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Contents Chapter 1 Using the Grading Commands 1 Developing Finished Ground Surface Models 2 Creating Finished Grade Labels 2 Changing the Finished Grade Label Settings 2 Creating Finished Grade Labels 4 Editing Grading Points or Finished Grade Labels 4 Modifying Point Elevations 5 Changing Elevations of Points by Relative Hinge 5 Changing Elevations of Points by Absolute Hinge 6 Working with a Stratum 7 Defining a Stratum 8 Selecting the Current Stratum 9 Deleting a Stratum 9 Updating the Elevations of Sel
Configuring the Grading Appearance Settings 42 Calculating General Statistics About a Grading Object 45 Editing Grading Objects 46 Object Locking 47 Locking a Grading Object 47 AutoCAD Editing Commands and the Grading Object 48 Using Grips to Edit Grading Objects 50 Using Grips to Edit the Footprint Vertices 50 Using Grips to Edit the Target Regions 51 Using Grips to Edit the Slope Tag Locations and Slope Values 51 Editing a Grading Object Using the Shortcut Menu 53 Add a Vertex Using the Shortcut Menu 53 A
Drawing a Daylight Polyline 79 Inserting Daylight Points, Breaklines, and Polylines into a Drawing 80 Listing the Grading Factors of a Selected Point 80 Creating a Random Daylight Point 81 Chapter 2 Working with Ponds 83 Overview of Working with Ponds 84 Changing the Pond Settings 85 Changing the Contour Settings for Ponds 85 Changing the Slope Control Line Settings for Ponds 88 Changing the Bench Settings for Ponds 90 Creating Pond Perimeters 91 Drawing a Pond Perimeter 91 Changing the Elevation of a Pon
Creating the Pond Bottom 119 Creating All Pond Elements 120 Listing and Labeling Ponds 121 Listing the Properties of a Pond 121 Listing the Contour Area of a Pond 122 Listing the Contour Elevations of a Pond 122 Listing the Contour Perimeter of a Pond 122 Listing the Slope and Grade of a Pond 123 Labeling Ponds 123 Outputting Pond Data 125 Reporting the Pond Contour Data By Selecting the Pond Perimeter 125 Pond Output Data Types 127 Reporting the Pond Contour Data By Selecting the Pond Contours 128 Generati
Chapter 3 Working with Profiles and Vertical Alignments 157 Overview of Working with Profiles and Vertical Alignments 158 Where the Alignment and Profile Data Are Stored 158 Changing the Profile Settings 159 Changing the Settings for Sampling Existing Ground Data for Profiles 159 Changing the Existing Ground Layers Settings for Profiles 160 Changing the Finished Ground Layers Settings for Profiles 162 Changing the Label and Layer Prefix Settings for Profiles 163 Changing the Values Settings for Profiles 16
Removing the Profile Definition Block From a Drawing After Deleting a Profile 188 Making a Profile Current 189 Creating the Finished Ground Vertical Alignments 190 Creating the Finished Ground Centerlines 190 Working with the Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Finished Ground Centerline 191 Setting the Current Layer for the Finished Ground Centerline 191 Rotating the AutoCAD Crosshairs to Match the Grade of the Finished Ground Centerline 191 Drawing the Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Finished Ground C
Working with Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Ditches and Transitions 216 Setting the Current Layer for the Ditches and Transitions 216 Rotating the AutoCAD Crosshairs to Match the Grade of the Ditches and Transitions 217 Drawing the Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Ditches and Transitions 218 Changing the Grade Going into the PVI for the Ditches and Transitions 219 Changing the Grade Coming Out of the PVI for the Ditches and Transitions 220 Moving the Point of Vertical Intersection for the Ditches an
Creating ASCII Output Files of Profile Information 242 Changing the ASCII Output Settings for Outputting Profile Data 244 Formatting for the ASCII Output Files of the Profile Information 245 Creating ASCII Output Files of the Profile Information to Use in Other Programs 246 Chapter 4 Working with Cross Sections 249 Creating Cross Sections 250 Actions that Affect Cross Section Control 251 Working with the Cross Section Database Files 253 Creating Existing Ground Cross Sections 253 Setting the Current Surfa
Defining Subassemblies 284 Datum Lines and Top Surface Definitions for Templates and Subassemblies 286 Attaching the Subassemblies to Templates 287 Changing the Subassemblies that are Attached to the Template 290 Drawing Subassemblies 291 Editing Subassemblies 292 Choosing Which Subassembly Vertex to Edit 292 Saving the Changes that you Make to the Subassemblies 293 Deleting the Current Subassembly Vertex 294 Inserting a Subassembly Vertex 294 Moving a Subassembly Vertex to a New Location 295 Redrawing the
Redrawing the Template Display 324 Importing a Template into a Drawing 325 Creating Finished Ground Cross Sections 326 Prerequisites for Applying Templates to Existing Ground Cross Sections 326 Designing Roadway Slopes with Templates and Cross Sections 326 Changing the Slope Settings 326 Changing the Stepped Slope Settings 329 Changing the Surface Slope Settings 330 Creating Roadway Transitions with Templates and Cross Sections 332 Defining the Transition Regions on a Template 333 Attaching the Horizontal A
Superelevating Compound and Reverse Curves 368 Superelevating Compound Curves 368 Example of Superelevating Compound Curves Separated by Tangents or Spirals 370 Example of Superelevating Complex Compound Curves 372 Superelevating Reverse Curves 372 Example of Superelevating Reverse Curves Separated by Tangents or Spirals 373 Example of Superelevating Complex Reverse Curves 375 Displaying and Reporting the Cross Section Control Values 375 Displaying the Design Control Values for Any Section 375 Displaying th
Using the Cross Section Elements in a Profile 397 Importing a Ditch or Transition from the Sections into a Profile 398 Importing the Superelevation into a Profile 399 Defining a Ditch or Transition as a Vertical Alignment 399 Editing a Ditch or Transition Profile Alignment 400 Outputting and Importing Template Points 401 Importing the Template Points into a Drawing 401 Outputting the Template Point Data to a File 403 Outputting Finished Ground Information 404 Importing the Catch Points and Daylight Lines in
Drawing Polylines on Plotted Cross Sections 433 Calculating Cross Section Volumes 433 Changing the Cross Section Volume Adjustment Factors 433 Calculating the Volume Data and Displaying the Results in a Table 435 Calculating the Volume Data and Displaying the Results on Screen 436 Calculating the Volume Data and Saving It to a Text File 438 Creating a Mass Haul Diagram 439 Calculating the Volume Data for Each Template Surface and Saving it to a Text File 441 Calculating the Volume Data for Each Existing Gro
Calculating the Hydraulic Values for Circular Pipes Using Mannings Equations 499 Calculating the Flow for Rectangular Pipes Using Mannings Equations 501 Calculating the Flow for Elliptical Pipes Using Mannings Equations 503 Calculating the Flow for Custom Pipes Using Mannings Equations 505 Calculating Pipe Flow and Other Hydraulic Values Using the Darcy-Weisbach Equations 506 Calculating the Flow for Circular Pipes Using the Darcy-Weisbach Equations 507 Calculating the Flow for Rectangular Pipes Using t
Specifying Which ASCII Text Editor to Use for Viewing and Editing the Hydrology Files 544 Returning the Hydrology Settings to the Default Prototype Settings 545 Calculating the Runoff from Watershed Areas 545 Selecting a Runoff Calculation Method to Use 546 Selecting the Rainfall Frequency for a County 547 Editing and Defining Rainfall Frequency Values for Counties 549 Selecting the Rainfall Frequency for a County 550 Customizing the Rainfall Distribution File 550 Selecting and Editing the Runoff Curve Numb
Calculating Runoff With the TR-20 Method 594 Calculating the Peak Runoff by Using the TR-20 Method 596 Viewing and Editing the Dimensionless Hydrograph Values 598 Adding a Range of Time Increments to a Dimensionless Hydrograph File 600 Viewing and Editing the Distribution Condition Values 602 Combining Hydrographs 604 Outputting Hydrology Data 605 Drawing a 2D Polyline to Use as a Cross Section Sampling Line 606 Plotting Single Sections 606 Outputting Data in the HEC-2 Format 607 HEC-2 Data Structure 608 Sa
Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Pipes 639 Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Pipes in Plan View 639 Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Pipes in Profile View 641 Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Nodes 643 Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Nodes in Plan View 643 Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Nodes in Profile View 645 Creating and Editing Node Symbols 647 Choosing a Text Editor in Which to Display Pipe Data 649 Importing, Export
Updating the Rim and Invert Elevations of a Pipe 683 Breaking a Pipe Run into Two Pipe Runs 684 Joining Two Pipe Runs into One Pipe Run 684 Deleting Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View 685 Updating the Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View 686 Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile View 686 Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile View 686 Deleting Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile View 688 Editing Conceptual Profile Pipe Runs Using the Pipe Run Editor 688 Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile - Column Headings 6
Creating Finished Draft Runs Using a Symbol Line Type 704 Restoring the Appearance of a Profile After Erasing a Pipe Run 704 Creating Hydraulic Gradelines in Profile View 704 Creating Energy Gradelines in Profile View 705 Identifying and Labeling Areas on a Profile Where a Pipe Run Crosses an Alignment 705 Importing and Exporting Pipe Data 706 Importing Pipe Files that are in ASCII (ASC) Format 706 Importing Pipe Files that are in WK1 Format 706 Importing Pipe Files that are in DB Format 706 Exporting Pipe
Changing the Internal Section Spacing 729 Changing the Horizontal Layout 729 Changing the Vertical Layout 730 Changing the Volume Calculation Method 730 Using Curve Correction 731 Changing the Cut Correction Value 731 Changing the Fill Correction Value 732 Appending Surface Names to EG and Template Layers 732 Changing the Section Sheet Layer Settings 733 Naming a Sheet Series 734 Naming a Plan/Profile Sheet Series 734 Naming a Profile Sheet Series 736 Naming a Section Sheet Series 737 Laying Out a Plan/Prof
Deleting a Profile Sheet Series 764 Generating a Cross Section Sheet Series 764 Saving a Section Sheet 767 Loading a Generated Section Sheet 768 Loading a Section Sheet Series 768 Deleting a Section Sheet Series 769 Creating Plan/Profile Sheets 769 Creating Profile-Only Sheets 771 Creating Plan-Only Sheets 772 Creating Section Sheets 774 Creating Single Sheets 775 Saving a Single Sheet in Paper Space 775 Loading a Single Sheet to Paper Space 776 Working with Sheet Tools 776 Setting the Viewport View Scale 7
Creating a New Profile-Only Sheet Style 792 Creating a New Plan-Only Sheet Style 793 Creating a New Cross Section Sheet Style 795 Creating a New Section Sheet In a Separate Drawing 796 Editing a Sheet Style 797 Choosing a Method for Creating, Opening, and Editing Sheet Style Drawings 797 Creating a Viewport 799 Choosing a Viewport Category 800 Saving a Sheet Style 801 Loading a Sheet Style 803 Working with Frames 804 Drawing Frames for Section Sheets 806 Drawing a Section/View Frame 808 Drawing a Section/Se
Updating Labels and Grids 871 Updating Frame Labels With the Update Frame Labels Command 871 Updating Frame Labels With the Update All Frame Labels Command 871 Updating Frame Labels With the Create/Edit Frame Command 871 Editing a Label or Grid by Selecting It from Screen 872 Importing and Exporting Label and Grid Styles 872 Importing Label and Grid Styles from Another Database 872 Exporting Label and Grid Styles to Another Database 873 Attaching Label and Grid Sheets to a Frame 874 Selecting Sheet Style Fr
1 Using the Grading Commands In this chapter Use the Grading commands to create finish ground n Developing finished ground surface models surfaces for a site. You can use the Grading Wizard to n Working with a stratum n Creating grading objects n Grading settings n Editing grading objects n Calculating volume data for a grading object n Daylighting create a grading object and edit the grading object using the grading properties and grips.
Developing Finished Ground Surface Models When you add or remove soil, rock, and other materials to shape the land for a project, you institute grading to configure the lands surface. Grading provides tools to model the ground elevations and the inclination of the ground surface. The Grading commands are designed to help you develop your finished ground surface models. You need to begin your site calculations with an existing ground surface that you created using the commands in the Terrain menu.
2 Under Finish Ground Labels, you can select Rounding factor, and enter a factor by which to round the elevation values. When the Rounding factor check box is selected, the rounding values of elevations and finish ground labels have default settings of 0.05 feet in imperial and 0.005 millimeters in metric. The Finished Grade Points commands apply this value to all point elevations and finished ground labels. NOTE 3 4 This step is optional. You do not have to enter a rounding factor.
Creating Finished Grade Labels You can create labels in plan view on a finished ground surface with a specified elevation or obtain elevational information from a surface. To label the finished ground points 1 From the Grading menu, choose Grade Labels ä Finish Grade Label. The following prompt is displayed: Point (or Surface): 2 Do one of the following: n n Select a point to label, and type the elevation for the point.
Modifying Point Elevations With the commands on the Modify Point Elevations submenus, you can modify the elevations of finished ground point objects by using a relative or absolute hinge, or by working with a stratum. The stratum commands update the elevations of selected points based on a defined stratum. You can report NEZ point data based on a stratum and obtain the elevations from a stratum based on specified X, Y coordinates.
5 Press ENTER to complete the selection set. The command adjusts the elevations of the points based on the slope or grade. For example, if you selected points that were originally placed at a grade of 1.3%, 1.1%, and 2.1%, and you defined a relative hinge grade of 2%, then the points are now placed at grades of 3.3%, 3.1%, and 4.1%. The further the point is from the hinge line, the greater the change in elevation.
5 Enter an elevation for the second point. The following prompt is displayed: Desired Slope (or Grade) : 6 Define the slope or grade at which the points are placed: n n 7 8 Type a slope in the format specified. Type G and a positive or negative grade percentage. Select the points to adjust. Press ENTER to complete the selection set. The command adjusts the elevations of the points to match the specified slope or grade.
When you calculate volume, you are prompted for the stratum to be used for those computations. You must create a surface (or Triangulated Irregular Network) for each surface in the indicated stratum before using any volume calculations. Defining a Stratum You can define a stratum used to calculate volumes and elevations. For more information, see Definition of a Stratum in this chapter. To define a stratum 1 From the Grading menu, choose Modify Point Elevations ä Select Current Stratum.
2 In the Define Stratum dialog box, type the name of the new stratum in the Name text box. 3 4 In the Description text box, type the description. Select the two surfaces that make up the stratum by using one of the following methods: n n 5 In the edit boxes, type the names of the surfaces. Click Select to display the Select Surface dialog box, where you can select the surfaces to use. Click OK to define the stratum and exit the dialog box.
Updating the Elevations of Selected Points Based on a Stratum You can update the elevations of selected points based on a stratum with the Modify Point Elevations ä Modify By Selection command on the Grading menu. To update the elevations of selected points based on a stratum 1 2 Select the current stratum. For more information, see Selecting the Current Stratum in this chapter. From the Grading menu, choose Modify Point Elevations ä Modify By Selection to display the Random Point Settings dialog box.
Updating the Elevations of a Range of Points Based on a Stratum You can update the elevations of a range of points based on a stratum using the Modify Point Elevations ä Modify By Range command. To update a range of points 1 2 Select the current stratum. For more information, see Selecting the Current Stratum in this chapter. From the Grading menu, choose Modify Point Elevations ä Modify By Range to display the Random Point Settings dialog box.
NOTE 3 Do one of the following to specify the elevation type: n n n 4 5 If you do not have a current stratum selected, then the command displays the Select Current Stratum dialog box. Select First surface to use the elevations of the first surface of the stratum. Select Second surface to use the elevations of the second surface of the stratum. Select Difference to use the elevational difference between the two surfaces. Click OK to continue.
5 Report the range of points using one of the following methods: n n n Type point numbers individually, separated by commas. Type point numbers in ranges specified with a hyphen (-). Type a combination, such as 10,12-15,17,20. 6 Press ENTER to complete the selection set. 7 The Random Points dialog box is displayed, listing the point numbers, northing and easting coordinates, and the elevation.
6 Select the file to read, and then click Open to continue. 7 8 The Random Points dialog box displays northing, easting, and elevation information. Use the pointing device or arrow keys to scroll through the point information. Click OK to exit the dialog box. Obtaining the Elevations from a Stratum Based on the Specified X,Y Coordinates You can format a text file with X, Y coordinates, and then read the elevations from a stratum to create a file that lists X, Y, Z coordinates.
7 Specify a new name for the file, with an extension of .rpt, and click OK to save it. Slope Grading Using the slope grading tools, you can create grading objects. You begin by selecting a footprint, and then you select the target you want to grade to. A footprint can be a 2D or 3D polyline, a line, an arc, or an existing grading object. The target can be a surface, an elevation, or a distance. By using slope tags, you can create slopes that smoothly transition from one grade to another.
NOTE You can select only one line, arc, polyline, or existing grading object at a time to create a new grading object. The footprint cannot be constructed of multiple AutoCAD objects. After you create the footprint, it is recommended that you station the footprint. The grading commands use stations to represent the location of footprint vertices. By creating stations on the footprint, you can graphically see where to place target regions and slope tags.
4 The Grading Wizard steps you through the process of specifying the settings for the selected object. The sheets of the Grading Wizard mirror the Settings and Grading Properties dialog boxes. On the left side of each sheet in the Grading Wizard there are tips that give you instructions on what settings to enter for the current sheet. Click the Next button to move to the next sheet. Click the Back button to go back to the previous sheet.
3 Select the polyline, line, arc , or existing grading object you would like to grade from. The following prompt is displayed: Delete old entity (Yes/No)? : 4 Type one of the following options: n n Yes to delete the old entity. No to keep the old entity. The object is graded with the settings you entered. You can customize the properties of the object, if necessary, using the Grading Properties command. The Grading Properties command displays the same tabs as the Settings command.
3 To selectively remove vertices on a 3D polyline, enter the following criteria under Weeding Factors: n n n 4 5 Maximum Horizontal distance Maximum Horizontal deflection angle Maximum Grade Change (percent) Select or clear the Include Grade Change in Weeding factors check box. Select or clear the Erase Existing 3D Polylines check box. The program applies the weeding factors on the set of 3D polylines selected and highlights the removed vertices with a temporary red + or x.
Configuring the Grading Footprint Settings One of the first things you establish for a grading object is the grading footprint settings. The footprint defines the location of the grading object in the drawing. The footprint settings control the grading object name and description, as well as the grading direction, vertex elevations, and coordinate display format. You can also edit the footprint by adding and deleting vertices.
NOTE 2 3 4 Some settings are only available when editing an existing grading object. In the Grading Scheme Name box, type the name for the grading scheme. In the Description box, type a description for the grading scheme. Select the Direction to Grade from Footprint using one of the following options. n n If the footprint you are grading is closed, select Inside or Outside. If the footprint you are grading is open, select Right or Left. NOTE Right and left are determined by station progression.
displays the station value of the new vertex at the midpoint between the previous and the next vertices. 7 8 Click OK to accept this value or enter a new station value in the Station box (you can also click the up and down arrows to choose the new station value). The elevation of the new vertex is the same as the footprint elevation where the new vertex is added. If you insert a vertex on an arc, the vertex is inserted at the mid point, and two new arcs are created.
10 You can configure other grading settings or exit the command. If you want to Then configure other grading settings use the Next or Back button to continue to another sheet in the Grading Wizard. In the grading properties, you can select another tab at the top of the dialog box to continue. do not want to configure other grading settings click finish to close the Grading Wizard or click OK to close the grading properties dialog box.
To configure the grading targets settings 1 Access the grading targets settings. If you want to Then create a grading object from the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Grading Wizard. You are prompted at the command line to select an existing polyline, line, arc, or grading object to start the Grading Wizard. You can also access these settings from the Grading menu, by clicking Slope Grading ä Settings. Select the Targets tab.
2 Under Grading Target, select one of the following as the grading target: n Surface: To grade to a surface, select this option, and then select an existing surface from the Surface list. The grading objects projection lines are extended until they intersect with the surface. If the footprint is below the surface target you are grading to, then the projection lines go up at the cut slope value you specify in the slopes settings.
The following illustration shows an absolute elevation as a grading target. An absolute elevation as a grading target The following illustration shows a relative depth as a grading target. A relative depth as a grading object n Distance: To grade out to a specified distance, select this option, and then enter the horizontal distance that the slopes project to.
that daylights to the specified target. For example, part of a footprint (target region 1) could grade to a surface. The other part of the footprint (target region 2) could grade to an elevation. The following illustration shows slope grading target regions. Slope grading target regions Each region has a start station, an end station, and a target. These are shown in the spreadsheet section of the dialog box. By default, a grading object begins with only one region.
NOTE 4 5 Target regions are independent of slope tags. When a target region is inserted, the slope for the region is determined by interpolating the slope for the previous slope tag and the next slope tag. Type the minimum length of a target region in the Minimum Region Length box. This value determines the minimum length of a target region, and how close the target region grips and the slope tag grips can be placed from one another. The distance is in drawing units.
n the same elevation. Select Relative if you want all of the vertices on the daylight line to be created the same vertical distance from the grading object. Distance: To grade out to a specified distance, select this option, and then enter the horizontal distance that the slopes project to. This forces all vertices on the daylight line to be located at this horizontal distance from the footprint.
The following illustration shows slopes that transition from 2:1 to 1:1 based on slope tag value. Transitioning between different slope values Slopes around corners are created at a constant slope as shown in the following illustration. Slope value transition around a corner NOTE Chapter 1 30 You cannot edit the start station of the first slope tag or the end station of the last slope tag. The first and last slope tags will always have the same cut/fill values.
To configure the grading slope settings 1 Access the grading slopes settings. If you want to Then create a grading object from the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Grading Wizard. You are prompted at the command line to select an existing polyline, line, arc, or grading object to start the Grading Wizard. You can also access these settings on the Grading menu, by clicking Slope Grading ä Settings. Select the Slopes tab.
Use the Horizontal option instead of selecting % Grade and typing 0. NOTE n Vertical: Select the Vertical option to use a zero slope. This option draws a wall at the edge of the object you are grading. A vertical slope is expressed as an infinite grade. Use the Vertical option instead of selecting Slope and typing 0. When using vertical slopes, projection line endpoints must be at least 0.0001 horizontal drawing units apart.
Configuring the Grading Corners Settings To control how the slopes are projected from the footprint when there is a convex (outside) angle in the footprint, change the grading corners settings. In Convex (Outside) Corner Treatment section, you can choose from miter, radial, chamfer, and no cleanup corners settings to specify the global corner treatment setting. This setting is initially applied to all corners on the footprint.
The following illustration shows the Corners tab in the Grading Properties dialog box. 2 Under Convex (Outside) Corner Treatment, select a corner treatment. For each selection a corresponding graphic illustrates the selected corner treatment. n n n n Chapter 1 34 Miter Projection: Miters a convex corner of the grading object by creating a slope projection line at that corner which bisects the bend angle at that corner. The slope projection line stops at the grading target (daylight).
NOTE 3 Under Local Overrides on Convex Corners, you can specify corner treatments on a corner-by-corner basis: n n 4 The number and spacing of the projection lines in the corner treatments depends on the grading accuracy settings. The slope of the projection lines within the corner treatment is the slope calculated at that vertex on the footprint. To change a corner treatment for a vertex, click in the Corner Treatment column of the spreadsheet, the Edit Corners dialog box is displayed.
The following illustration shows a radial corner treatment. A radial corner treatment The following illustration shows a chamfer corner treatment. Chamfer corner treatment Usage Tips for Mitered Corner Treatments Mitered Corners When a Surface Is the Target For mitered convex corners grading to a surface, two miter conditions can exist.
Mitered Convex Corners when Grading Horizontally For mitered convex corners grading horizontally, the corner will be horizontal, even when the footprint elevations are not the same. When a miter corner grades horizontally in a situation where the segments in and out of the corner are not at the same grade, a flat corner is produced. Concave Interior Miter Cleanup Concave interior miter cleanup between a line and a non tangent arc, or two non tangent arcs, may not always clean up as expected.
2 Verify the correct corner is selected. The current corner vertex number and its X, Y coordinates and the corner elevation are displayed in the dialog box.
The following illustration shows the increment distance for straight line segments, concave arcs, and convex arcs. Increment spacing along straight segments, concave arcs and convex arcs To configure the grading accuracy settings 1 Access the grading accuracy settings. If you want to Then create a grading object from the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Grading Wizard. You are prompted at the command line to select an existing polyline, line, arc, or grading object to start the Grading Wizard.
2 Under Accuracy of Projection Lines, select one of the following methods: n Use Fixed Incremental Spacing: This method places slope projection lines at a fixed spacing. When you choose this method, you must enter an increment at which to draw the projections along straight lines and arc segments (see step 3). The following illustration shows fixed incremental spacing.
The following illustration shows automatic spacing with increment. Automatic spacing with increment NOTE Automatic Spacing will not be applied in the following situations: n on an arc with different endpoint elevations n in a slope transition on an arc In both of these situations, the projection increment defaults to the value you enter in the Increment Along Arc Segments box.
The following illustration shows corner projection accuracy. Radial corners with high and low incremental accuracy Configuring the Grading Appearance Settings To control the layer, linetypes, colors, and visibility of a grading object, change the grading appearance settings. To configure the grading appearance settings 1 Access the grading appearance settings. If you want to Then create a grading object from the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Grading Wizard.
NOTE 2 All of the grading object elements are placed on the same layer. In the Layer list, select a layer for the grading object. NOTE 3 4 n Click on a color tile. The Select Color dialog box is displayed. Select a color for the component and click OK. Type a color number in the right-hand box in the column. In the Linetype column, specify linetypes by doing one of the following: n n 6 Click the Details button to display a list of layers in the current drawing and their properties.
n n Slope Tag Locations: controls the visibility of the grips you use to relocate a slope tag relative to the footprint. Slope tags are placed midway between the footprint and the daylight line. Slope Values: controls the visibility of the grips you use to change the slope value for the tag. The slope value grips appear on the daylight line. NOTE Grips are displayed for the grading object only if the object is unlocked.
Calculating General Statistics About a Grading Object For each grading object, you can calculate statistics that list station information, such as start and end locations of the footprint, and start and end locations of the grading applied to that footprint. You can also calculate general reference volume statistics for the grading object, which include cut, fill, and net volumes.
To calculate statistics about a grading object 1 From the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Grading Properties. Select the Statistics tab. 2 Click the Calculate button. The Stations and Volumes information is displayed below the Calculate button. If you make changes to the grading object the information is erased. You can click Calculate to generate a new statistics report.
Object Locking The grading object reacts differently to the changes you make depending on whether it is locked or unlocked. n Unlocked Object: When the grading object is unlocked, it is reactive to changes and automatically updates. You can change the grading properties, use grip editing on the footprint, slope tags, and region tags, or use the AutoCAD editing commands (move, rotate, copy) and the grading object will automatically update slopes and daylight lines.
AutoCAD Editing Commands and the Grading Object The following table lists AutoCAD command behavior in relation to the grading object. AutoCAD Editing Commands and the Grading Object Command Behavior Explode The grading object is exploded into 3D polyline entities. The elevations of the polylines match those of the grading object. The linetype and color of the resultant entities are as set in the Appearance tab in the grading properties.
AutoCAD Editing Commands and the Grading Object (continued) Command AutoCAD List Behavior The LIST command displays the grading object properties. The following is an example: Select objects: AECC_GRADE Layer: "0" Space: Model space Handle = 13A Name : Description : Direction : Outside Accuracy : Automatic With Increment Increments : 10.0000 On Lines, 10.
Using Grips to Edit Grading Objects You can select an unlocked grading object in your drawing and graphically change the footprint vertices, target regions, and slope tag location and slope tag value. These changes are reflected in the Grading Properties dialog box. The following illustration shows the grading object grip points. Grading object grip points Using Grips to Edit the Footprint Vertices Selecting and sliding a vertex grip moves the location of that footprint vertex.
Using Grips to Edit the Target Regions Target regions are sections along the footprint that establish what the slope will project to (a surface, an elevation, or a distance). For example, one target region along the footprint may project to a surface, while the next target region may project to an elevation. You can use grips to change the location of target regions. The following illustration shows grading target regions.
The following illustrations show how slope tags control slope transition values and locations. Controlling location of slope transition Adjusting cut/fill slopes by selecting and moving slope value grips NOTE The change in the slope is always linear to the footprint except around convex corners. Around convex corners, the slope is linear along the daylight line. To move slope tag locations and control slope tag values 1 2 Click on a grading object in your drawing. Select the slope tag location grip.
NOTE You cannot move a slope tag location grip past a target region grip or past another slope tag, but you can change the slope tag location in the grading slopes settings. The distance between grips is determined in the Minimum Region Length in the targets settings. NOTE When you grip edit a slope value tag that is located in a target region that uses Distance as its target, the slope value tag does not actually move in the drawing, and the target distance is not changed by editing the slope tag.
Add a Slope Tag Using the Shortcut Menu When you select Add Slope Tag from the shortcut menu, temporary grips display at all slope tag locations on the grading object. To add a slope tag using the shortcut menu 1 2 3 4 Select a grading object and right click to display the shortcut menu. Click Add Slope Tag. Grips display on all the slope tag locations. At the command line you are prompted to mark the location of new slope tag.
You can move between vertices by clicking the following buttons in the dialog box: Selects the first vertex Moves back one vertex Moves forward one vertex Selects the last vertex Changes you make are reflected in the Footprint tab of the Grading Properties. Edit a Slope Tag Using the Shortcut Menu To edit a slope tag 1 2 3 4 Select a grading object and right click to display the shortcut menu. Click Edit Slope Tag. Grips display on all the slope tag locations.
You can move between regions by clicking the following buttons in the dialog box: Selects the first region Moves back one region Moves forward one region Selects the last region Changes you make are reflected in the Targets tab of the Grading Properties. Delete a Vertex Using the Shortcut Menu To delete a vertex 1 2 3 4 Select a grading object and right click to display the shortcut menu. Click Delete Vertex. Grips display on all the target region locations.
Use the LIST Command You can use the AutoCAD LIST command to display all the grading object properties. To view the grading object properties type LIST at the command line. Functionality of Grading Objects in AutoCAD The following table lists how the grading object reacts when the drawing is opened with other versions of AutoCAD.
Functionality of Grading Objects in AutoCAD (continued) Save/Save As Open With Result of Operation R15/R14/R13 ADE/Map - Open/Query Fully functional display/draw and modify (locked) including save back to source WBLOCK R15 (all platforms) Same as all Save As R15 functions R15/14/R13 R15 INSERT (all platforms) Insert as block and explode, object is intact. Insert as exploded .
NOTE In certain situations, when you create a surface from a grading object that has transitions from cut to fill, the surface boundary may not be honored at those locations. You should check for TIN lines outside of the boundary where there is a transition from cut to fill and eliminate these lines by using surface editing functions after creating the surface.
for the temporary DTM. This DTM in memory is discarded upon completion of the command. NOTE You can also use the Create Surface command to create a DTM, then create contours from the DTM. To create contours from a grading object 1 2 3 From the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Create Contours. At the command line you are prompted to select a grading object. Select the grading object. The Create Contours from Grading Object dialog box is displayed.
7 drawing units are meters, then a minor contour is created every place there is a 2-meter change in elevation. Specify the layers for the major and minor contours. By placing the minor and major contours on different layers, you can easily control the contour colors and linetypes. You can select a layer or type in a new layer name.
Creating Breaklines from a Grading Object You can create breaklines from a grading object and add them to the current surface, to a new surface, or to any existing surface. When you create breaklines from a grading object, the breakline information is determined from the following features: n Footprint: A breakline is created from the footprint, using each vertex on the footprint, and a vertex at each projection line location.
NOTE After you create the breaklines, you must build the surface to incorporate the breakline data into that surface. Calculating Volume Data for a Grading Object You can use the Calculate Volume command to calculate the cut, fill, and net volumes of a grading object. The composite volume method is used to calculate the volume results. This method compares the grading object with the grading target(s) to determine the volumes.
To calculate volume data for a grading object 1 From the Grading menu, choose Slope Grading ä Calculate Volume. The following prompt is displayed: Select a graded object: 2 Click on a grading object in your drawing. The cut and fill volumes are displayed above the command prompt at the bottom of the AutoCAD window. Grading Object Usage Tips The grading object represents a major leap in 3D terrain modeling and automated site design.
elevation target and set the relative elevation to zero, or use a distance target and set the distance to zero. Unexpected Projections When the object has unexpected projections: The combination of numerous vertices, slopes and/or targets may create a situation that is too difficult to resolve. In these situations, try to analyze for conditions that would normally have no solution.
Grading Objects and TIN Surfaces TIN Results from a Grading Object Verify TIN results when creating a surface from the grading object: For most grading objects, the Create Surface command in the Slope Grading menu will create surface TINs that do not require any modifications. However, there may be situations where you may need to clean up the TIN prior to using it for analysis or design.
Slopes Vertical Slopes Vertical slopes are not truly vertical: If two points used in the creation of a TIN are within 0.0001 drawing units of each other, the Terrain Model Explorer automatically discards one of the points. Because of this, selecting a vertical slope for a grading object will always result in a top and bottom point which are offset slightly (by no more than 0.0002 drawing units) in either the X or Y direction.
In comparison, the grading object automatically solves these interior corner cleanups for almost all conditions. The following illustration shows a line-line interior miter corner cleanup. Grading object line-line interior miter corner cleanup The following illustration shows an arc-line interior miter corner cleanup. Grading object arc-line interior miter corner cleanup The following illustration shows an arc-arc interior miter corner cleanup.
The following illustration shows a line-line-line interior miter corner cleanup. Grading object line-line-line interior miter corner cleanup In some cases, the grading object will not be able to solve interior corner cleanup. The following illustration shows a line-line-line interior miter corner cleanup that is not supported (three adjacent planes are overlapping in this situation).
The following illustration shows an arc-line-line interior corner cleanup condition that is not supported (three adjacent planes are overlapping in this situation). Unsupported arc-line-line interior miter corner cleanup This situation is not supported (three adjacent planes are overlapping). The grading object cannot clean up the corners in these situations because it will only calculate cleanup for two adjacent planes.
The following illustration shows a grading object with interior miter cleanup and changing footprint vertex elevations. The slope is always constant throughout the corner, so a drop is formed at the center of the cleanup. In this case, the object is behaving as designed. Grading object with changing vertex elevations This illustration shows a grading object with changing vertex elevations and an absolute elevation target, showing interior miter corner cleanup.
Daylighting The Daylighting commands calculate slope daylighting from a polyline footprint to a surface, based on slope criteria. These commands calculate the daylight match line that is drawn as a 3D polyline. Elevational points and breaklines can also be generated to represent the daylight slopes. All of these elements can be used to generate a surface. A 2D or 3D polyline with elevational information is used to represent the footprint.
Adding Vertices to a Polyline for Daylighting You can add vertices to the polyline footprint for calculating a more accurate daylight line. The daylight match line is generated by calculating the match point from each vertex on the polyline. Each daylight line bisects the angle formed by the segments before and after the vertex. If the vertices are closer together a more accurate daylight line can be generated.
NOTE If you do not erase the old polyline, then you may have trouble selecting the new polyline definition because there are now two objects in the same location. The following illustration is an example of the Add Vertices command: Add vertices Calculating Daylight Points Based on Multiple Slopes The Create Multiple command on the Daylighting submenu reads your footprint polyline and calculates daylight information based on the slopes and daylight surface you have specified.
6 At this prompt, specify the cut grade or slope for the first vertex using one of the following methods: n n 7 Type a slope in the format indicated. Type G and a grade. Specify the fill grade or slope, using the same options in step 6. The command calculates the daylight point for the first vertex on the polyline you selected, and draws a temporary X to indicate the location of the daylight point.
have specified. To correct this, you can vary the slope, or adjust the elevation or location of the polyline footprint. You may also need to add additional data to the surface definition.
7 Specify the fill grade or slope, using the same options in step 6. The command calculates the daylight points for each vertex on the polyline you selected, and draws temporary Xs to indicate the locations of the points. It stores the daylight information within the entity you selected. NOTE The Xs that are placed in the drawing with this command indicate the daylight points are temporary. You can use the REDRAW command to erase them.
3 Select the polyline. The following prompt is displayed: Enter number of intermediate points <0>: 4 At this prompt, enter a number of intermediate points between the polyline vertices and the daylight points using one of the following methods: n n Type the number of points between the vertex and daylight point, and press ENTER. Type 0 to place just the daylight point, and press ENTER. For each vertex, you are prompted for the number of points to insert.
4 Select the polyline. The command then creates breaklines between the polyline vertices and daylight points, displaying the X,Y,Z coordinates of the end points of each breakline as well as the color of the line. NOTE The breaklines created with this command are not placed into the drawing. You can import the breaklines into the drawing by using the Import Breaklines command in the Terrain Model Explorer.
Inserting Daylight Points, Breaklines, and Polylines into a Drawing You can insert daylight points, breaklines, and polylines into a drawing simultaneously. The Daylight All command is a combination of the Daylight Points, Daylight Breaklines, and Daylight Polyline commands. To insert daylight points, breaklines, and polylines 1 Use the Create Multiple or Create Single command to calculate daylighting for a polyline using multiple or single slopes.
To list the grading factors of a point 1 From the Grading menu, choose Daylighting ä List Random Elev. 2 3 If no surface is current, the Select Surface dialog box is displayed. Select the surface you want to make current. Select the locations in the drawing to list. NOTE The points selected can be snapped to any AutoCAD entity to retrieve an X,Y,Z coordinate to compare to the current surface. For more information, see Modifying Point Elevations in this chapter.
7 8 Type the number of interpolated intermediate points. Select another random point, or press ENTER to end the command.
2 Working with Ponds The Grading menu contains a set of commands you can use to design and define ponds. Use these commands along with the pond calculation commands on the Hydrology menu to calculate required storage volumes for a pond, calculate routing values, and also add and edit outflow structures.
Overview of Working with Ponds You can use the Ponds and Hydrology commands in Autodesk Civil Design to create and edit ponds and any type of water-retention structure. Typically, the first step in a detention design is to use Runoff commands in the Hydrology menu to calculate the runoff from the watershed and to create the inflow hydrograph for the design storms. You can estimate the size of detention pond you will need by using the Detention Basin Storage method.
The following illustration shows a shaped pond with normal and highlight contours: Shaped pond Changing the Pond Settings When you shape a pond (either at the end of using the Pond Slopes commands or by using the Shape Ponds commands) contours, slope control lines, and the pond bottom are created in the drawing. You can use the Pond Settings commands on the Grading menu to change the contour and slope control line settings for the ponds in your drawing.
To change the contour settings for ponds 1 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Settings ä Contours to display the Pond Contour Settings dialog box. 2 In the Contours section, choose one of the following methods for creating the contours: n n Select Relative to draw contours at a specific distance below the pond perimeter. (Specify the distance with the Elevation setting.) For example, if the pond perimeter is at an elevation of 781.
NOTE 4 5 6 Generally, highlighted contours are drawn at larger intervals and in a different color than normal contours. For example, normal contours might be drawn every 1 ft in blue and highlighted contours every 5 ft in red. Type the layer names for the contours in the Layer boxes, or accept the default layers. Specify the colors for the contours in the Contour color boxes.
7 Click OK. The following illustration is an example of the Path Distance setting: Path distance setting The following illustration is an example of the Slope Changes setting: Slope changes setting Changing the Slope Control Line Settings for Ponds Use the Pond Settings ä Slope Control Lines command to determine pond slope control line settings such as the vertex setting, the layer, color, and line type.
either at the end of one of the Pond Slopes commands, or by using the Shape Pond commands. Slope control lines act as breaklines. You can create a surface from a pond and use the slope control lines as breakline data, along with the pond contour data. Then you can paste the pond into your existing ground surface model. NOTE Slope control lines are drawn as heavyweight polylines in the drawing.
5 6 Select the Draw to Bottom polyline check box to extend slope control lines to the polyline that represents the bottom of the pond. Clear this check box to end the slope control lines at the lowest pond contour. Click OK. The following illustration is an example of pond slope control lines: Pond slope control lines Changing the Bench Settings for Ponds To create ponds with benches, use the Pond Settings ä Benches command.
2 3 4 5 6 Under Benching, select the check box to turn on benching. When this check box is selected, benches are created in the pond bank when you shape a pond. In the Slope box, enter the grade for each bench. By default, the value is 0.0001. This value simulates a flat bench. Use this number instead of zero to define a flat bench. The equivalent slope ratio may also be entered to specify the slope. For example, enter 3:1 into the slope box and press ENTER.
To draw a pond perimeter 1 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Perimeter ä Draw to display the Pond Name dialog box. 2 In the Pond Name text box, type a name for the pond, and then click OK. The following prompt is displayed: eXit/Elevation <0.0000 ft>: 3 Type an elevation for the pond perimeter, and then press ENTER. 4 You are prompted to select a point in the drawing. Select the start point for the pond.
3 Do one of the following to change the elevation: n n n Type Elevation, and then type the new elevation for the pond perimeter. Type Difference, and then type the elevational difference to apply to the perimeter. For example, if you type 10, then ten feet are added to the elevation of the perimeter. Type eXit to end the command without changing the pond elevation. The ponds new elevation is displayed at the command line.
2 Type a distance or select two points in the drawing to define the distance. The following prompt is displayed: First elevation <0.0000 m>: 3 Type the elevation of the first vertex on the perimeter you selected. The following prompt is displayed: Second elevation <0.0000 m>: 4 5 Type the elevation of the last vertex on the perimeter. A new polyline is then drawn, and the elevation of the polyline is interpolated between the two elevations you specified.
In the following illustration, the mid-ordinate of an arc is labeled MC: Mid-ordinate of arc Filleting a Pond Perimeter When you draw a pond perimeter using the Pond Perimeter ä Draw command, you can only create straight line segments. Use the Pond Perimeter ä Fillet command to fillet (round) the pond perimeter at vertices that you select. NOTE This command removes all extended entity data for an existing pond. This means that the pond loses its definition and any shaping data applied to it.
4 5 6 7 8 9 Type the distance at which to set additional curve vertices, or select two points in the drawing to define the distance. You are then prompted to select the pond perimeter and the vertex you want to fillet. Select the polyline that represents the pond perimeter, and then select the vertex as prompted. The corner is filleted. Select another vertex to fillet, or press ENTER to continue. You are then prompted to erase the original pond perimeter.
Converting a 3D Pond Perimeter to 2D You can flatten a 3D polyline by using the Convert 3D to 2D command. This command changes the elevations of the 3D polyline vertices to zero. To change a 3D polyline into a 2D polyline 1 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Perimeter ä Convert 3D to 2D. The following prompt is displayed: Select by Layer (Selection/Layer): 2 Do one of the following to select a polyline: n n 3 Type Selection, press ENTER, and then select the polyline(s) that you want to convert.
Importing the Existing Pond Perimeter Shapes If you have saved a pond perimeter with the Save Perimeter command, then you can import the pond perimeter geometry into the drawing and define a pond from it. To import existing pond perimeter shapes 1 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Perimeter ä Import Perimeter to display the Import Pond Shape dialog box. NOTE 2 If there are no pond shapes to import, an Error Message dialog box displays with the message that no files were found.
Defining Ponds You can use the Define Pond commands on the Grading menu to define your pond perimeter from an existing polyline, or to define the 3D pond information from existing contours. The Define Pond ä By Polyline command names a pond that you can then select when you are using the Pond Slopes command to define the pond slope information. Use this command in place of the Pond Perimeter commands if you have an existing polyline in your drawing that you want to use as the pond perimeter.
Defining a Pond Perimeter from Contours You can use the By Contours command to base the pond geometry on contours that exist in your drawing, such as contours that represent a natural depression. You can use contours that were generated from a surface or a grading object, or you can use contours that you've drawn using the grading tools. Contour increments should typically not be greater than 1 foot for accurate pond volume calculations, and contours should not contain arcs.
NOTE The option to delete the outflow file, .pda, is available if you used the Pond Outflow Design dialog box to design the pond inflow and outflow structures. When you select a pond to delete, some of the delete options are not available. For example, when you define a pond from existing contours, you can only choose to delete the pond file. If you define a pond by using the Pond Slopes commands, more pond data is created, and, therefore, more of the pond deletion options are available.
3 4 Select the appropriate check boxes for the elements you want to delete: If you want to delete} Then select} the pond perimeter from the drawing Pond Rim. the pond contours from the drawing Contours. the pond slope control lines (breaklines) Slope Control Lines. the pond bottom Bottom Polyline. the pond .pnd file that stores the elevation, area, and perimeter data for each contour From File. the pond .pda file that stores inflow and outflow structure data Outflow File.
Pond slope parameters Applying a Linear Slope to a Pond Use the Pond Slopes ä Linear command to define a linear slope for the pond and apply it to all the vertices of the pond perimeter. Use this command if you want the pond to have the same slope applied to every vertex. Two variables are required for this command. You can specify the ponds elevation, depth, or create daylight lines; and you must specify the slope or grade. NOTE You can use this command on defined ponds as well as on polylines.
5 Pick a point inside or outside the pond. The following prompt is displayed: Pond elevation dePth (ft) (eXit/Daylight/Elevation/dePth) <0.0000>: 6 Calculate the pond bottom elevation: If you want to} Then type} define the pond bottom by specifying a depth depth, and then type the required pond depth. define the pond bottom by specifying the bottom elevation elevation, and then type the elevation of the pond bottom. define the pond bottom by daylighting down to a TIN surface daylight.
Defining the Pond Bottom by Using the Daylight Option When you select the daylight option, the Select Surface dialog box is displayed. The project must contain a surface in order to use the daylight option. 1 2 Follow steps 16 in Applying a Linear Slope to a Pond in this chapter. Select the surface you want the pond perimeter to daylight to, and then click OK. The following prompt is displayed: Slope – Grade/Slope/<1.
To apply slope to a pond by specifying the required pond volume and the pond slope 1 2 Draw a pond perimeter and calculate the required storage volume for the pond. From the Grading menu, choose Pond Slopes ä By Volume. The following prompt is displayed: Select polyline: 3 Select the pond perimeter from your drawing. 4 The Pond Name dialog box is displayed. If the pond is named (defined), then the pond name appears in the Pond Name box. If the pond is not named, then the name field is blank.
NOTE If the Pond Contour Settings are set up to create both normal and highlight contours, then the close contour lines prompt is displayed twice. Applying Multiple Linear Slopes to a Pond Use the Linear-Multiple command to apply different slopes to selected pond perimeter polyline vertices. You can use this command on defined ponds as well as on polylines. If you use it with a shaped pond, then you are prompted to overwrite the pond rim information.
5 6 Move to the vertex you want to assign slope data to by using the Next or Previous options. Define the pond slope data for the selected vertex: If you want to} define a slope at the vertex Then type} Slope. For more information, see Applying Multiple Linear Slopes to a Pond Slope Option in this chapter. create a transition region between two vertices that have different slopes remove the existing slope, elevation, and depth data from a vertex Transition. Reset.
The following data is displayed at the command line: Point elev: -1.0000, Depth: 5.0000, Slope: 3.0000:1, Grade: 33.3333 Previous/Next/Reset/Transition/eXit/Slope : Applying Multiple Linear Slopes to a Pond - Reset Option To apply multiple linear slopes to a pond using the Reset option 1 Follow steps 16 of Applying Multiple Linear Slopes to a Pond in this chapter.
3 Calculate the pond bottom from the selected vertex: If you want to} Then type} define the pond bottom by specifying a depth depth, and then type the required pond depth. define the pond bottom by specifying the bottom elevation elevation, and then type the elevation of the pond bottom. define the pond bottom by daylighting down to a TIN surface daylight. return to the previous set of prompts eXit.
4 5 Reset the pattern data: If you want to} Then type} remove the pattern data for all pond vertices All. select multiple vertices to reset Multiple, and then use the Next or Previous options to select the vertices; type End to finish. remove the pattern data from the current vertex Individual. Type eXit to exit the command. Drawing a Pond Slope Template One method of creating the slope data for a pond is to use a template.
This prompt is the standard PLINE command prompt. TIP 3 Use the @ option to draw the template. At the prompt, type @, then the number of units in the X direction you want to draw (a positive number) and the number of units in the Y direction you want to draw (a negative number). For example, type @3,-5 to draw a template that is 4 units long and has a slope of 3:5. To finish drawing the pond slope template, press ENTER.
3 In the Template name box, type a name for the slope template, and then click OK. NOTE If you enter a pre-existing pond template name, then you are prompted to overwrite the existing file. Click Yes to overwrite the file, or No to return to the Define Template dialog box and enter a different pond template name. The following prompt is displayed: Select (Entity/POints) : 4 Do one of the following to select the polyline: n n Type Entity, press ENTER, and then select the polyline.
Selecting the Current Pond Slope Template Use the Set Current Template command to designate the current template after you have defined pond slope templates. The current template is applied to a pond perimeter when you use the By Template and Template Multiple commands. To select the current pond slope template 1 2 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Slopes ä Set Current to display the Import Template dialog box.
Applying a Slope Template to a Pond To create the pond slopes by using a pre-defined cross-sectional view of the pond bank, use a pond template. NOTE You must draw and define a pond template before using the Pond Slopes ä By Template command. It is also recommended that you select the current template before using this command. To apply a slope template to a pond 1 From the Grading menu, choose Pond Slopes ä By Template.
7 Type Yes to create closed contour lines, or No to draw contours that skip the last segment of the perimeter. NOTE If the Pond Contour Settings are set up to create both normal and highlight contours, then the close contour lines prompt is displayed twice. Applying Multiple Templates to a Pond If you want to base the pond slopes on more than one pre-defined pond slope template, then use the Template Multiple command.
6 Attach the template to the vertices: If you want to} Then type} attach the current template to the current vertex Attach. apply the current template to more than one vertex attach the current template to all of the pond vertices 7 8 Multiple. For more information, see Applying Multiple Templates to a Pond Multiple Option in this chapter. Vertices. select a different template to use Template and select the template to use. remove the pattern data from one or more vertices Reset.
Applying Multiple Templates to a Pond - Reset Option You can use the Reset option of the Templates Multiple command to remove the pattern data from one or more vertices in the pond perimeter. For more information, see Defining Ponds in this chapter. To apply a slope template to a pond using the Reset option 1 Follow steps 16 of Applying Multiple Templates to a Pond in this chapter.
Creating the Pond Contours Use the Contours command to create the pond contours. NOTE Before using the Shape Pond ä Contours command, you must use a Pond Slopes command to define the slopes for the pond. To create pond contours 1 2 Specify the Pond Contour settings and the Bench settings. From the Grading menu, choose Shape Pond ä Contours. The following prompt is displayed: Select polyline: 3 Select the pond perimeter.
To create the pond bottom 1 From the Grading menu, choose Shape Pond ä Bottom Polyline. The following prompt is displayed: Select polyline: 2 Select the pond perimeter. The bottom polyline is created automatically based on the ponds slope and specified depth or volume. TIP The pond bottom polyline is created on the ponds normal contour layer. You may want to move the polyline to another layer or change its color to distinguish the pond bottom from a normal contour.
Listing and Labeling Ponds You can use the List/Label Pond commands on the Grading menu to list information about the ponds in your drawing and to label ponds. Among other values, the Pond Properties command reports the total pond volume, using both average end area and conic volume calculation methods. Listing the Properties of a Pond You can quickly view the volume, perimeter, area, elevation, and maximum depth of a pond by listing its properties.
Listing the Contour Area of a Pond You can use the Contour Area command to list the area that is enclosed by any pond contour. To list the contour area of a pond 1 From the Grading menu, choose List/Label Pond ä Contour Area. The following prompt is displayed: Select polyline: 2 Select the contour. The area value is displayed in the current drawing units at the command prompt. Listing the Contour Elevations of a Pond You can use the Contour Elevation command to list the elevation of any pond contour.
Listing the Slope and Grade of a Pond Use the Slope/Grade command to display the slope, grade, elevation difference, and horizontal distance between two points that you select on a pond. To list the slope and grade of a pond 1 From the Grading menu, choose List/Label Pond ä Slope/Grade. The following prompt is displayed: Select first point: 2 Select the first point. NOTE The order in which you select the first and second points determines whether the slope value is positive or negative.
2 3 4 5 In the Label layer box, type the name of the layer for the pond label. Select the color of the label by typing a color number in the Text color box, or click the colored tile and select a color from the Select Color dialog box. In the Text height box, type a height for the label text You can also click Select to define the height by selecting the first and second points from the drawing. The Pond Label Settings dialog box displays and the value you selected is displayed in the Text height box.
Outputting Pond Data To output pond data to files that you can use in other hydrology software programs, you can use the Pond Output commands on the Hydrology menu. You can also use the Pond Output commands to generate and save a stagestorage curve for the pond that you can use for calculating the outflow hydrograph of the detention pond with the Storage Indication Method command.
The Pond Output Editor dialog box is displayed. 3 4 The information at the top of the dialog box displays the data as it will appear in the output file. To specify how the data is separated in the output file, select one of the following Delimiter options: If you want to} Then select} separate the data with commas (,) Comma. separate the data with spaces ( ) Space. separate that data in columns based on the width values specified in the Field settings in this dialog box Column.
6 To display the pond output in your currently configured ASCII text editor, click Output. NOTE Once .sdb and .dbf files are created using AutoCAD Land Development Desktop Release 2, they may not be used with any earlier version of the Desktop. Pond Output Data Types You can select any of the following options when choosing which type of pond data to output: n n n n n n n n Elevation: Reports the elevation of the pond contour. Area: Reports the area of the pond contour.
The following illustration shows an example of the Conic Method for pond volumes: Conic method for pond volumes Reporting the Pond Contour Data By Selecting the Pond Contours Use the Pond Output ä Output Editor by Contours command to create a text output file that contains data for each contour in a pond. You can choose which data you want to output, including elevation, area, and volume information.
3 4 Specify how the data is separated in the output file: If you want to} Then select} separate the data with commas (,) Comma. separate the data with spaces ( ) Space. separate that data in columns based on the width values specified in the Field settings in this dialog box Column. To include a header in the output file, select the Header check box.
The Select Volume Method dialog box is displayed. 4 Use this dialog box to determine which method is used to calculate the volume for the Stage/Storage curve. To calculate the pond volume using the average end area method, click Average. Or you can click Conic to calculate the pond volume using the conic method. After you specify a volume method, the Stage-Storage Curve Display dialog box is displayed. 5 The graph shows you how much volume is contained in the pond at any stage.
7 8 9 Click Save to save the file. The file is saved with an .scc file extension in the c:\Land Projects R2\\hd folder, and you are returned to the Stage-Storage Display dialog box. You can also output the data to a text or .wk1 file, change the graph settings, and plot the graph by using the following guidelines: If you want to} Then click} output the data to a text or .wk1 file Output. change the graph settings Settings. plot the graph Plot.
Calculating the Required Storage Volume for a Detention Basin The Detention Basin Storage method is a quick method for performing stormwater detention design. For smaller sites, you could use this method for sizing the detention pond. For large sites it is good idea to use this method before designing your pond to get an approximate idea of the pond size that will be required. The Detention Basin Storage method is explained in Chapter 6 of the TR-55 manual.
TIP You can click Load to load a previously saved detention basin storage file (.bsn file). The InFlow File label at the top of the dialog box displays the name of the currently loaded runoff file that defines the Peak Inflow value (and other values, depending on the type of inflow file that is loaded). 4 5 To enter the data required for calculating the storage volume into the Detention Basin Storage dialog box, you can either load an inflow file, or you can type data into the edit boxes.
6 Enter data into the Detention Basin Storage dialog box: If you want to} Then} define the rainfall distribution select type I, IA, II, or III from the Rainfall Distribution list. define the rainfall frequency select 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years from the Rainfall Frequency list. define the watershed drainage area type the area into the Drainage Area box or click Select. For more information, see Specifying the Drainage Area in this chapter.
Specifying the Drainage Area To specify the drainage area 1 2 Follow steps 16 in Calculating the Required Storage Volume for a Detention Basin in this chapter. Click the Select button next to the Drainage Area text box. The Detention Basin Storage dialog box closes temporarily and the following prompt is displayed: Select polyline (or Draw): 3 Do one of the following: n n Select a closed polyline from the drawing. Type Draw and draw the polyline by selecting points.
NOTE 3 4 The Select button is available only when a pond definition is loaded. Use the Pond Outflow Design dialog box to load an outflow file that you previously saved, or to design the outflow structures for the pond. For more information, see Adding Outlet Structures to a Defined Pond in this chapter. Click OK to return to the Detention Basin Storage dialog box. The value you specified is placed in the Peak Outflow text box.
Calculating Routing Values for Detention Basins Use the Storage Indication Method command to perform routing through a detention pond or other water-storage facility. This command uses a postdevelopment hydrograph, stage-storage curve, and stage-discharge curve (as well as an optional pre-development hydrograph for viewing in the multiple hydrographs plot) to route runoff.
Creating an .ssc File to Use in Calculations For calculating pond routing with the Storage Indication Method, a stagestorage curve file (.ssc) is required. From the Hydrology menu, you can create a stage-storage curve by using the Pond Output ä Stage-Storage Curve command. Or, you can use the following method to manually create the stage-storage curve file.
2 Save the file with a .hdc extension in the c:\Land Projects R2\\hd folder. Creating an .sdc File to Use in Calculations For calculating pond routing with the Storage Indication Method, a stagedischarge file (.sdc) or a rating curve file (.rtc) is required. From the Hydrology menu, you can create a stage-discharge curve or a rating curve file using the Outflow Editor ä By Pond command (using the Plot button to create the .sdc or .rtc file).
n Stage-discharge curve file (.sdc) or a rating curve (.rtc). For more information, see Creating an .sdc File to Use in Calculations in this chapter. In addition, you can optionally use a pre-development .hdc file for viewing the plot of the multiple hydrographs. 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Routing ä Storage Indication Method to display the Storage Indication Method dialog box. Only the Description and Time Increment fields can be edited. The other fields are for display only.
NOTE 6 After selecting the input curves you should scroll through the resultant calculations. The Outflow column will show what the outflow data is as the storm is routed through the pond. You should verify that this number is less than your allowable discharge. The H column displays what the water surface elevation is at in the pond. If the pond is too small, then calculations stop when the maximum depth has been reached in the pond.
Storage Indication Method Dialog Box - Display Fields The following are display fields in the Storage Indication Method dialog box: n Time: Duration of time for the hydrograph in increments. NOTE n n n n n n n The Time column has the only values that you can edit; the rest of the columns have values that cannot be edited. Inflow: Amount of flow coming into the structure. I1+I2/2: Average of two flow rates (I1 and I2) calculated at different times.
To specify which curves to use in calculations 1 From the Storage Indication Method dialog box, click Input Curves to display the Curve Input dialog box. 2 Click the Select buttons to load each curve file: n n 3 Select the appropriate file for each curve (see list above). For example, when you click the Pre-Developed Hydrograph Select button, choose a file with an .hdc extension. Click View to display the hydrograph or curve dialog box.
Displaying the Calculated Storage Volume Versus the Stage Use the Storage Character option to view the calculated storage volume versus the stage. To display the calculated storage volume versus the stage 1 From the Storage Indication Method dialog box, click Storage Character to display the Storage-Characteristics Curves dialog box. This dialog box shows the calculated storage volume versus the stage for the currently loaded curves.
Displaying the Flow Rate Versus Time Data To display the flow rate versus the time data 1 From the Storage Indication Method dialog box, click Routed Hydrograph to display the Routed Hydrograph dialog box. NOTE 2 3 If you do not see a graph, be sure you have specified the curves to use in the calculations. Do one of the following: If you want to} Then click} change the hydrographs settings Settings. plot the data on a graph and insert the graph in your drawing Plot.
Displaying Multiple Hydrographs To compare pre- and post-development hydrographs with the routed hydrograph, use the Multi-Hydrographs option. To display multiple hydrographs used in the calculations 1 From the Storage Indication Method dialog box, click Multi-Hydrographs to display the Multi-Hydrographs dialog box. NOTE 2 3 If you do not see a graph, be sure you have specified the curves to use in the calculations.
NOTE Inflow structures are typically only used to accommodate base flow that is already flowing into the pond. You can add multiple structures to the design by using the hydrology calculators. You can use these calculators to calculate the flow rate for the structure, or you can load structure files that you have previously saved. By default, each structure you add is active. This is controlled by the Active check box in the Outflow dialog box.
TIP Chapter 2 148 Click the Pond button to view the details of the pond you selected. 3 Click Add to display the Add Structure dialog box. 4 Select a structure from the list, then click OK to display the Calculator dialog box for that structure.
5 Use the calculator to configure the structure or to load a previously saved file, and then click OK to exit the calculator. The Outflow Structure Description dialog box is displayed. 6 In the Description box, type a name for the structure, and then click OK. 7 The Attached Structures list (top left of the dialog box) displays the structures that are defined and attached to the currently selected pond. By default each structure you add is active.
10 Under Modify Pond, you can type a value for the water surface elevation in the Surface Elev box to reflect revised water levels. 11 Click Save to save the current data to a file. The data is stored in the c:\Land Projects R2\\hd folder with the same base name as the pond and a .pda extension. 12 Click Plot to view and save the rating curve and stage-discharge curve. The following five illustrations show structure attachment points.
The following illustration shows the orifice attachment point: Orifice attachment point The following illustration shows the pipe attachment point: Pipe attachment point The following illustration shows the weir attachment point: Weir attachment point Adding and Editing Outlet Structures to a Pond - By Pond 151
Editing Pond Inflow and Outflow Structures After you add inflow and outflow structures to a pond in the Pond Outflow Design dialog box, you can individually edit each structure as needed. To edit an inflow or outflow structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 From the Hydrology menu, choose Outflow Editor ä By Pond to display the Pond Name dialog box. Select the name of the pond, then click OK to display the Pond Outflow Design dialog box. Load the file you want to edit by clicking the Load button and selecting the .
6 Click Save to save the current data to a file. 7 The data is stored in the c:\Land Projects R2\\hd folder with the same base name as the pond and a .pda extension. Click Plot to view and save the rating curve and stage-discharge curve. Displaying Data About the Current Pond in the Outflow Editor When you run the Outflow Editor ä By Pond command, you select a pond for which you design the inflow and outflow structures.
Creating a Pond Rating or a Stage-Discharge Curve for the Current Pond While you are designing the inflow and outflow structures for a pond, you can review the resultant stage-discharge and rating curves and you can save them to files that you can use when calculating the pond routing. To create a pond rating or a stage-discharge curve for the current pond 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 From the Hydrology menu, choose Outflow Editor ä By Pond to display the Pond Name dialog box.
12 Click OK to close the Outflow Curve dialog box and return to the Pond Outflow Design dialog box. Adding and Editing Outlet Structures to a Pond Using a Stage-Storage Curve Use the Outflow Editor ä By Stage-Storage Curve command on the Hydrology menu to design inflow and outflow structures for a pond that was saved as a stage-storage curve.
3 Working with Profiles and Vertical Alignments Use the Profiles commands to create existing and finished ground profiles. You can sample a surface, a file, or sections to obtain surface data from which to generate the existing ground profile.
Overview of Working with Profiles and Vertical Alignments Use the Profiles commands to create existing ground and finished ground profiles. You can sample a surface, a file, or cross sections to obtain surface data from which to generate the existing ground profile. You can create a full profile with a grid and labels, or you can create a quick profile without vertical grid lines or station elevations. You can also create profiles that represent subsurfaces.
Changing the Profile Settings Before you work with profiles, you should set up the profile settings. Profile settings include the following: n n n n n Sampling settings, which control how the existing ground data is sampled. Existing ground layer settings, which control the layers on which the existing ground profile graphics and labels are placed. Finished ground layer settings, which control the layers on which the finished ground profile graphics and labels are placed.
2 In the Sample offset tolerance box, type the sample offset tolerance. Profile elevations are calculated at each point that the horizontal alignment crosses a surface triangle edge. To improve profile definition in areas with large surface triangles, this value determines whether supplemental elevations are sampled along curves and spirals. 3 The sample offset tolerance dictates how large the mid-ordinate distance of a curve or spiral can be between sample points. The default is half a unit.
NOTE You can assign each finished ground alignment to a separate layer as well. To change the existing ground layer settings for profiles 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Profile Settings ä EG Layers to display the Existing Ground Layer Settings dialog box. 2 Under Surfaces, type the layer names for the profile centerline and left and right offsets.
The following illustration shows the default layer names for each part of the profile: Base grids and profile surfaces detail Changing the Finished Ground Layers Settings for Profiles To change the finished ground layers for use with the Profiles commands, use the FG Layers command. You can assign each finished ground profile definition to a separate, unique layer.
To change the finished ground layers settings for profiles 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Profile Settings ä FG Layers to display the Finished Ground Layer Settings dialog box. 2 Under Finished Ground, enter the appropriate layer names: n n n n 3 In the Center box, type the layer name for the finished ground centerline. In the Text box, type the layer name for the text used to label elevations for the finished ground centerline.
To change the labels and prefix settings for profiles 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Profile Settings ä Labels and Prefix to display the Profile Labels Settings dialog box. 2 Under Layer Prefix, type the layer prefix In the Layer prefix box. The layer prefix is appended to all profile layer names associated with the current alignment. The layer prefix can include any alphanumeric character. To automatically include the current alignment name in the layer prefix, type an asterisk (*).
n n n n Low point label box: Type the text for marking the lowest elevation point of a vertical curve. Point of vertical intersection (PVI) box: Type the text for marking the (vertical) intersection of two tangents. Algebraic difference (A.D.) box: The label indicates the algebraic difference as a percentage. (Grade of the tangent out of the vertical curve, subtracted from the grade of the tangent into the vertical curve.
3 Under K Values, do the following: n n In the Minimum for crest box, type the minimum K value for crest vertical curves. The K value of a vertical curve is the horizontal distance required to affect a 1% change in grade on the vertical curve. In the Minimum for sag box, type the minimum K value for sag vertical curves.
To select a surface to sample 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Surfaces ä Set Current Surface to display the Select Surface dialog box. 2 If the current surface list is set to Volume Surface, select the Terrain Surface radio button to change the surfaces that are displayed in the list. In the Select surface to open list, select the surface you want to use. Click OK to set the selected surface as current.
If multiple surfaces are off, then the Sample From Surface commands do not use the surfaces.txt file. Creating a File of Multiple Surfaces for Sampling the Existing Ground Profile Data If you want to create a profile definition with existing ground subsurface information, then use the Select Multiple Surfaces command. This command creates a file named surfaces.txt that contains the list of surfaces to sample.
Creating Existing Ground Profiles You can draft an existing ground profile in your drawing, and then add finished ground roadway design geometry to represent what the roadway will look like in profile view. Before you create a profile, configure the profile settings. For more information, see Changing the Profile Settings in this chapter. When you create a profile, an invisible block is inserted at the profile insertion point.
n Vertical Alignments ä Import in the FG Centerline section of the Profiles menu. To import any of the finished ground ditch, or left and right profiles, click Vertical Alignments ä Import in the Ditches and Transitions section of the Profiles menu. You can access the Labels Settings and the Profile Value Settings dialog boxes by clicking Labels and Values in the Vertical Alignment Editor.
2 From the Vert. Alignment list, select the alignment to create: If there is} Then} no data for a selected alignment the Vertical Alignment Creation dialog box is displayed. data for the selected alignment the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box is displayed. Under Settings, select the alignment to create. Click Yes to display the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box. 3 Enter the PVI station and elevation data in the Vertical Alignment Creation Editor dialog box.
4 You can edit the following vertical curve parameters: n n n n n n n n Type a Curve Length to define the distance between the PVC (Point of Vertical Curvature) and the PVT (Point of Vertical Tangency). Type a K Value to define the K value of a vertical curve is the horizontal distance required to effect a 1% change in grade on the vertical curve. (K = Length of curve / (|Grade in| - |Grade out|). |X| refers to Absolute Value.
Changing the Surface Elevations with the Vertical Alignment Editor You can apply an elevational change to a range of stations on a vertical alignment by using the Vertical Alignment Editor. To change the surface elevations with the Vertical Alignment Editor 1 Display the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box in one of the following ways: n n n 2 3 4 5 6 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Edit. From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Alignments ä Edit.
n Page Breaks: Select this check box to place page breaks in the report. When you select this check box, and create and a Screen report, the text window displays only the first page of the information, and then prompts you to press a key to continue. When you press a key, the next page of the report is displayed. If you clear this check box, and create a File report, the report is created with page breaks instead of having all the information displayed in one long list.
5 6 You can click Output File Name to specify a folder for the output file. If you do not specify an output folder, the file that is created is placed in the current project folder. Click OK. Creating a Vertical Alignment Report at PVI Stations You can use the Vertical Alignment Editor to generate a report that lists the station, elevation, and curve length at each PVI for the currently displayed vertical alignment. This report also lists the percent grade that exists between each PVI.
To create a vertical curve report 1 Change the vertical alignment report settings. For more information, see Changing the Vertical Alignment Report Settings in this chapter. 2 Display the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box in one of the following ways: n n n 3 4 5 6 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Edit. From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Alignments ä Edit. From the Profiles menu, choose Existing Ground ä Edit Vertical Alignment. Under Reports, click Curve.
To create a station and vertical curve report 1 Change the vertical alignment report settings. For more information, see Changing the Vertical Alignment Report Settings in this chapter. 2 Display the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box in one of the following ways: n n n 3 4 5 6 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Edit. From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Alignments ä Edit. From the Profiles menu, choose Existing Ground ä Edit Vertical Alignment.
The following report is an example of a sample output of the file: Station EGC EGL EGR FGC 0+00.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 86.06 0+50.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 87.99 1+00.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 89.91 1+50.00 100.13 100.52 100.00 91.84 2+00.00 103.10 103.48 102.75 93.76 2+50.00 106.06 106.46 105.69 95.69 3+00.00 109.02 109.43 108.65 97.61 3+50.00 112.10 112.57 111.71 99.38 4+00.00 115.23 115.73 114.86 100.
Be sure to set the profile settings before creating profiles. Many of the profile settings, like layers, are stored with the profile and cannot be changed after the profile is created. Creating a Complete Profile You can use the Full Profile command to create a profile that includes a datum (base) line, datum elevation, existing ground, existing ground labels, and grid base.
6 left and right of the centerline when you sampled the existing ground, then you can also create profiles of these alignments with the Full Profile command. Under Station Range, in the Start and End boxes, set the station range. The defaults are the defined starting and ending stations for the current alignment. This range defines the range of the current alignment for which the profile is created.
NOTE You can use an asterisk (*) for the layer prefix in the Labels and Prefix Settings to prefix the layer names with the alignment name. This can help to avoid accidentally deleting profiles for other alignments by creating unique layers for each profile. The following illustration shows examples of vertical exaggeration. The horizontal distance of 50 in the X direction represents the horizontal distance on the profile (stationing). 50 of drawing distance = 50 feet of stationing.
Adding a Subsurface to a Profile You can add an existing ground subsurface to a profile after it has been created in the drawing by using the Surface Profile command. This command adds the subsurface to an existing profile without adding vertical grid lines or station elevations. To add an existing ground subsurface to a profile 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Using the commands from the Profile Settings menu, configure the profile settings, if you haven't done so already.
Creating a Quick Profile You can create a quick profile that does not have vertical grid lines or station elevations by using the Quick Profile command. The command draws profile elements on layers set in the EG Layers command. To create a quick profile 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Create Profile ä Quick Profile to display the Profile Generator dialog box. 2 Under Station Range, in the Start and End boxes, set the station range.
6 Select the Import Left/Right profiles check box to import existing ground profiles to the left and right of the centerline. You can import these profiles only if you selected the Sample left/right check box in the Profile Sampling Settings dialog box before you sampled the profile information. 7 Select the Import grid check box to import a profile base grid. If this check box is cleared, only profile surfaces are imported.
Drawing a Grid on a Profile You can use the Grid command to overlay a grid on the current profile if you didnt create the grid when you created the profile. To draw a grid on a profile 1 2 3 4 5 Select the current profile. From the Profiles menu, choose Create Profile ä Grid. Enter the distance for the horizontal spacing. The horizontal spacing is the distance between the grid lines that mark the horizontal distances. Enter the distance for the vertical spacing.
Listing the Elevations for the Finished Ground Centerline You can use the List Elevations command to list the elevation of a selected point or station for a selected profile surface. This command lists the elevation of the finished ground centerline at the station (or point) you specify. To list the existing ground elevations for the profile centerline 1 2 3 Select the current profile. From the Profiles menu, choose Create Profile ä List Elevations.
3 4 5 6 centerline label box. Do not select the lower-left corner of the left/right label box. Select the upper end point. This is the upper-right corner of the profile. The starting and ending points create a bounding region for the profile. Now when you are prompted to select the profile, you can select anywhere within this bounding region. Enter the datum elevation that appears near the lower-left corner of the profile. Enter the beginning and ending stations of the profile.
To change the profile labeling properties after creating a profile and vertical alignment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 From the Profiles menu, choose Create Profile ä Set Properties to display the Profile Properties dialog box. The alignment on which the profile is based is listed at the top of the dialog box. In the Station Increment box, you can control how often you label tangents and vertical curves along the profile.
To remove the profile definition block from a drawing after deleting a profile 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Create Profile ä Undefine Profile. A prompt similar to the following is displayed: Delete profile definition block(s) for alignment <202 CL> (Yes/No) : 2 Type Y, for Yes, to delete the appropriate profile definition block(s).
The following illustration shows the pick location on the lower-left corner of the profile: Profile start point Creating the Finished Ground Vertical Alignments After you have created the existing ground profile for your alignment, you can use other commands in the Profile menu to create the finished ground profile elements, including the finished ground centerline, offsets, and ditches and transitions.
Working with the Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Finished Ground Centerline You can draw vertical alignment tangents for the finished ground centerline using the FG Centerline Tangents commands on the Profile menu.
To rotate the AutoCAD crosshairs to match the grade of the finished ground centerline 1 2 3 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Centerline Tangents ä Crosshairs @ Grade. At the Grade in percent prompt, enter the appropriate grade (without the % character). A positive value indicates a tangent going up; and a negative value indicates a tangent going down. Before running any other command, reset the SNAP rotation and ORTHO settings.
3 Select the starting point using one of the following methods: n n Select a point from the drawing. You are prompted for the station and elevation. The default station is the station of the point selected. The default elevation is the elevation of the point selected. Type S to select a station. You are prompted for the station and elevation. The default for the station is the starting station of the profile. The default elevation is the elevation of the existing ground at the station entered.
Changing the Grade Going into the PVI for the Finished Ground Centerline To edit the grade going into the PVI for a finished ground tangent, use the Change Grade 1 command. The Change Grade 1 command alters the grade of the tangent coming into the PVI (Point of Vertical Intersection). To change the grade going into the PVI for the finished ground centerline 1 2 3 From the Profiles menu, choose FG CenterlineTangents ä Change Grade 1. Select the tangent that represents the grade coming into the PVI.
Changing the Grade Coming Out of the PVI for the Finished Ground Centerline To edit the grade going out of the PVI for a finished ground tangent, use the Change Grade 2 command. To change the grade coming out of the PVI for the finished ground centerline 1 2 3 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Centerline Tangents ä Change Grade 2. Select the tangent that represents the grade coming into the PVI. Select the tangent that represents the grade coming out of the PVI.
Moving the Point of Vertical Intersection for the Finished Ground Centerline You can move the PVI (Point of Vertical Intersection) of a vertical alignment by using the Move PVI command. If you use this command after you design a vertical curve, then the command leaves the vertical curve and any labels in their original positions. Erase the vertical curve, and then recreate it with the Vertical Curve command.
Working with the Vertical Curves for the Finished Ground Centerline Before creating vertical curves, set the current profile and draw the tangents for either the finished ground centerline or ditches and transitions. All vertical curve commands place the curve on the same layer as the selected tangents. While you can draw tangents using regular AutoCAD commands, you should use the FG Vertical Curves command to create vertical curves.
NOTE 3 4 If you do not see the graphic representation of the curve type you want to create, then click the Next or Previous button at the bottom of the Vertical Curves dialog box. Select the tangents that represent the grade coming into and out of the PVI. Enter the horizontal length of the curve by typing a value or by picking two points in the drawing.
The following illustration shows a vertical curve based on the K value: Drawing a vertical curve by K value Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on a Passing Sight Distance One method of drawing a crest vertical curve is to specify a minimum passing sight distance. To draw a vertical curve based on a passing sight distance 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE 2 In the Description list, select the Passing Sight option.
The following illustration shows the parameters used in calculating a vertical curve based on minimum passing sight distance: Drawing a vertical curve by passing sight distance The following equations are used to calculate the passing sight distance.
Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on a Stopping Sight Distance One method of drawing a crest vertical curve is to specify a minimum stopping sight distance. To draw a vertical curve based on a stopping sight distance 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE 2 In the Description list, select the Stopping Sight option. You can also click the Stopping Sight icon, and then click OK. NOTE 3 4 5 You can use this option only with a crest curve.
The following equations are used to calculate the stopping sight distance.
The High/Low Point option displays the high/low station and elevation for the curve drawn. If a high or low point cannot be calculated for the selected tangents, a message is displayed that says: No high or low point exists for this curve.
The following illustration shows the parameters used in calculating a vertical curve based on the Through Point option: Drawing a vertical curve through a point Drawing a Sag Vertical Curve Based on Headlight Data One method of drawing a sag vertical curve is to specify a headlight sight distance. To draw a sag vertical curve based on headlight data 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box.
The following illustration shows the parameters used in calculating a vertical curve based on headlight data: Drawing a vertical curve by headlight data The following equations are used to calculate the length of curve.
Drawing a Sag Vertical Curve Based on a Given Velocity One method of drawing a sag vertical curve is to specify a velocity. To draw a sag vertical curve based on a given velocity 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE 2 Select the Comfort option by clicking its name in the Description list. You can also click the Comfort icon, and then click OK. NOTE 3 4 5 You can only use this command with a sag curve.
Defining a Grade Break Without a Vertical Curve You can add a grade break to the PVI (Point of Vertical Intersection) where two tangents meet. When you define a grade break, a PVI symbol is inserted at the PVI and a vertical curve of zero length is assigned to the PVI selected. The PVI block is drawn on the specified finished ground layer (set with the Set Current Layer command).
Defining the Finished Ground Centerline as a Vertical Alignment After drawing the tangents and vertical curves for the finished ground centerline, you must define the finished ground centerline as a vertical alignment. When you define the finished ground centerline, the elevational data is saved to a database that is used for creating cross sections. To define the finished ground centerline as a vertical alignment 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Define FG Centerline.
Editing the Finished Ground Centerline Alignment You can edit a vertical alignment using the FG Vertical Alignments ä Edit command on the Profiles menu. Unlike the DT Vertical Alignments ä Edit command, you do not have to first select the vertical alignment you want to edit. To edit the finished ground centerline alignment 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Edit to display the Vertical Alignment Editor. 2 3 Edit the vertical alignment.
To import the finished ground centerline alignment into the drawing 1 From the Profiles menu, choose FG Vertical Alignments ä Import. The following prompt is displayed: Label tangents and vertical curves (Yes/No) : 2 Type Yes to label the vertical tangents and curves. If you do not want to label the alignment objects, type No.
3 4 In the Point Description box, type the description that you want to assign to the points. From the Surface list, do one of the following: n n n 5 6 Select None to create points without elevational values. Select Existing to create points that use the elevational values of the existing ground profile. Select Finished to create points that use the elevational values of the finished ground centerline. In the Centerline Increment box, type the increment for placing points.
Sampling the Existing Ground to Create the Profile Data To create a profile, you must first sample the existing ground from a surface, a file, or from cross sections. You can also create existing ground data in the Vertical Alignment Editor. Sampling the existing ground creates elevational values for the profile.
If the alignment goes outside of the surface definition and returns, then the Profile Generation command draws a straight line from the point of exit elevation to the point of re-entry elevation. Sampling the Existing Ground from an ASCII File Use the Sample From File command to sample an existing ground surface from an ASCII text file. This command generates existing ground profile data from the selected text file.
The file must conform to the following criteria: n n n n n n The first line must be the station and elevation for the first station. Stations must be in ascending order. There can be no leading blank lines or headers. There can be no blank lines. Blank lines are read as the end of the file. There can be no blank spaces at the beginning of any line. The last item must be the elevation for the last station.
NOTE You can also create and edit finished ground vertical alignment data from this dialog box. To create the existing ground data by using the Vertical Alignment Editor 1 From the Profiles menu, choose Existing Ground ä Edit Vertical Alignment. If there is} Then} no data for a selected alignment the Vertical Alignment Creation dialog box is displayed. data for the selected alignment the Vertical Alignment Editor dialog box is displayed. Under Settings, select the alignment to create.
Creating Ditches and Transitions The main difference between the Ditches and Transitions (DT) command and the finished ground centerline (FGC) commands is the first prompt. The first prompt of most ditches and transitions commands asks for which vertical alignment you want to use.
3 Use any one of the eight transition regions, or specify that the profile is a ditch. If the specified layer does not exist, it is created. The layer set by this command remains current until a new layer is set either with this command or the AutoCAD LAYER command.
Drawing the Vertical Alignment Tangents for the Ditches and Transitions To draw the vertical alignment tangents for the ditches and transitions 1 2 3 Use the Set Current Layer command to set the current layer to the appropriate layer. From the Profiles menu, choose DT Tangents ä Create Tangents. Select the starting point using one of the following methods: n n 4 5 Select a point from the drawing. You are prompted for the station and elevation. The default station is the station of the point selected.
Changing the Grade Going into the PVI for the Ditches and Transitions To edit the grade going into the PVI for the ditches and transitions, use the Change Grade 1 command. To change the grade going into the PVI for the ditches and transitions 1 2 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Tangents ä Change Grade 1. Select the tangents that represent the grades coming into and out of the PVI.This is the tangent that will have its grade modified.
Changing the Grade Coming Out of the PVI for the Ditches and Transitions To edit the grade coming out of the PVI for the ditches and transitions, use the Change Grade 2 command. To change the grade coming out of the PVI for the ditches and transitions 1 2 3 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Tangents ä Change Grade 2. Select the tangent that represents the grade coming into the PVI. Select the tangent that represents the grade coming out of the PVI. This is the tangent that will have its grade modified.
Moving the Point of Vertical Intersection for the Ditches and Transitions You can move the PVI (Point of Intersection) of a vertical curve by using the Move PVI command. If you use this command after you design a vertical curve for the PVI, then the command leaves the vertical curve and any labels in their original positions. Erase the vertical curve, and then recreate it with the Vertical Curve command.
Drawing Vertical Curves for Ditches and Transitions Before creating vertical curves, set the current profile and draw the tangents for ditches and transitions. All vertical curve commands place the curve on the same layer as the selected tangents. Although you can draw tangents using regular AutoCAD commands, use the DT Vertical Curves command to create vertical curves.
Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on a Minimum K Value This command calculates and drafts a vertical curve with given tangents and a given minimum K value. The K value of a vertical curve is the horizontal distance required to affect a 1% change in grade on the vertical curve: (K = Length of curve / (|Grade in| - |Grade out|) To draw a vertical curve based on K value 1 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box.
Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on a Passing Sight Distance To calculate and draft a crest vertical curve that is based on a minimum passing sight distance. 1 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE 2 3 4 You can only use this option with a crest curve. In the Description list, select the Passing Sight option. You can also click the Passing Sight icon, and then click OK. Select the tangents that represent the grade into and out of the PVI.
Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on a Stopping Sight Distance To calculate and draft a crest vertical curve based on a minimum stopping sight distance 1 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE 2 3 4 5 You can only use this option with a crest curve. In the Description list, select the Stopping Sight option. You can also click the Stopping Sight icon, and then click OK. Select the tangents that represent the grade into and out of the PVI.
Drawing a Vertical Curve Based on an Elevation Point To draft a vertical curve based on an elevation point 1 2 3 4 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. In the Description list, select the High/Low Point option. You can also click the High/Low Point icon, and then click OK. Select the tangents that represent the grades into and out of the PVI. Select the high/low point by doing one of the following: n n 5 Select a point in your drawing.
5 Accept the calculated length of the curve, or enter another one using one of the following methods: n n Enter a smaller length to have the vertical curve pass above the indicated point in a crest curve, and below the selected point in a sag curve. Enter a greater length to have the vertical curve pass below the indicated point in a crest curve, and above in a sag curve. The command draws the curve.
The following illustration shows the parameters used in calculating a vertical curve based on headlight data: Drawing a vertical curve by headlight data Drawing a Sag Vertical Curve Based on a Given Velocity To calculate and draft a sag vertical curve with given grades and design velocity 1 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. NOTE You can only use this command with a sag curve. 2 3 4 5 Select the Comfort option and click OK.
The following illustration shows the parameters used in calculating a vertical curve based on design velocity: Designing a vertical curve by velocity Defining a Grade Break Without a Vertical Curve To define a PVI without a vertical curve 1 2 3 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Curves to display the Vertical Curves dialog box. In the Description list, select the Grade Break option. You can also click the Grade Break icon, and then click OK. Select a grade break.
3 Select another curve to list, or press ENTER to end the command. Vertical Curve Information Sample Output Vertical Curve Data BVC Station : 14+69.54 Elevation: 756.5 PVI Station : 16+69.54 Elevation: 758.8 EVC Station : 18+69.54 Elevation: 773.8 High Point Station : 18+69.54 Elevation: 773.8 Grade in: 1.14 Grade out: 7.50 Grade change: 6.36 Curve length: 400.00 K value: 62.84 Labeling the Vertical Curves To create labels for vertical curves, use the Label ä Vertical Curves command.
NOTE This command uses the AutoCAD DIM HORIZ command to insert the length marker. To change any factors associated with this label, such as the arrow size, use the AutoCAD dimensioning variables. The following illustration shows labeling a vertical curve: Labeling a vertical curve Defining Ditches or Transitions as Vertical Alignments After drawing the tangents and vertical curves on the profile for a ditch or transition definition, you need to define it as a vertical alignment.
NOTE If the Define Ditch/Transition command displays the message No vertical exists, you cannot reference the finished and existing ground information to the same station or location. Use the Set Current Profile command to verify the location of the existing ground data then define the vertical alignment.
can be the finished ground centerline or any left or right ditch or transition. The alignment that is created can be any left or right ditch or transition. To create a vertical alignment at a uniform offset from the reference vertical alignment 1 2 Define the vertical alignment that is to be used as the reference definition. From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Alignments ä Define by Offset/Grade.
Creating a Vertical Alignment at an Offset Based on a Horizontal Alignment Use the Alignment option of the Define by Offset/Grade command to offset a vertical alignment based on the offset distance(s) between two selected horizontal alignments. The alignment that you offset can be the finished ground centerline or any left or right ditch or transition. The alignment that is created can be any left or right ditch or transition.
When you have selected the vertical alignment to offset, the following prompt is displayed: Profile to create (Left/Right): 7 Type Left to create a left profile, or Right to create a right profile. A prompt similar to the following is displayed: Select left profile (1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8): 8 Define the number of the profile to create by typing a number from 1 to 8. This number is assigned to the new offset alignment.
To edit a ditch or transition vertical alignment 1 From the Profiles menu, choose DT Vertical Alignments ä Edit to open the Vertical Alignment Editor. 2 3 Select an alignment to edit. Click OK to exit the Vertical Alignment Editor.
2 Select the alignment to import by doing one of the following: n n Type Center to import the finished ground centerline. Type Left or Right to import a left or right ditch or transition. When you select either of these options, a prompt similar to the following is displayed: Select left profile (Ditch/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8) <1>: n Type D for Ditch or type a number from 1 to 8.
n vertical alignment at the station of the point selected. This command also displays the difference in elevation between the vertical alignment and the point selected. Type Station, and then type a station number. The elevation for the specified station is displayed.
Labeling the Finished Ground Tangents You can label finished ground centerline tangents and ditch and transition tangents with labels that show the percent slope along the tangent and the finished ground elevations. The finished ground elevations are placed along the grid base at the increment you specified with the Values command. NOTE You must label the vertical curves before labeling the tangents, otherwise the tangents will be labeled to the PVI points rather than the start/end of the vertical curves.
Labeling the Elevation and Station of a Point On a Profile To create spot elevation labels that label a points station and elevation, use the Label ä Spot Elevations command. To label the elevation and station of a point on a profile 1 2 3 4 From the Profiles menu, choose Label ä Spot Elevations. Select the point you want to label. You can use object snaps to select a point. Select additional leader points if needed, and then press ENTER to place the label.
Listing the Elevation and Station of Any Point In a Profile To list the elevation and station of any point in a profile 1 2 From the Profiles menu, choose List ä Spot Elevations. Select the point to be listed. You can use object snaps to select a point. 3 The command lists the elevation and station of the selected point on the screen. Select another point to list, or press ENTER to end the command.
Listing the Elevations of Points in the Profile in Relation to the Finished Ground Centerline You can use the List Elevations command to list the elevation of a selected point or station for a finished ground centerline. This command lists the elevation of the finished ground centerline at the station (or point) you specify. To list elevations of points in the profile 1 2 From the Profiles menu, choose List ä List Elevations.
Profile Codes Used in ASCII Output Files of the Profile Information Description Codes Surface types Existing ground 0 Proposed ground 1 Surface codes Points Existing ground center 1 Existing ground left 2 Existing ground right 3 Existing subsurface center 4 Existing subsurface left 5 Existing subsurface right 6 Proposed centerline 100 Proposed left one 101 Proposed left two 102 Proposed left three 103 Proposed left four 104 Proposed left five 105 Proposed left six 106 Prop
Changing the ASCII Output Settings for Outputting Profile Data To change the ASCII output settings for outputting profile data 1 2 From the Profiles menu, choose ASCII File Output ä Output Settings to display the Output Settings dialog box. Under Output Options, do one of the following: n n 3 Select File to output the information to a text file. Select Screen to output the information to the screen.
n n Top Margin: Type the number of characters you want as a top margin in this box. The margin is inserted between the page number (if you select the Page Numbers option) and the report title. This setting applies only to File output. Bottom Margin: Type the number of characters you want as a bottom margin in this box. This setting applies only to File output.
The following file is an example of an ASCII output file: r1 0,3 1,eg 3 0,1642.800000,3000.000000,358.693823,0.000000,0.000000 0,2087.915609,3445.115609,328.725615,0.000000,0.000000 0,2716.439873,4073.639873,337.987848,0.000000,0.000000 2,eg 3 0,1642.800000,3000.000000,358.948705,0.000000,0.000000 0,2087.878787,3445.078787,327.570460,0.000000,0.000000 0,2716.439873,4073.639873,338.083833,0.000000,0.000000 3,eg 3 0,1642.800000,3000.000000,355.951438,0.000000,0.000000 0,2087.878775,3445.078775,328.870119,0.
NOTE The files created by the commands in this menu are output in ASCII format only. These are data files and are not intended to be a report. This command does not use the filename set in the Output Settings dialog box. The filename is specified within the command.
4 Working with Cross Sections In this chapter n Creating and editing existing and finished ground cross sections n Creating and working with subassemblies be used to create the sections.
Creating Cross Sections Use the commands in the Cross Sections menu to design a roadway in cross section view. Cross sections are cut along the horizontal (plan) alignment at station intervals. The cross section X, Y, and Z coordinates are obtained from the horizontal alignment, the profile elevations, and the sampled surface. A completed cross section is composed of existing ground surfaces, a finished ground template, slopes, and optional ditches.
4 5 6 7 8 Symmetrical, in which you draw just the left side of the template, and asymmetrical, in which you draw the whole template. Edit Templates: Use the Edit Template command to add additional information to the templates, including superelevation regions, transition control, and point codes. Slope Tables: If you want to use Depth, Stepped or Surface slopes, then you need to fill in the appropriate slope table.
n Existing Ground Resample: You can resample the existing ground sections (from a surface or a file) after applying templates to the cross sections. If you do this, then you are prompted to overwrite the existing section information. If you respond yes, then the existing ground section information is deleted first, then re-sampled. If you respond no, then the new existing ground information is merged with the previous surface information.
n n Superelevation Parameters: You can modify the superelevation parameters at any time. The Superelevation Parameters command automatically reprocesses the cross sections. View/Edit Sections: You can use the View/Edit Sections command at any time to view the cross sections and to make modifications to the design of individual sections. Working with the Cross Section Database Files Horizontal alignments are defined with a name and stored in the alignment database for reference.
To set the current surface 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Surfaces ä Set Current Surface to display the Select Surface dialog box. 2 Do one of the following to filter the listed surfaces: n n 3 4 Select Terrain Surface to show the terrain surfaces in the list. Select Volume Surface to show the volume surfaces in the list. Select the surface that you want to make current. Click OK.
Creating a File of Multiple Surfaces for Sampling the Existing Ground Section Data To sample cross section data from multiple surfaces, you must enable the use of multiple surfaces and use the Select Multiple Surfaces command to create a list of the surfaces you want to sample. This command creates a surfaces.txt file that is used when you use the Sample From Surface command.
To sample the existing ground section data from one surface 1 Create and define the horizontal alignment. 2 For more information, see the chapter "Alignments in the AutoCAD Land Development Desktop Users Guide. Define a surface. For more information, see Creating Surfaces in the chapter Creating Surface Models in the AutoCAD Land Development Desktop Users Guide. 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Existing Ground ä Sample From Surface to display the Select Surface dialog box.
At the prompt to overwrite the existing cross section, accept the default option No. This adds the new existing ground cross sections to the file without overwriting any that had previously been sampled. The other option is to use the Edit Sections command and insert the new cross sections by entering offset and elevation information.
NOTE If a cross section does not cross the surface, then the command displays the following message: WARNING: Some sections failed to cross the alignment and will be missing from output. When a section is completely outside the surface area, the existing ground information cannot be calculated so that the section is not created.
8 Do one of the following: n n Type an additional station to sample. If you must sample more than one additional station, press ENTER and type the additional station. Type Point, and then on the plan view of the alignment, use your pointing device to select the additional station locations you want to sample.
To change the cross section sampling settings 1 From the Projects menu, click Drawing Settings to display the Edit Settings dialog box. 2 3 From the Program list, select Civil Design. In the Settings list, click Cross Section Sampling, and then click Edit Settings to display the Section Sampling Settings dialog box and configure the settings. NOTE 4 This dialog box is displayed automatically when you are using the Sample From Surface command.
6 Use the following check boxes to specify additional sampling parameters: n n n n n n n 7 8 9 PCs/PTs: Controls whether a section is cut at the beginning and end of all circular curves. TS-SCs/CS-STs: Controls whether a section is cut at the beginning and end of all spiral curves. Alignment start: Controls whether a section is cut at the beginning station of an alignment. Alignment end: Controls whether a section is cut at the end station of an alignment.
Creating the Existing Ground Cross Section Data from a Text File You can sample the existing ground cross section data from an ASCII text file that contains station, offset, and elevation information. To sample existing ground cross section data from a text file 1 2 3 Create an ASCII text file with station, offset, and elevation information for each section. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Existing Ground ä Sample From File to display the File to Import dialog box.
Creating the Existing Ground Cross Section Data from a Text File - ASCII File Format The files used with the Sample From File command must be set up using the following format: station S surface name offset elevation offset elevation E The lines beginning with S indicate the start of a new surface. The lines containing an E indicate the end of a station/section. The following example illustrates a sample file used by the Sample From File command.
The surface names and totals must be consistent throughout the file. If two surfaces named SF1 and SF2 exist on the first section, there must be two surfaces named SF1 and SF2 on every section. The Sample From File commands overwriting behavior is the same as the Sample From Surface command. At the prompt to overwrite the existing cross section, accept the default option No. This adds the new existing ground cross sections to the file, without overwriting the data that had previously been sampled.
NOTE 3 4 5 Select the correct surface, and then click OK to return to the Existing Ground Section Editor. Select the station you want to edit by clicking the Prev, Next, or Station buttons. The Station button displays a dialog box where you can type the station to move to.
n n Delete cross section data for a surface at this station by clicking Delete Surface. You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Create interpolation data for a surface by clicking Interp Control to display the Interpolation Control Editor Status dialog box. Select the surface to which the design template slopes should be matched by clicking Match Surface. If only one surface is defined for the cross sections, then that surface is automatically the match surface.
4 5 6 7 In the Station box, type the first station number. In the Surface name box, type the surface name. In the Thickness box, type the thickness of the material from the first surface (i.e., topsoil) to the second surface (i.e., clay). For the first surface, the Depth value is zero (0). The first surface has a thickness value, but not a depth value, because for all surfaces, depth is measured from the top surface down.
13 To delete all the values for a selected station, place your cursor in one of the rows of data for that station and click Del Sta. 14 At any time you can click Save to save the interpolation control values without exiting the Interpolation Surface Control Editor. 15 When you have finished entering interpolation values in the Interpolation Surface Control Editor, click OK to return to the Existing Ground Section Editor.
The following illustration shows interpolation control values defined for stations along an alignment: Subsurfaces with interpolation control INS Sta option 1 To use the Ins Sta option Follow steps 110 in Using Borehole Data to Interpolate the Surfaces for the Cross Sections in this chapter. 2 3 When you click the Ins Sta button, the New Interpolation Values dialog box is displayed. In the Station box, type the station that you want to create data for.
INS SRF OPTION 1 To use the Ins Srf option Follow steps 110 in Using Borehole Data to Interpolate the Surfaces for the Cross Sections in this chapter. When you place your cursor in a row of station values in the Interpolation Surface Control Editor and click the Ins Srf button, the New Interpolation Values dialog box is displayed. You can use this dialog box to enter depth/thickness values for a specified surface.
Drawing Normal and Subgrade - Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Template Surfaces When drawing the template surfaces, you must consider whether the surfaces are normal or subgrade. In addition, you must consider whether the template is symmetrical or asymmetrical. The following illustration shows symmetrical and asymmetrical templates: Symmetrical and asymmetrical templates A typical template may be made up of normal surfaces, subgrade surfaces, or a combination of both.
Drawing a Template Surface - General Procedure NOTE The following steps describe how to use the Draw Template command to draw a basic template surface. To draw a template surface 1 2 Create and set a new layer for the template items before starting. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Draw Template. The following prompt is displayed: Starting point: 3 Select the starting point by picking a point in the drawing or entering coordinates at the command prompt.
n n n Type C to select the Close option. This option closes the template surface. The Close option draws the final segment from the current point back to the starting point. It is not necessary for all components to be closed (i.e., if they will be mirrored about the centerline). Type U to erase the last segment drawn. You can repeat the Undo option until the Draw Template command returns to the starting point. Type X to exit the command.
Drawing Subgrade Surfaces for Symmetrical Templates Follow the general procedures for drawing a template surface, keeping in mind the following points: n n n n n With subgrade surfaces you draw only the top of the surface definition, between the connection points. The rest of the subgrade surface information is defined with the Define Template command.
The following illustration shows subgrade surfaces in cut and fill situations: Subgrade surfaces in cut and fill situations Creating and Editing Templates and Subassemblies To create finished ground cross sections, you design a template for the alignment and apply it to the alignment. For curb or shoulder design, you can attach subassemblies to a template. A template is a typical section representing the finished ground design elements such as asphalt, concrete, and granular materials.
Setting the Path for Templates and Subassemblies Before creating templates or subassemblies, you need to set the location where they are stored by setting the template path. The template path is a projectbased setting so that all drawings that are associated with a project use the same path. To set the path for templates and subassemblies 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Set Template Path to display the Template Path dialog box.
4 You can click Browse to display the Template Path dialog box. Use this dialog path to pick the folder in which the templates and subassemblies are stored. Use the Path edit box to set a folder where cross section templates for the current project are stored. This path can be used alone or in combination with the root path to define the actual template path for the current project.
Using the Template Path Edit Box Use the Template Path dialog box to choose a folder in which to save templates and subassemblies. WARNING! Do not use this option to select a path if you selected the User Preference Cross Section Templates root path check box in the Template Path dialog box.
template folder specified by the Set Template Path command and has the file extension .mat. Defining and Editing a Material Table To edit or create a material table 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Material Table. NOTE If you have already created a Material Table, skip to step 5. 2 If a Material Table does not exist in your template path folder, the Material Table Selection Status dialog box is displayed. Click Yes to continue.
n table, and then click OK. If you enter the name of an existing table, an error message is displayed. Enter a different name, and then click OK. To delete a material table, click the Delete button. The Deletion Status dialog box is displayed. Click the Yes button to delete the table. NOTE 6 Use the Materials area of the dialog box to control the contents of the selected table.
NOTE When adding point codes to a template, only the point code number is stored with the template definition. The point code description is retrieved from the current point code table. When you use a command that requires a point code table, the command automatically prompts you to select a table. If a table doesnt exist, then you have the option of creating one. The point code tables are saved with a *.pcd extension and reside in the template folder set with the Set Template Path command.
NOTE If you just created a new table in step 3, you can skip this step. You can also use this section to create new point code tables or delete existing ones: n n n To select a different point code table, use the Table Name list box. If any edits have been made to the current table, you will be prompted to save your changes. Click the Yes button at the Save point code table changes? prompt to save any changes, or click the No button to discard any changes.
Predefined Point Codes *1 Centerline The finished ground reference point *2 Connection The template slope connection points *3 Ditch The point on a V shaped ditch, or the inner ditch point with a width *4 Ditch width The outer point of a ditch with an applied width *5 Bench The inner point of a slope bench *6 Bench width The outer point of a slope bench *7 Stepped The break point of a stepped slope, the inner point of a stepped bench *8 Stepped width The outer point of a stepped slope
Defining Subassemblies If you are using a subassembly, then you must define it before you define the template you will be attaching it to. When you define a subassembly, you specify the connection-point-in, the surface material, the connection-point-out, and the datum points. The connection-point-in of the subassembly is attached to the connection-point-out on the template. You can attach subassemblies to the connection-point-out on either side of the template.
NOTE 3 4 If you use the PLINE command, then be sure the horizontal and vertical drawing scales are set to 1:1. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Define Subassembly. Pick the connection point in from the drawing. This is the point on the subassembly that connects with the connection point out on the cross section template. Use object snaps to accurately pick the point. The Surface Material Names dialog box is displayed.
10 Press ENTER after picking all the datum points. The command prompts you to save the subassembly. 11 Type Yes to save the subassembly, and then type the subassembly name. The command stores the subassembly definition in the folder set using the Set Template Path command. It is saved with a file extension of .sub. If the subassembly already exists, then you can either overwrite the existing subassembly or rename the subassembly. 12 Type Y or N: n n Type Y to overwrite the existing subassembly definition.
NOTE If subgrades are defined for a template, then you will not be prompted to define a datum line. The top surface defines a boundary along a cross section template from which finished ground data can be extracted. This data is generally used for visualizing the roadway in its finished state by creating a 3D road grid or building a surface. While defining a subassembly or template, you are prompted to define the datum surface, but not the top surface.
3 template: one for cut situations and the other for fill situations. If you do not use subassemblies, the slope attaches to the connection point out of the template. Click OK. 4 After you select the subassembly, the Define Template command prompts you to save the template. Type Y or N: n n 5 Type Yes to save the template. Type No to start the template definition process over again without saving the previous definition. If you typed Y, enter a template name to save the template.
You can select two different types of shoulder subassembly for each side of the template: one for cut situations and the other for fill situations. The program determines whether to use cut or fill shoulders based on the position of the connection point that the shoulder is to be attached to. If the connection-pointout of the curb (or the template if you do not specify a curb subassembly) is above the existing ground, then a fill shoulder is applied.
Changing the Subassemblies that are Attached to the Template NOTE This option is not available if the template includes a subgrade surface type. To change the curb and shoulder subassemblies attached to a template 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Template to display the Template Librarian. 2 3 4 Select the name of the template you want to edit. Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing.
6 You can change an existing subassembly or subassemblies using one of the following methods: n n 7 Select the subassembly or subassemblies you want to change and enter a new subassembly file name. Click Select to display the Subassembly Librarian and select the subassembly. Click OK. The subassembly is automatically inserted into position based on the defined connection points. NOTE 8 To remove a subassembly, select the Nulls subassembly. Type SA to save your changes.
Editing Subassemblies Use the Edit Subassembly command to modify an existing subassembly or create a new subassembly from an existing subassembly. NOTE The subassembly you want to edit must exist in the folder specified in the Set Template Path command. Choosing Which Subassembly Vertex to Edit To choose which subassembly vertex to edit 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian.
After the subassembly is imported into the drawing, the following prompt is displayed: Delete/Insert/Next/SAve/Previous/SRfcon/Move/Redraw/eXit : 4 Do one of the following to choose the vertex to edit: n n 5 Type Next to move to the next vertex on the subassembly. Type Previous to move to the previous vertex on the subassembly.
Deleting the Current Subassembly Vertex The Delete option of the Edit Subassembly command removes the current vertex (marked with the X) from the surface definition. To delete the current subassembly vertex 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian. Pick the subassembly you want to edit, and then click OK. 3 You are prompted to pick an insertion point in the drawing. Pick an insertion point for the subassembly in the drawing.
After the subassembly is imported into the drawing, the following prompt is displayed: Delete/Insert/Next/SAve/Previous/SRfcon/Move/Redraw/eXit : 4 Type I for Insert to insert a vertex. 5 You are prompted to enter a new location for the vertex. Select a point in the drawing, or enter the absolute X,Y coordinates for the new vertex location. You can use object snaps to accurately select a point in the drawing. A new vertex is inserted at the point you pick.
Redrawing the Subassembly Display This command redraws the display of the datum line on the subassembly. You can use this option to restore the datum line display after doing an AutoCAD ZOOM or PAN in the middle of the command. Use the Display option to highlight any features of the subassembly, such as the datum line or connection points. 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian. Pick the subassembly you want to edit, and then click OK.
5 Type D for Datum to redefine the Subassembly Datum Line. 6 The command prompts you to pick for the datum points. Pick the datum points (going from left to right) from the drawing. NOTE 7 This is easier to do if you set your running object snaps to endpoint prior to entering the Edit Subassembly command. Also, datum points do not need to be physically attached to the subassembly. They can exist in space. Press ENTER to exit this option after you finish.
7 Type X to exit the Surface Control options after you have selected the connection points. Defining the Subassembly Top Surface To define the subassembly top surface 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian. Pick the subassembly you want to edit, and then click OK. 3 You are prompted to pick an insertion point in the drawing. Pick an insertion point for the subassembly in the drawing.
To highlight the subassembly features for better viewing 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian. Pick the subassembly you want to edit, and then click OK. 3 You are prompted to pick an insertion point in the drawing. Pick an insertion point for the subassembly. The subassembly is imported into the drawing at the location you picked using the connection-point-in on the subassembly as the point of reference.
To import a subassembly into a drawing 1 If the subassemblies and templates that you are working with are not in the current path, set the template path. NOTE You only need to set the template path to import the subassembly if the one you want isnt in the current path. Subassemblies must be in the same location as the templates that use them. 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Import Subassembly to display the Subassembly Librarian.
FGC profile) for control. This reference point is usually the crown of the roadway. Defining Templates After drawing the template, use the Define Template command to define it. You see different prompts when you use this command, depending on whether the template you are defining is composed of normal or subgrade surfaces. When defining a template with only normal surfaces, you are required to specify a finished ground reference point, a datum line, and connection-pointsout.
3 Do one of the following: n n Press ENTER if the surfaces are symmetrical and you drew only the left side of the template. Type N for No if the surfaces are asymmetrical and you drew the entire template. NOTE 4 Symmetrical surfaces are not physically mirrored at the centerline during the Define Template command. The template must be imported in to the drawing using the Import Template or Edit Template command to see the right-hand side.
8 Specify the datum number. The default datum number is always one (1). The datum line is compared against the existing ground surface to calculate the cut and fill areas. The datum can be modified, or additional datum lines can be added with the Edit Template command. After you enter the datum number, the following prompt is displayed: Pick datum points (Left to Right): 9 Pick the datum points from the drawing, being sure to pick them from left to right.
The following illustration shows how connection points are established: Establishing connection points The following illustration shows symmetrical and asymmetrical templates: Symmetrical and asymmetrical templates The following illustration shows the finished ground reference point: Establishing the finished ground reference point Defining a Template that has Subgrade Surfaces To define a template that has only subgrade surfaces 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Define Template.
3 Do one of the following: n n Press ENTER if the surfaces are symmetrical and you drew only the left side of the template. Type N for No if the surfaces are asymmetrical and you drew the entire template. To view a illustration that shows symmetrical and asymmetrical templates, see Defining a Template that Only has Normal Surfaces in this chapter. NOTE 4 Symmetrical surfaces are not physically mirrored at the centerline during the Define Template command.
specifies how far from the connection point out on the template you want to draw the vertical match line for the subgrade. This match line matches upwards into the template, using a vertical line, rather than matching out at a grade towards a ditch. The following prompt is displayed: Subgrade break match grade percent <5>: NOTE 9 This value is only used if superelevation is applied to the template and the Fixed Break subgrade superelevation option is used.
14 Enter a name for the new template and press ENTER. A prompt is displayed asking if you would like to define another template. 15 Type Y or N: n n Type Y to start from the beginning and define another template. Type N to quit the command.
drawn on the current layer using the vertical scale factor that is determined by the horizontal and vertical scale set with Setup commands. NOTE If you are going to use the Edit Template command to define template features such as point codes, transitions or superelevation, you may first want to set the AutoCAD running object snap to Endpoint to save time. Set the object snap to endp, then when you are finished, you can set object snap back to none.
2 3 4 From the Selection list, select the name of the template you want to edit. Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point. The command draws the template components and displays the subgrade surfaces and datum line on the template as highlighted, temporary lines.
7 Use your pointing device to select the template surface to edit. Once you select the surface, the command places an X at the first vertex on the polyline and the following prompt is displayed: Edit (Next/Previous/Insert/Move/eXit/Delete) 8 9 Enter Next (or Previous) at the command prompt until you go to the right vertex. Enter Insert to insert the template vertex. The option inserts a vertex after the currently marked vertex. Select a point in the drawing or enter the absolute X,Y coordinates.
NOTE Use an object snap to select a point in the drawing accurately. Deleting the Current Template Vertex To delete template vertices 1 2 3 4 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Template to display the Template Librarian. From the Selection list, select the name of the template you want to edit. Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point.
4 Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point. The command draws the template components and displays the subgrade surfaces and datum line on the template as highlighted, temporary lines. When the template is inserted, the following prompt is displayed: Edsrf/SAve/eXit/ASsembly/Display/SRfcon/Redraw : 5 Type E for Edsrf to access surface editing commands.
4 Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point. The command draws the template components and displays the subgrade surfaces and datum line on the template as highlighted, temporary lines. When the template is inserted, the following prompt is displayed: Edsrf/SAve/eXit/ASsembly/Display/SRfcon/Redraw : 5 Type E for Edsrf to access surface editing commands.
Adding a Template Surface to the Template To add an existing surface to the template definition. 1 2 3 4 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Template to display the Template Librarian. Select the name of the template you want to edit. Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point.
3 4 Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point. The command draws the template components and displays the subgrade surfaces and datum line on the template as highlighted, temporary lines. When the template is inserted, the following prompt is displayed: Edsrf/SAve/eXit/ASsembly/Display/SRfcon/Redraw : 5 Type E for Edsrf to access surface editing commands.
6 Type S for Subgrade to activate the subgrade editing options. The command lists the current subsurface depth and gives you the option of changing it. 7 Enter a new subsurface depth value or press ENTER to accept the current depth. The option displays the current subsurface match grade (percent) and prompts for a new value. 8 Enter a new subsurface match grade value or press ENTER to accept the current match grade.
7 Pick the surface you want to rename. 8 The Surface Material Names dialog box is displayed. Use the Surface Material Names dialog box to select a different material name or create a new one as needed. 9 The prompt returns to the surface editing options. Press ENTER to exit the Edsrf options, and then type SA to save your changes.
Deleting Template Point Codes from a Template To delete template point codes 1 2 3 4 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Template to display the Template Librarian. Select the name of the template you want to edit. Click OK. Pick an insertion point for the template in the drawing. The Edit Template command inserts the template using the defined finished ground reference point as the insertion point.
template components and displays the subgrade surfaces and datum line on the template as highlighted, temporary lines. When the template is inserted, the following prompt is displayed: Edsrf/SAve/eXit/ASsembly/Display/SRfcon/Redraw : 5 Type D for Display to display the cut or fill shoulder. The following prompt is displayed: Display (Datum/Connect/Points/Super/SHoulder/Topsurf/TRansition/eXit/Redraw/TTy pe/) : 6 Type SH for Shoulder to display the template shoulder.
7 8 9 Enter the datum number and press ENTER. Pick the datum points starting from the left connection point out and going to the right connection point out. Datum points do not have to be physically attached to the template. They can exist in space. Use AutoCAD object snaps to pick the datum points accurately. Press ENTER to end the prompt cycle. Use the Display option to view the defined datum. The datum is only defined through the template surfaces and not the subassemblies.
the inner edge using AutoCAD object snaps. All surface segments between these region points will superelevate. The grade between the two points is used as the base grade for the normal crown condition when calculating superelevation. After picking the two region points, select the outer edge of the rollover region if required. If the template does not have a shoulder that requires a rollover region, then press ENTER at the rollover prompt for none.
6 Type C for Connect to redefine the points that are used to connect the template to the subassemblies and slopes. The connection points on the template are indicated with X markers and the command displays the following prompt: Side (Left/Right): Only one side is defined at a time. 7 Type L or R to select Left or Right. Even if a template is symmetrical, both sides need to be redefined. Each half of the template is edited separately. 8 The command prompts for the connection point out.
5 Type SR for Srfcon to activate the Surface Control options. The following prompt is displayed: Connect/Datum/Redraw/Super/Topsurf/TRansition/eXit : 6 Type T for Topsurf to define (or redefine) the top surface of the template. 7 8 The command first prompts for a default surface number. Accept the default surface number or enter a new number. Select the top surface points. Select these points from the left connection point to the right connection point using AutoCAD object snaps.
6 Choose the appropriate option to display the features of the template you want to see. You have the option of displaying datum lines, connection points, point codes, superelevation, the shoulder, top surface, and transition regions. You also have the option to redraw the display, which removes all highlighted and temporary lines. Datum and top surface lines are displayed as temporary lines. Each connection point and point code is shown as an X on the screen.
Importing a Template into a Drawing To import a template in to the drawing 1 2 3 4 Set the template folder using the Set Template Path command if you haven't done so already. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Import Template to display the Template Librarian. Select the desired template to import, and then click OK. Pick the insertion point for the template from the drawing. This point corresponds to the finished ground reference point on the template.
Creating Finished Ground Cross Sections After you have created design templates, you need to apply these templates to the existing ground cross sections. Using the Design Control commands, you can apply a selected template or templates to the existing ground surface and match the template into the existing ground.
To change the depth slope settings 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Depth Slopes to display the Depth Control Editor dialog box along with the current depth control values. These values are used in conjunction with the depth control slope type set using the Edit Design Control command. Depths are measured relative to the existing ground. The first depth should always be zero (0).
n 3 Use the Pin Override check box to determine how slopes are matched to the existing ground in cases where the specified slope exceeds the edge of existing ground. By default, the Pin Override check box is cleared: n n 4 on the depth control criteria starting with the first slope listed in the Depth Control Editor. It is recommended that the flattest slope in the Depth Control Editor be used for the typical slope.
Changing the Stepped Slope Settings The stepped controlled slope type is similar to the depth type, except instead of using one slope, the stepped type can change the slope as it passes through the depth range and can add benches at set depths. 1 2 To change the stepped slope settings From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Stepped Slopes to display the Stepped Control Editor dialog box along with the current stepped control values.
3 Use the table to enter the values for the depth, the fill slope, the cut slope, the base width, and the base grade. The base width and grade are used to create benches with the stepped slope type. The first depth should be zero (0). Benches are applied at the indicated depth and slopes are applied from the depth they are associated with, to the beginning of the next slope segment below. Depths are always presented in a sorted order.
To change the surface slope settings 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Surface Slopes to display the Surface Control Editor dialog box. This dialog box displays the current surface control values. These values are used in conjunction with the slopes set with the Edit Design Control command. 2 The information generated in the Surface Control Editor dialog box is saved in an ASCII file named after the current alignment with the .scn file extension. This file is saved in the \align su
NOTE If you make changes in the Surface Control Editor, then you must reprocess the cross sections using the Process Sections command. The following illustration shows surface control slopes: Surface control slopes Creating Roadway Transitions with Templates and Cross Sections To create transition regions for a roadway, such as lane widening, use transition lines.
Defining the Transition Regions on a Template Transition regions are used to stretch templates horizontally and/or vertically in order to accommodate areas where the roadway offsets or elevations are irregular, such as when a road widens for a passing lane. By using transition regions on a template, you do not need to have multiple templates to accommodate these varying conditions. You can define up to sixteen transition regions on a template, eight left and eight right.
To define template transition regions 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Templates ä Edit Template to display the Template Librarian dialog box. 2 3 Select the template you want to insert, and then click OK. Pick the insertion point in your drawing.
8 Pick the transition region point from your drawing. To define an area on the template to be stretched, you need to pick two key points on the template for each transition region, the region point and the control point: n n The control point determines the place on the template where the horizontal or vertical alignment is attached. It is the point on the template that is moved to the desired offset or elevation. The region point determines the outer edge of the region to be stretched.
When deciding whether to use the Dynamic or Pinned options, it is usually best to use the default value of Pinned. The majority of situations work well using the pinned option. However, there are a couple of situations where you should use the Dynamic option. Use the Dynamic option when the transition alignment crosses the design centerline alignment. If multiple transition alignments cross the design centerline alignment, then only the first transition region should be defined as dynamic.
If vertical transitioning is applied, this setting is ignored and both the grade and elevation change as required. 13 Repeat steps 7 through 12 to define the next transition region, or press ENTER twice to exit the command. If you selected All in step 6, repeat steps 8 through 12 to define the next transition region. Press Esc to exit the command at any point.
The following illustration shows an example of a median collapsing at the point where the transition regions meet: Dynamic transition where median crosses the centerline Attaching the Horizontal Alignment Transitions to Cross Sections You can use the Design Control dialog box to attach horizontal transitions to the cross sections. The alignments you attach can be transition lines, ditches, or right-of-ways. The transition lines are attached to the transition control points you define on the template.
Attaching the Horizontal Transition Alignments to Cross Sections To attach the horizontal transition alignments to cross sections 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Edit Design Control to display the Enter Station Range dialog box. 2 Enter the station range you want to edit in the Enter Station Range dialog box, and then click OK. The Design Control dialog box is displayed. 3 Click Attach Alignments from the Design Control dialog box to display Attach Alignments dialog box.
4 This dialog box has buttons you can select to attach defined horizontal alignments as transitions, ditches and rights-of-way. Click the button indicating the horizontal alignment transition to attach. The command changes to the AutoCAD graphics screen and prompts for the selection of the alignment to be attached. The wording of the prompt depends on the transition to be attached.
n that the vertical transitions and ditches acquire their unique numbered definitions. For transitions to be applied to the template, the appropriate transition regions must have been defined on the template using the Edit Template command. Attaching the Subgrade Vertical Alignments to the Cross Sections You can also draw, define, and attach a vertical alignment to the template subgrade surface apex.
NOTE You can access a similar Control Editor, with options for editing the template, ditch, and slope control, when you use the View/Edit Sections command. You can also use the View/Edit Sections command to make edits graphically by picking points on the display of the cross section. However, the View/Edit Sections command only works on one station at a time.
4 Select the template you want to use. In the Template Librarian dialog box, click Select to the right of the Template box and choose a template. Alternatively, you can type the template name directly in the in the Template box, if you know the name. NOTE 5 NULLT is a valid template that consists of a single point. Select NULLT if you dont need to use a template. When you select the template, the datum line is automatically set to datum #1.
box. Since this value is for the first station in the station range only, you probably do not want to edit it here. If you do, then the same value is applied to the entire station range. To edit the transition values for individual stations, use the View/Edit Sections command. The Transitions dialog box displays the left and right transition offset and elevation values. If you attach a horizontal alignment, then the offset value is listed in the First Offset edit box, for the right or left side accordingly.
grade of the superelevation region which, in turn, can be changed. The template may have been drawn with the grade at 2.0%. You can use this method to change the grade to 1.5%. To edit the template superelevation parameters using the Edit Design Control command 1 2 Use the Pivot list to set the pivot point. You can set the pivot point to the left or right edge of the superelevation zone, or you can set it to the centerline.
Specifying the Design Control Values for Ditches NOTE When you attach a vertical alignment for a ditch, the ditch elevations are recorded in the Ditch Control Editor. The Ditch Control Editor dialog box is split up into left and right ditches. To specify the design control values for ditches 1 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Edit Design Control to display the Enter Station Range dialog box. Enter the station range, and then click OK to display the Design Control dialog box.
n n The Depth from Hinge check box controls how the depth of the ditch is measured. When this option is selected, the depth of the ditch is measured down from the top of the ditch foreslope. When this option is cleared, the depth is measured down from the finished ground centerline reference point. Base elevation: Enter the true elevation of the bottom of the ditch. If you use this option, the elevations are usually retrieved from the profile using the Attach profiles option.
To specify the design control values for sideslopes 1 3 From the Cross Section menu, choose Design Control ä Edit Design Control to display the Enter Station Range dialog box. Enter the station range, and then click OK to display the Design Control dialog box. Click Slopes to display the Slope Control dialog box. 4 The Slope Control dialog box displays the cross section information for the specified range of stations.
n 6 applied to depth control slopes. Enter the depths and slopes using the Depth Slopes command. Stepped: Choose the stepped type to use variable slopes and benches as the slope passes through different variable depth ranges. When the right-of-way hold is on and the stepped slope exceeds the right-of-way, the stepped slope values are ignored and a simple slope pins into the right-of-way.
NOTE The maximum design slopes are only used in cases where the typical design slope fails to match to existing ground within the right-of-way when the right-of-way hold is selected. They are also used when the typical design slope fails to match to existing ground within the sample swath width when the right-of-way hold is cleared.
The following illustration shows the right-of-way parameters: Right-of-way parameters Specifying the Design Control Values for Benches To specify the design control values for benches 1 2 3 From the Cross Section menu, choose Design Control ä Edit Design Control to display the Enter Station Range dialog box. Enter the station range, and then click OK to display the Design Control dialog box. Click Benches to display the Bench Control dialog box.
amount of water present in the area. A bench that slopes inwards pools water and drains it off to the side. A bench that slopes outward causes water to dribble down the hill. For more information on benching, see Benching Notes in this chapter. The slopes between benches are defined by the simple or depth slope settings: n n n n 4 5 6 7 Type: Select the type of bench. Height: Enter an absolute value specifying where to bench (the vertical distance between benches). Width: Enter the width of the bench.
Using Ditch or Transition Profiles when Processing the Cross Sections Use the Design Control dialog box to attach profile transitions to the cross sections. These profiles can represent ditches, subgrade surfaces, or any of eight transition regions. To use profiles when processing cross sections 1 2 3 4 5 Draw and define the vertical transition line using the Ditches and Transitions section of the Profile menu. Set the current layer, and then draw and define the vertical transition lines.
7 Click Subgrade to attach the subgrade profile. This task is similar to attaching a horizontal alignment to the cross sections since you are prompted to select the alignment. You can select the subgrade alignment graphically, or press ENTER to choose one from the Alignment Librarian dialog box. NOTE 8 To apply transitions to the template, the appropriate transition regions must have been defined on the template using the Edit Template command. Click OK to exit the Attach Profiles dialog box.
3 Type SR to activate the Surface Control options to redefine the template superelevation regions. The SRfcon option displays the following prompt: Connect/Datum/Redraw/Super/Topsurf/TRansition/eXit : 4 Type S for the Super option to define the template superelevation regions.
Changing the Superelevation Control Values To change the superelevation control values 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Superelevation Parameters to display the Superelevation Control dialog box. 2 Under Superelevation Toggles, select or clear either the Superelevation calculations check box or the Crown removal by runout distance check box.
Changing the Superelevation Settings When you change the superelevation settings, you apply a set of instructions going into a curve and another set for coming out of a curve. To change the superelevation settings 1 2 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Superelevation Parameters to display the Superelevation Control dialog box. Click Settings from the top group of buttons to display the Superelevation Curve Settings dialog box.
4 Under Transition In and Transition Out, enter the following values: 5 Runout: Enter the Transition In and Transition Out runout distance in the respective edit boxes. n Runoff: Enter the Transition In and Transition Out runoff distance in the respective edit boxes.The runoff value controls the distance it takes to transition from the maximum superelevation grade of one curve to the maximum superelevation grade of a second curve.
used, then the break point occurs directly below the outer superelevation point. If a positive value is entered, then the break point is shifted by that amount toward the centerline and a negative value shifts it away from centerline. Superelevation Methods n Superelevation Method A: This superelevation method revolves a crowned pavement section about the centerline. Both edges of pavement change elevation to attain proper superelevation.
Chapter 4 360 n Superelevation Method C: This superelevation method holds the outside edge of pavement of a crowned pavement section and forces the inside edge of pavement down. The following illustration shows superelevation method C: n Superelevation Method D: This superelevation method holds the outside edge of a section of non-crowned pavement with a straight cross slope and forces the inside edge of pavement down.
n Superelevation Method E: This superelevation method holds the inside edge of a section of a non-crowned pavement with a straight cross slope and forces the outside edge of pavement up. The following illustration shows superelevation method E: Editing the Superelevation for One Section at a Time To edit the design control for one section at a time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections.
Editing, Inserting, or Deleting a Superelevated Curve To edit, insert, or delete a superelevated curve 1 2 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Superelevation Parameters to display the Superelevation Control dialog box. Under Superelevation Toggles, select the Superelevation calculations check box if you want to superelevate the cross sections. If this check box is cleared, the Template Control dialog box displays the superelevation control as unavailable information.
5 This information is for reference only. You cannot edit it through the Superelevation editor. Use the Curve Edit Information section of the dialog box to edit the following basic superelevation data: n n n n n 6 Starting and Ending Stations: The default to the starting and ending stations of the circular curve, but can be edited. Superelevation can begin on the tangent sections. Method: This list displays the superelevation methods available with Civil Design.
8 Insert, delete, or view information for the current curve: n n n Click Insert Curve to insert a curve. The current curve number (indicated at the top of the dialog box) changes to the one you just inserted. For example, if you were working on curve #4, the curve you inserted is curve #5. Click Delete Curve to delete the current curve. You are asked to confirm that you want to delete the curve.
To import superelevation into a profile 1 2 3 Define a transition point at the same location as the superelevation region point. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Superelevation Parameters to display the Superelevation Control dialog box. Under Superelevation Toggles, clear the Superelevation calculations check box. 6 This allows the outer edge of the superelevation region to be completely controlled by the transition profile elevations. Click OK to display the Save Status dialog box.
3 All of the superelevation method names and brief descriptions of each are listed. Click OK to return to the Superelevation Control dialog box Outputting the Superelevation Data To ouput the superelevation data 1 2 3 4 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Superelevation Parameters to display the Superelevation Control dialog box. Click Output to generate the report. The command prompts for the output file name. Accept the default output file name, or enter a new name.
2 Enter the starting and ending stations of the range to be edited, and then click OK. The range can be any subset of the entire alignment. Use a subset of the alignment to apply different templates to different ranges of stations or to do specialty transitions. The defaults are the starting and ending stations of the current alignment. The stations that determine the desired range must be entered as decimal values.
Superelevating Compound and Reverse Curves You can use the Superelevation Curve Edit dialog box to establish settings for compound and reverse curves that you want to superelevate. Superelevating Compound Curves In order to superelevate compound curves, the end station of curve 1 must be the same as the start station of curve 2. When these stations match, all Transition Out data for curve 1 is ignored and the runout for the Transition In for curve 2 is ignored.
NOTE 7 8 9 Autodesk Civil Design ignores all Transition Out data for curve 1. Therefore, it is better to set these values at 0 for the sake of clarity. Click the Next button to display the Superelevation Curve Edit dialog box for curve 2. Repeat step 4 for curve 2. Repeat Transition In by doing the following for curve 2: n n n Set the Runout to 0. Set Runoff to a runoff distance of your choice. Set % runoff to a runoff percentage of your choice.
The following shows the superelevation data for curve 2 entered into the Superelevation Curve Edit dialog box: Example of Superelevating Compound Curves Separated by Tangents or Spirals If you are working with compound curves where the point of tangency (PT) of curve 1 is not the same station as the point of curvature (PC) of curve 2, superelevation cannot be applied correctly in the transition between curve 1 and curve 2.
The following example depicts a compound curve separated by a 40m tangent. The PT of curve 1 is 20+00 and the PC of curve 2 is 20+40. The End Station of curve 1 and the Start Station of curve 2 have been changed to 2020, which forces Autodesk Civil Design to treat the curve-tangent-curve as a compound curve with the 0% cross slope applied at 20+20.
Example of Superelevating Complex Compound Curves In complex compound curves, there is a combination of alignment entities between curve 1 and curve 2. This situation may occur during the design of complex highway exit ramps where curve 1 and curve 2 are separated by a spiral-tangent-spiral. You can superelevate a complex compound curve by modifying the End Station of curve 1 and the Start Station of curve 2 to match a common station within the spiral-tangent-spiral.
10 Under Transition Out, you can enter any values for Runout, Runoff, and % runoff. 11 Click OK to exit the Superelevation Curve Edit dialog box. 12 Click OK to exit the Superelevation Control dialog box. 13 Click Yes to save your changes. For information on superelevating reverse curves that are separated by tangents or spirals, see Superelevating Reverse Curves Separated by Tangents or Spirals in this chapter.
The following example depicts a reverse curve separated by a 40m tangent. The PT of curve 1 is 20+00 and the PC of curve 2 is 20+40. The End Station of curve 1 and the Start Station of curve 2 have been changed to 2020, which forces Autodesk Civil Design to treat the curve-tangent-curve as a reverse curve with the 0% cross slope applied at 20+20.
Example of Superelevating Complex Reverse Curves Complex reverse curves are a combination of alignment entities that exist between two curves. An example of complex reverse curves occurs when designing complex highway exit ramps, where curve 1 and curve 2 are separated by a spiral-tangent-spiral. You can superelevate a complex reverse curve by modifying the End Station of curve 1 and the Start Station of curve 2 to equal a common station within the spiral-tangent-spiral.
NOTE The values in this dialog box are for display only, you cannot edit them. 2 Click the Next, Previous, and Station buttons to move between stations. 3 When you click Station, the Station Entry dialog box is displayed. Type the value for the station you want to see, and then click OK. Click Benches to view the left and right bench information. 4 In the Benches dialog box, click the Next, Previous, and Station buttons to move between stations.
NOTE The values in this dialog box are for display only; you cannot edit them. 2 Click the Next, Previous, and Station buttons to move between stations. 3 When you click Station, the Station Entry dialog box is displayed. Type the value for the station you want to see, and then click OK. Click OK to exit the command.
If the Warning: Station: {Station} No vertical exists error message is displayed, then a finished ground vertical alignment is not defined at that station. If the "Station: {Station} No cross section defined" error message is displayed, then ground cross section information does not exist. To remedy this error, use the Sample From Surface or Sample From File command to sample the cross section information. 3 4 Click Print To File to print the error messages to a file.
The Control option uses a screen similar to the one used by the Edit Design Control command, except that here it only affects the current station. Another difference is that profiles and alignments cannot be attached in this screen. You can make edits to the template, ditch, benches, or slope control. Designing and Editing Roadway Ditches with Templates and Cross Sections To design and edit ditches, use the View/Edit Sections command on the Cross Sections menu.
n n The Depth from Hinge check box controls how the depth of the ditch is measured. When this option is selected, the depth of the ditch is measured down from the top of the ditch foreslope. When this option is cleared, the depth is measured down from the finished ground centerline reference point. Base elevation: Enter the true elevation of the bottom of the ditch. If you use this option, the elevations are usually retrieved from the profile using the Attach profiles option.
Changing the Ditch Slope You can make changes to a single section or a range of sections. Generally, you use the View/Edit Sections commands to change single section and use the Edit Design Control commands to make changes to a range of sections. To change the ditch slope for one section 1 2 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections. View the station at which you want to make the edits by choosing the Sta option at the command prompt and entering a station value.
NOTE 4 Any changes made using this option only affect the current station. To make changes that affect a whole range of stations, use the Edit Design Control command. Type D for the Ditch option. The following prompt is displayed: Actual/Control/dSlope/dElev/dWidth/dPos/Id/Mslope/eXit/Undo/Zoom/ : 5 6 Type E for dElev (Ditch Elevation) to graphically edit the elevation of the ditch. Select a point on the screen that is at the desired elevation.
7 8 Press ENTER to accept the width, or enter a new value. The dWidth option only edits the ditch on the side of the alignment where you selected the points. Repeat as needed for the other side. Press ENTER twice to select any other station to edit and repeat steps 2 to 6, or press ENTER repeatedly until you have exited the View/Edit Sections command. Changing the Ditch Offset and Depth You can make changes to a single section or a range of sections.
Changing the Match Slope You can make changes to a single section or a range of sections. Generally, you use the View/Edit Sections commands to change single section and use the Edit Design Control commands to make changes to a range of sections. To change the match slope for one section 1 2 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections. View the station at which you want to make the edits by choosing the Sta option at the command prompt and entering a station value.
edits with this command, the command automatically processes the design cross sections. Use this command alternately with the View/Edit Sections command to edit the cross sections. Whereas you specify a range of stations to edit with the Edit Design Control command, you can edit each section individually with the View/Edit Sections command. Prerequisites for Using the View/Edit Sections Command to Edit Cross Sections To define a template for cross sections 1 2 3 4 5 6 Define the horizontal alignment.
Choosing which Cross Section Station to Edit To choose which cross section station to edit 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections to display the cross section for the first station and the following prompt: Actual/Design/Edit/Id/Next/Previous/eXit/Sta/View/Zoom : 2 Do one of the following to choose the cross section station that you want to edit: n n n 3 Type P for Previous to view the cross section for the previous station.
2 Type V for View to display the Template View Settings Editor dialog box. 3 Under Toggles, do the following to control the components that are displayed in the View/Edit Sections command: n Select Existing Ground to view the existing ground. The number displayed in the edit box next to this check box indicates the color this item is displayed with.
NOTE 4 Under Grid Values, enter the grid values for the following options: n n n n 5 Offset incr: Enter a value in this edit box for the horizontal grid spacing. Elevation incr: Enter a value in this edit box for the vertical grid spacing. Offset prec: Enter a value in this edit box to set the precision for the displayed offsets. Elevation prec: Enter a value in this edit box to set the precision for the vertical grid text.
n n Type V for View to open the Template View Settings Editor, where you can change the zoom scale factor. Type W for Window, then select two points to define a window to zoom into. NOTE If the zoom scale factor is set to one, then the Zoom In and Zoom Out options are not effective. Changing the Design Control Values for One Section To edit values pertaining to the current station 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections.
Changing the Template Control for One Section To change the template control for one section 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections. The following prompt is displayed: Actual/Design/Edit/Id/Next/Previous/eXit/Sta/View/Zoom : 2 3 Type Sta at the command prompt, and then enter a station value. Type E for Edit to access the editing options.
Editing the Template Transitions As part of specifying the template parameters to use for processing cross sections, you must edit the transitioning for the template. You can choose to edit the transitions for a range of sections, or for one section at a time. Changing the Template Transitions for One Section at a Time NOTE To apply transitions, you need to define the transition regions on the template.
The Transitions dialog box displays the left and right transition offset and elevation values: n n 7 8 9 Chapter 4 392 If you attach a horizontal alignment, then the offset value is listed in the First (or appropriate numbered) Offset edit box, for the right or left side accordingly. If you attach a vertical alignment, then the elevation value is listed in the First (or whatever number of profile attached) Elevation edit box, for the right or left side accordingly.
10 Click OK to close the Template Control dialog box. 11 Click OK to close the Control Editor dialog box. Changing the Left and Right Transition Regions for One Section To edit the left or right transition regions of the current station 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose View/Edit Sections. The following prompt is displayed: Actual/Design/Edit/Id/Next/Previous/eXit/Sta/View/Zoom : NOTE 2 3 If you havent selected a current alignment, then you are prompted to select an alignment.
9 changed by the command automatically. Use this option so that the cross fall of features, such as the driving lane, does not change as the lane widens or narrows. The command edits the section and returns the prompt to the transition options. Press ENTER twice to select any other station to edit and repeat steps 3-8, or press ENTER repeatedly until you have exited the View/Edit Sections command.
Using the Cross Section Elements in a Plan Alignment When you attach a transition or ditch line to the cross sections, you may find that you need to make edits to the offset and elevational data at specific sections. After editing the ditch and transition cross section information, you can use commands in the Ditch/Transition submenu on the Cross Sections menu to import this information into the plan or profile view, and then redefine the alignments.
4 Accept the default station range to import or enter new values. The plan line is then imported. Repeat the command as needed for each horizontal alignment you need to import. The transition or ditch lines are imported as straight line segments on the current layer. They do not become alignments automatically. Use the Define Plan Alignment command from the Ditch/Transition submenu to turn the entities into a defined horizontal alignment.
Editing a Ditch or Transition Horizontal Alignment After you have defined the ditch or transition as an alignment, use the Edit Plan Alignment command to edit it. To edit a ditch or transition horizontal alignment n From the Cross Sections menu, choose Ditch/Transition ä Edit Plan Alignment to display the Horizontal Alignment Editor with the current alignment data. For more information, see Using the Cross Section Elements in a Plan Alignment in this chapter.
original definition then redefine the alignment. You can also import these lines strictly for plotting purposes. If the outer edge of the superelevation region on the template was also defined as a transition point, then you can also import the left and right superelevation profiles onto the appropriate transition layers. NOTE The import lines are drawn as straight line segments between each section station. For horizontal alignments it may be necessary to replace some lines with arc segments.
After you have imported the transition, ditch, or superelevation lines, you can edit them, redefine them with the Define Profile Alignment command, then reattach them to the cross sections using the Edit Design Control command. Importing the Superelevation into a Profile Profiles do not directly support superelevation because superelevation is based on grade, not elevation. However, you do have the option of converting the superelevation information to a transition so that you can import it to the profile.
To define a ditch or transition as a vertical alignment 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Ditch/Transition ä Define Profile Alignment. The following prompt is displayed: Select profile (Center/Left/Right)
: 2 Select the type of profile alignment you want to define by typing the appropriate letter. Type R or L for Right or Left to display a prompt similar to the following: Select left profile (Ditch/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8) <1>: 3 Type D for Ditch, or enter the appropriate number for a transition.Outputting and Importing Template Points You can use the commands on the Point Output submenu on the Cross Sections menu to import existing ground, top surface finished ground, datum points, or template point codes into the drawing. The points are imported as LDD point objects on the current layer. The template points are based on the defined datum or top surface points. Ditch and slope points are also can be imported.
4 Specify the type of surface points to import: n n n n 5 Existing: Bring in the points from the existing ground cross section data for specified swath width. Datum: Import the points defining the volume datum line, including the ditch and slope points. The Datum option prompts for the datum number. The default number is one (1). Top: Import points along the top surface of the applied template, including the ditch and slope points. The Top option prompts for the top surface number.
The following illustration shows imported finished ground points: Imported template point codes detail Outputting the Template Point Data to a File To write the template points data to a file, use the Tplate Points To File command on the Cross Sections menu. This command creates an output that is 80 characters wide. The file contains the station, offset, and elevation information for each point.
information, see Outputting the Template Point Data to a File or Outputting Finished Ground Information in this chapter. 5 The Tplate Points To File command prompts for beginning and ending stations to determine the range of the output. The default values indicate the entire alignment. Accept the default beginning and ending stations to determine the range of the output, or enter new values.
2 Accept the default beginning and ending stations to determine the range of the output, or enter new values. If the end station entered is less than the start station, then a message is displayed on the command line, stating: The station range you entered is not valid. Press any key to continue} The information is written to an ASCII file using the file name indicated. You can view or edit this file using any ASCII text editor, such as Notepad or Wordpad.
To import the catch points and daylight lines into the drawing 1 2 3 4 5 Process the cross sections with the Edit Design Control command, if you haven't done so already. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Point Output ä Catch Points To DWG. Specify whether to import catch points and/or daylight lines in the next two prompts. The catch points and daylight lines are broken into separate prompts so you can bring them in together or individually.
3 4 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Point Output ä Catch Points To File. Specify the range of stations for the catch points to be written to the file. If the end station entered is less than the start station, then a message is displayed on the command line, stating: The station range you entered is not valid. Press any key to continue} The catch points are written for every cross section station within the specified range. The starting station must be less than the end station.
Plotting and Outputting the Cross Sections The Section Plot submenu on the Cross Sections menu contains commands you can use to plot cross sections in the drawing and output finished design information. Use these commands to do the following: plot cross sections to a drawing; label various aspects of the cross sections; list information about selected cross section parameters; create a three-dimensional grid; and import points to the drawing or to a file.
n Title: Select this check box to place a title on the report: Project: testing Wed Feb 25 10:09:39 1998 Horizontal Alignment PI Station Report. Alignment: Road1 Desc: Subdivision access road n Page Breaks: Select this check box to place page breaks in the report. When you select this check box, and create a Screen report, the text window displays only the first page of the information, and then the command prompts you to press a key to continue.
4 Under Output Format, specify the following information: 5 Page Length: Type the number of rows of type you want to have on each page in this box. The spacing is measured in characters. This setting only applies if the Page Breaks check box is selected and applies to File output. n Page Width: Type the number of characters you want to have across each page in this box. This setting only applies to File output. If the report is set up to report information in columns, this setting is ignored.
Changing the Cross Section Plotting Settings To set the default layers and precision for cross sections 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Plot ä Settings to display the Cross Section Plotting Settings dialog box. 2 Select the Existing Ground, Template, Datum, Grid, Grid Text, and ROW lines check boxes to select the cross section elements to be plotted. Use the adjacent edit boxes to enter layer names.
Changing the Section Layout Settings for Plotting Cross Sections To change the section layout settings for plotting cross sections 1 2 3 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Plot ä Settings to display the Cross Section Plotting Settings dialog box. Click Section Layout to display the Section Layout dialog box. Use the increment edit boxes to adjust the increments for inserting the cross sections on the drawing.
5 Use the last two settings displayed in the Section Layout dialog box to control the rows below datum and rows above maximum. These values control how many extra grid cells are plotted with the cross section: n n 6 Rows below datum: Enter the number of rows of grid cells that should be placed below the datum. Rows above max: Enter the number of rows of grid cells that should be placed above the highest point on either the existing ground or the template.
minimum. This value is keyed to the values entered for the offset increment and elevation increment in the previous section. n Top margin: Enter the distance between the top edge of the sheet and the border in plotted units (inches or millimeters). The top margin is a minimum. This value is keyed to the values entered for the offset increment and elevation increment in the previous section.
Changing the Text Size for the Plotted Section Labels NOTE You can also use the Set Text Style command in Drawing Setup to change the text size for labels. To set the current text size for labels 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Plot ä Set Text Style to display the Text Style dialog box. 2 3 To set a new style, select the style name. Click OK to exit the Text Style Selection dialog box. To use a style that is not on the list, create it with the AutoCAD STYLE command.
station. If the station lies outside the range of sampled stations, then you are prompted to enter another station. In addition, a message is displayed at the command prompt, stating Station entered is not within the alignment. 3 You are prompted to pick the bottom insertion point. Pick the bottom insertion point. This is the point at the bottom of the cross section where the centerline of the alignment intersects the lowest elevation grid line (even if grids are not imported).
3 Decide whether to import the page(s) into the current drawing by doing one of the following: If you } Then type} want to import pages into the current drawing Y for Yes and enter a starting station. do not want to import pages into the current drawing NOTE Enter a starting station and a sheet origin point. The starting station for the first plotted section and the lower left corner of the sheet are prompted for regardless of where the cross sections are being imported.
The following illustration shows a drawing with all the cross section pages imported: Multiple drawing file of cross section pages Importing All Plotted Cross Sections into a Drawing The Section Plot ä All command draws the cross sections in columns from bottom to top and left to right. The command uses the sheet height from the plotting settings to determine the maximum height to plot the sections.
The following illustration shows cross sections imported with the All command: All cross sections imported in one drawing Erasing a Cross Section Each new cross section that you plot also has an accompanying definition block inserted with it. This block holds information such as layer names and vertical scales. Whenever you erase a cross section using an AutoCAD command, you should also erase the definition block. You can do this by using the Undefine Section command.
the cross sections, then inaccuracies may occur when zooming to, listing information from, or labeling these cross sections. NOTE Many of the Section Utilities commands require that a current cross section is set. Use Select by Station, Select by Point, Zoom to Station or Zoom to Point commands to set the current section. Choosing the Current Cross Section by Entering a Station Number You can use the Section Utilities ä Select By Station command to set the current cross section using an entered station.
Zooming to a Cross Section by Entering a Station Number To zoom to a cross section by entering a station number 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä Zoom To Station. The command searches the drawing for defined sections. The following prompt is displayed: Station: 2 Enter the station number. A command prompt similar to the following prompt is displayed: Zoom height <6155.42737008>: 3 Enter the height of the zoom window.
2 3 Select the point to list, or enter the coordinates of the point. You can use object snaps to help you select the point. The command displays the offset and elevation of the selected point. Select additional points to list, or press ENTER to end the command. Listing the Slope, Grade, and Elevational Difference on a Cross Section To list the slope, grade, and elevational difference of points selected on plotted cross sections 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä List Slope/Grade.
Labeling Cross Sections The defaults and actual prompt structures for the Label commands vary depending on whether or not you have run the commands previously in the drawing session. All of the Label commands use the default values and the options used the last time the command was run. Each of the command descriptions shown in this section describe the command prompts and defaults as they appear the first time you run the command during a drawing session.
Labeling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Automatically To automatically label the offset of a selected point on a plotted cross section 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä Label Offset. The command lists the starting and ending stations and the current section. The following prompt is displayed: Text rotation angle <0d0’0”>: 2 Enter the text rotation angle for the offset label, or press ENTER to accept the default.
The following illustration shows the effect of using the Random option: Offset label using the random option Labeling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually To label the offset of the cross section points manually 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä Label Offset. The command lists the starting and ending stations and the current section.
5 Specify the insertion options: If you} want to change the rotation angle of the label Then} type Rotation. Use the Rotation option to change the rotation angle of the label you are placing. If you do not specify anything for this option, a rotation angle entered in step 1 is used while labeling the offset. You can either pick two points to define a new rotation angle, or you can enter a numeric angle value at the prompt.
The following illustration shows the effect of the Point option: Point option The following illustration shows the effect of the Leader option: Leader option Labeling the Elevation of the Cross Section Points Manually This command uses the same prompt structure as the Label Offset command. Instead of labeling points with offsets, the Label Elevation command places elevation labels. To label the elevation of cross section points 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä Label Elevation.
3 Type M to use the Manual option. 4 You are prompted for a point. Select the point to be labeled. The following prompt is displayed: Insertion point (Rotation/Leader): 5 Specify the insertion options: If you} want to change the rotation angle of the label want to change the label leader Then} type Rotation. For more information, see Labeling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. type Leader.
4 Specify the type of text orientation: n n 5 Type R to use the Random option, and then select a point to label. The label appears at the point you selected. Type L to use the Linear option. Select a point to define the line (parallel to the X axis and passing through this point) on which the label will appear, and then select a point to label. The label appears at the point of perpendicularity between the selected point to label and label line defined above.
5 Specify the insertion options: If you} want to change the rotation angle of the label want to change the label leader Then} type Rotation. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. type Leader. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. do not want to specify these options 6 7 go to step 6.
5 Specify the insertion options: If you} want to change the rotation angle of the label want to change the label leader Then} type Rotation. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. type Leader. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. do not want to specify these options 6 7 8 go to step 6. Pick a point for the Second leader point. The command prompt asks for the Next point.
5 Specify the insertion options: If you} want to change the rotation angle of the label want to change the label leader Then} type Rotation. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. type Leader. For more information, see Labelling the Offset of the Cross Section Points Manually in this chapter. do not want to specify these options 6 7 8 go to step 6. Pick a point for the Second leader point. The command prompt asks for the Next point.
6 Select another area to label, or press ENTER to end the command. The label is placed on the current layer. Drawing Polylines on Plotted Cross Sections To draw polylines on plotted cross sections n From the Cross Sections menu, choose Section Utilities ä Draw Polyline. This command is identical to the Draw Template command from the Template menu.
To set the volume adjustment factors 1 2 3 4 5 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Design Control ä Volume Adjustment Factors to display the Volume Adjustment Editor dialog box. The information generated in the Volume Adjustment Editor is stored in an ASCII file named after the current alignment with the .acn file extension. This file is saved in the \align subfolder of the project folder. You can edit the information saved in this file using any text editor, provided it is saved as ASCII text.
Calculating the Volume Data and Displaying the Results in a Table The Volume Table command calculates the cut and fill volumes of a range of cross sections and creates a table of the data generated. To calculate the cut and fill volumes of a range of cross sections and create a table of the data generated 1 2 Generate the cross section areas using the Edit Design Control command, if you haven't done so already. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Total Volume Output ä Volume Table.
NOTE 6 7 For a material that expands 15 percent, enter the value 1.15. For a material that shrinks to 93 percent of its original value, enter the value 0.93. A factor of 1.00 does not adjust the volumes. Specify the range of stations. The defaults for the beginning and ending stations are based on the beginning and ending stations of the current alignment. Accept the default, or enter a different range of stations. Select the insertion point of the table when you are prompted to do so.
The prismoidal method calculation is: Total sum of cut (or fill) area at first station (A1), cut (or fill) area at second station (A2) plus the square root value of A1*A2. Divide the total sum by 3 and multiply by the distance between the two sections. 4 A prompt is displayed asking if you would like to use curve correction. Specify whether to use curve correction: n n Type Y to use curve correction. Type N to skip this option.
Calculating the Volume Data and Saving It to a Text File You can write volume data to an ASCII text file using the To File command. To calculate volume data and save it to a text file 1 2 Generate cross sections with the Edit Design Control command, if you haven't done so already. From the Cross Sections menu, choose Total Volume Output ä To File.
6 7 Specify the range of stations. The defaults for the beginning and ending stations are based on the beginning and ending stations of the current alignment. Accept the default, or enter a different range of stations. You are prompted to enter a file name. Specify an output file name. Include the path and extension when entering the file name. The default path and filename is set in Output Settings. The To File command produces the output file.
3 Specify the volume computation type: Prismoidal or Avgendarea: n n Average End Area Calculation: For the average end method, the calculations for volumes takes the area of cut or fill at one station plus the area of the cut or fill at the next station divided by two, multiplied by the distance between the stations. The commands calculate all data from the actual values, but the reported values are rounded to the volume precision of your choice.
The following prompt is displayed: Vertical scale (cu. yds.) <1.00>: 8 Specify the vertical scale, depending on how much cut and fill the alignment has. The default value is local to the station range specified. The vertical scale is per plotted inch/millimeter based on the horizontal scale factor. The command then draws the mass haul diagram. The volume balance line is placed on the MDBAL layer. The vertical and horizontal grid lines are placed on the MDGRID layer.
To calculate the volume data for each template surface 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose Surface Volume Output ä Template Surface.
6 Specify the range of stations. The defaults for the beginning and ending stations are based on the beginning and ending stations of the current alignment. Accept the default or enter a different range of stations. The command passes through sections determining surface conditions. The command reports the surfaces it is calculating as it is generating the report. The material volumes reported are based on the material description assigned to each surface when you defined the template.
n area of the cut or fill at the next station divided by two, multiplied by the distance between the stations. The commands calculate all data from the actual values, but the reported values are rounded to the volume precision of your choice. Prismoidal Calculation: The prismoidal method of calculating volumes is more accurate than the average end area method. However, this technique involves a more complicated calculation and may take a longer time to process.
The following example shows a typical subsurface volume report. A summary of the total volumes of cut for each existing subsurface is reported at the end of the file: page 1 Hillsboro Bypass Phase 2 Project: ROUTE202 Tue Nov 2 17:00:00 1999 Alignment: 202CL SURFACE: clay SUBSURFACE AVGENDAREA VOLUME LISTING WITH CURVE CORRECTION Station Area (sqft) Volume (yds) Tot Vol (yds) -------------------------------------------------------------10+00 80.33 147.76 147.76 10+50 79.26 146.03 293.79 11+00 78.45 139.
The following prompt is displayed: Use of curve correction (Yes/No) : 4 Specify whether to use curve correction: n n Type Y to use curve correction. Type N to skip this option. In normal volume calculations, the length between the end areas on horizontal curves is taken from the length along the centerline curve. With curve correction in use, the length is taken from the path of the average centroid of the areas for a more accurate result.
The following is a sample temple volume report: page 1 Hillsboro Bypass Phase 2 Project: ROUTE202 Tue Nov 2 17:00:00 1999 Alignment: 202CL SURFACE: eg STRIP CATCH, AVGENDAREA VOLUME LISTING WITH CURVE CORRECTION Station Area (sqft) Volume (yds) Tot Vol (yds) -------------------------------------------------------------10+00 14.87 29.19 29.19 10+50 16.68 53.94 83.13 11+00 43.71 109.61 192.74 11+50 76.16 135.85 328.59 12+00 70.59 143.59 472.
5 Specify the volume computation type, Prismoidal or Avgendarea: n n Average End Area Calculation: For the average end method, the calculations for volumes takes the area of cut or fill at one station plus the area of the cut or fill at the next station divided by two, multiplied by the distance between the stations. The commands calculate all data from the actual values, but the reported values are rounded to the volume precision of your choice.
Creating a 3-Dimensional Grid Based on Cross Sections The 3D Grid command imports the section surface data along the alignment as 3D faces on the layer RDGRID, and can assign the 3D grid a vertical exaggeration as it is imported. You can import the top, datum, and existing ground surfaces using this command. This command is useful when a 3D surface model needs to be generated (rendering, for example). To create a 3-dimensional grid based on cross sections 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose 3D Grid.
NOTE The 3D grid is created on the RDGRID layer. If you want to create 3D grids for both existing and finished ground surfaces, then create the existing ground grid and move it to a different layer, such as EGRDGRID. Then create the finished ground grid. Outputting the Section Data for Use in Other Software Programs The ASCII File Output commands on the Cross Sections menu provide raw data for cross sections and volumes.
3 Under Output Format, select or clear the following check boxes: n Date: Select this check box to place the date on the report: Wed Feb 25 10:09:39 1998 n Title: Select this check box to place a title on the report: Project: testing Wed Feb 25 10:09:39 1998 Horizontal Alignment PI Station Report. Alignment: Road1 Desc: Subdivision access road n Page Breaks: Select this check box to place page breaks in the report.
n 4 Overwrite File: To overwrite a file, either select the Overwrite File check box to overwrite a file if it already exists, or clear the Overwrite File check box to append new information to the end of an existing file. Under Output Format, specify the following information: Page Length: Type the number of rows of type you want to have on each page in this box. The spacing is measured in characters. This setting only applies if the Page Breaks check box is selected and applies to File output.
2 Specify the output folder for the information: n n Accept the default, c:\Land Projects R2\\align Enter a different folder The following prompt is displayed: Enter filename to output: 3 Specify the output file name. When entering the file name, be sure to include the extension. If the file already exists, a prompt is displayed asking whether or not to overwrite the file: n n 4 Type Y for Yes to overwrite the existing file.
To view samples of section data output files, see Section Data for a Range of Stations Sample Output File in this chapter. Section Data for a Range of Stations - Sample Output File The following text shows the format for the ASCII text file.
Outputting the Total Volume Data to an ASCII File To output the total volume data to an ASCII text file 1 From the Cross Sections menu, choose ASCII File Output ä Total Volume. A prompt similar to the following is displayed: Directory to output to \align\>: NOTE If you do not currently have an alignment selected, then you are prompted to select one.
The following prompt is displayed: Use curve correction (Yes/No) : 6 Specify whether to use curve correction: n n Type Y to use curve correction. Type N to skip this option. In normal volume calculations, the length between the end areas on horizontal curves is taken from the length along the centerline curve. With curve correction in use, the length is taken from the path of the average centroid of the areas for a more accurate result.
Total Volume Data - Sample Output File The following text shows the format for the ASCII text file: Alignment name volume type,curve correction,adjustment factors,cut factor, fill factor int sta,ext sta,cut area,cut centroid,cut volume,cumulative cut vol, fill area,fill centroid, fill volume,cumulative fill vol,mass ordinate, radius,radius halfway to next station The format for an ASCII text file consists of the following components: n n The internal station is the original station value as the alignment
3 4 Specify the file name. When entering the file name, be sure to include the extension. If the file already exists, a prompt is displayed asking whether or not to overwrite the file. On the command line, type Y or N: n n Type Y for Yes to overwrite the existing file. Type N for No to show the command prompt for the folder and file name again.
NOTE 8 The values you enter against these prompts are not used in calculating the template surface volumes. The adjustment factors entered in the Design Control ä Volume Adjustment Factors command are used exclusively. If no data is entered for any or all of the template surfaces, then an adjustment factor of 1 is applied. Specify the range of stations. The defaults for the beginning and ending stations are based on the beginning and ending stations of the current alignment.
Volume Data for Template Surfaces - Sample Output File The following text shows the format for the ASCII text file: Alignment name report type,volume type,curve correction,adjustment factors,catch/ROW surface,int sta,ext sta,area,centroid,adjustment factor,volume,cumulative volume,radius,radius half way to next sta The format for an ASCII text file consists of the following format: n n The internal station is the original station value as the alignment was defined, before station equations are used.
The following prompt is displayed: Enter filename to output: 3 Specify the file name. 4 When entering the file name, be sure to include the extension. If the file already exists, a prompt is displayed asking whether or not to overwrite the file. On the command line, type Y or N: n n Type Y for Yes to overwrite the existing file. Type N for No to show the command prompt for the folder and file name again.
NOTE 8 The values you enter against these prompts are not used in calculating the subsurface volumes. The adjustment factors entered in the Design Control ä Volume Adjustment Factors command are used exclusively. If no data is entered for any or all of the surfaces, then an adjustment factor of 1 is applied. Specify the range of stations. The defaults for the beginning and ending stations are based on the beginning and ending stations of the current alignment.
Outputting the Strip Volume Data for the Strip Surface to an ASCII File The ASCII File Output ä Strip Surface command writes the strip volumes of the specified surface to an ASCII text file. This command can also write the strip volumes of all surfaces above a selected surface to an ASCII text file. NOTE In order to use this command, subsurfaces must exist through the use of Multiple Surfaces or Interpolation Control of existing ground cross sections.
The prismoidal method calculation is: Total sum of cut (or fill) area at first station (A1), cut (or fill) area at second station (A2) plus the square root value of A1*A2. Divide the total sum by 3 and multiply by the distance between the two sections. 6 A prompt is displayed asking if you want to use curve correction. Specify whether to use curve correction: n n Type Y to use curve correction. Type N to skip this option.
Stripping Volume Data for the Strip Surface - Sample Output File The following text shows the format for the ASCII text file: Alignment name report type,volume type,curve correction,adjustment factors,catch/ROW surface,int sta,ext sta,area,centroid,adjustment factor,volume,cumulative volume,radius,radius half way to next sta The format for an ASCII text file consists of the following components: n n The internal station is the original station value as the alignment was defined, before station equations
5 Working with Hydrology Commands In this chapter n Calculating channel values n Calculating culvert size and shape n Calculating pipe values n Using Manning´s n, DarcyWeisbach, and HazenWilliams equations n Calculating weir values n Calculating riser values n Calculating runoff from watershed areas n Outputting hydrology data Use the Hydrology commands to calculate runoff from watersheds and to design hydraulic structures for controlling watershed runoff.
Hydrology Overview Autodesk Civil Design provides a set of tools you can use to perform a hydrological analysis of a site and to design hydraulic structures to control postdevelopment runoff. You can use AutoCAD Land Development Desktop to create the terrain model and calculate the watershed subareas of the site, and then you can use one of four Autodesk Civil Design runoff calculation methods to determine the peak discharge and hydrograph for the chosen design storms.
Sample Hydrology Files sample.clt Culvert file sample.gpd Graphical Peak Discharge file (TR-55 Graphical) sample.rat Rational Method file sample.sim Storage Indication Method file sample.tab TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method file stgdis.sdc Stage Discharge Curve stgstr.ssc Stage Storage Curve postdev.hdc Post-Development Hydrograph predev.hdc Pre-Development Hydrograph post-dev.tab TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method file orange.idf Intensity Duration Frequency file hec205.
A message appears at the bottom of the dialog box if an error is made when entering data. If there is more than one error, an error message dialog box is displayed. You can use the calculators in two different ways, independently or nested. Each calculator has its own command you can use to run the calculator and save the values to a file. In addition, you can access the required calculators from within other dialog boxes.
To calculate the rectangular channel values 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Channels ä Rectangular to display the Rectangular Channel Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the channel value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Slope, Mannings n, and Depth of Flow. NOTE 3 Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate in this step, leave the Flowrate text box at 0.
9 In the Bottom Width box, type a bottom width for the channel. The box in the top right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined channel. Based on the values you entered, information about the channel is calculated and displayed below the channel graphic. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE If the data you entered has an error, the channel graphic image does not appear. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box.
Displaying the Calculated Critical Values Critical depth is the depth of flow in an open channel for which specific energy is at a minimum value. While in any of the channel calculator dialog boxes, you can view the calculated critical depth value of a channel by clicking the Critical button at the bottom of the dialog box. To display the calculated critical values of a channel 1 Click Critical at the bottom of the Channel Calculator dialog box to display the Critical Information dialog box.
Outputting the Data to a Text or WK1 File When you select either Rectangular, Trapezoidal, or Advanced on the Channels menu, the respective channel calculator dialog box is displayed. Each of these dialog boxes has an Output button located at the bottom. Click this button to output data to a file. To output the data to a file 1 2 Click Output at the bottom of the channel calculator dialog box to display the Output format dialog box. Choose your output type by clicking Text or Wk1.
Displaying a Quick Graph of the Data When you select either Rectangular, Trapezoidal, or Advanced on the Channels menu, the respective channel calculator dialog box is displayed. Each of these dialog boxes has a Plot button located at the bottom of the channel calculator. Click this button to display a graph of flow versus depth. To display a quick graph of the data 1 Click Plot on the current dialog box. The graph displays in a separate dialog box. This information is for display only.
Displaying Depth Versus Flow Data on a Graph When you select either Rectangular, Trapezoidal, or Advanced on the Channels menu, the respective channel calculator dialog box is displayed. Each of these dialog boxes has a Rating button located at the bottom of the channel calculator. Click this button to calculate and display the depth versus flow data. To calculate and display the depth versus flow data 1 Click Rating from the current dialog box to display the Rating Table Setup dialog box.
Calculating Trapezoidal Channel Values Use the Trapezoidal Channel Calculator to solve for values for trapezoidal channels. The following illustration shows trapezoidal channel values: Trapezoidal channel values To calculate the trapezoidal channel values 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Channels ä Trapezoidal to display the Trapezoidal Channel Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the channel value you want to calculate.
NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate in this step, leave the Flowrate text box at 0. After you enter the other values, the program solves for the Flowrate. 3 Select the Critical Depth Check check box to have a warning message box display if the flow depth is below the critical depth. 4 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the channel. 5 In the Slope box, type a slope for the channel.
To calculate the rectangular channel values 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Channels ä Advanced to display the Advanced Channel Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the channel value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Slope, Mannings n, and Depth of Flow. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate in this step, leave the Flowrate text box at 0.
11 In the Left Slope and Right Slope boxes, type a left and a right slope value. You can also click Select to specify the slope values by selecting points on the drawing. These values can be zero. The box in the top right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined channel. Based on the values you entered, information about the channel is calculated and displayed below the channel graphic. This information is for display only and cannot be edited.
Items you need to size a culvert: n n n n n n n n n Tailwater (depth of water measured above the outlet invert) Length of culvert Diameter Flow Mannings n Roadway elevation (used to check for roadway overtopping) Inlet elevation Outlet elevation Culvert entrance conditions You can use the Culvert Calculator command to design circular and box culverts. You can include roadway overtopping in the calculations, and you can base the calculations on inlet, outlet, or optimum control.
To calculate culvert size and shape 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Culvert Calculator to display the Culvert Design dialog box. TIP 2 Configure the culvert settings. For more information on configuring the culvert settings, see the following section, Changing the Culvert Settings. NOTE 3 4 Click Load to load an existing culvert file to view or modify it. Or, you can click New to clear existing data from the Culvert Design dialog box. You should always check the culvert settings.
6 7 In the Diameter box, type a diameter for circular culverts, or a height for box culverts. You can also click Select and select a diameter height from a data table. The data table comes with preset settings that you can customize. In the Width box, type a width for the box culvert. You can also click Select and select a width from a data table. The data table comes with preset settings that you can customize. NOTE This edit box is not available if you selected Circular as the culvert barrel shape.
14 Save and output the culvert data and view curves: If you want to} Then click save the culvert calculation Save. display a summary of the culvert calculation Input. display a performance curve P-Curve. display a headwater vs. flow curve Fit-Plot. create an output report Output. 15 Click OK to exit the dialog box. Changing the Culvert Settings You can change the general settings for your current culvert design, such as the flowrate range and the number of barrels for the culvert.
2 Do one of the following to one of the three available control options: n n n 3 4 5 6 7 Select Inlet to calculate the culvert design for inlet control.For more information, see the following section, Specifying the Inlet Control Type. Select Outlet to calculate the culvert design for outlet control. Select Optimum to let the program determine which control is optimum for calculating the culvert design. Under Outlet Control, type a coefficient in the Entrance Loss box.
You can add entrance loss coefficients to the table by using the following guidelines: n n 3 Click Insert to add a new row above the row you currently have selected. To add data, select an empty text box and type the new description and coefficient. Click OK to return to the Culvert Settings dialog box. Specifying the Inlet Control Type From the Inlet Control Types dialog box, you can select an inlet control for the culvert, such as headwalls or wingwalls.
Loading an Existing Culvert File The Culvert Design dialog box has a Load button that you can click if you want to load an existing file into the dialog box. To load an existing file into the dialog box 1 In the Culvert Design dialog box, click Load to display a standard file dialog box. NOTE 2 If you have changed the data in the dialog box, the Save Culvert Data dialog box is displayed, asking if you want to save the current data before loading another file. Click either Yes or No.
To specify the tailwater depth 1 In the Culvert Design dialog box, click the Select button next to the Tailwater box to display the Tailwater Editor dialog box. 2 Do one of the following to specify the tailwater: n n n 3 Select Tailwater Only to specify a fixed number for the depth of flow at the tailwater, then enter the depth in the box. Note that this number is a relative depth above the outlet invert and elevation is not considered.
3 4 5 Select the second point from the drawing. Press ENTER when you want to stop selecting points. The Culvert Design dialog box displays and the value of the length you selected displays in the Length text box. Click OK to exit the dialog box. Specifying the Culvert Diameter You can choose a diameter for circular culverts, or a height for box culverts, from a data table. The data table comes with default settings you can customize.
Specifying the Culvert Width You can choose a width for box culverts from a data table. The data table comes with default settings that you can customize. NOTE This edit box is available only if you select Box as the culvert barrel shape. To specify the culvert width 1 2 In the Culvert Design dialog box, click the Select button next to the Width box to display the Pipe Selections dialog box. In the Pipe Diameter column, select a diameter by clicking anywhere in a Pipe Diameter text box.
2 From the Runoff Editor dialog box, click Select button next to the File box to display the Runoff Method Selection dialog box. 3 Do one of the following to calculate flow: n n n n n 4 5 Click Rational to load a .rat file or to use the Rational Method calculator. For more information, see Calculating the Peak Runoff Flow for an Area Using the Rational Method in this chapter. Click Tabular to load a .tab file or to use the TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method calculator.
Specifying an Elevation You can define the roadway, inlet, and outlet elevations by selecting a point on the roadway in your drawing. NOTE A surface from which to extract the elevation must be set as current in the drawing, or you must use an object snap when selecting a 3D object. To specify an elevation 1 In the Culvert Design dialog box, click the Select button next to the Roadway Elev, Inlet Elev, or Outlet Elev boxes.
n n n n 2 Flow Range: Displays the minimum, maximum, and increments for flow range Barrel Rata: Displays the shape of the barrel, the Mannings roughness coefficient, and the number of barrels for the culvert Upstream Information: Displays the design flow entering the culvert Tailwater Information: Displays the tailwater depth Review the data, and then click OK to return to the Culvert Design dialog box.
Changing the Overtop Flow Values to Use in the Culvert Calculations You can include overtop flow values into the culvert calculations by using the Over-Top button. A sag curve on the roadway surface is treated as a broadcrested weir when overtopping is applied. You define the weir by defining a mid-section length and one or two sections above that mid-section.
3 4 Click in the first row to start entering the overtop flow values for this culvert calculation. In the Length column, type a length for the roadway crest. This is the length of the mid-section, at the center of the sag curve. You can also click Length and specify the length by selecting an object or points on the drawing. After you click Length, the Culvert Weir Editor dialog box closes temporarily and you are prompted to select the first point.
Displaying a Headwater Versus Flow Curve for a Culvert The Culvert Design dialog box has a Fit-Plot button. This command calculates and displays a headwater versus the flow curve for a culvert. You can adjust settings using the Fit Plot Display dialog box. NOTE The Minimum Flow, Maximum Flow, and Flow Increment values used to calculate the Fit-Plot are determined in the Culvert Settings dialog box.
Displaying the Culvert Calculation Messages There is a Messages button in the Culvert Design dialog box. Use this command to display warnings or error messages data in your currently configured ASCII text editor. To display the culvert calculation messages 1 In the Culvert Design dialog box, click Messages to display the messages in a text editor. From here, you can save or edit the output data. Clearing the Calculator In the Culvert Design dialog box, there is a New button.
n n Use Mannings equation when you want to solve based on gravity for open flow conditions Use Hazen-Williams or Darcy-Weisbach when you want to solve for pressure flow conditions. Calculating Pipe Flow and Other Hydraulic Values Using the Mannings n Equations The Manning pipe calculators calculate flowrates and other hydraulic variables for pipes. The Manning formulas are used to calculate velocity for both imperial and metric units.
Calculating the Hydraulic Values for Circular Pipes Using Mannings Equations To calculate the hydraulic values for circular pipes using Mannings equations 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Manning Circular to display the Manning dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Slope, Mannings number, Depth of Flow, and Diameter Full. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
The following illustration shows circular pipe values: Circular pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Slope box, type a slope for the pipe (unless you are solving for the slope). You can also click Select to specify the slope by selecting points on the drawing. In the Mannings n box, type a roughness value for the pipe (unless you are solving for the Mannings n).
You can add a new pipe diameter to the table by using the following guidelines: n n 3 Click Insert to add a new row above the row you currently have selected. To add data, select an empty text box and type the new description and diameter. Click OK to return to the Pipe Calculator dialog box.
The following illustration shows rectangular pipe values: Rectangular pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 8 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Slope box, type a slope for the pipe (unless you are solving for the slope). You can also click Select to specify the slope by selecting points on the drawing. In the Mannings n box, type a roughness value for the pipe (unless you are solving for the Mannings n).
Calculating the Flow for Elliptical Pipes Using Mannings Equations To calculate the flow for elliptical pipes using Mannings n equations 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Manning Elliptical to display the Manning dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Slope, Mannings n, and Depth of Flow. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
The following illustration shows elliptical pipe values: Elliptical pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 8 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Slope box, type a slope for the pipe (unless you are solving for the slope). You can also click the Select button to specify the slope by selecting points on the drawing. In the Mannings n box, type a roughness value for the pipe (unless you are solving for the Mannings n).
Calculating the Flow for Custom Pipes Using Mannings Equations To calculate the flow for custom pipes by using Mannings n equations 1 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Manning User to display the Manning dialog box. From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Slope, Mannings number, Wetted Area, and Wetted Perimeter. NOTE 3 4 5 6 7 8 Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
Calculating Pipe Flow and Other Hydraulic Values Using the Darcy-Weisbach Equations The Darcy-Weisbach pipe calculators calculate flowrates and other hydraulic variables for pipes. The Darcy-Weisbach formulas are used when the pipe is in a pressure flow situation. The different menu items provide the variation for the shape of the pipe: Circular, Rectangular, Ellipical, or Custom (User).
Calculating the Flow for Circular Pipes Using the Darcy-Weisbach Equations To calculate the flow for circular pipes using the Darcy-Weisbach formula 1 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Darcy-Weisbach Circular to display the Darcy-Weisbach Calculator dialog box. From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Length, Headloss, Friction Factor, and Diameter. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
7 In the Diameter box, type a value for the diameter of the pipe (unless you are solving for the diameter). You can also click Select and pick a diameter from the Pipe Selections dialog box. The box in the top right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined pipe. Based on the values that you entered, information about the pipe is calculated and displayed at the bottom left of the dialog box. This information is for display only and cannot be edited.
The calculator dialog box displays and the value you selected is displayed in the Length text box. Specifying a Darcy-Weisbach Roughness Coefficient Use the Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factors table to select an appropriate friction coefficient from a table. To choose a Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient from a table 1 2 In the Darcy-Weisbach dialog box, click the Select button next to the Friction Factor box to display the Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factors dialog box.
The following illustration shows rectangular pipe values: Rectangular pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 8 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Length box, type a length for the pipe (unless you are solving for the length). You can also click Select to specify the length by selecting an object or points on the drawing. For more information, see Specifying a Length in this chapter.
Calculating the Flow for Elliptical Pipes Using the Darcy-Weisbach Equations To calculate the flow for elliptical pipes using the Darcy-Weisbach equations 1 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Darcy-Weisbach Elliptical to display the Darcy-Weisbach Calculator dialog box. From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Length, Headloss, and Friction Factor. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
8 In the Major Axis box, type a length for the horizontal (Major) axis. The box in the top-right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined pipe. Based on the values that you entered, information about the pipe is calculated and displayed at the bottom left of the dialog box. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE 9 If the data you entered has an error, the pipe graphic image does not display. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box.
the pipe is calculated and displayed at the bottom left of the dialog box. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE 9 If the data you entered has an error, the pipe graphic image does not display. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box. Click OK to exit the dialog box. Calculating Pipe Flow and Other Hydraulic Values by Using the Hazen-Williams Equations The Hazen-Williams pipe calculators calculate flowrates and other hydraulic variables for pipes.
The following illustration shows circular pipe values: Circular pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Length box, type a length for the pipe (unless you are solving for the length). You can also click Select to specify the length by selecting an object or points on the drawing. For more information, see Specifying a Length in this chapter.
Specifying a Hazen Williams Roughness Coefficient In the Hazen-Williams dialog box, there is a Select button next to the Coefficient box. Use this command to display the Hazen-Williams Roughness Coefficients dialog box and specify a Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient from a table. To specify a Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient from a table 1 2 In the Hazen-Williams dialog box, click the Select button next to the Coefficient box to display the Hazen-Williams Roughness Coefficients dialog box.
The following illustration shows rectangular pipe values: Rectangular pipe values 3 4 5 6 7 8 In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate for the pipe (unless you are solving for the flowrate). In the Length box, type a length for the pipe (unless you are solving for the length). You can also click Select to specify the length by selecting an object or points on the drawing. For more information, see Specifying a Length in this chapter.
Calculating the Flow for Elliptical Pipes Using the Hazen-Williams Equations To calculate the flow elliptical piping values using the Hazen-Williams equations 1 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Pipes ä Hazen-Williams Elliptical to display the Hazen-Williams dialog box. From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Length, Headloss, and Coefficient. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving.
8 In the Major Axis box, type a length for the horizontal (Major) axis. The box in the top-right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined pipe. Based on the values that you entered, information about the pipe is calculated and displayed at the bottom left of the dialog box. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE 9 If the data you entered has an error, the pipe graphic image does not display. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box.
the pipe is calculated and displayed at the bottom left of the dialog box. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE 9 If the data you entered has an error, the pipe graphic image does not display. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box. Click OK to exit the dialog box. Calculating Orifice Values Use the Orifice Calculator to calculate hydraulic values for orifices.
To calculate hydraulic values for orifices 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Orifice Calculator to display the Orifice Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the value that you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Coefficient, Area or Diameter, Headwater, and Tailwater. NOTE Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate from the Solve For list, leave the Flowrate text box at 0.
8 9 In the Headwater box, type the headwater depth above the orifice opening. The headwater is measured from the center of the opening. For more information, see the preceding illustration on orifice values in the introduction of this topic. In the Tailwater box, type the tailwater depth above the orifice opening. Tailwater is also measured from the center of the opening. For more information, see the preceding illustration on orifice values in the introduction of this topic.
3 Select the second point from the drawing. The Orifice Calculator dialog box displays and the value of the diameter you selected is displayed in the Diameter text box. Specifying an Area You can specify an area from the Orifice Calculator dialog box by selecting points from your drawing. NOTE You must select the Area option under Use in the Orifice Calculator dialog box in order to specify an area.
Calculating Cipolleti Weir Values Use the Weirs ä Cipolleti command on the Hydrology menu to calculate weir values using the Cipolleti formula. A Cipolleti weir is trapezoidal in shape, and has side slopes of 4 vertical to 1 horizontal. For more information, see Cipolleti Weir Formulas in this chapter.
2 From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Width, Depth of Flow, Velocity Coefficient, and Discharge Coefficient. NOTE 3 4 5 6 7 Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate in this step, leave the Flowrate text box at 0. After you enter the other values, the program solves for the Flowrate. In the Flowrate box, type a flow rate value for the weir.
Specifying a Cv Value The Velocity Coefficients dialog box describes the weir structure and the associated velocity coefficients of the weir. To select a coefficient from the dialog box 1 2 In the Cipolleti Weir Calculator dialog box, click the Select button next to the Cv text box to display the Velocity Coefficients dialog box. Select a coefficient by placing your cursor in the appropriate column and clicking anywhere in the text box that contains the value you want to use.
To calculate hydraulic values for rectangular weirs 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Weirs ä Rectangular to display the Rectangular Weir Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate. The available values are: Flowrate, Width, Depth of Flow, and Coefficient. NOTE 3 4 5 6 7 Do not enter the value for which you are solving. For example, if you select Flowrate in this step, leave the Flowrate text box at 0.
8 In the Height box, type a height for the weir. The computed values for the weir display at the bottom left of the dialog box. The box at the top right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined weir. This information is for display only and cannot be edited. NOTE 9 If the data you entered has an error, the weir graphic image does not display. Check for an error message at the bottom of the dialog box. Click OK to exit the dialog box.
Calculating Triangular Weir Values The Weirs ä Triangular command on the Hydrology menu calculates hydraulic values for triangular weirs. For more information on the formula that is used to calculate triangular weir values, see Triangular Weir Formula in this chapter. To calculate hydraulic values for triangular weirs 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Weirs ä Triangular to display the Triangular Weir Calculator dialog box. 2 From the Solve For list, select the value you want to calculate.
NOTE 7 The weir coefficients that are provided with Autodesk Civil Design are samples only. You must determine the weir coefficient based on the geometry of the weir you are designing. In the Height box, type a height for the weir. The computed values for the weir display at the bottom left of the dialog box. The box at the top right area of the dialog box displays a graphic of the currently defined weir. This information is for display only and cannot be edited.
Calculating Riser Values Risers can be used as outlets (or principle spillways) for detention ponds or other water storage facilities. The goal when designing a riser is to size the riser and pipe diameters so that the peak discharge is less than the allowable rate for the chosen design storms. When you enter the required information into the Riser Calculator, the calculator determines the optimum riser and pipe diameters for you.
The following illustration shows the riser values required for designing a riser: Riser values To calculate riser values 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Riser Calculator to display the Riser Calculator dialog box. TIP NOTE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 You can click Load to load an existing riser file, or click New to clear the calculator of its current values.
10 In the Entrance Coef box, type an entrance coefficient. You can also click Select and choose a coefficient from the Pipe Entrance Coefficients dialog box. For more information, see Specifying Pipe Entrance Coefficients in this chapter. 11 In the Bend Angle box, type a pipe bend angle. This is the angle where the vertical section of the riser and the horizontal (pipe) section of the riser meet. The computed values for the riser display at the right of the dialog box.
Riser Equations and Steps Used to Calculate Riser Values The following equations and steps are used by the Riser Calculator to calculate values. Equations used: (From Chapters 3 and 6 in the SCS Engineering Field Manual) Friction flow: Qf = (1.
Selecting Riser Points from a Drawing In the Riser Calculator dialog box, you can click Select next to any of the first six text boxes to select riser points from the drawing. To specify distances by selecting riser points from a drawing 1 In the Riser Calculator dialog box, click Select next to one of the first six text boxes.
NOTE Unlike some other tables that you access in Autodesk Civil Design calculators, the Riser Table and Riser Pipe Table do not insert values into the calculator itself. The values in the table are used only by the Riser Calculator to solve for the optimum riser configuration. To customize riser diameter and pipe diameter tables 1 2 In the Riser Calculator dialog box, click Tables to display the Table Selection dialog box. To customize the riser diameter table, click Riser Table.
Outputting Riser Data to a Text File You can use the Output button in the Riser Calculator to output all of the data in the Riser Calculator to a text file. In addition, the calculated weir and orifice flow are shown in this file. To output riser data to a text file n In the Riser Calculator dialog box, click Output. The riser data is displayed in a text editor.
Hydrology Data Types Data Type Filename/Extension Editable Channel Calculator Mannings n channel.cof Y Culvert data .clt N Culvert Diameter data pipe.cof Y Culvert Mannings n culvert.cof Y Database .wk1 file data .wk1 Y Hydrograph Curve data .hdc Y Hydrology Tools settings .pdt N Hydrology Pond templates .htp N Intensity Duration Frequency data .idf Y Pond Outflow Editor data .pda N Pond Shapes .psp Y Rainfall Frequency data county.rf Y Rating Curve data .
Data File Format for Hydrology Files All data files must have a specific format in order for Autodesk Civil Design to recognize them. If you are editing an existing data file, do not alter the format. The following are examples of several types of data files: Hydrograph Data File (.hdc) Format #Units=Time,hrs,Flowrate,cfs #Hydrograph Data #Time - hrs Flowrate - cfs #------------ ------------0.0,0.0 0.1,37.0 0.2,123.0 0.3,170.0 0.4,120.0 0.5,65.0 0.6,36.0 0.7,20.0 0.8,11.0 0.9,6 1.0,3.8 1.1,1.9 1.2,0.
Changing the Hydrology Output Settings Several dialog boxes control values and settings associated with hydrologic analysis. You can access these dialog boxes by using the Drawing Settings command from the Projects menu, or you can access each dialog box individually using the appropriate menu items on the Hydrology menu. Besides changing the hydrology units, precision, and graph settings, you can specify which ASCII text editor to use for viewing and editing hydrology files.
Hydrology Units Settings You can set the units to use for the several types of measurements. The following table lists the measurements and units of measure available for each.
Changing the Hydrology Precision Settings Use the precision settings to set the decimal precision for all Hydrology commands including area, pipe coefficients, and volume. The Precision Settings dialog box enables you to select the number of significant digits for each parameter. The default setting is four significant digits after the decimal point. NOTE These settings are for display precision only. For calculations, Autodesk Civil Design uses the highest internal precision allowable.
4 In the Scales section, specify the scale settings for the X and Y axis by doing one of the following: n n n 5 Select Automatic to display the X or Y axis at the best possible scale for the specified increments. Select Linear to display the X or Y axis with a linear scale. Select Log to display the X or Y axis with a logarithmic scale. Click OK to return to the Hydrology Tools Settings dialog box.
n n 4 5 6 7 Grid: Enable or disable the X and Y axes for a hydrograph. Ticks: Change the increment value between tick marks on the graph, and place the tick marks on the inside and outside of the axis lines. Under Graphic Dimensions, enter the horizontal and vertical dimensions for the final plotted graph. Enter the dimension directly, or click Select to select it from the current drawing. Under Curve Information, enter the curve information for the plot.
Saving the Current Hydrology Plotting Settings to a File You can save the current hydrology plotting settings to a file that you can load when you want to restore the settings. To save the current hydrology plotting settings to a file 1 2 From the Hydrology menu, choose Settings to display the Hydrology Tools Settings dialog box. Do one of the following to display the Graphing Utility dialog box: n n Click Plot. From the Hydrology menu, choose Output ä Graphing Plot Utility.
Choosing an Editor To choose a text editor 1 2 3 4 In the Editor Settings dialog box, click Browse to display the Select Text Editor dialog box. Choose the text editor you want to use. For example, to choose the Windows Notepad editor, use the Look in list to open the Windows folder, then pick NOTEPAD.EXE from the list of files. Click Open to return to the Editor Settings dialog box. Click OK to return to the previous dialog box.
first published by SCS (now NRCS) in 1975, and updated to its current form in 1986. TR-55 presents methods to calculate storm runoff volumes, peak discharge rates, and pre- and post-developed hydrographs. The methods apply to small watersheds (around 2000 acres or less) in the United States. TR-55 was originally developed to be a by-hand method, but with the advent of personal computers, it has been computerized in many forms.
Selecting the Rainfall Frequency for a County When you use the TR-55 Graphical, Tabular, or the TR-20 method of calculating runoff for a site, you are required to input a rainfall amount. The rainfall amount is based on a 24-hour storm and the frequency you want to design for. Rainfall frequencies can be entered for the county in which the site is located. Autodesk Civil Design provides a Rainfall Frequency Editor which you can use to enter and look up these frequencies.
2 Click Select to display the County Selection dialog box. 3 From the County Selection dialog box, select the county, and then click OK. 4 As you return to the Define Rainfall-Frequency dialog box, the county you selected displays in the County box. From the Rainfall Frequency list, select a rainfall frequency. For example, for a 10-year storm event, select 10 years.
Editing and Defining Rainfall Frequency Values for Counties When you use the TR-55 Graphical and Tabular methods of calculating runoff for a site, you are required to input the rainfall frequency for the county in which the site is located. Autodesk Civil Design provides a Rainfall Frequency Editor which you can use to enter and look up these frequencies. The rainfall frequency data that Autodesk Civil Design uses is stored in the county.rf file. This file is stored in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\l
Selecting the Rainfall Frequency for a County Use the Define Rainfall-Frequency dialog box to select the rainfall depth for a particular storm frequency in a selected county. To select the rainfall frequency for a county 1 2 3 4 5 In the Define Rainfall-Frequency dialog box, click Select to display the County Selection dialog box. Select the county, and then click OK. The Define Rainfall-Frequency dialog box is displayed, and the county that you selected displays in the County text box.
n The file name must remain the same. The provided names (Type I, IA, II, III, and IV) must be used although they reference the new data you have provided. The rainfall distribution data files are located in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\land\prot\hd folder. These text files have the distribution name and a .tbl extension (for example, typeii.tbl). These files contain the rainfall information in a specific format.
The remainder of the file, shown below, contains the tabular hydrograph unit discharge data referred to as qt (for more information see page 5-2 of the TR-55 manual).
To select and edit the runoff curve numbers for different soil groups and cover types 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä SCS Curve Number Editor to display the Runoff Curve Number Editor dialog box. The dialog box lists curve numbers for surface cover and conditions for soils types A, B, C, and D. These curve numbers are also provided in the TR-55 manual, Table 2-2.
Selecting the Runoff Curve Numbers for Different Soil Groups and Cover Types Use the SCS Curve Number Editor to select the runoff curve numbers for various cover descriptions and soil groups. All the curve numbers for hydrologic soil groups A, B, C, and D that are presented in the TR-55 manual, Table 2-2, are already available from this dialog box. To select a runoff curve number 1 2 3 In the SCS Curve Number Editor, locate the CN value to use by using the navigation buttons.
To calculate a composite (or weighted) curve number for a watershed or subarea 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä Composite CN Editor to display the Composite Runoff Curve Number Calculator dialog box. 2 In the Description column, type the descriptions for the subareas for which you are calculating the composite curve number, one subarea per row. In the Area column, enter the area values for the watershed subareas.
5 6 You can edit and view the data by using the following guidelines: If you want to} Then} output the composite CN to a text file click Output. insert a new row of data for a subarea place your cursor in the row you want to insert the row above, and click Insert. delete a row of information place your cursor in the row you want to delete and click Delete. Click OK. NOTE When the Composite curve number displays in the runoff calculator it is rounded off to the nearest whole number value.
Calculating the Watershed Time of Concentration The time of concentration is the time it takes for runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant point of the watershed subarea to a specified outflow point. Tc can be a combination of three types of flow: Sheet, Shallow Concentrated, and Open Channel. Each type uses different equations and requires different input. For more information, see Specifying the Sheet Flow, Specifying the Shallow Flow, and Specifying the Channel Flow in this chapter.
4 5 In the Shallow box, enter the shallow flow. You can either enter this value directly, or click Select to display the Shallow Flow Time Calculator dialog box. For more information, see Specifying the Shallow Flow in this chapter. In the Channel box, enter the channel flow. You can either enter this value directly, or click Select to display the Channel Flow Time Calculator dialog box. For more information, see Specifying the Channel Flow in this chapter.
To specify the specify the sheet flow 1 In the Sheet Flow Time Calculator dialog box, type a description for the sheet flow segment in the Description box. 2 In the Mannings n box, type the Mannings n roughness coefficient for the sheet flow surface. You can also click Select to display the Sheet Flow Mannings n dialog box and select a coefficient from a list of typical sheet flow roughness values.
Specifying the Shallow Flow Shallow flow is water flowing in natural drainage depressions and swales, and usually begins after a maximum of 300 feet of sheet flow. The average velocity of shallow concentrated flow is determined by watershed slope and channel material (paved or unpaved). Typical areas where you have shallow flow are in swales between houses and the gutter section of a roadway.
TIP 5 To display the shallow flow data in a text editor, click Output. From here, you can print the data to a file or printer. Click OK. Specifying the Channel Flow The open channel flow is water flowing in constructed channels. Open channels are assumed to begin where surveyed cross section information has been obtained, where channels are visible on aerial photographs, or where streams display on USGS quad sheets.
4 In the Channel Slope box, type the slope of the channel. You can also click Select to calculate the slope by selecting contours on the drawing or by typing D for DTM and have the elevation interpolated from a DTM surface. NOTE 5 6 If you don't know the wetted perimeter value or the channel slope value, but you do know other channel values, then you can click Channel to display the Advanced Channel Calculator dialog box.
For more information on the Tt equations and other limitations of TR-55, see the SCS TR-55 manual, Chapter 3, Time of Concentration and Travel Time. To calculate the watershed time of travel 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä Time of Travel (Tt) to display the Time of Travel Calculator dialog box. 2 In the Description box, type a description for this segment. Select a description field and enter the description. In the Shallow box, type the shallow flow time.
Calculating the Peak Runoff Flow for an Area Using the Rational Method The Rational formula for runoff calculation is widely used to analyze smaller drainage areas to determine flows for pipe, inlet, and culvert sizing. The rational method determines peak runoff to a point. This is the easiest of all hydrologic analysis methods, but is considered the least accurate. For more information on the Rational formula, see Rational Method Formula in this chapter.
To calculate the peak runoff flow for a watershed subarea using the rational method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä Rational Method to display the Rational Method dialog box. You can also click Load at the bottom of the dialog box and select a rational file that you have previously saved. In the Description box, type a general description for the area. Select the Rainfall Frequency. The Rainfall Frequency values are obtained from an intensity-duration frequency file (.idf file).
If you want to} Then} view and plot the idf curve click View. insert a row of idf values place your cursor in the row above which you want to insert a row, and click Insert Row. delete a row of idf values place your cursor in the row to delete and click Delete Row. define a new frequency curve click Insert Frequency, then type the frequency; follow by defining the intensityduration values. For more information, see Specifying the Rainfall Intensity in this chapter.
17 In the Time of Concentration column, enter a Tc. You can also click Tc at the bottom of the dialog box to calculate the areas Tc. NOTE If you enter a value in this field, the Rainfall Intensity value is reported from the IDF file. Enter zero (0) if you want to enter a value manually in the Rainfall Intensity field. 18 In the Rainfall Intensity column, enter the average rainfall rate.
Specifying the Rainfall Intensity NOTE If you have already defined Rainfall Frequencies, click Load and pick the file that contains this information. To define rainfall intensity-duration information 1 From the Rational Method dialog box, click IDF to display the Intensity Frequency Factor Editor dialog box. 2 3 Click Insert Frequency to display the Add Frequency Curve dialog box. In the Frequency box, type a frequency for which you will define various rainfall durations and corresponding intensities.
NOTE When you are setting up the durations, enter the time in hours if your time units are set to hours. If time units are set to minutes then you can enter the time in minutes. 8 In an Intensity box, type the intensity value for the rainfall frequency you selected. In the Intensity column, pick a text box and enter a value (such as 2 for 2 inches/hour). You can define as many intensities for the selected Rainfall Frequency as you need.
Changing the Hydrology Plotting Settings You can use the Hydrology Plotting Settings to customize every aspect of a hydrograph. You can also load, save, preview, and plot the current graph in the drawing. NOTE This dialog box is used for establishing settings before plotting and for changing settings while plotting, depending on what command you use to access it. Certain options are not available on this dialog box when you access it from the Hydrology Tools Settings dialog box.
n n n 3 4 5 Click Border to turn borders on or off and change the layer color you want the borders displayed in. For more information, see Changing the Border Settings in this chapter. Click Grid to enable or disable the X and Y axes for a hydrograph. For more information, see Changing the Grid Settings in this chapter. Click Ticks to change the increment value between tick marks on the graph. Also place the tick marks on the inside and outside of the axis lines.
2 Click Main to display the Main Title Settings dialog box. 3 Change the main title settings, as necessary, according to the following guidelines: n n n n n 4 Title 1 and Title 2: Enter the desired Title 1 and Title 2 settings. Title 1 is plotted on the first line; Title 2 is plotted underneath as the second text line. Layer: Type the name of the layer on which you want to insert the main title.
2 From the Plot Settings dialog box, click X Axis to display the X Axis Format Settings dialog box. 3 You can change the Label Preferences by specifying the following settings: n n n n n n n n Format: Select a format for the numbers on the graph.
4 You can change the Limits settings by specifying the following settings: n n n n n n 5 Automatic: Automatically sets the minimum and maximum data range to the actual limits of the data. Manual: Manually sets the limits of the data range to the values that you enter in the Minimum and Maximum text boxes. Minimum: Enter the lower limit of the data range to be plotted on the graph. Maximum: Enter the upper limit of the data range to be plotted on the graph.
2 From the Plot Settings dialog box, click Y Axis to display the Y Axis Format Settings dialog box. 3 You can change the Label Preferences by specifying the following settings: n n n n n n n n Format: Select a format for the numbers on the graph.
4 You can change the Limits settings by specifying the following settings: n n n n n n 5 Automatic: Automatically sets the minimum and maximum data range to the actual limits of the data. Manual: Manually sets the limits of the data range to the values that you enter in the Minimum and Maximum text boxes. Minimum: Enter the lower limit of the data range to be plotted on the graph. Maximum: Enter the upper limit of the data range to be plotted on the graph.
n n 4 Layer: Enter the name of the layer on which you want to place the borders. Color: Enter the number of the layer color in which you want the borders displayed, or pick the colored box and select the color from the standard Select Color dialog box. Click OK. Changing the Grid Settings To change the grid settings for a hydrograph 1 Click the Plot button from the hydrograph you are currently viewing to display the Plot Settings dialog box.
Changing the Grid Tick Settings You can change the increment value between tick marks on a hydrograph. You can also place the tick marks on the inside and outside of the axis lines of a hydrograph. To change the tick settings for a hydrograph 1 Click the Plot button from the hydrograph you are currently viewing to display the Plot Settings dialog box. NOTE Chapter 5 578 You can view a hydrograph when you are using several different commands.
NOTE If you have not specified a layer name in the Layer text box, and select Main Mark, Intermediate Mark, Mid Mark, or Intermediate Number, the following error message is displayed: Layer name is invalid. n n n Main Mark: Enter a height for the main tick marks. Intermediate Mark: Enter a height for the intermediate tick marks. Mid Mark: Enter a height for the midpoint mark between units on the axis.
2 3 4 From the Plot Settings dialog box, select a curve from the Curve Information list. If no curves are listed in the list, refer to the preceding note. Click Preferences next to the the curve list. The Individual Curve Preferences dialog box is displayed for the curve you selected in step 1. You can change the preferences for the curve by specifying the following settings: n n n n 5 6 X-Y Line: From this list, select a method for illustrating the curve on the graph.
2 From the Plot Settings dialog box, select a curve from the Curve Information list. NOTE When you first open the Plot Settings dialog box, the Curve Information list is empty. After you create a curve by clicking New, a curve name (Y1) displays in the list. If you create more than one curve, the curve that you select from this list is considered the current curve. 3 Click Edit to display the Edit Data dialog box. 4 Change the X and Y values of the current curve.
Changing the Hydrology Graph Settings To change the graph settings for a hydrograph 1 From the Hydrograph dialog box, click Settings to display the Graph Settings dialog box. 2 Specify colors for the entities that appear in the graph. Click the color square next to an entity to display the Select Color dialog box, then select a color. You can also type the colors number directly, if you know the number. For example, the color blue corresponds to the number 5 and red corresponds to the number 2.
Specifying a Rational Runoff Coefficient You can enter the runoff coefficient that represents the ratio of runoff to rainfall using the Rational Method dialog box. To specify a rational runoff coefficient 1 From the Rational Method dialog box, click Coef to display the Rational Coefficient File Selection dialog box. 2 Select the file type to use (Land Uses or Soil Types). The Rational Coefficients dialog box is displayed for the file type you selected.
To specify a composite runoff coefficient 1 From the Rational Method dialog box, click CmpCoef to display the Composite Runoff Coefficient Calculator dialog box. 2 You can change the composite runoff coefficient settings by specifying the following settings: n n n n n n n n 3 Chapter 5 584 Description: Enter a descriptive title in this column. Area: Enter the area value in this column, or click Select to either select an area or define an area in the drawing.
Specifying a Frequency Adjustment Factor You can use the Frequency Factor Editor dialog box to select a frequency adjustment factor. To specify a frequency adjustment factor 1 2 Click the Adjustment Factor box into which you want to place the adjustment factor. The Rational Method dialog box is displayed. Click Factor. The Frequency Factor Editor dialog box is displayed. 3 In the Frequency column, enter the frequencies (in years). 4 Select a text box and enter the value.
by-hand method, but with the advent of personal computers, it has been computerized in many forms. The TR-55 presents methods to calculate storm runoff volumes, peak discharge rates, and pre- and post-development hydrographs. The methods apply to small watersheds (around 2000 acres or less) in the United States. You can use the TR55 methods for larger drainage areas and storm water detention calculations.
You can obtain the rainfall distribution amounts from the local SCS office (now NRCS) in the form of a .rf file, or you can manually enter the data into the Rainfall Distribution Editor. Graphical Peak Discharge Method Formula The TR-55 Graphical Peak Method determines a peak discharge rate. Use this method for larger drainage areas and storm water detention calculations. This TR-55 Method uses a 24-hour rainfall event to calculate runoff.
To calculate the peak runoff flow by using the TR-55 graphical method 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä TR-55 Graphical Method to display the TR-55 Graphical Peak Discharge Method dialog box. TIP 2 3 In the Description box, type a description for the watershed area. In the Rainfall Distribution list, select the rainfall distribution for the project location. The available types are: Types I, IA, II, and III.
8 9 The % of Drainage Area label displays the calculated percentage of the watershed drainage area comprised of ponds and swamps. In the Rainfall, P box, type the rainfall depth, or click Select to select the rainfall depth and frequency from the Define Rainfall-Frequency dialog box. The Frequency label near the top of the dialog box displays the selected storm frequency (1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 years).
4 Curve Number field. For more information, see Selecting and Editing the Runoff Curve Numbers for Different Soil Groups and Cover Types in this chapter. To select a value from the Composite Runoff Curve Number Calculator, see Calculating a Composite or Weighted Curve Number for More Than One Watershed or Subarea in this chapter.
2 3 In the Description box, type a description for the calculation. From the Rainfall Dist. list, select the appropriate rainfall distribution for the project location. The available values are Types I, IA, II, and III. NOTE 4 5 See the map on page B-2 of the SCS TR-55 manual, or contact your local SCS (now NRCS) to determine the appropriate rainfall distribution for your project area. Select the Ia/P Interpolation check box to interpolate the Ia/P ratio.
13 If the Auto Calc check box is not selected, then click Compute at the bottom of the Tabular Hydrograph Method dialog box to calculate and update the Peak Discharge and Peak Time values. After you enter all your data, the Total Area, Peak Discharge, and Peak Time are computed and displayed towards the bottom of the Tabular Hydrograph Method dialog box. The Total Area label displays the sum of the areas of all watershed subareas.
Displaying the Calculated Hydrograph Data for Each Subarea and the Entire Watershed Using the TR-55 Tabular Method for calculating runoff, you can display the calculated hydrograph data for each subarea and the entire watershed. After calculating the peak discharge value, you can click the Tabular button to display the discharges for each subarea per time increment.
3 Click Output. The data is displayed in a text editor, such as Notepad. 4 Click OK to return to the TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method dialog box. Calculating Runoff With the TR-20 Method The SCS TR-20 Unit Hydrograph Method is one of the most sophisticated hydrologic analysis methods, allowing you to use variable length storm events. This method uses a dimensionless (or unit) hydrograph and a rainfall distribution curve to calculate peak discharge.
being investigated, then it might be more accurate to use the observed data rather than using a unit hydrograph based on such widely varying data. Compared with the TR-55 methods, which are used for smaller, simpler watersheds, the TR-20 runoff calculation method has a broader range and can be used for larger and more complex watersheds. The TR-20 Method is best used for watersheds ranging from 2 to 400 square miles with subareas from 0.1 to 20 square miles.
Calculating the Peak Runoff by Using the TR-20 Method To calculate the peak runoff using the TR-20 Method 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä TR-20 Method to display the SCS TR-20 Unit Hydrograph Method dialog box. TIP 2 3 4 To load a runoff calculation that you previously saved, click Load. In the Description text box, enter a description for this watershed area. From the Dimensionless Hydrograph list, select a dimensionless hydrograph. The SCS hydrograph, scsdim.dim, is supplied for you.
5 6 From the Antecedent Moisture Condition list, select the antecedent moisture condition. The Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) list displays three types of antecedent moisture conditions: Type I, Type II, and Type III: AMC Type Soil moisture (dormant season) Soil moisture (growing season) I less than 0.5 inches less than 1.4 inches II between 0.5 and 1.1 inches between 1.4 and 2.1 inches III greater than 1.1 inches greater than 2.1 inches In the Runoff Curve Number box, type an RCN.
Viewing and Editing the Dimensionless Hydrograph Values A dimensionless unit hydrograph represents the runoff that occurs uniformly across a watershed. It shows the relationship of q/qp (peak discharge) to t/tp (time to peak), as shown in the following illustration: Dimensionless unit hydrograph The hydrograph uses one inch of rain as the rainfall amount, and assumes the rainfall occurs at a uniform rate for a specified duration.
To view and edit the dimensionless hydrograph values 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose Runoff ä TR-20 Method to display the SCS TR-20 Unit Hydrograph Method dialog box. 2 Click Edit next to the Dimensionless Hydrograph list to display the Dimensionless Hydrograph Editor dialog box. 3 You can use the options in this dialog box to review the values in an existing dimensionless hydrograph, to edit these values, and to view the dimensionless hydrograph curve.
NOTE 4 5 When editing the dimensionless hydrograph, enter the time increment values in the t/tp (time to peak) column. Enter the flow discharge values in the q/qp (peak discharge) column. Click Save to save your changes. Click OK to return to the SCS TR-20 Unit Hydrograph Method dialog box. Adding a Range of Time Increments to a Dimensionless Hydrograph File To quickly add new rainfall distribution information to a new or existing dimensionless hydrograph file, you can add ranges.
6 Click Yes or No: n n 7 Click Yes to replace ALL of the data in the time column of the Dimensionless Hydrograph Editor dialog box with the values you just entered in the Range Settings dialog box. Click No to leave the existing values in the time column and append the new time values to the end of the time column. Click OK to exit the dialog box.
Viewing and Editing the Distribution Condition Values If you want to preview a TR-20 distribution curve, or if you want to edit an existing distribution curve, then use the Distribution Editor. To view and edit the distribution condition values 1 From the Hydrology menu, click Runoff ä SCS Method to display the SCS TR20 Unit Hydrograph Method dialog box. 2 Select the TR-20 distribution condition you want to view or edit.
4 Click View to view the current distribution curve. 5 If you need to edit the distribution curve values, then use the use the navigation buttons to locate the line you want to edit, and then type new values. You can also use the following guidelines for editing the data: If you want to} Then} create a new distribution curve file click New. add a new range of time increments click Range. add a new row place your cursor in the row you want to add a new row above, and click Insert.
Combining Hydrographs You can combine one or more hydrographs together to form a composite hydrograph which represents the combined rates of flow and volume. After performing runoff calculations with the TR-20 Method or the TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method, and saving the data to a hydrograph (.hdc file), you can use the Combine Hydrographs command to combine multiple hydrographs together. To combine hydrographs 1 2 3 4 Generate hydrographs that you want to combine and save them as hdc files.
5 6 7 8 9 Double-click a value in the Offset Time column to change the offset time. This is the time it takes for the flow from the hydrographs drainage area to arrive at the point of concern. The Hydrograph Offset dialog box is displayed. Enter the offset time, and then click OK. In the Time Increment box, type the time increment to use for the combined hydrograph.
Selecting the Current Surface to Use for HEC2 Output Use the Select Surface command to set the current surface for the drawing. The current surface is used to establish rim elevations and inverts for the pipe run nodes and to specify a surface for extracting section data for HEC output. NOTE The surface stays current for the drawing session only. You must set a current surface each time you open the drawing.
To plot single sections 1 From the Hydrology menu, choose HEC2 Output ä Plot Single Section. NOTE If no current surface is in use, then the Select Surface dialog box is displayed. Select the surface on which to base the cross sections in the Select Surface box, and then click OK to continue. The following prompt is displayed: First point (or Entity): 2 Do one of the following to select the cross section line: n n 3 4 Type Entity and press ENTER, and then select the cross section line.
section. A record is required for each cross section; this record is used to specify the cross section geometry and program options applicable to that cross section. NOTE You must save the HEC-2 input file with a .dat extension if you want to import the section into a drawing.
HEC-2 Data Structure Field Variable Value Description 0 IA X1 Record identification numbers 1 SECNO ++ Cross section identification number - Start new tributary backwater at this cross section 0 Previous cross section is repeated for current section; GR records are not entered for this cross section ++ Total number of stations on the following GR records 0 NUMST(X1.2) is 0 ++ The station of the left bank of the channel; must be equal to one of the STA(N) on next GR records 0 NUMST(X1.
Sampling the Cross Sections from the Current Surface and Output in the HEC-2 Format Use the HEC2-Single command to sample cross sections from a surface and output the information to an ASCII file in the HEC-2 format. The HEC2-Single command provides functionality not found in the Plot Single command. TIP You can use the Entity option to create skewed sections.
This message indicates that the cross section has been selected correctly and is being held in memory. All the sections are processed concurrently when you end the selection process. When you finish defining the cross sections, the HEC-2 Output Settings dialog box is displayed. 4 5 6 7 Configure the output settings for the sections. Click the Create File button to sample the HEC-2 sections and display the HEC-2 Input Data File in the currently configured ASCII text editor. Save the file with a .
The Start Computations section has four options for specifying the starting water surface elevation of the beginning or ending cross section: n n n Starting Critical Depth: Appropriate at cross section locations where critical or near critical conditions are known to exist for the computed range of discharges. Start with Known Water Surface Elevation: When selected, this check box lets you enter an appropriate value in the Starting Water Surface Elevation text box.
Selecting a Rating Curve To select a rating curve 1 2 3 Click Select to display a standard File Open dialog box. In the File Name box, select the rating curve file. Click Open to continue. If the rating curve contains more than 20 points, which exceeds the HEC-2 limit, the Rating Curve Output window displays, warning you that 20 points is the HEC-2 limit and that only 20 points will be used for the curve. Click OK to continue.
Press ENTER, and then select the entity from the drawing to use as the alignment. NOTE The polyline should be drawn in the direction that HEC-2 analysis will be performed, typically from downstream to upstream. When you finish defining the alignment, the HEC-2 Output Settings dialog box is displayed. 3 4 Configure the output settings. Click Create File to sample the HEC-2 sections. You are then prompted for a station increment with the setting increment displayed in brackets. Station increment <50.
Importing the HEC-2 Cross Sections into a Drawing Use the Import HEC2-Sections command to import HEC-2 section output data (.dat or .ans files) into a drawing. TIP A sample .dat file, hec205.dat, is included with Autodesk Civil Design in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\Data\hd folder. To import HEC-2 cross sections into a drawing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 From the Hydrology menu, choose HEC2 Output ä Import HEC2 - Sections to display the Load HEC-2 Data File dialog box.
5 Select the file type you want to work with. Four different .ans file views are available from this dialog box (although you may not find all four at all times): n n n n Cross section: For more information, see Choosing a Cross Section File in this chapter. Profile number: For more information, see Choosing a Profile Number File in this chapter. Summary printout: For more information, see Choosing a Summary Printout in this chapter.
Choosing a Profile Number File To choose a profile number file 1 In the HECS ANS Selections dialog box, select a PROFILE NO. file name, and then click Open to display the HEC-2 Cross Section dialog box. HEC-2 data displays in the following columns: n n n n n n n Station: The station at the cross section. Width: Width of floodway. Section Area: Cross section area. Mean Velocity: Mean velocity. WSEL Floodway: Water surface elevation with floodway. WSEL: Water surface elevation without floodway.
n n n TOPWID: Width at the calculated water surface elevation KRATIO: Ratio of the upstream to downstream conveyance IHLEQ: Friction loss equation index TIP 2 Use the following guidelines to view or plot data: If you want to} Then} plot the curve on a graph click Plot. open a cross section message window, displaying information and warnings about a specific row in the HEC-2 Cross Section dialog box place your cursor in the row and click Message.
n n n n n n n n n n Q: Total flow in the cross section CRIWS: Critical water surface elevation EG: Energy gradient cross section for an elevation = CWSEL + HV 10*KS: Slope of energy grade line (times 10,000) AREA: Cross section area .01K: Total discharge (index Q) computed assuming S^.5=0.
Hydrology Bibliography The following is a listing of all the reference materials used to generate this manual. This list is included for further reading in the subjects covered in this manual. Gribbin, John. Hydraulics and Hydrology for Stormwater Management. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, 1997. French, Richard H. Open-Channel Hydraulics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1985. HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package Users Manual. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service, 1990.
6 Working with Pipes Use the Pipes commands to create conceptual and finished draft plan and profile pipe runs. You can In this chapter n Changing the pipe settings associate a pipe run with an existing alignment or you n Drawing and defining conceptual pipe runs can create an alignment from the pipe run.
Overview of Working With Pipes You can draw two basic types of pipe runs with Pipes: conceptual and finish draft. Conceptual pipe runs are single line representations of plan and profile view pipe runs. They serve as quick sketches of pipe run configurations, which you can use to check a particular pipe run for proper position and location. Finish draft pipe runs are more complex representations of pipe runs in plan and profile views.
Customizing the Pipe Diameter and Slope Values Table Use the Pipe Slope Control dialog box to create a list of available pipe sizes and associated slopes to be used as a look-up table. The Pipes Run Editor selects the next largest pipe size in the table automatically, if the design flow exceeds the current pipe size. To customize the pipe diameter and slope values table 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Settings ä Edit to display the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box.
2 3 In the Node and Pipe Data Values section, click Slope Control to display the Pipe Slope Control dialog box. The Pipe Slope Control data is stored in a file called pipewks.slp. The file is stored in the \pipewks folder for the current project. When a new project is created, the pipewks.slp file is copied from a sample default file in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\land\prot\pipewks folder. You can use an ASCII text editor to modify this sample file as necessary.
Customizing the Roughness Coefficient Tables Use the Select Coefficient Table dialog box to enter pipe materials and their associated roughness coefficient. This is used in the Pipes Run Editor for calculations. To customize the roughness coefficient tables 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Settings ä Edit to display the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. In the Node and Pipe Data Values section, click the Material/Coeff. Button to display the Select Coefficient Table dialog box.
Using the Mannings n Formula Use the Mannings n dialog box to enter a description and an associated Mannings n pipe coefficient value. These values are used by the Pipes Run Editor when calculating flow and sizing pipes. To use the Mannings n formula dialog box 1 2 3 From the Select Coefficient Table dialog box, click the Mannings n button to open the Mannings n dialog box. For more information, see Customizing the Roughness Coefficient Tables earlier in this chapter.
Using the Hazen-Williams Formula Use the Hazen Coefficient dialog box to enter a description and an associated Hazen-Williams pipe coefficient value. These values are used by the Pipes Run Editor when calculating flow and sizing pipes. To use the Hazen coefficient dialog box 1 2 3 From the Select Coefficient Table dialog box, click Hazen-Williams Coefficient to display the Hazen Coefficient dialog box. For more information, see Customizing the Roughness Coefficient Tables earlier in this chapter.
Using the Darcy-Weisbach Formula Use the Darcy Friction Factor dialog box to enter a description and an associated Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. These values are used by the Pipes Run Editor when calculating flow and sizing pipes. To use the Darcy Friction Factor dialog box 1 2 3 From the Select Coefficient Table dialog box , click Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor to display the Darcy Friction Factor dialog box.
Changing the Exaggeration Factor Settings for Pipes and Nodes Use the options in the Nodes and Pipes Plan Exaggeration Factor dialog box to enlarge plotted details to ensure easy readability, especially on drawings that have large scales (for example, 50 ft/in) and pipe sizes with actual dimensions (for example, 8 in). To change the exaggeration factor settings for pipes and nodes 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Settings ä Edit to display the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box.
4 5 Click OK to accept the plan exaggeration factor(s) and exit the Nodes and Pipes Plan Exaggeration Factor dialog box. Click OK to exit the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. Changing the Pipe Run Editor Settings from the Settings Dialog Box Use the Pipes - Run Editor Settings dialog box to establish settings for flow calculations, pipe roughness formula, pipe capacity, pipe length types, and hydraulic and energy grade line calculations.
4 Under Calculate, do one of the following to control the sizing for each pipe run created: n n 5 6 7 8 Select the Automatic Pipe Resizing check box to resize the pipes each time calculations are performed. Clear the Automatic Pipe Resizing check box to keep the size of the pipes the same. You can manually enter a pipe diameter for each pipe separately. In the Design Settings section, use the Formula list to select one of three formula options: Manning, Hazen-Williams, and Darcy-Weisbach.
11 Establish the range check settings by selecting the Velocity Check, Slope Check, or Cover Check check boxes, then enter your new values in the Minimum and Maximum fields below the selected check boxes. 12 In the Cover section, select either Perpendicular to Pipe or Vertical to verify whether pipe cover is measured perpendicular to the pipe or vertically. 13 Click OK to exit the dialog boxes.
4 Select the Velocity Check, Slope Check, or Cover Check check boxes, then enter your new values in the Minimum and Maximum fields below the selected check boxes: n n n 5 Velocity Check: You can enter the minimum and maximum flow velocity for an individual pipe. If the pipe flow velocity falls out of this range, an error message is displayed in the Pipes Run Editor. Slope Check: You can enter the minimum and maximum pipe slope for an individual pipe.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The File label displays the folder path and filename for the currently loaded Pipes settings file. In the Pipe Diameter box, set the default size of the pipe to be used when defining a new pipe run. To open a list of defined pipe sizes, click Select. When you click this button, the Pipe Slope Control dialog box is displayed. You can use this dialog box to select the pipe size from a defined list. For more information, see Using the Pipe Slope Control Editor.
Changing the Default Node Data Settings The Node Data Settings are used as the initial values for nodes (structures) when defining a new pipe run. To change the default node data settings 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Settings ä Edit to display the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. In the Node and Pipe Data Values section, click Node to display the Node Data Settings dialog box. The File label displays the folder path and filename for the currently loaded Pipes settings file.
Changing the Layer Settings for Pipes The Settings ä Edit command displays the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. Click the Plan button to display the Play Layer Settings dialog box. In this dialog box, you can specify the overall layer prefix, conceptual plan layer, finish plan layer, and finish plan text layer. Changing the Plan Layer Settings for Pipes Use the Plan Layer Settings dialog box to specify the overall layer prefix, conceptual plan layer, finish plan layer, and finish plan text layer.
5 6 7 Using the Draw Pipes (Finished Draft Plan) command in the Finish Plan Layer box, type the layer name for all nodes and pipes that are imported. Using the Draw Pipes (Finished Draft Plan) command in the Finish Plan Text Layer box, type the layer name for the text labels that are imported. Click OK to exit the dialog box.
5 6 7 8 In the Finish Profile Layer box, type the layer name for the finish draft layer for all nodes and pipes that are imported using the Draw Pipes (Finished Draft Profile) command. In the Finish Profile Text Layer box, type the layer name for the text labels that are imported using the Draw Pipes (Finished Draft Profile) command. In the Hydraulic and Energy Gradeline Layer box, type the hydraulic gradeline layer name for the hydraulic and energy gradelines.
Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Pipes The Settings ä Edit command displays the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. Under Pipes Drafting Labels, you click Plan to display the Plan Pipe Drafting Settings dialog box. Use this dialog box to set the finish draft plan pipe settings. These settings are used by the Draw Pipes (Finish Draft Plan) command to label finish draft pipe runs with size, slope, material, and length information.
3 4 for each item you want to label. These labels are automatically placed in the finished draft pipe run when you create it. Use the Pipe Label Position list to select the pipe label position. The available label positions are: No Label, Above, Below, Middle, and Stacked. Use the Line Type list to select the line types for drawing pipes in plan view. The available line types are: Single Line, Single Line w/ Text, Double Line, Double Line w/Text, Polyline, and Polyline w/Text.
11 Select the Length check box to place pipe length labels in the finished draft, and then do the following: n n n In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the pipe length label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the pipe length label. Use the Precision slide box to set the numerical precision value for the pipe length label. 12 Click OK to exit the Plan Pipe Drafting Settings dialog box.
4 5 To multiply the calculated slope value by 100 in order to label the slope as a percentage, select the Label slope in % check box. When cleared, the slope is labeled with a unit/unit designation, usually ft/ft or m/m. To place pipe size labels in the finished draft, select the Size check box, and then specify the following: n n n In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the pipe size label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the pipe size label.
Changing the Label Settings for Finished Draft Nodes You can label finished draft nodes with station and offset information, as well as pipe, sump, and rim elevational information. To change the label settings, use the Pipes Settings Editor to open the Pipes Plan Node Label Settings dialog box.
3 To place station labels for the finished plan structure in the finished draft based on the current alignment, select the Station check box and do the following: n n n In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the plan structure label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the plan structure label. Use the Precision slide box to set the precision value for the plan structure label. NOTE 4 When entering a prefix or suffix, you can include a space to separate the prefix and suffix from the value.
8 In the Node Name section, select the Label check box to place structure name labels in the finished draft, and then do the following: n n 9 In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the structure name label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the structure name label. Click OK to exit the command.
3 Select the Station check box to place station labels for the finished profile structure, based on the current alignment, in the finished draft, and then do the following: n n n In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the profile structure label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the profile structure label. Use the Precision slide box to set the precision value for the profile structure.
7 Select the Rim check box to place rim elevation labels in the finished draft, and then do the following: n n n 8 In the Node Name section, do the following tasks to control the placement of the prefix and suffix for the node name label: n n n 9 In the Prefix box, type the prefix for the rim elevation label. In the Suffix box, type the suffix for the rim elevation label. Use the Precision slide box to set the precision value for the rim elevation label.
3 4 5 You can use this dialog box to modify structures or create new ones to be used when nodes are drafted in the finish profile. The structure definitions are stored in the bldcor.pst and blkdef.pst files, located in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\land\prot\pipewks folder. You can define structures only through this dialog box. Click Add to display the Structure Library Entity dialog box, in which you can add a new structure to the current structure library.
plan view. For more information on the appearance and configuration of structures in plan and profile views, see the commands on the Finished Draft Plan and Finished Draft Profile cascading menus. NOTE 6 7 In the Plan section, select the Symbol check box to place a symbol (block) in the plan view of the finished run, and then type the name of the symbol in the associated edit box. You can use any defined block that has a diameter of one unit and is stored in the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\land\dwg
NOTE 4 You must enter the complete path for the text editor that you select. You can also enter none to use the default ASCII text editor. Click OK to exit the dialog boxes. Importing, Exporting, Resetting, and Auditing Pipe Settings To save custom pipes settings to external files and load them into other drawings, use the Export DFM File and Import DFM File commands After you have selected the pipe settings you want, use the Reset command to reset the Pipes Settings file (.
To import a pipes .dfm file 1 2 3 4 From the Pipes menu, choose Settings ä Import DFM File. A warning dialog box is displayed informing you that by loading settings from a .dfm file, the current settings will be lost. Click Yes to continue. Locate the .dfm file you want to import. Click Open to import the file. Resetting the Pipes Settings to Their Original Values Use the Reset command to reset the Pipes Settings file (.dfm) to the original values when the program was installed.
Drawing and Defining Pipe Runs The first step in drawing and defining a pipe run is to use the Draw Pipe Run command to locate the starting and ending points of individual pipe run segments. You can draw pipe runs in two ways: by station and offset from a defined horizontal alignment, or by manually selecting points. You are prompted for a method for determining rim elevations. You can either use elevations from a surface or you enter these elevations manually.
Specifying the Elevation of Pipe Runs Using a Surface To specify the elevation of pipe runs using a surface 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Set Current Surface to display the Select Surface dialog box. 2 Choose the appropriate surface, then click OK to continue. 3 The Pipes dialog box is displayed. Do one of the following: n n Click On to use the current surface. The program uses the current surface to extract rim elevations for the pipe run at each node. Click Off to not use the current surface.
3 Type one of the following letters to draw the pipe run: by station and offset, or by point: n n n n 4 Select an initial starting point for the pipe run: n n 5 X for the eXit option, to end the Draw Pipe Run command without drawing the pipe run, and without saving any pipe run data. S for the Station option, to draw the run based on a defined horizontal alignment by station and offset. You must set an existing defined horizontal alignment as current to use this option.
n M for the Move option, to relocate the current node. Enter either a new station and offset, or a selected point. The current station and offset are displayed as the default values. Selecting this option displays the following prompt: eXit/Station/POint: n n n D for the DElete option, to remove the current node in the pipe run back to the previous node.
You can change values in this dialog box by highlighting the appropriate field, then entering the changes in the Edit text box. This editor is dynamically linked to the drawing. If you do make changes in the Edit Table dialog box, clicking OK results in the pipe run being redrawn to reflect those changes. Defining Polylines as Pipe Runs Use the Define By Polyline command to define a polyline as a pipe run, using the node and pipe data values set with the Edit command from the Settings menu.
If you select a pipe run that you previously defined, then the Pipes Message dialog box is displayed with the default pipe run name (the same as the currently selected pipe run). To select previously defined pipe runs, click Yes to update the calculations, or No to cancel the command. If the polyline vertices have changed, clicking Yes recalculates the invert elevations. If the polyline vertices have not changed, clicking Yes updates the data defaults.
6 From the Run Alignment Association dialog box, select the alignment to use. The new run name is listed at the top of the dialog box, along with the current associated alignment, which, by default, is None. At this step, you can do any of the following: n n n n 7 Select the currently defined alignment in the drawing. Select another existing alignment. Create an alignment from the new pipe run. Use the default of None to not use any alignment. Click OK to exit the dialog box.
Checking for Defined Pipe Runs in a Drawing To check for defined pipe runs in a drawing 1 From the Pipes menu, choose List Defined Runs to display the Defined Runs dialog box. 2 In the Selection box, select a pipe run to set as current, then click OK to continue. Identifying Pipe Runs in a Drawing Use the Identify Run command to identify a selected pipe run in the drawing. When you select a run, a prompt displays its run, length, and number of nodes.
To import conceptual pipe runs into plan view 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Import Run to display the Defined Runs dialog box. 2 From the Selection box, select the appropriate run, then click OK. The following informational prompt is displayed: Run: {name} length: {#} nodes: {#} Importing Conceptual Pipe Runs into Profile View Use the Import Run command to import pipe runs from the database into the drawing.
Associating Pipe Runs with Horizontal Alignments Use the Change Run Alignment command to change an existing pipe runs alignment association. To associate pipe runs with horizontal alignments 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Alignments ä Change Run Alignment. The following prompt is displayed: Pipe run: 2 Select the pipe run. Either graphically select the run, or press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box and select the run, then click OK. The Run Alignment Association dialog box is displayed.
sewer district. Where the run does not meet those requirements, you need to edit the run before continuing with the design of your sanitary sewer system. The following illustration shows conceptual pipe run in plan view: Conceptual pipe run in plan view Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View To edit conceptual pipe runs in plan view 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Edit Graphical.
n n four options listed: Use Current Alignment, Create an Alignment from Run, Use No Alignment, or Use an Existing Alignment. A for the Add option, to insert a new node ahead of the current node on the downstream side. The same options are available to select a new node position as with the Move option, described below. M for the Move option, to relocate the current node. Enter either a new station and offset, or a selected point. The current station and offset are displayed as the default values.
Run Editor. Next, run calculations for the same pipe run in the Pipes Run Editor using the soft conversion values that closely approximate the hard conversion values. Use these calculated sizes for labeling the pipes. This gives you two files to work with, if further modifications to the pipe run are necessary. The second method is to run calculations in the Pipes Run Editor using the hard conversion values as before, and then using these values to label the pipes.
3 Click Settings to display the Pipes Editor Settings dialog box. 4 The Hydraulic Calculation section has three options: Upstream to downstream, Downstream to upstream, and None, and an Outflow water surface elevation option. Select one of the following options: n n n 5 In the Design Settings section, do the following: n n 6 7 8 9 Select Upstream to downstream to specify that pipe calculations are made from upstream to downstream.
10 Click the Calculate button if Hydraulic Calculation is set to None in the Pipes Editor Settings dialog box. The program automatically re-calculates the pipe design. Pipes Run Editor Controls The following are controls in the Pipes Run Editor dialog box: n n n n n n Click the Save button to save all edits you made to the current run in the Pipes Run Editor. Click the Settings button to display the Pipes Editor Settings dialog box.
3 4 Click Settings to display the Pipes - Editor Settings dialog box. Click Precision to display the Precision Settings dialog box. 5 In the appropriate text boxes, type a value, or use the slide box associated with each option to select the precision value you want. After adjusting the settings, click OK to exit the dialog box. 6 Calculating Hydraulic and Energy Gradelines You can calculate hydraulic and energy gradelines within the Pipes HGL/EGL Settings dialog box.
4 Click the HGL/EGL button to display the Pipes - HGL/EGL Settings dialog box. 5 Select the Calculate HGL/EGL check box to calculate hydraulic and energy gradelines. In the Outflow water surface elevation box, enter the outflow water surface elevation, and then click OK. 6 To view the HGL/EGL values, go to the Pipes Run Editor and select Headloss in the View list. For more information, see Changing the Pipe Run Editor Settings in this chapter.
2 Do one of the following to select a run: n n Select the run with your pointing device. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box. Under Selection, select the defined run, and then click OK. All pipe runs are stored in a single Pipeworks database called pipeworks.mdb. After you select a run, the Pipeworks database is automatically searched for the run with the specified name. NOTE 3 4 5 6 The .mdb file is a Microsoft Access file, so you can view the .mdb file using Microsoft Access.
7 You can also type an invert elevation value in the Invert text box, and a flow value in the Flow text box. Select the Use of zero elevations for upstream run and all laterals check box to accept zero elevation values from the upstream run. NOTE 8 Zero elevations accepted from upstream run contributions forces subsequent downstream inverts to adopt zero elevations as well. After adjusting the settings, click OK to exit the dialog box.
The following illustration shows how pipe measurements are made based on bottom and maximum lengths: Bottom and maximum length pipe measurements The following illustration shows structure measurement parameters: Structure measurement parameters Editing Conceptual Plan Pipe Runs Using the Pipe Run Editor 671
To edit conceptual pipe runs in plan view using the pipe run editor 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Edit Data. The following prompt is displayed: Pick run: 2 Do one of the following to select a run: n n Select the run with your pointing device. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box. Under Selection, select the run, and then click OK. All pipe runs are stored in a single Pipeworks database called pipeworks.mdb.
3 Use the View list to select a view. Each view displays different columns of grouped pipe run data. The following views are available: n n n n n n n n n Sheet: The Sheet view displays all the columns in the Pipes Run Editor dialog box. This is the default view when you first enter the Pipes Run Editor dialog box. Node: The Node view displays all columns that pertain to the node data. The first column is Node Label, and stays in that position as you move around the dialog box in the Node view.
4 Use the following navigational buttons to move through the columns of information: Navigational Buttons 5 Button Description < Moves over one column to the left > Moves over one column to the right /\ Moves up one row \/ Moves down one row >> Moves over one page (7 columns) to the right << Moves over one page (7 columns) to the left PgUp Moves up 6 rows, and the PgDn button moves down 6 rows Moves the cursor to the last col
Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View Column Headings Pipe Runs in Plan View Column Headings Description % d/D This column contains the percentage full value for the pipe at the design flow rate. The d represents the depth of flow, the D the pipe diameter. This value is determined by the current pipe configuration and flow calculation formula. You can make your own percentage full at the design flow rate calculations if necessary.
Pipe Runs in Plan View (continued) Column Headings Description Finish Inv. This column contains the finish invert elevation for the pipe segment. This value is also the invert in elevation of the next node. The finish invert elevation is calculated from the starting invert elevation using the pipe length and slope. Changing the slope changes the finish invert elevation as well as all invert elevations downstream of the finish invert.
Pipe Runs in Plan View (continued) Column Headings Description Lateral Inv. #2 This column contains the invert elevation at the pipes discharge point run for the second lateral invert. If a valid lateral run name is entered in the Lateral Name #2 column, this value is automatically calculated. Lateral Name #1 This column contains the name of the first lateral run. The Pipes Run Editor searches for the .
Pipe Runs in Plan View (continued) Column Headings Description Start Inv. This column contains the starting invert elevation value for the pipe segment. This value is also the invert out elevation of the current node. You enter only the first starting invert elevation value; each subsequent starting invert through the pipe run is calculated by subtracting the structure drop from the finish invert of the previous pipe, which is the invert in elevation of the current node.
Pipe Runs in Plan View (continued) Column Headings Description Surface On/Off This column contains the runoff file on/off value, with On represented by 1 and Off represented by 0 (zero). For information about the Runoff option, refer to the section, Runoff, later in this command description. Thickness In This column contains the structure wall thickness in value. Thickness Out This column contains the structure wall thickness out value.
3 Click Tools to display the Run Editor Toolbox dialog box. Use the following buttons to copy and clear data from individual cells and columns in the Pipes Run Editor: n n n n Click Copy Down to copy the value in the highlighted cell down to the next cell in the column. Click Copy Column to copy the value in the highlighted cell down to all the cells in that column. Click Clear to clear the cell in which the cursor is located.
Adding Surface Runoff Contributions to Pipe Nodes or Segments To add surface runoff contributions to pipe nodes or segments 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Edit Data. Do one of the following: n n Select the run with your pointing device. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box and select the run, then click OK. All pipe runs are stored in a single Pipeworks database called pipeworks.mdb.
6 In the Runoff Method Selection dialog box, you can open five different methods for computing a runoff value by selecting one of the following from the Selection list: n n n n n Select Rational Method to open the Rational Method dialog box to accommodate TR-20 method runoff calculations. Select TR-55 Tabular to open the TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method dialog box to accommodate TR-55 tabular hydrograph method runoff calculations.
Reversing the Direction of the Flow in a Pipe Use the Reverse Flow command to globally reverse the flow of the current run by swapping both the invert in with the invert out and the label in and out. Use this command whenever you define a pipe run with the flow in the wrong direction. To reverse the direction of the flow in a pipe 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Reverse Flow. Do one of the following: n n Select the run with your pointing device.
The Pipes Message dialog box is displayed. 3 Click Yes to recalculate the rim elevations and inverts, or No to cancel the command. Breaking a Pipe Run into Two Pipe Runs Use the Break command to break a pipe run at a node and make two new separate pipe runs. The separation point occurs at the node nearest to the point you select on the pipe run. The pipe run must have at least three nodes for the Break command to break the run.
Deleting Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View Using the Conceptual Plan ä Delete command, you can erase the graphic entities that comprise a pipe run from the drawing and delete the pipe run data from the Pipeworks database. To delete conceptual pipe runs in plan view 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Plan ä Delete. The following prompt is displayed: Pick run: 2 Do one of the following: n n Select the run with your pointing device.
Updating the Conceptual Pipe Runs in Plan View Use the Check Plan command to update the pipe run: n n After you edit the pipe run database in Microsoft Access, you can update the graphical representation of the pipe run. After you use AutoCAD commands to edit the graphical representation of the pipe run, you can update the pipe run database. NOTE The plan and profile pipe runs are automatically updated with any changes you make to the pipe runs in the Pipes Run Editor.
To edit conceptual pipe runs in profile view 1 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Profile ä Edit Graphical. The following prompt is displayed: Select run to edit: 2 Select a point on the pipe run near the node to be edited. An X drawn with temporary vectors, marks the node nearest to the selection point.
coordinates for the new location. After specifying the point, the node moves to the new location, and previous set of options displays. Deleting Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile View Use the Delete (Conceptual Profile) command to erase the graphic entities that comprise a conceptual profile pipe run and delete the pipe run data from the Pipeworks database. To delete conceptual pipe runs in profile view 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Profile ä Delete.
All pipe runs are stored in a single Pipeworks database called pipeworks.mdb. After you select a run, the Pipeworks database is automatically searched for the run with the specified name. NOTE The .mdb file is a Microsoft Access file, so you can view the .mdb file using Microsoft Access. After the pipe run is found, the Pipes Run Editor dialog box is displayed with the selected pipe run data. 3 For more information, see Changing the Pipe Run Editor Settings in this chapter.
n n n n n 4 Lateral: The Lateral view displays all columns that pertain to lateral run and associated pipe flow data. The Pipe Label column is the first column, and stays in that position as you move around the dialog box in the Lateral view. Run Design: The Run Design view displays all columns that pertain to designing the pipe run. The Pipe Label column is the first column, and stays in that position as you move around the dialog box in the Run Design view.
Editing Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile Column Headings Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile Column Headings Description % d/D This column contains the percentage full value for the pipe at the design flow rate. The d represents the depth of flow, the D the pipe diameter. This value is determined by the current pipe configuration and flow calculation formula. You can make your own percentage full at the design flow rate calculations if necessary.
Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile (continued) Column Headings Description Finish Inv. This column contains the finish invert elevation for the pipe segment. This value is also the invert in elevation of the next node. The finish invert elevation is calculated from the starting invert elevation using the pipe length and slope. Changing the slope changes the finish invert elevation as well as all invert elevations downstream of the finish invert.
Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile (continued) Column Headings Description Infilt. Inflow This column contains the infiltration inflow value of the pipe segment. Lateral Flow #1 This column contains the flow contribution to the pipe's upstream node for the first lateral run. If a valid lateral run name is entered in the Lateral Name #1 column, this value is automatically calculated. Lateral Flow #2 This column contains the flow contribution to the pipe's upstream node for the second lateral run.
Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile (continued) Column Headings Description Pipe Size This column contains the pipe size. You can enter any pipe size in this column; however, only pipe sizes that are defined in the Pipe Slope Control Table can be automatically sized based on flow. If the pipe diameter is too small for the design flow, the Pipes Run Editor automatically selects the next available size that meets the design flow requirements.
Conceptual Pipe Runs in Profile (continued) Column Headings Description Surface Flow This column contains the surface runoff flow value for the node or pipe segment. For information about the Runoff option, refer to the section, Runoff, later in this command description. Surface On/Off This column contains the runoff file on/off value, with On represented by 1 and Off represented by 0 (zero). For information about the Runoff option, refer to the section, Runoff, later in this command description.
Thawing the Plan Layers To thaw a selected plan layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Layers ä Plan Thaw. Select the pipe run. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box and select the run, then click OK. Turning On the Plan Layers To turn on a selected plan layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Layers ä Plan On. Select the pipe run. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box and select the run, then click OK.
Turning On the Profile Layers To turn on a selected profile layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Layers ä Profile On. Select the pipe run. Press ENTER to open the Defined Runs dialog box and select the run, then click OK. Turning Off the Profile Layers To turn off a selected profile layer 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Conceptual Layers ä Profile Off. Do one of the following to select the pipe run: n n Select the run with your pointing device.
Deleting the Finished Draft Profile Layers To delete the finish draft profile layers 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Profile ä Delete Layer. Do one of the following: n n Select the pipe run by graphically selecting the run with your pointing device Press ENTER and select the run from the Defined Runs dialog box, then click OK. The following prompt is displayed: Delete Selected Pipe Run <{name}> Layers : 3 Enter Yes to delete the selected layers.
Freezing the Finish Draft Plan Layers To freeze a selected finish draft plan layer 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Plan Freeze. Do one of the following: n n 3 Select the pipe run. Press ENTER and select the pipe run from the Defined Runs dialog box. Click OK to end the command. Thawing the Finished Draft Plan Layers To thaw a selected finish draft plan layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Plan Thaw.
Thawing the Finished Draft Profile Layers To thaw a selected finish draft profile layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Profile Thaw. Press ENTER, and then select the pipe run from the Defined Runs dialog box. Click OK to end the command. Turning On the Finished Draft Profile Layers To turn on a selected finish draft profile layer 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Profile On. Press ENTER, and then select the pipe run from the Defined Runs dialog box.
Turning On the Finished Draft Section Layers To turn on a selected finish draft section layer 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Sections On. Do one of the following: n n 3 Select a pipe run. Press ENTER and select the pipe run from the Defined Runs dialog box. Click OK to end the command. Turning Off the Finished Draft Section Layers To turn off a selected finish draft section layer 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Layers ä Sections Off.
Creating Finished Draft Runs in Plan View The Draw Pipes (Finish Draft Plan) command inserts and labels illustrative blocks, defined in the Structure Library, for each node in the run. It also draws and labels pipes between structures. The linetype of the run changes to reflect the setting in the Plan Pipe Drafting Settings dialog box.
4 Enter Yes or No: n n 5 Enter Yes to specify the rotation angle for each structure in the run (useful for non-circular structure symbols such as catch basins). Enter No to place all the structures with a rotation angle of 0 (zero) degrees. If you chose the Picking option, prompts now display for locating each structure label as it is drawn. Pick location for label: 6 Press ENTER twice to end the command.
Creating Finished Draft Runs Using a Symbol Line Type To create finished draft runs using a symbol line type 1 2 3 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Plan ä Special Lines to display the Special Lines dialog box. From the Description box, choose the appropriate special line name, then click OK to continue. You can also double-click on the appropriate icon slide.
To create hydraulic gradelines in profile view 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Finish Draft Profile ä Hydraulic Gradeline. Do one of the following: n n Select the pipe run. Press ENTER and select the run from the Defined Runs dialog box, then click OK. The hydraulic gradeline is drawn automatically on the profile view as a polyline on the {run name}HYD_GRD layer.
The area of interference is targeted with an ellipse. A vertical line, starting at the center of the ellipse and drawn upward, is flanked by vertically oriented labels designating the invert elevation at the crossing point and the pipe name. The Align/Run Interferences command uses the label settings established in the Pipes Settings Editor dialog box. If a pipe run structure is coincident with an alignment, the area of interference is also targeted with an ellipse and appropriate labels.
Exporting Pipe Files to ASCII (ASC0 Format To export pipe files in ASCII (ASC) format 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Import/Export Runs ä Export ASC File. Do one of the following: n n Select a pipe run. Press ENTER and select the run from the Defined Runs dialog box, then click OK. After you select a run, an .asc file is created and the following informational prompt is displayed: Creating run ascii file .. :\Land Projects R2\{project name}\pipewks\{name}.
Exporting Pipe Files to DB Format To export Pipes files in db format. 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Import/Export Runs ä Export DB to display the Export DB Runs dialog box. From the File Name box, click the appropriate file, and then click OK. Changing the Order in Which Pipe Parameters Are Output To change the order in which pipe parameters are output 1 2 3 Chapter 6 708 From the Pipes menu, choose Import/Export Runs ä ASCII ASC File Settings to display the File Import Field Order dialog box.
Creating Templates for Outputting Pipe Data To create templates for the output of specific pipes data 1 2 From the Pipes menu, choose Import/Export Runs ä ASCII Template Editor to display the Pipeworks Output Template Editor dialog box. The Current Template label displays the currently defined Pipeworks output template. In the Template Settings section, do the following: n n n n 3 In the Delimiter list, select one of three options: Comma, Space, or Column.
4 5 Click Delete to remove individual items in the To box. If you want to clear all the selections from the To box, click Delete All. If the default value is incorrect, you can specify a different column width in the Column Width text box. You can also change the precision value in the Precision text box. Click OK to exit the dialog box. List of Files for Pipes Path File Name Command Name Description Type cur_data.dbf created when initialized database data file P cur_list.
7 Creating and Plotting Sheets Using Sheet Manager In this chapter n Changing Sheet Manager preferences Use the Sheet Manager commands to create plan/profile, n Changing cross section sheet preferences plan, profile, and cross section sheets that you can plot. n Generating plan/profile sheets n Generating profile sheets or tables that annotate the sheets automatically.
Changing Sheet Manager Preferences Sheet Manager Settings Before generating a sheet series, use the Sheet Manager ä Settings command to change program options and set the preferences for layers, sheet series layout, and sheet generation. The following illustration shows the Settings dialog box: NOTE Chapter 7 712 If you use a sheet style for sheet generation that is not located in the Style Database path, then you receive an error message.
Changing the View Definitions Layer You can specify the layer the view definitions are placed on when you lay out a sheet series. A view definition is a rectangle that surrounds the part of the plan or profile that is displayed on one sheet in the series. View definitions are created when you lay out the sheet series. To change the view definitions layer 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
To change the model space match line layer 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Under Layers, do one of the following to specify the match lines: n n 3 4 Type the layer for the match lines in the MS Match Lines edit box. Click Select to open the Pick Layer Name dialog box, and then from the Layer Name list box, select the layer you want. If the specified layer does not exist, then it is created when needed. Click OK to exit the Pick Layer Name dialog box.
Changing the Label Frame Layer You can specify which layer the frames that you create are placed on. To change the label frame layer 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Under Layers, do one of the following to specify the label frames: n n 3 4 Type the layer for the label frames in the Label Frames edit box. Click Select to open the Pick Layer Name dialog box. In the Layer Name list box, select the layer you want.
Basing the Sheet Layout on Profile or Plan Lengths You can modify the display for the profile viewport by selecting the Use Fixed Profile Stations check box. To base the sheet layout on profile or plan lengths 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
Q Clear the Use Fixed Profile Stations check box to base the sheet series layout on the length of the alignment that fits within the plan viewport. When this check box is cleared, the profile stationing does not begin at the far left of the profile view frame (top frame). The stationing is placed directly above the stationing in the plan view. 3 Click OK to exit the Settings dialog box. The following illustration shows a non-fixed profile.
Changing the Profile Station Offset You can control whether the first profile sheet in a series is at a station other than the first station of the profile by specifying a profile station offset. To change the profile station offset 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
Aligning Grids to Frame Contents You can force grids to align themselves to the frame contents, aligning the first vertical grid line with the first vertical profile line or station in the frame. To align grids to frame contents 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Under Style and Label Options, select the Adjust Grid to View check box.
In the following illustration, the label on the left does not line up with the grid (horizontal line) on the right. The grid begins at the bottom left edge of the profile view frame, as shown: Non-adjust grid to view Changing the Block Search Path You can specify the default search path where Sheet Manager searches for blocks that you use with block labels. To change the block search path 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
3 Click OK to exit the Settings dialog box. If the Block Label command does not find the specified blocks in the search path, then it looks in the Civil Design search path. The Civil Design search path includes the current working folder, the current drawing folder (if different from the working folder) and the Civil Design environment variable path. One way to determine what Civil Design is using for the search path is to use the Civil Design INSERT command and enter a block name that doesnt exist.
To change the sheet style database path 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. The Style Database section of the dialog box lists the current storage path for sheet styles. Under Style DataBase, click the Set button to edit the Style Database folder path. The Style Database Path dialog box is displayed. NOTE To define the style database path, you can use the Use STYDB check box and/or specify a path. Be sure to include a backslash (\) at the end of the path.
Sheet Manager Files When creating a style sheet, Sheet Manager creates and uses three files: n n n The .dwg files contain viewport information, paper space borders, frames, and frame component attachment information (where the label styles were placed on the sheet, which label styles the sheet contains). The .sdb files contain information related to the saved sheet such as the viewport sizes, categories, and scales as well as layer information. The .
If the Path edit box is empty, then the entire sheet database path is retrieved from the STYDB path. NOTE When entering a folder path with the Path edit box, always include the ending \ (backslash) in the path. For example,\Sheets\. When the STYDB check box} Then} is selected all or a portion of the sheet database path is retrieved from the STYDB key in the sdsk.dfm file. is cleared the entire path is retrieved from the Path edit box.
Changing the Horizontal Scale Section sheets are generated in paper space. The scaling values are based on the relationship between the section swath width and paper space units. For example, in imperial units, if you set the horizontal scale to 50, a section that was sampled with a swath width of 200c on the left and 200c on the right would take up 8s on a paper space sheet (to cover the entire 400c).
Changing the Vertical Scale Section sheets are generated in paper space. The scaling values are based on the relationship between the section height and paper space units. For example, in imperial units, if you set the vertical scale to 5, a section that is 20c high would take up 4s in height on a paper space sheet (to cover the entire 20c). To change the vertical scale for section sheets 1 2 3 4 5 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
Changing the Column Spacing To control the amount of space between columns of cross sections on a sheet 1 2 3 4 5 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Click the Section Preferences button to display the Cross Section Preferences dialog box. In the Cross Section Sheet Options section, type the amount of space between columns of cross sections on the plotted sheet in the Column Spacing box.
NOTE 4 5 Snap Sections to Grid may modify the left/right or top/bottom spacing to ensure that the section snaps match a user-defined grid with that style. For more information, see Snapping Sections to a Grid in this chapter. For an illustration, see Changing the Column Spacing in this chapter. Click OK to exit the Cross Section Preferences dialog box. Click OK to exit the Settings dialog box.
Changing the Internal Section Spacing You can add some space above and below the cross sections on the sheet by adding some space below the cross section datum line and above the maximum elevation of the cross section. To control the amount of space that is placed above and below the cross sections 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Click the Cross Section Preferences button to display the Cross Section Preferences dialog box.
Changing the Vertical Layout You can specify whether Sheet Manager places cross sections on a sheet starting from either the bottom or the top of the sheet. To control the vertical layout of cross sections on a sheet 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Click the Section Preferences button to display the Cross Section Preferences dialog box.
Using Curve Correction You can choose to use curve correction for volume calculations. In normal volume calculations, the length between the end areas on horizontal curves is taken from the length along the centerline curve. With curve correction in use, the length is taken from the path of the average centroid of the areas for more accurate results. To use curve correction in volume calculations 1 2 3 4 5 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
Changing the Fill Correction Value To more accurately calculate fill volumes, you can specify a fill correction value. For a material that expands 15%, enter the value 1.15. Whereas, for a material that compacts to 93% of its original value, enter the value 0.93. A factor of 1.00 does not adjust the volumes. To change the fill correction value 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box.
4 5 template surface would be drawn on a layer that includes the surface layer name, for example, template_concrete. Click OK to exit the Cross Section Preferences dialog box. Click OK to exit the Settings dialog box. Changing the Section Sheet Layer Settings The cross sections on a section sheet are actually created in paper space and are saved as part of the generated sheet. You can specify the layers on which you want Sheet Manager to create the paper space entities.
Naming a Sheet Series A sheet series is a group of sheets that is associated with a particular alignment in your project. You can create plan/profile sheet series, profile sheet series, and section sheet series. You can create plan-only sheet series by modifying a plan/profile sheet series. The following steps outline the process of creating a sheet series: 1 2 3 Name the new series. When you name a sheet series, a folder for storing the series sheets is created with that name in c:\Land Projects R2\
To name a sheet series 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Plan/Profile Sheets ä Set/Define Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. 2 Select a series in one of the following ways: n n n To define a new sheet series, enter the name in the Current Series edit box, and then click OK. To choose an existing sheet series as the current series, you can double-click its name in the Existing Series list box, or you can select its name, and then click OK.
Naming a Profile Sheet Series Use the Set/Define Series command to define a name for a new profile series. When you name a new series, a folder for storing the sheets is created in c:\Land Projects R2\\cd\data. To name a sheet series 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Profile Sheets ä Set/Define Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box.
Naming a Section Sheet Series Use the Set/Define Section Series command to define a name for a new section series. When you name a new series, a folder for storing the sheets is created in c:\Land Projects R2\\cd\. To set the current series name 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Section Sheets ä Set/Define Section Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box.
Laying Out a Plan/Profile Sheet Series After you have defined your sheet styles, the next step for plan/profile and profile sheet series is to switch back to model space and lay out the sheet views (this step is not necessary when you are generating section sheets). Before laying out the sheet views, you must first select a sheet style and set a current alignment and profile. The layout is performed in model space.
To change the sheet layout options 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Plan/Profile Sheets ä Edit Sheet Series. The Set Current Sheet Series dialog box is displayed and lists the names of the sheet series that were defined with the Set/Define Series command. Select the sheet series that you want to edit, and then click OK to display the Edit Sheet Series Data dialog box. 3 The name of the current series is listed in the Series Name edit box. Review the Alignment/Profile Data section information.
Creating a Plan/Profile Sheet Series Layout To determine what part of the plan and profile is on each sheet in the series, you need to lay out the series. When you lay out a sheet series, rectangular view definitions are placed over the plan view of the alignment in model space. Each rectangle represents one sheet in the series. If the rectangle does not cover the alignment properly, you can move or rotate the rectangle so it covers the area of the alignment that you want to appear on the sheet.
The Edit Sheet Series dialog box is displayed, where you can edit the sheet series settings if needed. 5 6 Click OK to exit the Edit Sheet Series dialog box. The command places rectangular view definitions along the alignment. Edit the sheet layout to specify which view of the profile each sheet contains. You can also use the layout editing command to adjust the location and rotation of the plan view definitions.
3 Select a series. The sheet is placed into model space over the plan view as a dotted or solid line and numbered as the next sheet in the series. The corresponding profile viewport is also shown on-screen. The Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box is displayed. 4 5 6 7 8 9 Click the Move by Point< button. The Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box closes. Use your pointer to pick a new starting point for the view definition (based on the leftmost edge of the view definition).
Editing a Plan/Profile Sheet Layout After you lay out the sheet series, you can adjust the position and rotation of the plan view definitions if the rectangles are not properly covering the horizontal alignment. You can also adjust the profile datum elevation so the correct view of the profile is displayed in the profile viewport of each sheet. The profile needs to be set current.
The Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box is displayed. 3 Change the scale in the View Scale edit box, if necessary. This view scale defaults to the scale that you set the viewport to when you defined the sheet. If you change the view scale value, press ENTER to update the layout with the new scale. NOTE This command does not modify the layout of any subsequent sheets based on this change. 4 You can edit the plan view definition to control what part of the plan is displayed on a sheet.
NOTE If the section of the profile covered by the view definition has a great elevational change, then you may need to split the profile view and change the datum elevation of the split viewport with the Sheet Tools ä Profile View Tools ä Split Profile View command after the sheet is generated.
cleared then you can edit the start station. However, if this option is selected, then the start station is fixed and you are unable to edit it. Deleting a Plan/Profile Sheet Series Layout You can quickly delete the rectangular view definitions that were placed along the alignment when you laid out the sheet series. NOTE This command does not delete the drawing files that were generated for the series. To completely delete a series and all related files, use the Delete Series command.
3 4 5 6 7 Review the Alignment/Profile Data section information. If the wrong alignment is listed, then exit the command and use the Select Alignment and the Set Current Profile commands to set the current alignment and profile. Select a sheet style. Click the Set Style button to display the Set Current Sheet Style dialog box. Use this dialog box to set the sheet style, and then click OK to return to the Edit Sheet Series Data dialog box. Type the starting sheet number.
To lay out a sheet series 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Profile Sheets ä Layout Sheet Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. Select a series. The Edit Sheet Series Data dialog box is displayed. 3 4 5 Chapter 7 748 Change the sheet series options, if necessary. Click OK to exit the Edit Sheet Series Data dialog box. The command lays out the view definitions over the profile.
The following illustration shows a profile layout: Profile layout Adding a New Sheet to a Profile Sheet Series Layout You can add sheets to the current profile series layout if necessary. To insert a new sheet into a profile series layout 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Profile Sheets ä Insert Sheet Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. Select a series.
3 4 5 6 7 Click the Move by Point< button. The Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box closes. Use your pointer to pick a new starting point for the view definition (based on the leftmost edge of the view definition). The view definition is moved to the new starting point and the Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box is redisplayed. In the Datum box, adjust the datum elevation of the view definition by typing a value. Click OK to exit the command.
The Edit Sheet View Definition dialog box is displayed. 3 4 Review the information displayed in the dialog box to verify if it is correct. This dialog box displays the sheet series name, the sheet number, and information about the plan and profile data. Change the scale in the View Scale edit box, if necessary. This view scale defaults to the scale that you set the viewport to when you defined the sheet. If you change the view scale value, press ENTER to update the layout with the new scale.
8 Click OK to exit the command and save the changes you have made. NOTE If the section of the profile covered by the view definition has a great elevational change, then you may need to split the profile view and change the datum elevation of the split viewport after generating the sheet series. You can use the Split Profile View command to do this. The following illustration shows the definitions as they appear when the series is laid out.
To delete a profile sheet layout 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Profile Sheets ä Delete Series Layout to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. Select the sheet series, and then click OK. The view definitions for the selected sheet series is deleted from model space. You can also use the ERASE command to erase the view definitions from model space.
WARNING! NOTE If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, It is difficult to remove them. To avoid accumulating unwanted layers, design the sheets in a SHTMGR project. The SHTMGR project does not have any alignments or profiles and the drawings contain only the desired layers.
NOTE An error message is displayed if there are no available layouts for sheet generation. After the sheet is generated, the drawing either returns to model space, or remains in paper space. Rules for Sheet Generation Sheets are generated in a default layout named SHEET_MANAGER. As each sheet is generated, the sheet is saved to the sheet series folder in the format S###, for example, S001, and the contents of the SHEET_MANAGER layout tab are erased before generating the next sheet.
Generating a Plan/Profile Sheet Series Automatically You can automatically generate sheets by using the Auto Generate Series Sheets command. This command automatically lays out the sheet series and generates the sheets. Sheet layouts with a matching series name are deleted and recreated. NOTE This is a quick way to generate sheets, but you do not have the ability to edit the layout in model space before the sheets are generated. However, you can edit the sheets after they are generated.
Saving a Plan/Profile Sheet You can save a sheet that you have edited by using the Save Sheet - Individual command. This command saves the sheet to c:\Land Projects R2\ \cd\data\ folder. To save a sheet 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Plan/Profile Sheets ä Save Sheet Individual to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. In the Existing Series box, select the series name, and then click OK to display the Save Series Sheet dialog box.
To load a generated sheet into paper space 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Plan/Profile Sheets ä Load Sheet Individual to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. In the Existing Series box, select the sheet series to load to display the Load Series Sheet dialog box. Open to the \cd\data\ folder. Select the sheet you want to load, and then click OK. The sheet is loaded into paper space.
ELM+S001. The plus symbol (+) is used as a delimiter between the series name and the sheet number. The S character is prefixed to the sheet number. If the named layout does not exist, a new layout is created and used. If the named layout does exist, the existing layout is cleared and reused. The layout position in the tabs is not altered. If you do not want an existing named layout cleared, then the layout must be renamed or copied to something other than a valid sheet layout name.
3 Select the view definition of the sheet you want to generate. The command loads the sheet style, switches to paper space, and regenerates the drawing. The command then searches for labels and places them into the frame, and saves the resulting sheet to the sheet series folder. After the sheet is generated, the drawing either returns to model space, or remains in paper space.
Generating a Profile Sheet Series Automatically You can generate sheets automatically by using the Auto Generate Series Sheets command. This command lays out the sheet series and generates a new layout for each sheet in a series. All the sheets are written to separate drawings in the project folder. NOTE This is a quick way to generate sheets, but you do not have the ability to edit the layout in model space before the sheets are generated. However, you can edit the sheets after they are generated.
WARNING! If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, it is difficult to remove them. Saving a Profile Sheet Use the Save Sheet - Individual command after loading and editing a generated sheet. This command saves the sheet to the project series data folder.
Loading a Generated Profile Sheet To view and edit a generated sheet, use the Load Sheet - Individual command to load the sheet into paper space. After the sheet is loaded you can update the labels and grids, make modifications, and plot the sheet. The last active viewport is used. To set the plan viewport active, you must pick within the plan viewport. To learn about the rules that apply to loading a sheet series, see Rules for Loading a Sheet Series in this chapter.
Loading a Profile Sheet Series Multiple sheets can be loaded into the drawing at one time. Each sheet is loaded in its own layout. To learn about the rules that apply to loading a sheet series, see Rules for Loading a Sheet Series in this chapter. To load a profile sheet series 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Profile Sheets ä Load Sheet Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box is displayed. In the Existing Series box, select the series name, and then click OK.
To generate a section sheet series 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Section Sheets ä Generate Section Sheets to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. 2 In the Existing Series box, select the series to generate, and then click OK. The Edit Section Sheet Series Data dialog box is displayed. 3 4 5 Review the Alignment information at the bottom of the dialog box. If the wrong alignment is listed, then exit the command and use the Select Alignment command to set the current alignment.
6 7 8 Under Starting Numbers, type the starting section number in the Section Number box. The sections are numbered sequentially starting with the starting section number. Set the Start Station and End Station. These default to the starting and ending stations of the alignment. If you dont want to generate sections for the whole alignment, then use these edit boxes to limit the station range. Click OK when you have set the sheet series options, or click Cancel to cancel the command.
Saving a Section Sheet Use the Save Sheet - Individual command after loading and editing a generated section sheet. This command saves the sheet to the project series data folder. To save a sheet 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Section Sheets ä Save Sheet - Individual to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. In the Existing Series box, select the series, and then click OK. The Save Series Sheet dialog box is displayed.
Loading a Generated Section Sheet To view and edit a generated section sheet, use the Load Sheet - Individual command to load the sheet into the drawings paper space. NOTE On Section sheets, you can draw on top of the section sheets or manually create a label, but you cannot use the Update Labels options to update any labels.
To learn about the rules that apply to loading a sheet series, see Rules for Loading a Sheet Series in this chapter. To load a section sheet series 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Section Sheets ä Load Sheet Series to display the Set Current Sheet Series Name dialog box. In the Existing Series box, select the series name, and then click OK. The program loads the selected series and uses the series name to label the layout tabs.
Plan/Profile Sheets Step Explanation 1 Design the roadway alignment and profile. Plan and profile views must exist in your drawing in order to plot them with Sheet Manager, or you can use XREFs to reference the model space entities if they exist in the current project. 2 Set the Sheet Manager Settings. The Settings control the sheet style database path, layers, display of match lines, and so on. 3 Set the current sheet style, and then load that sheet style into paper space to view it.
Creating Profile-Only Sheets You can use Sheet Manager to create profile-only sheets for plotting that show a length of the profile on each sheet. The profile view can be labeled with a variety of information that is pertinent to your project. An example of a profile sheet is shown in the following illustration: This is a sheet that was generated for a profile sheet series.
Creating Plan-Only Sheets You can create sheets for plotting that show lengths of the alignment in plan view. Although Sheet Manager does not have commands for specifically creating plan-only sheets, you can use the commands in the Plan/Profile Sheets menu to create plan-only sheets. The process of creating plan-only sheets is similar to creating plan/profile sheets.
Plan-Only Sheets (continued) Step Explanation 6 Switch to model space. You must be in model space to set the profile current, but you can set the alignment current in paper space. 7 Set the current alignment. You must set the current alignment so the correct plan information is referenced. You can set the alignment current in Paper Space. 8 Set the current profile . You must be in Model Space to set the profile current so the correct profile information is referenced.
Creating Section Sheets You can generate sheets for plotting that contain section views sampled along an alignment.
Section Sheets Step Explanation 1 Set the current alignment. You must set the current alignment so the correct plan information is referenced for the sections. This step must occur before you design the roadway alignment. 2 Process the cross sections. Process the cross sections with the Cross Sections ä Design Control ä Edit Design Control command. 3 Set the Cross Section Sheet Preferences, such as the horizontal and vertical scale.
To save a sheet 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Single Sheet ä Load to load a sheet into paper space. Edit the sheet by adding text, linework, modifying the viewport data. 3 Save the sheet using the Single Sheet ä Save command. Loading a Single Sheet to Paper Space The Load command can be used with any series of sheets. You can load a single sheet (only one sheet can be loaded into Paper Space at a time) from a series of sheets or from a single sheet.
Setting the Viewport View Scale To change the scale of the drawing view within a viewport, you can use the Set View Scale command. This is useful if you want to restore a scale after using the ZOOM command. NOTE This is a paper space command. To set the viewport scale 1 2 3 4 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Set View Scale. Enter the new scale and press ENTER. Select the viewport(s) to scale.
To move model space entities 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Move MSpace to PSpace. Inside a viewport, select the entities to move to paper space. To activate a viewport, pick within that viewport. Press ENTER to display the Confirm Export of ADE Data dialog box. The command then moves the entities to paper space. Copying Paper Space Entities to Model Space To copy selected entities from paper space to model space, use the Copy PSpace to MSpace command.
Erasing All Entities in Paper Space To erase all the entities in paper space, you can use the Clean Paper Space command. You can use the UNDO command to restore the entities back to paper space, or use a Load Sheet command to restore a generated sheet. To erase paper space entities n From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Clean Paper Space. The command erases all the entities in paper space.
Setting the Plan View Angle To make a change to the plan view angle in a viewport, use the Set Plan View Angle command. With this command, the last active viewport is used. To set the plan viewport active, you must select an area within the plan viewport. NOTE This is a paper space command. To set the plan view angle 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Set Plan View Angle.
To rotate plan annotation 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Rotate Plan Annotation. The following prompt is displayed: Select text and/or blocks to rotate: Select objects: 2 3 Select the text or blocks you want to rotate with your pointing device pickbox, or use a window or crossing. Press ENTER to complete the selection set. The text or blocks are rotated 180 degrees.
The following illustration shows a rotated plan annotation: Rotated plan annotation Restoring Rotated Plan Annotation You can restore the original rotation angle of the model space plan annotation by using the Restore Rotated Annotation command. NOTE To work in the viewports while in paper space, use the MSpace macro or double-click the PAPER button in the Windows status bar before using this command.
To split the profile viewport 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Split Profile View. Use your pointing device to pick the profile viewport to split. Press ENTER. The following prompt is displayed: Pick viewport split point (Station/MSpace/PSpace/eXit) : 4 Pick the viewport split point using one of the following options: n n n Pick a point within the selected viewport. At this selected point, the viewport splits vertically and regenerates.
Creating a Layer Report To create a report that lists all the layers in the current drawing as well as their current state (i.e. On, Off, Frozen, Thawed, Locked, Unlocked, Linetype, and Color Code), use the Create Layer Report command. This command creates the report in ASCII text format. The following is a sample layer report: Project Subdivision Drawing Name: plan.
To generate a layer report 1 2 3 4 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Tools ä Create Layer Report to display the Filename for Layer Report dialog box. Type the report name. Select the folder you want to save the report to. Click OK. A message similar to the following is displayed: Printing 226 layers to file: c:\Land Projects R2\adtut\ layer.txt The command saves the report to the file. This file can be opened with any text editor.
5 6 7 8 9 Select the desired Layout Page Setup name. The name must exist in the current drawing. Click Add File to add each sheet to the batch plot job. The Add Sheet to Plot Job dialog box is displayed. Use this dialog box to locate the sheets to plot. Select the name of the drawing to plot, and then click Open. The Edit Batch Plot Job dialog box is redisplayed, and the drawing you selected is listed in the Sheet File List.
Working with Sheet Styles To create sheets, you start with a sheet style. A sheet style is a 1:1 scale paper space drawing that typically contains a border, a title block, viewports, and labels and grids. A scale of 1:1 means that 1 unit of paper space plots as 1 unit on your final sheets. When you generate a sheet, the sheet style is used as a kind of template for the finished sheet.
Customizing Sheet Manager Creating sheets involves customizing a sheet style, planning which design elements go on which sheet (the sheet layout process), and then generating the sheets. The process is different for each of the four sheet types that you can create. Using a Sheet Style That Was Included with Sheet Manager A good way to start working with Sheet Manager is to use one of the sheet styles that was included with Sheet Managereither as-is or with some modifications.
Choosing the Current Sheet Style Each sheet series that you generate can be based on a different sheet style. You must use different sheet styles for generating different types of sheet series, such as section sheets and plan/profile sheets. To choose the current sheet style 1 2 3 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Set Current Sheet Style to display the Select Current Sheet Style dialog box. This dialog box opens to the Sheet Style Database path defined in the Sheet Manager Setting dialog box.
WARNING! If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, it is difficult to remove them. For easier management of the sheet style, we recommend that you create a new drawing for your sheet style.
Creating a New Plan/Profile Sheet In a Separate Drawing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Create a new drawing in a new project. If the sheet is a plan and profile sheet at 50 scale, then you may want to name the drawing something like plpr50.dwg. The project name might be something like Sheet Styles. Switch to paper space. In Windows Explorer, create a unique folder under the c:\Program Files\Land Desktop R2\data\sheets folder for your new sheet style.
Creating a New Plan/Profile Sheet in the Paper Space of an Existing Drawing To create a plan/profile sheet in an existing drawing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Complete steps 111 of Creating a New Plan/Profile Sheet In a Separate Drawing in this chapter. Choose File ä Open to open the existing drawing if it is not already open. Switch to paper space. Draw the sheet border using the RECTANGLE command, or insert a pre-defined border block using the DDINSERT command.
6 7 Change the sheet style path so it points to this new folder. Draw the sheet border using the RECTANGLE command, or insert a pre-defined border block using the DDINSERT command. It is recommended that you create the sheet style at a 1:1 scale. For example, if you want a sheet to measure 24 by 36 inches, then make your sheet 24 by 36 units. 8 Use the MVIEW or the Create Viewport command to create the sheet viewport. 9 Set the viewport category and view scale.
WARNING! If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, it is difficult to remove them. To create a new plan sheet style 1 Choose a method for creating, opening, and editing sheet style drawings. You can create the sheet style in a separate drawing.
If you want to edit the sheet style, then use File ä Open command to open the sheet style *.dwg file that is located in the c:\Land Projects R2\Sheet Styles\ folder. WARNING! NOTE If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, it is difficult to remove them. Once .sbd and .
To create a new section sheet style 1 Choose a method for creating, opening, and editing sheet style drawings. n You can create the sheet style in a separate drawing. For more information, see the following section, Creating a New Section Sheet In a Separate Drawing. Creating a New Section Sheet In a Separate Drawing To create a new section sheet in a separate drawing 1 Create a new drawing in a new project. If the sheet is at 50 scale, then you may want to name the drawing something like sect40.dwg.
WARNING! NOTE If you plan to use a sheet style with another project, then do not define a sheet style template in the current working drawing. Layers in the current working drawing are carried over to the next project in which you apply the sheet style. Once the layers exist in a project, it is difficult to remove them. Once .sbd and .dbf files are created using AutoCAD Land Development Desktop Release 2, they cannot be used with an earlier version of the Desktop.
Method 1: Creating a Sheet Style in Paper Space of an Existing Drawing To create a sheet style in the paper space of an existing drawing 1 2 From within an existing drawing, switch to paper space. Load an existing sheet style using the Sheet Styles ä Load Sheet Style command on the Sheet Manager menu, and then make modifications to that sheet style. You can also start from scratch by drawing a border, setting up viewports, and attaching label styles.
Method 2: Creating a Sheet Style in a New Drawing When you create a separate drawing file for the sheet style, you have more control over the sheet style, but an additional step is required. You create a separate drawing (which may also be in a separate project) for your sheet style. Creating a new sheet style in a separate drawing makes it easier to edit the sheet style later and it also makes it easier to share the sheet style drawing with other people. NOTE Once .sbd and .
You can use object snaps, such as endpoint or intersection, to accurately select the two corners of the viewport. The following illustration shows viewports: Viewports NOTE You can later edit the size of the viewports. When in paper space, pick on the viewport, and then pick on the corner you want to move. This activates the STRETCH command.
3 Press ENTER at the Select objects prompt to continue the command. The Edit View Data dialog box is displayed. 4 5 Set the viewport category by selecting either Plan or Profile from the scroll list. Set the view scale. The viewport scale defaults to the current scale of the viewport.
To save a sheet style 1 2 Switch to paper space if the drawing is currently set to model space. From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Save Sheet Style to display the Save Current Sheet Style dialog box. 3 Type a name for the sheet style. 4 The name can have a maximum of eight characters. Specify the drive and folder location where you want the sheet style saved, and then click Save to save the sheet.
WARNING! Do not use the File ä Open command to open the sheet style *.dwg file from the \data\sheets folder. You cannot edit a sheet style using this method. Loading a Sheet Style To customize an existing sheet style, load it into paper space and edit the sheet. To load a sheet into paper space 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Load Sheet Style to display the Load Sheet Style dialog box. NOTE 2 3 4 Accept the default style, or use the dialog box to locate the style you want to load.
Working with Frames Frames control where the labels and grids appear on the final generated sheets. Frames are also used instead of viewports to control the placement of cross sections on section sheets. Some frames, such as label frames, require additional information from you if they are going to label anything. This additonal information is created when you attach label and grid styles to the frames. Some frames do not require you to attach label and grid styles to them.
To create the labels in this illustration, label styles were formatted and attached to the frames that exist on the sheet style, and then the sheet series was generated. For example, in the lower viewport, the station label style was attached to the view frame that surrounds the plan viewportthe plan/view frame. Text labels are not the only annotation that is controlled by frames. The grid in the upper viewport is placed on the generated sheet because a grid style was attached to the profile/view frame.
n n n Use table frames to label information that is not design-specific to sections, such as volume data. Table frames are optional. You must associate table frames with the section frame using the Assign Design Frame button in the Create/Edit Frame dialog box. Use label frames to label information outside the region where the actual section is plotted. Label frames are optional.
n What Is a Section/View Frame Used For? The section/view frame defines how much area of the sheet you want to use for the sections. This frame is required for a section sheet. There can be only one section/view frame on a sheet. You can attach a grid style to this frame if you want a grid to be plotted on the sheet with your cross sections. Do not attach design-location specific label styles to this frame because it is not specific to any one cross section.
Drawing a Section/View Frame A Section/View frame designates the area on the sheets in which to plot the sections. The Generate Section Sheets command uses the Section/View frame to calculate how much area is available on the sheet for plotting the cross sections. To draw a section/view frame 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Create/Edit Frame. Press ENTER to display the Edit Frame Data dialog box. 3 4 5 Select Section as the frame Type. Select View as the frame Category.
Drawing a Section/Section Frame Unlike plan/profile sheets, which use viewports to designate the locations on the sheet where the design elements appear, section sheets use a single Section/Section frame to place the sections on the sheets. This one frame works for all cross sections that are plotted per sheet. When the sheets are generated, this frame is replicated for each section that is plotted. The size and shape of the sections usually vary from station to station.
7 8 information. You can set up Text Label styles to label the template point codes with offsets and/or elevations. Draw any related label frames around the Section/Section frame. When you generate a section sheet, the Section/Section frame is adjusted in length and height based on the size of each section. All of the related label frames adjust in length with the section/section frame. Save the sheet style.
The following list describes some of the characteristics of Section/Table frames: n n n n n Use the Section/Table frame to label information that is not visible in the design, such as cut and fill volumes. You can have any number of Section/Table frames on a section sheet. You must associate the Section/Table frame with the section data by using the Assign Design Frame option in the Create Frame dialog box. The size of the Section/Table frame remains constant and does not vary with the size of sections.
Attaching Labels and Grids to Frames To label design information, you must attach labels, such as text labels, to the frame. There is no limit to the number of label and grid styles that can be attached to a frame. You can control where the labels appear by choosing different placement options. For example, to create the station labels on the plan view in this illustration, you would do the following: 1 Format the text label style so that it labels alignment|station.
In this dialog box, there are many variables to consider when creating frames and attaching label styles to them. One of the best ways to learn how to set up your own label styles and frames is to analyze existing label styles and placement options. For example, you can load one of the default sheets into paper space and use the Create/Edit Frame command to see which styles are attached to a frame and how they are attached to the frame.
Drawing Frames for Plan/Profile and Profile Sheets For plan/profile and profile sheets, a frame defines a rectangular region on a paper space sheet style which contains label and grid styles. For example, you can place a frame above or below a profile viewport for labeling station and elevations. You can place frames on either side of a profile viewport for labeling grid elevations.
4 5 6 Press ENTER to create a new frame. To edit a pre-existing frame, use your pointing device to select it. The Edit Frame Data dialog box is displayed. Use this dialog box to specify the frame type, contents, size and location, and frame entity properties. Under Frame Properties, click the Pick Origin/Size<< button and pick two points to draw the frame. You can also set the following settings to control how the frame is drawn: n Layer: Use this option to set the layer the frame is drawn on.
Clear this check box to draw the frame with a horizontal orientation. A typical horizontal frame would be one below a profile that is used to label the profile stationing. n n 7 Pick Origin/Size<<: Click this button to position the frame on the sheet. When you click this button, the dialog box closes and you are prompted to pick the lower left (origin) point and then the upper right point of the frame. After picking the points, the dialog box returns to the screen.
Creating Labels and Grids You can annotate sheets by using label and grid styles. These styles include text labels, block labels for creating symbols on sheets, distance labels for labeling dimensions, and grid styles for placing grids on sheets. To create and edit label and grid styles, use the commands in the Frame Components section of the Sheet Styles submenu. Several label styles are provided with Sheet Manager that you can use as is.
Alignment as a Code Category, you must choose an alignment-related Code, such as Station. After you have defined and saved a Text Label, you can control where the label appears on the sheet by attaching it to a label frame. You can attach text labels to label, table, or view frames.
3 Click Edit to display the Text Label Properties dialog box. Use this dialog box to control the style, justification, layer name, height, and rotation angle of the labels. 4 Under Text Entity Data, specify text style and justification, height, rotation, and layer. You can specify the following properties: n n n n n 5 Text Style Justify Layer Height Rotation Angle Under Text Label Format, click the Edit button to specify what type of information is labeled.
Specifying Which Design Elements the Text Label Will Label This section is a continuation of the previous section, Creating a Text Label and describes how to specify which design elements the label style labels. To specify which design elements the text label will label 1 Display the Edit Text Format dialog box. The Text Format has the same name as the label style, and is listed at the top of the dialog box. To specify which design elements are labeled, you must set a Code Category and a Code.
4 5 Click the Add Code to Text Format button to place the category/code in the Text/Code/Formula Format Order list. Preview how the text appears by looking directly above this list at the Preview Formatted Text section. You can define more than one code per category by choosing another code and clicking the Add Code to Text Format button. If you have more than one code defined, then use the buttons to control the order of the codes as they appear in the labels.
Setting the Numeric Format for a Text Label This is a continuation of Creating a Text Label in this chapter. This section describes how the numbers in the labels appear. To control the way that the codes, such as stationing or elevations, are formatted 1 2 In the Edit Text Format dialog box, click the Numeric Format button to display the Edit Numeric Format dialog box. The Preview section at the top of this dialog box reflects the changes you make to the numeric format.
n n n n 3 is selected and the Minimum display width is set to 6 (the decimal point is counted as one character. A value of 50.02 would be displayed as 0050.02 if the Minimum display width is 7. Use ( ) for negative values: Select this check box to display negative values inside parentheses () signs. Clear this check box to display negative values with a minus sign. Decimal precision: Use this edit box to select how many characters are displayed to the right of the decimal point.
Renaming a Text Label Style 1 2 3 4 To rename a Text Label Style From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Text Label to display the Select Style dialog box. From the Style List, select the name of the text label you want to rename. Click the Rename button to display the Style Name dialog box. Type the new name for the style, and then click OK. Copying a Text Label Style The copy feature is useful if you want to create variations of an existing label.
The following illustration shows the design incremental with text at a 0-degree rotation angle: 0 rotation angle The following illustration shows the design incremental with text at a 270degree rotation angle: 270 rotation angle Example: Text Label Format You can format text labels so that they label more than one value. The following example shows a text format that is set up to label finished ground centerline profiles with both length and grade.
grade, and static text strings (m @ and %) are combined to produce the following result: 100m @ 2.25%, as shown: This example produces a label like the one shown in the following illustration: Text label You can use formulas to show alternate units, such as 100.00'[30.480m], or you can use formulas to change the value of a profile tangent grade from a percentage to a slope, such as changing 2% to 1 in 50.
The following illustration shows the Edit Text Format dialog box with the settings for multiple codes in a single label style displayed: In the following illustration of the Edit Text Format dialog box, a label uses multiple codes in a single label style: Multiple codes in a single label style Creating a Text Label 827
You can choose only one Code Category per label style. However, you can define multiple Codes per label style. For example, you can label the horizontal alignment (the Code Category) with Equation STA Back and Equation STA Ahead (which are two different Codes). You cannot format a label style to label the horizontal alignment and profile (both are Code Categories) with station information. NOTE Use the Profile category for labeling the grid elevations on the side of a profile only.
The Station/Chainage Numeric Format is set at Drop Right Side in the Edit Numeric Format dialog box, as shown in the following illustration: Drop right side setting The Station/Chainage Numeric Format setting is set at Drop Left Side in the following illustration of the Edit Numeric Format dialog box: Creating a Text Label 829
Creating Text Labels in Multi-Line Format Often it is necessary to display a related group of values in a stacked, multi-line format. Some typical examples include horizontal curve information, vertical curves, or pipe structure inverts. One method you can use to create a multi-line Text Label to combine the codes into one Text Label using special characters to designate the start and end of each line. This method is described in this section.
To create a multi-line label 1 2 3 4 5 Format the style for the label shown in the above illustration. From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Text Label to display the Select Style dialog box. Type the name of the new style, Profile - FGC Vertical Curve, in the Style Name edit box. Click the Edit button to display the Text Label Properties dialog box.
16 Under Text Data, click the Add button. This ends the second line, and start the next line with AD =. 17 Set the Code to VC A.D. 18 Click the Add Code to Text Format button to add the algebraic difference. 19 In the Text Data box, type the text string %}. 20 Under Text Data, click the Add button. This ends the algebraic difference with the percentage sign and completes the last line. Now you have completed formatting the text style.
Converting Values With the Formula Data Option When you are setting up the text formats for text label styles, you can apply formulas to any of the label codes. This is useful if you want to convert between metric and imperial units or to change a percent grade to a ratio slope, for example. To modify a code value with a formula 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Text Label to display the Select Style dialog box. Select an existing style or create a new style.
Text Label Formula Function Symbols You can use the following functions to convert values within labels.
NOTE Brackets ( ) should be used with formulas as required by standard mathematical notation. Example: Using the TRUNC Function the formula TRUNC(FG Center Line|V Tangent Length) converts the Finish Ground Center Line Tangent Length to a whole integer. For example, 900.02 becomes 900.
10 Click the Numeric Format button to the right of the format order list box to display the Edit Numeric Format dialog box. 11 In the Decimal Precision box, type 3. 12 Click OK to return to the Edit Text Format dialog box. 13 In the Formula box, move your cursor to the end of the numeric code, [100|1360. 14 To change the metric value to imperial units, you need to multiply the metric value by 3.28084. After the text string, type an asterisk (*) and then the value 3.28084.
23 Put the items in the correct order using the Move Right buttons. Look at the Preview Formatted Text area to see where each item is and where you need to move it. The order should appear as follows: 1000.000 m [3,280.84'] To achieve this result, the items should be in the following order: n n n n Alignment|Tangent Length m[ Alignment|Tangent Length *3.28084 '] 24 Click OK to save the text format.
11 Modify the order of the items in the list box by clicking the Move Right buttons so that the Preview Formatted Text area appears as follows: 1 in 1.00. A preview value of 100 is used for the code value when using formulas. This is based on the default imperial settings with two-decimal precision. 12 Click OK to save the Text Format. Creating a Block Label Style A block is a symbol or a group of objects that you can group as a single object and insert into a drawing.
4 Click the Edit button to display the Block Style Properties dialog box. 5 To specify which design elements are labeled, you must set a Code Category and a Code. Select the Code Category first, because it determines which code options are available. For more information, see Example: Code Category in this chapter. Choose the Code. 6 NOTE 7 The code is used for placing the blocks.
Rotation Angle: Use the Rotation Angle edit box to specify at what rotation angle the symbol is placed into the frame. This is the same rotation angle that is used by AutoCAD for block insertion. These rules vary, however, if you are using Design Aligned or Design Aligned Incremental as the frame placement options. For these two frame placement options, 0deg aligns the block that is being placed with the entity, and 90 or 270 degrees places the symbol at a perpendicular orientation.
To create a Distance Label Style 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Distance Label to display the Select Style dialog box. 2 Do one of the following: n n Define a new style by typing the name of the distance style in the Style Name edit box. The distance style name can have a maximum length of 256 characters. For more information, see Choosing a Text Label for a Distance Style in this chapter. Edit an existing style by selecting it from the Style List.
3 Click the Edit button to display the Distance Style Properties dialog box. 4 Select the Code Category first because it determines which code options are available. For more information, see Example: Code Category in this chapter. Select the Code. 5 To dimension the length of an entity, you can select code that affects the placement of the label. For example, to label the vertical curve length with the Code Category set to FG Center Line, select any of the vertical curve codes.
n 7 8 Layer: Set the layer for the dimension label. Type the name of the layer in the Layer box or access a list of the defined drawing layers by clicking the Select button next to the layer edit box. Under Text Label, click Select to display the Select Style dialog box. Use this dialog box to select the label style that is used to label the distance. You can choose an existing style that you created earlier, or you can create a new style.
3 Click Edit to display the Distance Style Properties dialog box. 4 Set the Code Category to FG Center Line. The data is retrieved from the Finish Ground Profile. Set the Code to VC BVC Sta. The label begins at the vertical curve, beginning vertical curve station. From your drawing, select an available dimension style. If the style does not exist, you can either create the style or use the AutoCAD bonus menu to import the style from another drawing. Select or enter a layer name.
13 Under the Text Data frame, click Add. The text is placed in the Text/Code/Formula Format Order list box. 14 From the Codes list, select VC PVI Sta, and then click Add Code to Text Format. The data is added to the Text/Code/Formula Format Order list box. 15 In the Text Data box, enter {\P{VC PVI Elev=, and click Add. The \P denotes a carriage return. 16 From the Codes list, select VC PCI Elev, and then click Add Code to Text Format. 17 In the Text Data list, enter }\P{L=, and then click Add.
Choosing a Text Label for a Distance Style For distance labels, you must create a Text Label style that is formatted to label some kind of measurable distance. For example, if you are formatting a Distance Label style to dimension vertical curves, you create a Text Label style that is formatted to label vertical curve information, such as Length, K value, and the algebraic difference of the grades, such as |grade in and grade out|.
7 8 To import this dimension style, open the drawing that currently does not contain this dimension style and choose Express ä Dimension ä Dimstyle Import from the AutoCAD Map 2000 menu palette. Browse to the file that was created in step 4, and then click OK. Creating a Grid Style You can place grids on sheets by using Grid Styles. You can use grids with profiles or with sections. A section sheet can have one grid for the entire sheet or a grid for each section.
In the following illustration, there are three labels in the bottom Profile-Label frame. The label on the left of the vertical line is the Finish Ground text label. The label on the right of the vertical line is the Existing Ground text label and the vertical line is the grid label. The text labels use the horizontal offset to avoid text and grid interference, as shown: Profile grid style Grids are placed on the sheet in paper space.
To create a grid style 1 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Grid Style to display the Select Style dialog box. 2 Do one of the following: n n 3 Define a new style by typing the name of the grid style in the Style Name edit box. The grid style name can have a maximum length of 256 characters. Edit an existing style by selecting it from the Style List. Click Edit to display the Edit Grid Style dialog box. The Grid Style name is listed on top.
4 Under Add/Edit Grid Lines, you can define how the grid appears by using the following options: n n n Horizontal: Select this option to define a horizontal grid line. Vertical: Select this option to define a vertical grid line. Spacing: Use this edit box to select the spacing between grid lines. Enter the spacing and line width values in paper space units. For example, if you want the grid spacing to be every 25 meters in a 1:500 drawing, the grid spacing should be 0.05 units.
Positioning Labels Attaching Label and Grid Styles to a Frame To attach a label or grid style to a frame 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Create/Edit Frame. Select an existing frame or press ENTER to create a new frame. The Edit Frame Data dialog box is displayed. NOTE 3 Remember to verify that the correct frame Type and Category are set, such as Plan/View or Profile/Label.
The appropriate Edit Attached Labels dialog box is displayed. NOTE 4 5 When you click Grid, the Edit Attached Grid dialog box is displayed. Under Design Data Point, choose the following options: If you accidentally set this to FG Center Line|VC High Low Sta, you do not receive any results. Set the Design Data Point to FG Center Line|VC BVC Sta because this is what a Distance Label is intended to use as a design data point. To attach a label or grid, click the Add button.
Deleting a Label or Grid Style That is Attached to a Frame You can delete label and grid styles from frames by using the Create/Edit Frame command. To delete a label or grid style from a frame 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Create/Edit Frame. Select an existing frame from which you want to delete the label or grid style. The Edit Frame Data dialog box is displayed. NOTE 3 Remember to verify that the correct frame Type and Category are set, such as Plan/View or Profile/Label.
Controlling the Label Placement This section is a continuation of Attaching Label and Grid Styles to a Frame in this chapter. This section describes how to use the Label Placement Data section of the Edit Attached Styles dialog box to control the placement of the labels in relation to frames and to the viewports. NOTE Grid styles do not require you to specify label placement options. To control the label placement 1 2 Select a Design Data Point.
Choosing a Design Data Point This section is a continuation of the topic Controlling the Label Placement in this chapter. The Design Data Point works in conjunction with the Label Location to determine where the label is placed on the drawing. If you choose a Label Location that is based on increments, then the Design Data Point also determines what the increment value is related to, such as a station increment or elevation increment.
Example: Intersection The Intersection Label Location option positions the label in the frame based on the Design Data Points intersection with the frame. If you were to draw a line from the design point you are labeling, perpendicular to the frame, the line would intersect the frame at the intersection label location. In the following example of the Intersection setting, the beginning of the vertical curve is the Design Data Point.
The Edit Attached Text Labels dialog box shows the FG Center Line|VC BVC Sta is selected under Design Data Point.
The Intersection setting labels the station for the beginning of the vertical curve in a profile label frame. In the following illustration, the label of the beginning vertical curve station is located within a circle: Station Example: Incremental The Incremental Label Location option places the labels at specified increments, which you enter in the Label Increment edit box.
An incremental placement would not be used with a style that has a Code with a fixed position, such as Alignment/Tangent TC Sta. How the incremental value is applied is based on the Design Data Point option. For example, for a style that labels existing ground profile elevations, there are three Design Data Point options: by Station, Elevation or Grade Break. For more information about the Design Data Point option, see Choosing a Design Data Point in this chapter.
The Incremental setting labels the elevations in 2 increments in a Vertical Profile Label Frame, as shown in the following illustration: Vertical profile label frame setting Example: Design The Design Label Placement option positions the label at the location of the design point selected with the Design Data Point option.
Design Data Point to VC/BVC Sta. In another example, if you create a Text Label to label a curve radius, you can use Design location as the placement factor, and the label is placed on the curve radius. You can set offset values from the design location with the Horizontal label offset and Vertical label offset edit boxes. You can use these offsets with any Design Data Point and Label location. NOTE The Design placement option only works with frames that have been set to a View type.
The Design setting labels vertical curve information in a Profile View Frame. In the following illustration, the distance label has been given a design data point of the beginning of the vertical curve: Design data point at beginning of vertical curve Example: Design Aligned The Design Aligned Label Placement option is similar to the Design placement option, except that the label is rotated so that it is aligned with the entity that it is being placed on before the style rotation is applied.
The Design Aligned setting labels the Finish Ground Centerline slope in the Profile View Frame, as shown in the following illustration: Finish ground centerline slope in profile view frame Positioning Labels 863
Example: Design Incremental The Design Incremental Label Placement option places labels at an increment along the design object. The following illustration is an example of the Design Incremental setting: Design incremental setting Specify the increment for the label in the Label Increment edit box. In plan view, a label with a 0 degree rotation is aligned with the entity if no additional rotation angle is specified for the label style.
In the following Edit Attached Text Labels dialog box, the Design Data Point is set at Alignment|Station and the Label Location is set at Design Incremental, as shown: Positioning Labels 865
The Design Incremental setting labels the station along the alignment at 50 increments in the Plan View Frame, as shown: Alignment stationing Chapter 7 866 Creating and Plotting Sheets Using Sheet Manager
Example: Fixed The Fixed Label Location option places the label at a fixed location specified on the frame. For example, use this option to insert a north arrow Block Label or the title block information. Use the Horizontal and Vertical offset edit boxes to specify the position based on offsets. Offset values are measured from the label insertion point.
The Fixed setting labels the project name in a Plan Label Frame, as shown: Project name in a plan label frame Choosing the Frame Justification Use the Frame Justification scroll list to set the label insertion point in relation to the frame. The following illustration shows the Frame Justification scroll list in the Edit Attached Text Labels dialog box: The Frame Justification settings control the placement of the label in the frame.
For Text Labels, it is important to know the label style justification and rotation values when selecting the Frame Justification. For instance, if you define a text style that is left justified, then the texts alignment point is at the lower left corner of that text entity. If you specify Frame Top for the frame vertical justification, then the texts alignment point is placed at the top of the frame.
The following illustration shows point code elevation labels with an offset of 0 horizontal and 0 vertical: 0 horizontal and vertical offsets The following illustration shows point code elevation labels with an offset of 0 horizontal and 0.1 vertical. Note that the labels no longer overlap linework, as shown: 0 horizontal and 0.1 vertical A positive horizontal offset value offsets to the right, and a negative horizontal offset value offsets to the left.
NOTE The Horizontal and Vertical offset values are in paper space units. Updating Labels and Grids In some situations you may need to edit the frame label styles after you have generated a sheet. Instead of regenerating the sheet series to update the frames, you can use the Update Frame Labels command, the Update All Frame Labels command, or the Create/Edit Frame command to update the attached frame labels. You should keep in mind that these commands only update the current sheet.
To update the frame labels with the Create/Edit Frame command 1 2 3 4 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Create/Edit Frame. Pick the frame you want to edit and press ENTER. Use the Edit Frame Data dialog box to make any necessary edits to the attached styles. Click the Attached Styles button to display the Edit Attached Styles dialog box and edit the attached styles as needed.
To import styles 1 2 3 4 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Sheet Styles ä Import Styles to display the Select Import Database Path dialog box. Use this dialog box to select the location of the label and grid styles that you want to import. Select the correct drive and folder with the popup lists, and then click OK. The Select Style Type dialog box is displayed. Click the button for the type of label or grid style you want to import.
Attaching Label and Grid Sheets to a Frame Selecting Sheet Style Frames or Viewports In a sheet style that has border lines, viewports, and frames, it is common to have multiple entities on top of one another. For example, one side of a label frame may be co-linear with one side of a viewport. When trying to select a viewport or a frame in this situation, it is not always possible to select the correct entity with the pickbox. In these cases, use AutoCAD Crossing or Window selection options.
Updating Grids When Drawing Labels If you have a grid attached to a frame, then you can update the grid when the labels are updated by selecting the Draw Grid on Label Draw check box. To update grids when drawing labels 1 2 From the Sheet Manager menu, choose Settings to display the Settings dialog box. Under Style and Label Options, select the Draw Grid on Label Draw check box.
Code Category: Alignment (continued) Chapter 7 876 Code Description Curve Radius labels the curve radius Curve Length labels the curve length Curve Delta labels the curve delta angle Curve Chord Length labels the curve cord length Curve Start Angle labels the curve start angle Curve End Angle labels the curve end angle Tangent Start Sta labels the tangent start station Tangent Center Sta labels the tangent center station Tangent End Sta labels the tangent end station Tangent Incrementa
Code Category: Profile Code Description Elevation labels the incremental profile elevation on vertical frames Code Category: Cross Section Code Description Offset labels the offset at an increment Elevation labels the elevation at an increment Station labels the station value of the section Number labels the cross section number Cut Area labels the cut area Cut Centroid labels the cut centroid Fill Area labels the fill area Fill Centroid labels the fill centroid Cut Volume labels the
Code Category: SuperElevation (continued) Code Description Right Full Super labels the full super point for a right-hand curve Flat Surface (RevCrv) labels the reverse curve, flat crown (0%) point Code Category: EG Center, EG Left, EG Right Code Description Station labels the eg profile station at an increment Elevation labels the eg elevation at an increment Code Category: EG Sub Center, EG Sub Left, EG Sub Right Code Description Station labels the eg subsurf profile station at an increment
Code Category: FG Center Line, FG Left 1 - 8, FG Right 1 8 (continued) Code Description VC Incremental Sta labels the vertical curve stations at an increment VC Incremental Elev labels the vertical curve elevations at an increment VC Length labels the vertical curve length VC K labels the vertical curve K value VC A.D.
Code Category: SDSK Data (continued) Code Description Sheet Number labels the sheet number Previous Sheet Number labels the previous sheet number Next Sheet Number labels the next sheet number Sheet Series Name labels the define sheet series name Sheet File Path labels the sheet style database path Sheet File Name labels the sheet style name Alignment Name labels the current alignment name Project Name labels the current AEC project name Code Category: Pipe Run Data Chapter 7 880 Code D
Code Category: Pipe Run Data (continued) Code Description Node Lateral 1 Flow labels the pipeworks structure first lateral flow value Node Lateral 2 Label labels the pipeworks structure second lateral name Node Lateral 2 Inv Elev labels the pipeworks structure second invert elevation Node Lateral 2 Flow labels the pipeworks structure second lateral flow value Node Rim to Sump Depth labels the distance from rim elevation to sump elevation Node Rim to Invert In Depth labels the distance from rim
Code Category: Point Code Code Description XS Pnt #1 (Centerline) labels the template finished ground reference point XS Pnt #2 (Connection) labels the template connection points XS Pnt #3 (Ditch) labels the inner ditch points XS Pnt #4 (Ditch Width) labels the outer ditch points XS Pnt #5 (Bench) labels the inner slope bench points XS Pnt #6 (Bench Width) labels the outer slope bench points XS Pnt #7 (Stepped) labels the stepped slope points XS Pnt #8 (Stepped Width) labels the outer stepp
Appendix A Autodesk Civil Design File List In this chapter This appendix contains lists of files that are created when you use Civil Design commands.
Autodesk Civil Design File List Feature File Location Description Format Ponds .psp \Hd Pond shape definition file ASCII text file .pda \Hd Pond outflow data .htp \Hd Slope template definition file hd.lk# \Hd Multi-user coordination ASCII text file lock file .dfm \Dwg Drawing specific settings ASCII text file .vrt \Align\ Profile definition file binary data file .
Autodesk Civil Design File List (continued) Feature File Location Description Cross Sections (continued) .tdf \Align\ Additional template binary data file control definition file for commands like View and Edit Sections .sed \Align\ Superelevation data file binary data file .err \Align\ Cross section process error log .lk# \Align\ Multi-user coordination ASCII text file
Autodesk Civil Design File List (continued) Feature File Location Description Format Hydrology (contiuned) .sdc \hd Stage discharge curve data file ASCII text file .ssc \hd Stage-storage curve data file ASCII text file .sim \hd Storage indication method data file binary data file .dab \hd Rainfall distribution table file binary data file .tbl \hd Rainfall distribution table file ASCII text file sheet.
Autodesk Civil Design File List (continued) Feature File Location Description Pipes (continued) darcy.cof \Pipewks Darcy-Weisbach friction ASCII text file factor file pipewks.lk# \Pipewks Multi-user coordination ASCII text file lock file .dfm \Dwg Drawing specific settings ASCII text file .sdb \cd\data\ Sheet series data file binary data file .dwg \cd\data\ Individual sheet drawing AutoCAD drawing fil
Appendix B Help Files and Tutorials In this chapter n Refreshing the online help Contents page
If you install AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and run the online Help or the tutorials before installing Autodesk Civil Design, then the Autodesk Civil Design Help files and tutorial will not appear on the Help contents page. To refresh the Help contents page 1 Locate the hidden files acad.gid and land.gid in the c:\Program Files\Land Development R2\Help folder. NOTE 2 3 The option to show hidden system files must be active in order to view .gid files.
Index appearance settings, grading, 42 ASCII text files (ground profiles), 242 file format, 245 settings, 244 ASCII text files (pipe data) pipe parameters, 708 audit pipe database, 651 average end area volume computation (avgendarea) mass haul diagram, 439, 441 strip surface, 463, 464 subsurfaces, 460 template surface, 441, 442, 443, 457, 459 bench settings for ponds, 90 benches in roadway cross sections, 351 block labels, 838 borehole data, surfaces, 266 breaklines 3D polyline, 79 calculating daylighting,
editing individual corners, 37 miter, 34, 35 radial, 33, 36 create profiles (ground), 178 drawing a grid, 185 quick profile, 183, 184 cross section sheets, 774 grid styles, 847 sheet series, 734 cross section sheets (frames), 804 label frames, 810 setting category, 805 cross section sheets (settings), 724 border spacing, 728 layers, 733 layout, 730 scale, 725, 726 cross section templates, 270 material tables, 278 point codes, 280, 281, 282 redefining, 307 roadway superelevation, 354 roadway transitions, 332
stge-storage curve data file format (.ssc), 538 data output. See outputting data, 605 daylighting daylight lines, 405, 406 defining pond bottom, 105 daylighting, calculating, 72 DB format (import/export files), 708 dbf files, 723 define pipe runs, 652 polylines, 656 define ponds, 99 defining slopes.
Darcy-Weisbach equations, 511 energy loss in pipe runs, 670 equations in calculating hydrology data, 469, 533 existing ground (profiles), 158, 169 alignment data folder, 158 creating vertical alignment data, 212 generating vertical alignment reports, 173 sampling from multiple surfaces, 166 vertical alignment editor, 170, 171, 172, 173, 214, 215 existing ground section editor, 253 borehole data, 266 existing ground surface (stratum), 7 export pipe data files, 706 ASCII ASC format, 707 ASCII format, 707 DB f
functionality in other AutoCAD versions, 57 grip visibility, 43 grips, 50, 51, 53 layer, 42, 43 linetype, 43 locking, 47 saving as different versions of AutoCAD, 57 settings/properties, 19, 20, 29, 42 target, 23, 27, 28, 29 volumes, 45 grading points, 5 elevations, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 stratum, 7 grading ponds, 118 defining ponds, 99 labeling, 124 listing information, 121 perimeters, 91, 99 settings, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 slopes, 102 graph settings, 541 graphical method (TR-55), 585 graphing utility, 542 plotti
labeling areas on plotted cross sections, 423 labeling ponds, 121 labels (cross sections), 423 labels (finished grade), 2 settings, 2 labels (frames), 804 settings, 715, 785 updating labels, 871 labels (ground profiles), 238 finished ground tangents, 239 settings, 163, 164 vertical curves, 230 labels (nodes), 643 labels (pipes), 639 metric units, 663 labels (sheets), 817 block labels, 838 converting values, 834 distance labels, 840 multi-line format, 832 text labels, 817, 818 labels (vertical alignments), 2
pond data See also pond output, 125 settings, 539 paper sheets for plotting, 785 paper sheets for plotting. See also sheets, 711 paper space, 777, 778 loading single sheets, 776 parameters.
pond output, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 data types, 127 hydrograph data file (.hdc), 138 stage-discharge curve file (.sdc), 139 pond perimeters, 91 2D to 3D, 96 defining from existing polylines, 99 defining slopes.
routing values (ponds), 137, 139 runoff, 545, 546 calculating from watershed areas, 545 channel flow, 561, 562 rainfall frequency, 549, 550 shallow flow, 560, 561 sheet flow, 558, 559 soil groups and cover types, 553 time of concentration (tc), 556 time of travel (tt), 556 sample data (ground cross sections) editing, 264 multiple surfaces, 254, 255 settings, 259, 260 sample data (ground profiles), 166 multiple surfaces, 167, 168 settings, 159, 160 saving, 293 pipe settings, 650 pond perimeter, 97 scale, 724
storage facility (calculating routing values), 137 storage indication method (pond routing), 137 formula, 137 hydrograph data file (.hdc), 138 reservoir or storage facility, 139 stage-discharge curve file (.sdc), 139 stage-storage curve file (.ssc), 138 storage volume, 129 detention basin (calculating), 131 plotting storage curve for ponds, 129 stage-storage curve data file (.
superelevation parameters, 345 surface material table, 278 templates (normal surfaces), 271 attaching subassemblies, 291 editing subassemblies, 292 templates (subgrade surfaces), 271 editing, 315, 316 text editor, 682 viewing and editing hydrology files, 544 text labels in sheets converting values, 834 format, 825 multi-line format, 830 time of concentration (calculating runoff), 556 time of travel (calculating runoff), 556 TR-20 method distribution curve, 601, 602, 603 TR-55 methods, 586 graphical peak dis
