Data Sheet

179
8161D–AVR–10/09
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
Table 19-1 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for calculat-
ing the UBRRn value for each mode of operation using an internally generated clock source.
Note: 1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bit per second (bps)
BAUD Baud rate (in bits per second, bps)
f
OSC
System Oscillator clock frequency
UBRRn Contents of the UBRRnH and UBRRnL Registers, (0-4095)
Some examples of UBRRn values for some system clock frequencies are found in Table 19-9
(see page 200).
19.3.2 Double Speed Operation (U2Xn)
The transfer rate can be doubled by setting the U2Xn bit in UCSRnA. Setting this bit only has
effect for the asynchronous operation. Set this bit to zero when using synchronous operation.
Setting this bit will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from 16 to 8, effectively doubling
the transfer rate for asynchronous communication. Note however that the Receiver will in this
case only use half the number of samples (reduced from 16 to 8) for data sampling and clock
recovery, and therefore a more accurate baud rate setting and system clock are required when
this mode is used. For the Transmitter, there are no downsides.
Table 19-1. Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting
Operating Mode
Equation for Calculating Baud
Rate
(1)
Equation for Calculating
UBRRn Value
Asynchronous Normal mode
(U2Xn = 0)
Asynchronous Double Speed
mode (U2Xn = 1)
Synchronous Master mode
BAUD
f
OSC
16 UBRRn 1+()
------------------------------------------=
UBRRn
f
OSC
16BAUD
------------------------ 1–=
BAUD
f
OSC
8 UBRRn 1+()
---------------------------------------=
UBRRn
f
OSC
8BAUD
-------------------- 1–=
BAUD
f
OSC
2 UBRRn 1+()
---------------------------------------=
UBRRn
f
OSC
2BAUD
-------------------- 1–=