare it so the computer knows where to store information on the disk. This preparation is called initializing (or formatting) the disk.
1. Insert Disk Tools and turn on your computer. 2. Locate the Apple HD SC Setup icon and open it. 4. Click Initialize. W-X? ?W&@)X W&@@@1 ?W&@@@@5 W&@@@@(YW2@@@@6X )X?W&@@@@(YW.MfI/X? @)?&@@@@(YW.
Initializing a floppy disk Initializing a new floppy disk prepares the disk to store information. 1. Insert a new floppy disk into your floppy disk drive. If you inserted a high-density disk (1.4 MB), this message appears: 2. If you inserted a high-density disk, click Initialize. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click Two-Sided. A message alerts you that you’re about to erase any information that may be on the floppy disk. A new floppy disk has no information on it. 3. Click Erase.
Erasing a floppy disk Designating a startup disk Erasing a disk actually reinitializes it. If you use more than one hard disk with your computer, you can specify which hard disk you want the computer to use as the startup disk. (A startup disk must have a System Folder on it that contains the correct version of the system software.) s Warning: When you erase a disk, you lose any information that was on the disk. s 1. Click the icon of the disk you want to erase. 2.
Scanning order for startup disks Protecting the information on a disk When you turn on your computer, it looks for a startup disk (a disk containing a System Folder) in the following sequence: The information on a locked floppy disk or in a locked file can be opened or copied but cannot be changed. 1. internal floppy disk drive (if any) 2. external floppy disk drive (if any) Locking a floppy disk 3.
Locking a file 4. Close the Info window. You use the Get Info command to lock a document or a program. Locking a program may affect its operation. To unlock the file, click the Locked box again (so the X disappears). 1. Click the icon of the file you want to lock. You can’t lock a folder, but you can lock items in a folder. 2. Choose Get Info from the File menu. Locking an alias does not lock the original file. Locking an alias merely protects it from being thrown away. 3.
Backing up your files You can back up the work you store on a hard disk by copying individual files onto another disk in the usual way (dragging their icons to the icon of the other disk). You can back up the contents of an entire floppy disk by dragging its icon to another floppy disk icon or a hard disk icon. Use the application program called PowerBook 145B Backup to copy the entire contents of your Macintosh hard disk onto floppy disks.
Using PowerBook 145B Backup for the first time When you use the PowerBook 145B Backup program for the first time, you should make a copy of your System Folder, and then a copy of all the files on your hard disk. Follow these steps: 1. Open the PowerBook 145B Backup program by doubleclicking its icon. ?W-X W&?)X? ?W&>@>)X W&?@@(R/X? ?W.R'>(Y?V/X W.Y?V'U?eV/X? ?W.Ye?V/Ke?V)X W.Y?fN@@@@@@)X? ?W.YgJ(M?e?I/X W.Y?f?W.YgV/X? ?W.Yg?7YO26X?e?V/X W.Y?gC@@@YV)KfV/K? ?W.
Using PowerBook 145B Backup to update your backup copy Keeping your backup copy up to date will protect you in case information on your hard disk is accidentally lost or damaged. You can use the floppy disks that contain a backup copy of all the files on your hard disk. 3. Open the PowerBook Backup 145B program by doubleclicking on its icon. W-X? ?W&?)X W&>@>)X? ?W&?@@(R/X W.R'>(Y?V/X? ?W.Y?V'Ue?V/X W.Y?eV/K?eV)X? ?W.Yf?N@@@@@@)X W.Y?f?J(MfI/X? ?W.YgW.Y?f?V/X W.Y?g7YO26XfV/X? ?W.Yg?C@@@YV)K?e?V/K W.
4. Make sure your floppy disks are high-density. Then click the Continue button. A message appears, telling you how many high-density disks you will need to copy all files on your hard disk, or to copy just the System Folder. It also tells you approximately how long it will take to make the copy. 5. Click the button that corresponds to your choice. Make sure you have enough time and disks to complete the copying.
Restoring the information on your hard disk If information on your hard disk becomes damaged or lost, you can restore it if you have a backup copy of the information. You can use the program called PowerBook 145B Backup that came with your Macintosh to make a backup copy of the information on your hard disk. The program called PowerBook 145B Restore can put that information back on your hard disk.
5. Open the PowerBook 145B Restore icon by doubleclicking it.
Restoring your System Folder If you can’t save files on a floppy disk If your Macintosh does not start up any more, replacing the System Folder may solve the problem. If you used PowerBook 145B Backup to make a backup copy of your System Folder, you can use PowerBook 145B Restore to replace the damaged System Folder on your hard disk with a fresh copy from your backup disks. If you can’t save files on a floppy disk, the disk may be locked, full, or damaged, or the disk drive may not be working properly.
Ejecting a disk If you can’t eject a floppy disk You can eject a floppy disk by doing any of the following: If you can’t eject a floppy disk in the usual way, try the following in order: m Click the disk icon to select it and choose Put Away from the File menu. The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop. m Drag the disk icon to the Trash. The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop. (Dragging a disk to the Trash does not erase the disk’s contents.
Caring for disks Testing and repairing disks For information on floppy disk care, see the section on working with disks in Part II of this book, or consult the instructions that came with your floppy disks. Both floppy disks and hard disks can become damaged by repeated use and handling. If you see a message reporting that a disk is damaged or unreadable, you can use Disk First Aid or Apple HD SC Setup to try to diagnose and correct the problem.
m If the hard disk is external, make sure it is turned on and its cable is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh. m Check the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer. Each device must have a unique ID number (the computer itself has the ID number 7, and the internal hard disk has the number 0). Also check that the chain of devices is terminated properly. (See the chapter on enhancing your computer system for information about setting SCSI ID numbers and checking termination.
3. Click the Drive button until the name of the disk you want to test appears. Click the Eject button if you want to insert a different floppy disk. 4. Click Open. 5. Choose Repair Automatically from the Options menu. 6. Click the Start button to begin testing the disk. 7. When testing and repair are finished, choose Quit from the File menu. If you want to test another disk, choose Close from the File menu, then select and open another disk (repeat steps 3–7).
Testing a hard disk 4. Click Test. You can test a hard disk with the Apple HD SC Setup program, which is on the Disk Tools disk that came with your computer. 5. When a message tells you that testing is complete, click Quit. 1. Insert Disk Tools and start up your computer. 2. Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon. W-X? ?W&@)X W&@@@1 ?W&@@@@5 W&@@@@(YW2@@@@6X )X?W&@@@@(YW.MfI/X? @)?&@@@@(YW.
Chapter 9 Organizing Your Files Straightening up your files In this chapter To accomplish this . . . Do this . . .
Using folders to organize your files Creating and naming folders Macintosh folders, like the paper folders in a file cabinet, can be used to store and organize your work. You can place one folder inside another to create a hierarchy of files. You can create a new folder whenever the Finder is the active program. A new folder appears in the active window (or on the desktop if no window is active). The name is already selected. Hard disk Budgets 1. Choose New Folder from the File menu.
Filing documents when you save them The first time you save a document (or whenever you choose Save As to create another version of that document), a directory dialog box appears. A directory is the list of files and folders contained in a folder or on a disk. You use this box to name your document and indicate where to store it. Directory dialog boxes vary slightly from program to program, but all share certain features. Use this pop-up menu to see the directory of a higher-level folder or disk.
Making items easier to find Uses for aliases Your Macintosh provides several ways to make a file, folder, or other item easy to find and open. You can Alias for Location Purpose Any item that could be stored in several places Everywhere the item belongs You can get access to an item from several places. Apple Menu Items folder On the desktop You can easily add or remove Apple menu items.
Locating the original of an alias Installing an item in the Apple menu An alias’s Info window shows the location of the original. You can install any item in the Apple menu, and then open the item by choosing it from the menu. 1. Select the alias whose original you want to find. 2. Choose Get Info from the File menu.
Finding an item When the Finder is the active program, you can use the Find command in the File menu to find any item on any disk connected to your computer. (The Find command cannot locate items inside the System file. You need to open the System file to see its contents.) Finding an item by name 1. Choose Find from the File menu. The dialog box that appears lets you find an item by name. 2. Type the name (or part of the name) of the item you want to find. Capitalization does not have to match. 3.
Finding an item using other criteria The content of the middle pop-up menu and the text area vary according to the item selected in the left pop-up menu. You can use the Find command to find items by size, label, date, or other characteristics. 3. Choose an item from the left pop-up menu. 1. Choose Find from the File menu. 4. Choose an item from the middle pop-up menu. 2. If you see a button labeled More Choices, click the button. 5.
6. Choose a search location from the pop-up menu labeled Search.
Finding items that meet two criteria Ways to use the Find command You can locate items that meet two sets of criteria, such as all items created before a certain date and larger than a certain size. The Find command can help you locate files quickly, organize documents, and develop an efficient system for backing up and archiving your work. 1. Choose the first criterion. 2. Click the “all at once” box so that an X appears. This characteristic Can be used to locate Name 1.
Creating a template or stationery Most documents can be saved as or converted into a stationery pad, which is a template form of the document. The template retains its format and content, and you can use it repeatedly as a master for similar documents with different content. Many programs let you save a document as a stationery pad when you choose Save or Save As. Click the stationery pad option to save your document as a template.
4. Close the Info window. The document icon now appears as a stationery pad icon. When you open a stationery pad, an untitled window appears showing the contents of the stationery, or a dialog box appears asking you to name the new document. If you want to change the stationery pad itself you must first turn it back into a regular document. You can do this by opening the stationery pad’s Info window and clicking “Stationery pad” to remove the X.
Using the View menu Assigning a label to a file You can use the View menu to display the contents of a window by icon or small icon, or you can list items according to various characteristics such as name, size, or kind. (You can use the Views control panel to change how files are listed and what information is included in the list. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.) You can assign a label to a file and then group related files according to the label you have given them.
Tips on transferring files You can transfer files from your computer’s internal hard disk in the following ways: m Over a network You can connect your computer to a network and transfer files over the network. For information, see the networking chapter. m Over telephone lines If your computer is connected to a modem or has a modem installed, you can transfer files over telephone lines using an appropriate communications program. For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.
Chapter 10 Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use m Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works m Adjusting the way the keyboard works m Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type m Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing In this chapter m Specifying which items you want opened at startup m Installing an item in the Apple menu m Installing files in the System Folder m Changing the labels in the Label menu m Setting the time and date m Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off m Turning the alarm
Specifying which items you want opened at startup To have a program or a document open automatically when you start up your computer, drag its icon or its alias to the Startup Items folder, which is inside the System Folder. Programs or documents that you put in the Startup Items folder are opened when you start up your computer. You can open as many files as your computer’s memory allows.
Most special files are stored in folders inside the System Folder. When you drag a file’s icon to the System Folder icon, your computer recognizes which type of file it is and stores the file in the appropriate folder. This folder holds networking and printing software and files that extend your computer’s capabilities. The System file holds sounds, and keyboard files.
Changing the items in the Label menu Setting the time and date You can change the labels in the Label menu. You make these changes in the Labels control panel. Your computer has a clock that keeps track of the time and date (a battery keeps it running when the computer is turned off ). 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Labels control panel.
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3. Click the alarm clock icon in the lower-right corner to select it. Button in the upper position indicates that the alarm is on. The alarm clock icon becomes highlighted when you select it. The time that appears in the middle section is the current alarm clock setting.
Changing the date format 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel. 2. In the Date & Time control panel, click Date Formats. 3. In the dialog box that appears, make the changes you want. A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box. 4. Click OK to close the control panel. Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu. Type prefix and separators in these boxes. Use these pop-up menus to set the order of elements in the date.
Changing the time format 3. Make the changes you want. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel. 2. In the Date & Time control panel, click Time Formats. A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box. 4. Click OK to close the control panel. Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu. When you choose the 12-hour clock, you can also choose either 0:00 or 12:00 to represent noon and midnight.
Changing number and currency formats 2. Make the changes that you want. You can choose among several formats for displaying numbers and currency. 3. Close the control panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Numbers control panel. ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@? ?@g?@ @? ?@g?@hfW-X?g@? ?@eW-X??@he?W.R/Xg@? ?@e7R1??@heW.Y?V/X?f@? ?@e@?@??@h?W.Ye?V/Xf@? ?@e@?@??@hW.YW26X?V/X?e@? ?@e@?@??@g?W.Y?7
Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works You can adjust two aspects of trackball or mouse operation in the Mouse control panel: tracking, which is the relation between trackball or mouse movement and pointer movement on the screen, and double-clicking speed. 2. Click the tracking speed you want. The Very Slow option is useful for drawing or for a graphics tablet because the pointer moves at a constant speed relative to trackball or mouse movement. 3. Click the double-clicking speed you want.
Adjusting the way the keyboard works You can adjust the rate at which a character repeats when its key is held down as well as the delay before the character begins repeating. You can also change the keyboard layout if you have additional keyboard layouts installed. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Keyboard control panel. 3. To adjust the delay before keys repeat, click the button for the delay you want.
Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing With the system software feature called Sticky Keys, you can type keyboard shortcuts (such as x-S for the Save command) without actually pressing the keys simultaneously. The system software feature called Slow Keys lets you type very slowly and ignores accidental keystrokes by delaying the acceptance of the next keystroke. m To turn Sticky Keys on or off, press the Shift key five times without moving the mouse.
Adjusting the blinking of a menu item Adjusting the blinking of the insertion point You can change the number of times a menu item blinks when it’s chosen. You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel. You can adjust how quickly the insertion point blinks (the insertion point indicates where any text you type will appear). You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the General Controls panel. 2.
Changing the way the contents of windows appear You can change the way the contents of Finder windows are displayed, and you can change the items in the View menu. You make these changes in the Views control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Views control panel.
Changing an icon 2. Copy the picture by choosing Copy from the Edit menu. You can change an icon by creating or copying a picture you want and then pasting it into an icon’s Info window. 3. Switch to the Finder, then click to select an icon you want to change. Some icons can’t be changed, including those for control panels and other parts of the system software. Every icon fits inside a small square. 4. Choose Get Info from the File menu. 1. Select the picture you want to use for the icon.
6. Choose Paste from the Edit menu. The picture you copied replaces the selected icon in the Info window. If the picture is bigger than the icon, it automatically shrinks to fit.
Managing memory Making the most of your memory Occasionally you may need to make adjustments in how your Macintosh uses its random-access memory (RAM) in order to work efficiently with large programs or with several programs at once. Remember the following tips on memory management: Checking memory use You can find out how much memory your computer has, how much of it is available, and how much memory is being used by each program you have open.
m Reducing the size of the disk cache makes more memory available. (See the disk cache section in this chapter.) m Reducing the amount of memory a program uses may allow you to open more programs at once (see the chapter on setting up your programs). Adjusting the disk cache The disk cache is memory set aside to help programs work more quickly and efficiently. But the memory in the disk cache is not available for opening programs or documents.
Using hard disk space as memory 2. Click the On button to turn on virtual memory. Your computer can use space on a hard disk to increase the memory available for opening programs. The disk space, called virtual memory, is not available for storing files. 3. Press the pop-up menu and drag to choose a hard disk to use for virtual memory. Your computer should contain enough built-in memory for your regular needs—that is, for the programs you frequently have open simultaneously.
5. Choose Restart from the Special menu. Turning on 32-bit addressing After you restart, your computer’s total memory includes the virtual memory you set aside on the hard disk. Choose About This Macintosh from the Apple (K) menu to see memory use information. Your computer can use very large amounts of memory (more than 8 megabytes) by taking advantage of a feature called 32-bit addressing—the use of very long (32-digit) binary numbers to control the way data is manipulated.
Setting the beep sound Many programs have the computer make a sound when your attention is required or when you’re attempting an action that the computer cannot perform at that time. You can choose the type of beep sound that you want your computer to make. You can also set the sound’s volume. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Open the Sound control panel. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @? ?@ @? ?@ @? W&f?/X?f?@ @?hf?W&@f?V/Xf?@ @?hfW.Y@e?/X?V/X?e?@ @?he?W.Y?@e?V/X?N1?e?@ @?heW.
Installing a sound Removing a sound Your computer comes with several beep sounds. You can get additional sounds from various sources. You can remove sounds in the Sound control panel. Make sure you have a backup copy of the sounds on floppy disk. (To copy a sound, you can open the System file to see its icon.) m To install a sound, you drag its icon to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window). The sound is automatically installed in the System file, where it belongs. 1.
Recording sounds 5. Click the Add button. Your computer can use an external microphone, which you can use to record a sound and add it to the Sound control panel. 6. Get ready to record, then click the Record button. 1. Connect a microphone or another audio source to the sound input port (marked with the icon X) on your computer . For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system. 2. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. 3. Open the Sound control panel.
10. Type a name for the sound, and click OK.
You can choose from a variety of patterns provided, or you can create your own design by editing one of the patterns supplied.
6. When you’ve finished creating your new pattern, click the sample pattern to display it on your desktop. 7. To save the new pattern, double-click the sample pattern. Magnifying the screen image If you don’t save the pattern, you lose it when you click one of the small triangles to display another pattern. 8. Close the control panel. The CloseView control panel lets you magnify the image on your computer screen up to sixteen times. It is supplied as part of your system software.
2. Locate the CloseView control panel. ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@? ?@ @? ?@gO2@@6K @? ?@fW20MeI46X @? ?@f7
You can set additional options in the CloseView control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the CloseView control panel.
Chapter 11 Printing In this chapter m Before you print m Printing your work m Controlling background printing m Working with fonts Before you print Before you can print, your computer must be connected to a printer, either directly or over a network. See the information that came with your printer for instructions on how to connect it, or check with your network administrator. Choosing a printer Once your printer is connected, you must tell your computer which printer to use by choosing that printer.
If your printer is connected directly to your computer Make sure you’ve connected the printer according to the instructions that came with it. 1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu. 2. Click the icon of your printer to select it.
1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu. 3. Click the icon of the printer you want to use. 2. Click the Active button next to the word “AppleTalk.” v If your printer’s icon does not appear in the Chooser: The printer software is not in your System Folder. Close the Chooser and install the software you need. See the documentation that came with your printer, or consult the network adminstrator. v If Active wasn’t already selected, a message appears. Click OK.
Selecting Page Setup options You use the Page Setup dialog box when you’ve selected a new printer in the Chooser, or when you want to use a different paper size or printing options. m Choose Page Setup from the File menu and select the options you want.
Updating printer software on networked computers All computers that share printers on a network must have the same version of the printer software. The printer restarts itself each time a different version is used (which takes time and clears any fonts from its temporary memory). S Important: All computers on a network must have the same printer software versions in the System Folder. S You or your network administrator should update the printer software on all Macintosh computers on the network.
If you want to update the printer software that is already installed on your disk, go to step 5. When you click Customize, the custom installation dialog box shows a list of printer software.
v Printing color or gray-scale documents: You can print color or gray-scale documents on any color printer that can use the LaserWriter printer software. If you print a color document on a black-and-white printer, the document is produced as a halftone (that is, it is composed of patterns of dots). v Some programs offer additional printing options. See the manuals that came with your programs for more information on their printing features. 3. Click Print. A status message appears.
Solutions to common printing problems If nothing happens or if you see an error message when you try to print, try the following: m Make sure that the printer is turned on and warmed up. m Check the cable connections to the printer. m If your printer is an ImageWriter, make sure that the Select light is on. (If not, press the Select button.) m Make sure that the printer has paper and that the paper is feeding properly. m Make sure that a printer (and its name or port) is selected in the Chooser.
Controlling background printing You can use PrintMonitor to If you are using a LaserWriter or StyleWriter printer and the background printing option is turned on in the Chooser, you can continue to work while your documents are printing. m check the printing of your document You don’t need to do anything once background printing is turned on. But if you wish, you can control background printing with PrintMonitor, a program that’s part of system software. 1.
Working with fonts A font is a collection of letters, numbers, and symbols in a distinctive typographic design. Several fonts come with your computer’s system software. They are stored in the Fonts folder (inside the System Folder on your startup disk). You can install additional fonts and remove fonts. Additional fonts are supplied in the Extras folder on your hard disk.
Bitmap fonts (also called fixed-size fonts) appear only in certain sizes, because each character is a grid of black-and-white dots (called a bitmap), which is a rendering of the character’s shape in a specific size. Installing fonts 1. Quit all open programs. 2. Locate the font you want to install, and drag it to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window) on your startup disk. Fonts are supplied either as individual files (for individual fonts) or in suitcases (for font families).
Removing fonts Transferring fonts to a LaserWriter printer 1. Quit all open programs. If you’re using a LaserWriter printer equipped with PostScript and you want to print with PostScript fonts that are not built into your printer, you can transfer, or download, those fonts from your System Folder to the printer. Downloading fonts saves printing time if you plan to print several documents that use those fonts. 2. Open the System folder on your startup disk. 3. Locate the Fonts folder and open it.
2. Choose Download Fonts from the File menu. 3. If the font you want to download is not listed, click the Add button to add fonts to the list.
Finding out about available fonts Other ways to use the LaserWriter Font Utility Many programs have a Font menu that lists the fonts installed in your system, though some programs do not list them all. You can open the Fonts folder, inside the System Folder, to see all the fonts stored there. You can also see available fonts with the Key Caps desk accessory in the Apple (K) menu.
Restarting a LaserWriter printer Turning the printer’s start page on or off Restarting the printer clears its memory, removing the fonts stored there. The LaserWriter can print a start page each time it is turned on or restarted. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. 2. Choose Restart Printer from the Utilities menu. 2. Choose Start Page Options from the Utilities menu. 3. Click Restart. 3. Click the On or Off button.
Transferring a PostScript file to a LaserWriter 4. Type a name for the log, and then click Save. You can use the LaserWriter Font Utility to send a file in PostScript format to a LaserWriter printer. The file is sent to the printer and a record of the PostScript activity is saved in the log. 1. Open the LaserWriter Font Utility icon. You can open the log to see the sequence of PostScript commands when the file was sent. 2. Choose Download PostScript File from the Utilities menu. 3.
Chapter 12 Using Your Computer on a Network What networking offers When your computer is connected to a network, you can: m Gain access to information on other computers. In this chapter m What networking offers m Setting up your Macintosh on a network m Gaining access to files on shared disks m Working with files and folders on other computers m Sharing your own files m Using access privileges m Allow others access to information on your own computer.
You can designate specific folders and hard disks on your computer as “shared files” that other people can gain access to. m Print documents on network printers. m Update files over the network automatically. 1. … 2. … m Link your programs to programs on other computers. You can automatically update documents created in programs that use the Macintosh system software’s publish-and-subscribe feature. (See the instructions that came with your programs for information about publish-and-subscribe.
Connecting to a network Turning on AppleTalk Your computer has built-in AppleTalk networking software. This software directly supports the LocalTalk cables you need to connect your computer to the network. (If your computer has the appropriate port or expansion card, AppleTalk also supports Ethernet and TokenRing cables.) The first time you turn on your computer after you have connected it to a network, you need to make sure that AppleTalk is turned on. 1. Choose Shut Down from the Special menu. 2.
3. Close the Chooser. When AppleTalk is active, Macintosh PowerBook computers go to sleep automatically only when they run out of battery power, or when the power adapter is plugged in and the PowerBook is not connected to any shared disks on the network. Naming your computer and its owner Before you use the network, you should give your computer a name and name yourself as its owner. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Sharing Setup icon.
Gaining access to files on shared disks Connecting to a shared disk You can retrieve and store information on other computers connected to your network. For example, a colleague can place some files for you on a shared disk called a file server— a computer dedicated to storing shared files. Individually owned computers on your network might also have shared disks. 1. Choose Chooser from the Apple (K) menu.
v If the AppleShare icon does not appear: Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser. Make sure that the AppleShare file is in the Extensions folder in your System Folder, and restart your computer. v 4. If you see a box labeled “AppleTalk Zones”, click the zone the computer is in. Computers with shared disks are listed as file servers on the network. 5. Click the name of the computer you want to use.
Disconnecting from a shared disk 10. Click OK. If your password is not accepted: Make sure that Caps Lock is not on. Type your password again, taking care not to make typing errors. If it’s still not accepted, ask the computer’s owner for help. 11. Click the name of a shared disk to select it. When you’re finished using a shared disk, close any open files or programs on the shared disk and then disconnect in one of the following ways: m Select the shared disk icon and choose Put Away from the File menu.
Connecting quickly to a shared disk Connecting automatically when you start up By making an alias for a shared disk, you can connect to that disk by simply opening the alias. You can connect automatically to one or more shared disks whenever you turn on your computer. 1. Connect to a shared disk. 1. Connect to the computer that has the shared disk you want to open. See the section on connecting to a shared disk in this chapter. 2. Select the shared disk icon. 3. Choose Make Alias from the File menu.
3. If you’re connecting as a registered user, click the button that indicates whether you want to save your name only, or both your name and your password. For more security, click “Save My Name Only.” When you start up your computer, you’ll need to enter your password to connect to the shared disk. The icons of folders that you own on another disk have a darkened tab. W2@@@@@6X? ?W&@@@@@@@)X W.
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Giving folder ownership to someone else Sharing your own files You can give away ownership of any folder you own. Once you do so, however, the new owner can restrict your access to that folder. Make sure you have copies of any files you may need before you give ownership of a folder to someone else. 2. Click a folder that you own to select it. You can share files stored on your computer with others on the network.
Turning file sharing on 3. Close the Sharing Setup control panel. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Sharing Setup icon. If you want to give everyone on the network access to the items you share, continue with the next section, “Turning On Guest Access.
3. Click the box under File Sharing labeled “Allow guests to connect” to place an X in it.
5. Close the window and click Save in the dialog box. At this point, only you have access to the item you shared and the files inside it, unless you turned on guest access and some or all of the boxes next to “Everyone” are checked. If you haven’t turned on guest access, continue with the section “Naming a Registered User” if you want to name the specific people you want to share the item with.
Naming a registered user You can register as many as 100 people and groups combined, but for best network performance you should name no more than 50. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon.
Setting a registered user’s password Naming a group of users You can assign passwords for registered users to verify their identities when they want to gain access to your computer. You can name several registered users as a registered group. 1. Open a user icon in the Users & Groups control panel.
3. Drag user icons to the new group icon. The icons are not moved inside the group icon, as they would be if it were a folder. Instead, member icons are created inside the group icon. You don’t need to drag your own icon to the group icon because you (as the owner) have access to the entire contents of your computer (unless you specify otherwise). You don’t need to include the icon in any group.
Selecting a user or group to share a folder or disk You can give one registered user or group exclusive access to a shared folder or disk on your computer. 1. Select a folder or disk to share. 2. Choose Sharing from the File menu. 3. Click the box labeled “Share this item and its contents” so an X appears. 4. Choose a user or group from the User/Group pop-up menu.
Preventing specific users or guests from accessing your computer To prevent all network access to your computer, you can turn file sharing and program linking off, as described elsewhere in this chapter. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon.
4. If an X appears in the “Allow to connect” checkbox, click to remove the X (to deny access). 5. Close the window and click Save in the dialog box. If you deny access to a user who is currently connected, he or she is disconnected immediately. That user is no longer a member of any group, and can connect only as a guest. If you deny access to guests, any guests currently connected are disconnected immediately. Only registered users and groups that you’ve specified will have access to your computer.
Giving away ownership of a folder or disk on your computer You can give away ownership of a shared folder or disk on your computer to a registered user or group. Because you are the owner of your computer, the new owner of a folder or disk on your computer cannot restrict your access to it. However, the new owner can change the access privileges that other people have to the item.
2. In the section labeled File Sharing, click the Stop button. A dialog box appears in which you can specify a delay before file sharing is turned off. If you specify a delay, users who are connected to your computer are warned to save their work and disconnect.
Disconnecting someone who is connected to your computer You can disconnect users who are currently connected to your computer in the File Sharing Monitor control panel. 1. Select the user or users you want to disconnect. 2. Click Disconnect. 3. Type the number of minutes that you want to elapse before users are disconnected.
3. Open the owner icon (the one with the bold outline). 4. Click the boxes labeled “Allow user to connect” and “Allow user to see entire disk” to place an X in them.
2. Type a new password in the box labeled Owner Password and press Tab.
There are three types of access to shared items: Setting access privileges to folders and disks m See Folders: allows people to see, open, and copy folders. You can set access privileges for shared items on your own computer and for items that you own on other computers. m See Files: allows people to see, open, and copy files. m Make Changes: allows people to copy, delete, or change the contents of a folder or disk, or to add items to a folder or disk.
m If you’ve selected a folder you do not own, all the checkboxes and their labels are dimmed. 3. Choose a registered user or group to share the item with. Choose from the list of users and groups in the pop-up menu, or type the name of a registered user or group in the box. Access privilege strategies Access privileges can be combined in several ways. A few common and useful strategies are summarized here. m Allow everyone on the network all access privileges.
m Keep a folder or disk private. To keep a folder or disk on your own computer private, do not share it. To keep your folder on another computer private, use these settings.
Working with privileges that others have set Checking your access privileges When you are using the By Icon or By Small Icon view, the appearance of shared folders indicates the access you have. When you open a folder on another computer, icons under the title bar indicate the privileges that you do not have. Icon Meaning W2@@@@@6X? ?W&@@@@@@@)X W.
Linking programs Some programs can exchange information directly with other programs. For example, one program might be able to instruct another program to add a row to a spreadsheet or change the font size of a paragraph. Programs implement linking in various ways and not all programs have this capability. See the documentation that came with your programs for more information.
5. Click OK. In most cases, you need to identify yourself as a guest or a registered user.
Turning program linking on Selecting a program for linking When you turn program linking on, your computer is visible to others on the network whenever they attempt to link a program. Before you turn program linking on, make sure that AppleTalk is active and that you have named your Macintosh in the Sharing Setup control panel. Before a network user can link to your program, you need to share it. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Sharing Setup icon. 2.
Allowing guests to link to your programs Naming specific users to link to your programs You can let everyone on the network link to your shared programs. You can identify the registered users and groups you want to link to your programs. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Users & Groups icon. 2. Double-click the icon. 2. Open the icon of a user. 3.
Chapter 13 Expanding Your Computer System In this chapter m Using SCSI devices m Connecting a modem m Connecting a printer Using SCSI devices A SCSI device is any product—including hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, scanners, and printers—that communicates with Macintosh computers by means of a standard electronic interface. (SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface.) You can attach up to six SCSI devices to your computer by linking them together in a chain that starts at your computer’s SCSI port.
To connect a SCSI device to the SCSI port on your PowerBook, you need an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable. Setting up one or more SCSI devices for use with your PowerBook involves the steps listed here. m installing software m setting SCSI ID numbers m checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated Setting SCSI ID numbers Each device in a SCSI chain must have a unique ID number between 1 and 6 so the computer can identify it properly.
The ID numbers of Apple SCSI devices can be set as follows. 1. Make sure the SCSI device is turned off. If the device is already part of a SCSI chain, make sure that all devices in the chain are turned off, including the computer. 2. Locate the ID number indicator and switch (usually on the back panel of the SCSI device). ID number indicator 5 5 ID number switch 3. Check the ID numbers of all the devices you want to connect.
Checking that the SCSI chain is properly terminated If you are attaching one SCSI device To ensure accurate transmission of information, a chain of SCSI devices must have a terminator at each end. Terminators are built into some SCSI devices and can also be added externally. Make sure that there is m an external terminator between the HDI-30 system cable and the SCSI device and m an internal terminator in the SCSI device, or an external terminator attached to the device.
Connecting cables s Warning: When making SCSI connections, always turn off power to all devices in the chain. Failure to do so can cause the loss of information and damage to your equipment. s 1. Shut down your PowerBook and all SCSI devices in the chain. 2. To connect the first device, use an Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable. Attach the smaller end of the cable to your computer’s SCSI port (marked with the icon g) and the larger end of the cable to either SCSI port on the device.
Connecting a modem 7. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. Apple offers an optional, low-power, internal fax/data modem for your computer. See the modem manual for information about this modem and how to use it. 8. Open the PowerBook control panel. You can also connect an external modem to the modem port on the back panel of the computer. To connect an external modem, follow these steps. 1. Make sure the computer is in sleep or shut down. 2.
Connecting a printer Connecting a mouse or other ADB device The printer port on your computer can accept either a direct cable connection (to a printer such as the StyleWriter) or a network cable connection (to a printer such as the LaserWriter IINTX). The printer port is marked with this icon: [. Your computer has one Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port, to which you can connect optional low-power input devices (such as a mouse) provided by Apple and other vendors. The ADB port has this icon: √.
Using sound input and output devices 3. Decide where you want to place the microphone. Connecting a microphone s Warning: Do not plug a sound output device (such as a pair of headphones) into the sound input port. Doing so may damage your audio equipment. s Your PowerBook has a sound input port to which you can connect an external microphone. (Sound recording is described in the chapter Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use.) 1. Open the door covering the back panel of your computer. 2.
Adding memory to your computer Your PowerBook computer comes with at least 4 MB of RAM. By adding memory upgrade cards you can increase your computer’s memory. You can find out how much memory your computer has by choosing About This Macintosh from the Finder’s Apple menu. Apple provides memory upgrades through its authorized dealers. Memory upgrades are also available from other vendors; ask your dealer for more information. Apple recommends that memory upgrades be installed by an authorized Apple dealer.
Chapter 14 Travel, Storage, and Service In this chapter m Traveling with the computer m Storing the computer m Getting service and support m Getting more information about Macintosh computers Traveling with the PowerBook The safety instructions in the first part of this book also apply when you are traveling. In addition, note these precautions: m Do not transport your PowerBook while it is turned on.
m Some airlines may restrict or prohibit the use of computers in flight. Check ahead to find out what restrictions, if any, apply. Storing the PowerBook m Take the necessary plug adapters if you’re traveling overseas. ( You may need to use them with the power adapter.) You do not need a voltage transformer. The power adapter can handle 90 volts to 260 volts AC (48 to 62 Hz).
Long-term storage (more than 2 weeks) Service and support 1. Save your work on a hard disk or floppy disks. 2. Choose Shut Down from the Special menu. 3. Close the display. 4. Recharge the battery. Plug in the power adapter or use the recharger. 5. If you recharged the battery in a recharger, put the battery back into the computer.
How to get help To obtain service in the United States, you can contact either your nearest authorized Apple dealer or Apple Computer directly. If you are in North America, call 800-538-9696 to request the name of an authorized dealer near you. If you are anywhere else, check the local telephone directory. To contact Apple directly, call 800-SOS-APPL (800-767-2775), Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. (Pacific time) to speak to a Technical Support Engineer.
For more information about Macintosh computers Macintosh user groups Whatever your level of computer experience, you may be interested in joining a Macintosh user group. Group activities may include new product demonstrations, question-and-answer sessions, and classes on using programs or writing your own programs. Ask your authorized Apple dealer for the name of the Macintosh user group nearest you, or call 800-538-9696.
APDA Assistance for hardware and software developers APDA® is Apple’s worldwide source for over 300 development tools, technical resources, training products, and information for anyone interested in developing applications on Apple platforms. Customers receive the quarterly APDA Tools Catalog featuring all current versions of Apple and the most popular third-party development tools. Ordering is easy; there are no membership fees, and application forms are not required for most of our products.
Quick Reference Summary and Shortcuts Working with icons Selecting icons Double-click m Double-click an object on screen by pointing to the object and clicking twice in rapid succession, without moving the trackball or mouse. Double-clicking is a common shortcut for opening an icon or the selected item in a directory dialog box. Shift-click m Hold down the Shift key while clicking. Shift-clicking is a way to select more than one icon or item in a list.
Opening an icon Working with windows You open an icon by selecting it and choosing Open from the File menu or using the keyboard shortcut x-O or x–Down Arrow. Or you can double-click the icon. Making a window the active window To do this Take these steps You make a window active by clicking inside it. You can also make a window active by clicking its icon (even though it’s dimmed) and choosing Open from the File menu, or by double-clicking the dimmed icon.
Scrolling through the contents of a window Scroll box (shows relative location in window) Opening higher-level folder windows You can open a higher-level folder window (whose contents include the active window) from a pop-up menu in the active window’s title. 1. Hold down the x key as you press the active window’s title. A pop-up menu of the higher-level folders (and the disk) appears. 2. Drag to choose a higher-level folder (or the disk), and then release the trackball or mouse button.
Using the outline form in list views Working with menus Any list view you choose from the View menu (that is, any view except the icon and small icon views) shows the contents of the active window in outline form. You can see the contents of a folder without opening the folder in its own window. Macintosh menus come in two types: pull-down menus and pop-up menus. The menus in the menu bar are pull-down menus.
Pop-up menus often appear in dialog boxes that you use to set options or preferences. You can recognize a pop-up menu by a small solid triangle, pointing down, next to its name. The name shows the current option or preference. Pop-up menu (closed) Pressing the triangle displays the menu (but does not allow you to choose a menu item).
2. Drag to the menu item so that the submenu appears. 3. Drag sideways to the submenu, drag to the submenu item you want to choose so that it’s highlighted, and then release the trackball or mouse button. Keyboard shortcuts in the Finder and in directory dialog boxes Key Action Up, Down, Left, or Right Arrow key Selects the next item in the direction of the arrow Tab key Selects the next item alphabetically (except in a directory dialog box and the Chooser) Character key (a, b, c . . .
Troubleshooting The PowerBook This section describes possible causes and solutions for some common problems you may have with your Macintosh PowerBook or associated equipment provided by Apple. The computer won’t start. This section is not comprehensive. Check the appropriate reference section for additional help on specific topics. Also check the documentation that came with your other equipment and with your programs for more information.
The computer just stopped. The computer is very hot. m The computer may have gone to sleep. Press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock) to wake it again. m It is normal for the computer to be warm to the touch while you are using it, especially on the side beneath the keyboard. If the computer seems unusually hot, try the following: m The battery may have drained so far that the computer has put itself to sleep to protect the contents of RAM.
The computer exhibits odd behavior, such as many unexplained system failures. Power m A common cause of unexplained problems is multiple System Folders on your computer’s startup disk. The System Folder that the PowerBook is using to operate is marked with an icon. Use the Find command in the Finder’s File menu to locate any other System Folders, and throw them in the Trash. The battery is draining too fast. m You may have a virus on your hard disk.
The battery can’t be recharged. The computer doesn’t go to sleep automatically. m There may be a loose connection. Make sure all plugs are securely attached. m You may have selected “Don’t sleep when plugged in” in the Options section of the PowerBook control panel. Click the box to remove the X. m The battery may be damaged or dead. Obtain a replacement battery from your authorized Apple dealer. m The outlet may have no power.
The screen There are ghost images or black dots on the screen. The screen looks blurred or out of focus. m When the computer is left on for many hours, temporary defects may appear on the screen. Put the computer to sleep. The longer the computer was left on, the longer it will take for the images to fade, but they will eventually disappear. m The viewing angle may not be optimal. Tilt the display on its hinge until the screen looks better. The screen is too dark.
A window has disappeared. Memory m Another open window on the desktop may have covered the window you’re looking for. Move, resize, close, or hide windows you aren’t using until you see the one you want. A “not enough memory” message appears when you try to open a program. m Windows belonging to open but inactive programs may be hidden. Choose Show All from the Application menu to show hidden windows. m Quit any programs you aren’t using, then try again to open the program you want.
The computer doesn’t recognize your SCSI devices. m The devices may be off. Check to make sure that they are plugged in and turned on. m If the device is a disk drive, it may need to be initialized before you can use it. See the instructions that came with the device. m The software (driver) needed to communicate with the device may not be installed in your System Folder. See the instructions that came with the device. m Two or more devices in the SCSI chain may have the same ID number.
The hard disk keeps stopping and starting again. m The hard disk may be going to sleep to conserve power. Open the PowerBook control panel and move the Battery Conservation slider toward Maximum Performance. The hard disk is full. m You can reclaim space on your hard disk by removing unneeded files; turning off virtual memory; or purchasing a disk optimization program to reorganize the information on the hard disk. A disk you use with your PowerBook computer is not recognized by another Macintosh.
A message says that a disk is not initialized—but you know that it is. m The disk may not be seated properly in the disk drive. Eject it and try inserting it again. m The disk may be damaged. If you insert another disk in the drive and the message does not appear, you can assume that the original disk needs repair. See Chapter 8 for information about recovering information from a damaged disk. If the second disk is also not recognized, take the computer or disk drive to an authorized Apple service provider.
Modems Printers The external modem doesn’t work. Your computer can’t find the printer. m The modem may be turned off or improperly connected. Make sure that it is turned on and that all connections are correct. m The printer may be turned off. Turn it on. m The modem port may not be activated. Open the PowerBook control panel and make sure that External Modem is selected. The internal modem doesn’t work. m The modem port may not be activated.
The network printer keeps restarting. Your documents are printed with the wrong fonts. m Someone on the network may be using a different version of the printer software. Everyone connected to a network should use the same printer software version. Consult the network administrator for more information. m The printer may not have your fonts in its memory and is substituting other fonts.
Networks The shared disk you want to connect to does not appear in the Chooser window. You can’t find or can’t open icons needed to set up file sharing. m AppleTalk must be active before you can use a shared disk. Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser. m One or more icons may be in the wrong place. Make sure that the Sharing Setup icon is in the Control Panels folder, and that the File Sharing Extension file, the Network Extension file, and the AppleShare file are in the Extensions folder.
You can’t open a shared disk or folder. Application programs m You may not have the access privileges needed to use the disk or folder. Ask the network administrator or the owner of the shared item to grant you access. A program won’t open. m You may have entered your name or password incorrectly when you tried to open the shared disk or folder. Check with the owner of the item to make sure you are entering your name and password correctly, and try again.
A program doesn’t work, or malfunctions consistently. You just did something you didn’t mean to do. m You may have more than one copy of the program on your hard disk. Remove extra copies by dragging them to the Trash. m If you have not yet taken any other action, you can usually undo your most recent action (even if you aren’t sure what it was). Most programs have an Undo command in the Edit menu (x-Z). Choose Undo to go back one step in your work. You cannot undo more than one action.
Appendix A Keyboard and Character Sets Tab key: Moves the insertion point to the next stopping place (such as a tab stop or data field). Caps Lock key: A Shift key for letters only (numbers and symbols aren’t affected). Shift key: Produces capital letters (or the upper character on the key). Control key: In combination with other keys, provides shortcuts or modifies actions. Option key: In combination with other keys, produces special characters or modifies actions.
Using Caps Lock Typing special characters and symbols The Caps Lock key on PowerBook computers does not stay depressed even when it’s locked. You can tell whether Caps Lock is on or off by looking at the menu bar. An arrow appears to the left of the Help menu icon when Caps Lock is on. You can type a variety of special characters (with diacritical marks) and symbols by pressing modifier keys in combination with certain letter and number keys.
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Appendix B Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers Apple File Exchange is a file format conversion program supplied on your hard disk. The program and translator files are stored in the Apple File Exchange Folder. You can use the program to initialize a disk in MS-DOS (or Apple II ProDOS) format and convert files to and from MS-DOS (or ProDOS). Apple File Exchange cannot open converted files; you need to open them with an application program that recognizes the converted files.
3. Click MS-DOS. 4. If necessary, click the capacity (in K) of the disk you inserted. If you want to initialize a high-density (Ó) disk in MS-DOS format, 1440K is the only option and it is already selected. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click 720K. Apple File Exchange cannot initialize a high-density disk in 720K format, nor can it read a double-sided disk that has been initialized in the high-density (1.4 MB) format.
Converting files to and from MS-DOS format Follow these steps to translate an MS-DOS (or ProDOS) file: 1. Locate the Apple File Exchange program and open it. Apple File Exchange provides two methods of file conversion— text and binary. Text translation is for text files, and binary translation is for other file types. Apple File Exchange can also use translator files designed to convert files into formats that specific programs can use.
5. Pull down the translation menu you want. 6. Make sure that the translators for the types of files you selected have checkmarks; if not, choose them so checkmarks appear next to them. An active translator has a checkmark. The default translator has a diamond (indicating that it’s always active). Choosing an active translator makes it inactive. 7. Compare the size of the files or folders selected for translation with the space available on the destination disk.
Other file-conversion options Apple File Exchange’s File menu provides several other options to assist you with file conversions. The active translators and options for each translator can be saved in a file by choosing “Save settings as.” You can use these options again later by choosing “Restore settings from” and opening the file. Choose to rename destination (translated) files. Names of files that can’t be converted by the active translators are dimmed when this item is checked.
Appendix C Map Setting your location The Map control panel lets you set your computer’s location and find out the distance and the time difference between your location and cities around the world. If you travel with your computer and use Map to reset your location accordingly, the time (in the Date & Time control panel) is automatically reset to the local time.
2. Type the city nearest your current location and then click the Find button (or press the Return key). If you aren’t sure how the city is spelled, type the first few letters and press the Return key. If the city isn’t found, you can add it to the list of cities stored in Map (instructions are given elsewhere in this appendix). 3. Click the Set button. Your current location is indicated by a blinking cross.
The distance to and the time at the other location are shown at the bottom of the window. The distance is based on the shortest possible route (called the great circle). To find out the time difference between your location and the other location, click the words “Time Zone.” Click again to see the other location’s time zone. Finding a location The Map has a list of locations, with information on the latitude, longitude, and time zone of each location. 1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. 2.
Adding or removing a location Adding a location 1. If the map does not show the location you want to add, scroll by dragging beyond the map in the direction of the location. 2. Click the location. A blinking star appears at the location, and its coordinates and approximate time zone are displayed. 3. Type the name of the new location. 4. If you know the coordinates, type them in the latitude and longitude boxes.
Index A About This Macintosh command 161, 164, 231 accent marks, typing 260–261 access privileges. See also file sharing; guests; network; passwords checking 217 icons and 217 restricting 201, 207–208 set by others 217 setting 214–215 strategies for using 215–216 turning off 209–210 types of 213–214 active programs 58–62 identifying 95 active window 42–46 printing contents of 179 ADB.
Application menu hiding and showing windows 96 making open program active 59–60 programs listed in 96 switching programs 96 application programs. See also programs installing 92 locating 139 making active 59–60 overview 61 PowerBook 145B Backup program 6, 8, 10–12, 119–122 PowerBook 145B Restore program 8, 119, 123–125 switching 96 troubleshooting 92, 257–258 arrow keys 53, 244, 259 arrow pointer 36, 249.
C cables network 191 safety instructions 26 for SCSI connections 224, 226–227 cache, disk 162, 250 capitalization.
32-bit addressing 164 time 148–149, 269 trackball speed 154 troubleshooting and 247 Users & Groups control panel 200–201, 203–205, 207–208, 211–212, 221 Views control panel 142, 158 virtual memory 163–164 Copy command 98 copying.
documents.
F fax/data modem 228 file exchange 263–267 File menu Close Window command 50, 79 Download Fonts command 185 Download PostScript File command 188 Duplicate command 70 Find Again command 136 Find command 136–139 Get Info command 97, 118, 141 Initialize Printer’s Disk command 186 Make Alias command 134, 196 New Folder command 132 New Group command 204 New User command 203 Open command 41 Page Setup command 176–178 Preferences command 181 Print command 178–179 Print Desktop command 179 Print Window command 179
Finder changing appearance of windows in 158 checking memory use in 161, 231 keyboard shortcuts in 244 making active 58–60 overview 61 printing and 178 fixed-size (bitmap) fonts 183 floppy disk drive illustration 7 inserting disks into 24, 74 removing disk from 80, 126 restarting with 18 starting up with 117 troubleshooting 125, 126, 252, 253 floppy disks backing up contents of 119 for backing up the hard disk 9, 10, 113, 119–122 capacities of 74, 75 caring for 79 copying contents of 78–79, 82–83, 119 doubl
G General Controls control panel 157, 168–170 General Controls panel adjusting blinking rate 157 changing background pattern 168–170 setting time and date 149 Get Info command 97, 118, 141 graphics tablets 154 gray-scale documents, printing 179 groups, network. See registered group guests.
copying 240 of currently active program 60 dimmed 96 double-clicking 62 dragging 39 ejecting disks with 126 highlighting 37 labels for 142 moving 135, 240 opening 41, 63, 240 organizing 131, 132 overview 50–52 pointing to 36 pressing 38 question mark 91, 117 Quick Reference 239–240 renaming 240 selecting 37, 239 of shared folders you own 197 size of in views 158 types of 50–52, 75 ID numbers.
L labeling floppy disks 12 Label menu 139, 142, 148 labels, file 142 Labels control panel 148 LaserWriter.
modems connecting internal and external 228 power consumption of 109, 247 selecting internal/external 228 transferring files with 143 troubleshooting 254 viruses and 95 modifier keys overview 53, 66. See also keyboard shortcuts Sticky Keys feature for 156 typing special characters with 260–261 monitors, external 104 mouse.
network administrator 190, 193, 197, 198 Network icon 192 network printers. See also printers choosing 174–175 troubleshooting 254, 255 updating software for 177–178 network software, removing from System Folder 147 network zones 175, 193, 194, 254, 256 new folder, creating 132, 197 New Group command 204 New User command 203 nickel-cadmium (NiCad) batteries.
hard disk sleep adjustment 110, 111, 248, 252 modem options 228 processor cycling 112 processor speed 111 system sleep adjustment 110, 111, 248, 252 power button 7, 15 RAM disk and 18 restarting computer with 18 “Shut Down” warning 13 turning computer on with 4, 15, 19 power management.
programs.
registered user access privileges of 213–215, 216 changing password of 197–198 connecting to a shared disk as 197 creating a folder as 197 denying access to 207–208 disconnecting 211 folder ownership and 197, 209 naming 203–204 passwords for 204 program linking and 221–222 removing 208 sharing your files with 206 typing name and password 193, 194, 213 reinstalling system software from a shared disk 92 from floppy disks 91, 93–94 removing battery 106–107 extra System Folders 83 floppy disk 80, 126 fonts 147,
SCSI cables 224, 226, 227 SCSI chains 128, 226–227 SCSI devices connecting 227, 229 ID numbers for 114, 128, 224–225 installing software for 224 overview 223–224 terminators for 128, 226, 227 troubleshooting 250–251 SCSI icon 223, 227 SCSI ID numbers 114, 128, 224–225 SCSI port 7, 223, 227 SCSI terminators 128, 226, 227 searches 136–139 selecting an icon 37, 40–41 selecting text 63–64, 67–68 service locations 235–236, 245 setting up computer 1–6.
Sleep command 14, 99 Slow Keys feature 156 Small Computer System Interface. See SCSI entries software. See application programs; programs; system software software development support 238 software drivers 224, 251 software licensing agreements 92, 202 Sound control panel 165–167 sound input port 7, 167, 230 sound output devices 230 sound output port 7, 230 sounds.
system failures 247System Folder.
Trash deleting files with 71–72 ejecting a disk with 126 emptying 72, 100 location of 16 purpose of 52 retrieving items from 72 turning off warning for 160 travel tips 233–234.
V W X variable-size fonts 182 vertical scroll bar 47–48 viewing contents of folders 242 contents of windows 42–44 hidden contents of windows 46–48 hidden windows 96 list views 142, 158, 242 members of registered group 205 menus 38 View menu 142, 242 Views control panel 142, 158 virtual memory. See also memory creating 163–164, 231 insufficient memory and 250 power conservation and 109 viruses 12, 94–95, 247 VM Storage file 164 waking the computer 13, 14, 19, 110 warranty service 27, 236, 245 windows.
The Apple Publishing System This Apple manual was written and edited on a desktop publishing system using Apple Macintosh computers and QuarkXPress. Proof pages were created on Apple LaserWriter printers and on the QMS Colorscript 100 color printer. Final pages were produced in QuarkXPress and output directly to separated film on PostScript driven imagesetters. Line art and part openers were created with Adobe Illustrator. Cover art was produced with Adobe Photoshop.
