SignalHawk™ Model SH-36S, SH-361S, SH-362, & SH-362S OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ©Copyright 2013 by Bird Electronic Corporation Instruction Book Part Number 920-SH36-OPS Rev.
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Safety Precautions The following are general safety precautions that are not necessarily related to any specific part or procedure, and do not necessarily appear elsewhere in this publication. These precautions must be thoroughly understood and apply to all phases of operation and maintenance. WARNING Keep Away From Live Circuits Operating Personnel must at all times observe general safety precautions.
Safety Symbols WARNING Warning notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in personal injury. CAUTION Caution notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in damage to the instrument. Note: Calls attention to supplemental information. Warning Statements The following safety warnings appear in the text where there is danger to operating and maintenance personnel, and are repeated here for emphasis.
Caution Statements The following equipment cautions appear in the text and are repeated here for emphasis. CAUTION Airflow is essential for proper unit operation. Do not obstruct the unit or soft case exhaust ports! See page 9. CAUTION +20 dBm (100 mW) max. RF input for the Spectrum Analyzer and +22 dBm (160 mW) max. RF input for the Vector Network Analyzer. Exceeding the maximum input will damage the SignalHawk.
CAUTION Spectrum Analyzer has a +20 dBm (100 mW) max. RF input. Exceeding the maximum input will damage the SignalHawk. If unsure of power levels, measure the test connection with a power sensor before using the SignalHawk. See page 21. CAUTION SignalHawk test ports are not used for power measurement. Always use an external sensor! See page 112. CAUTION Always turn off the SignalHawk before connecting or disconnecting a sensor. See page 112.
Safety Statements USAGE ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER NOT SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY IMPAIR THE INSTRUMENT’S SAFETY PROTECTION. USO EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA NO ESPECIFICADA POR EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE ANULAR LA PROTECCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO. BENUTZUNG WIRD DAS GERÄT AUF ANDERE WEISE VERWENDET ALS VOM HERSTELLER BESCHRIEBEN, KANN DIE GERÄTESICHERHEIT BEEINTRÄCHTIGT WERDEN.
SERVICE SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY SERVICE TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID DANGEROUS ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SERVICING UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO SO. SERVICIO LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA USO EXCLUSIVO DEL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE DESCARGAS ELÉCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGÚN SERVICIO A MENOS QUE ESTÉ CAPACITADO PARA HACERIO. WARTUNG ANWEISUNGEN FÜR DIE WARTUNG DES GERÄTES GELTEN NUR FÜR GESCHULTES FACHPERSONAL.
UNITS ARE EQUIPPED WITH RECHAREABLE BATTERIES. THESE ARE TO BE REPLACED BY AUTHORIZED SERVICE PERSONNEL ONLY!!! LAS UNIDADES VIENEN EQUIPADAS CON BATERIAS RECARGABLES. ¡¡¡Y SOLAMENTE EL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO AUTORIZADO PUEDE REEMPLAZARLAS!!! GERÄTE SIND MIT WIEDER AUFLADBAREN BATTERIEN BESTÜCKT. BATTERIEN SIND NUR VON QUALIFIZIERTEM SERICE PERSONAL AUSZUWECHSELN!!! CES DISPOSITIFS SONT ÉQUIPÉS DE BATTERIES RECHARGEABLES.
About This Manual This manual covers the operating and maintenance instructions for the following models: SH-36S SH-361S SH-362 SH-362S Changes to this Manual We have made every effort to ensure this manual is accurate. If you discover any errors, or if you have suggestions for improving this manual, please send your comments to our Solon, Ohio factory. This manual may be periodically updated. When inquiring about updates to this manual refer to the part number and revision on the title page.
Spectrum Analyzer Measurements — Describes the power measurement feature, lists compatible power sensors, describes how to connect SignalHawk to the user’s system, and provides quick start steps to make power measurements. PC Tool — Describes how to use the SignalHawk’s PC Tool function and how to transfer readings from the SignalHawk to the computer and back again. Power Measurements — Describes the Menu key and Soft key functions for setting up power measurements.
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Table of Contents Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Warning Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Caution Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Safety Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bird Technologies Delete All Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 View Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Recall Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Top of the List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Reset Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Water Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Mark & Limit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Select Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bird Technologies Copy Image to USB Drive - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Copy All Images to USB Drive - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Copy Image from USB Drive - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Top of List - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Bottom of List - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Freq List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Adding Custom Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 BW & Sweep Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Resolution BW Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bird Technologies Water Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Mark & Limit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Select Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Marker On / Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Marker to Max Peak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copy All Traces to USB Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Copy Trace from USB Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Delete Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Delete All Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Screen Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bird Technologies Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wideband Power Sensor Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Filter: Full - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Duty Cycle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Manual Duty Cycle - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 CCDF Limit (Complimentary Cumulative Distribution Function) - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bird Technologies Chapter 9 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Discharging Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Charging the Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Upgrading the Software/Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1 Introduction The SignalHawk is a multifunction test instrument for use in the installation and maintenance of Radio Frequency (RF) and wireless systems. The model number is identified on the unit and also on the display screen at the end of the poweron sequence. Models SH-362S: Models SH-361S: Spectrum Analyzer 100 kHz - 3.6 GHz 2 Port Vector Network Analyzer 1.6 MHz - 3.6 GHz Spectrum Analyzer 100 kHz - 3.6 GHz 1 Port Vector Network Analyzer 1.6 MHz - 3.
Items Supplied Figure 1 Hardware and Software Supplied 7 Item 2 Description 1 SignalHawk, with Li-Ion battery pack installed. Stand on back can be rotated to four positions, and can be used as a carry handle. 2 Cigarette lighter adapter 3 USB cable 4 USB memory drive 5 AC power adapter with detachable cord 6 CD with manuals and PCTool software.
Looking at the SignalHawk Figure 2 Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Controls and Indicators Description Light sensor. Do not cover when using backlight in automatic mode. Display screen Eight blue “soft keys.” Press to activate the function or option displayed in the label next to it on the display. Label and key function will change depending on the active menu. Thumbwheel, used to move in lists, choose options, and increase or decrease numbers. Green “Special” keys. Setup, Mode, Esc/Back and Enter.
Figure 3 Connector Panel - SH-362S Item 4 Description 1 BNC(F) external trigger input, 5V TTL 2 USB Type A for USB drive and accessories 3 USB Type B for PC connection 4 3.5mm mini-headphone jack 5 2.5mm DC jack for external power supplies 6 VNA Thru Port 7 VNA Test Port 8 Spectrum Analyzer Port, N(F) RF input, +20 dBm max. 9 Internal Speaker and air inlet ports. There is also an air exhaust on the back of the unit. Note: Do not block the inlet or exhaust.
Figure 4 Connector Panel - SH-361S Item Description 1 BNC(F) external trigger input, 5V TTL 2 USB Type A for USB drive and accessories 3 USB Type B for PC connection 4 3.5mm mini-headphone jack 5 2.5mm DC jack for external power supplies 6 VNA Test Port 7 Spectrum Analyzer Port, N(F) RF input, +20 dBm max. 8 Internal Speaker and air inlet ports. There is also an air exhaust on the back of the unit. Note: Do not block the inlet or exhaust.
Figure 5 Connector Panel - SH-362 Item 6 Description 1 BNC(F) external trigger input, 5V TTL 2 USB Type A for USB drive and accessories 3 USB Type B for PC connection 4 3.5mm mini-headphone jack 5 2.5mm DC jack for external power supplies 6 VNA Thru Port 7 VNA Test Port 8 Internal Speaker and air inlet ports. There is also an air exhaust on the back of the unit. Note: Do not block the inlet or exhaust.
Figure 6 Item Connector Panel - SH-36S Description 1 BNC(F) external trigger input, 5V TTL 2 USB Type A for USB drive and accessories 3 USB Type B for PC connection 4 3.5mm mini-headphone jack 5 2.5mm DC jack for external power supplies 6 Spectrum Analyzer Port, N(F) RF input, +20 dBm max. 7 Internal Speaker and air inlet ports. There is also an air exhaust on the back of the unit. Note: Do not block the inlet or exhaust.
Power Supply Internal Battery The SignalHawk has an internal, rechargeable, lithium-ion battery pack that will operate the unit for a minimum of 3 hours of continuous use. Recharging time, from a full discharge, is approximately 4 hours. When running the unit on battery power, the percentage of battery life remaining is displayed in the lower right corner of the screen. Note: When the unit is shipped from the factory, the battery may not be fully charged.
Getting Started with the SignalHawk CAUTION Airflow is essential for proper unit operation. Do not obstruct the unit or soft case exhaust ports! CAUTION +20 dBm (100 mW) max. RF input for the Spectrum Analyzer and +22 dBm (160 mW) max. RF input for the Vector Network Analyzer. Exceeding the maximum input will damage the SignalHawk. If unsure of power levels, measure the test connection with a power sensor before using the SignalHawk. Press the Power button to turn on the unit.
Help Menu Key Displays the Help soft keys but does not exit the current screen. Press the Back... soft key to exit the Help Menu. VNA Help - Procedures and specifications for the Vector Network Analyzer feature of the SignalHawk. Spectrum Analyzer Help - Procedures and specifications for the Spectrum Analyzer feature of the SignalHawk. Power Meter Help - Procedures and specifications for the Power Meter feature of the SignalHawk. Custom Help - See “Custom Help” on page 126. Back...
Figure 7 SignalHawk Start Menu - Vector Network Analyzer Item Description 1 Name of measurement being used 2 Soft keys 3 Power source icon (AC, battery, or battery charging) 4 Go to the Help menu. See “Help Menu Key” on page 10. 5 Go to the Utilities menu. See “Utilities” on page 125.
Figure 8 SignalHawk Start Menu - Spectrum Analyzer Item 12 Description 1 Name of measurement being used 2 Soft key labels 3 Power source icon (AC, battery, or battery charging) 4 Go to the Help menu. See “Help Menu Key” on page 10. 5 Go to the Utilities menu. See Chapter 8, page 125. 6 Measurement mode lists.
Setup Menu The Setup Menu allows access to saved setups and settings used previously on the SignalHawk. Press the Setup button to access the menu. Figure 9 Setup Menu Quick Save Setup The saved settings are stored as a file in the internal flash drive of the instrument. Each quick save is stored in a separate file that is named using the date-time file naming format GeneralSA(MM-DD-hh-mm-ss).
Label & Save Setup Figure 10 Setup Menu - Save Labels and saves the settings for a setup for future use. 1. Press the Save File soft key. 2. Enter a file name using the thumbwheel and arrow keys. Note: Use up-and-down arrow keys to move vertically and the wheel to move horizontally along the Input Panel. Use the right-and-left keys to toggle between the text fields (Name, Title, etc.) Recall Setup Recalls a saved setup and sets the instrument parameters to run the recalled setup.
Figure 11 Setup - Manage Setup Files Copy Setup to USB Drive Copies the selected Setup on the list to a connected USB drive. Copy All Setups to USB Drive Copies all the Setups on the list to a connected USB drive. Copy Setup from USB Drive Copies a saved Setup from a connected USB drive. Delete Deletes the selected Setup on the list. Delete All Setups Deletes all of the Setups on the list, with the exception of the factory setup.
View Setup Displays the properties of a selected saved Setup on the list. Figure 12 Setup - View Setup Recall Setup Recalls a saved setup and sets the parameters of the SignalHawk to run the recalled setup. Delete Deletes the displayed Setup. Top of the List Displays the Setup from the top of the list of saved Setups. Bottom of the List Displays the Setup from the bottom of the list of saved Setups. View Next Setup Displays the next Setup on the list of saved Setups.
Looking at the Screen Figure 13 General Screen Features 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 ~ 12 11 10 9 8 Item Description 1 Name of selected measurement 2 Sweep display area 3 Marker (Line Marker shown) 4 Date and time 5 Name of setup file being used 6 Marker Info 7 Soft key labels 8 Menu key labels 9 Help tips for the current screen 10 Measurement settings 11 Sweep progress bar 12 Data trace 17
Vector Network Analyzer Quick Start CAUTION Vector Network Analyzer has a +22 dBm (160 mW) max. RF input. Exceeding the maximum input will damage the SignalHawk. If unsure of power levels, measure the test connection with a power sensor before using the SignalHawk. CAUTION Do not turn on a DC bias if the thru cable is attached from the VNA In to the VNA Out. This will damage the VNA input and destroy the unit. CAUTION Center conductor cabling should be discharged prior to connecting.
For Distance-to-Fault (DTF) Measurement: a. Press Measure then Measure: Match and then DTF (soft keys). b. Press Ampt & Trace then Units (soft key) then select VSWR or Rtn Loss dB. c. Press Measure then select either Meter or Feet in Distance Units (soft key). d. Press DTF Wizard (soft key), follow instructions displayed, and then skip to step h. Note: For Manual setup of DTF, follow steps e to m. e. Connect the cable and antenna to the RF Out test port. Note: Maximum input is +22 dBm (160 mW). f.
CAUTION Do not turn on a DC bias if the thru cable is attached from the VNA In to the VNA Out. This will damage the VNA input and destroy the unit. f. Press Ampt & Trace and Sweep. Note: Press IFBW and set to 100 Hz with down arrow key. This is recommended to measure antenna isolation in the -80 to -90 dB range. Note: Steps g through j are needed to bias a tower top amplifier (TTA), otherwise go to step k. Note: It is recommended that the Signal Hawk be plugged into a power outlet. g.
Spectrum Analyzer Quick Start CAUTION Spectrum Analyzer has a +20 dBm (100 mW) max. RF input. Exceeding the maximum input will damage the SignalHawk. If unsure of power levels, measure the test connection with a power sensor before using the SignalHawk. CAUTION Center conductor cabling should be discharged prior to connecting. See “Discharging Static Electricity” on page 131.
7. In the Measurement menu, select the desired measurement. "Spectrum Analysis Measurement" on page 84. "Occupied Bandwidth Measurement" on page 85. "Channel Power Measurement" on page 87. "Adjacent Channel Power Measurement" on page 89. "Time Domain (Zero Span)" on page 91. "Field Strength Measurement" on page 92. "Demodulate Signal" on page 93. "Carrier-to-Interference Ratio" on page 94. "Out-of-Band and In-Band, Out-of-Channel Spurious" on page 96. "Water Fall" on page 72. 8.
Chapter 2 Vector Network Analyzer Settings The proper settings are very important for the most accurate information possible. The SignalHawk can be configured in various ways, allowing for a wide range of measurement capabilities. Core Soft Key Functions “Soft Keys” serve multiple functions on the SignalHawk. There are four core functions: 1. On/Off Button - Push to toggle the corresponding function on or off. 2. Pop-Up Menu Button - Push to pop-up lists and drop menus. Use the arrow key, wheel, etc.
Freq & Span Menu Figure 14 Freq & Span Menu In the Freq & Span Menu, the range of frequencies to sweep are specified. Frequencies can be selected at spans from 1 kHz up to the entire range of the instrument. Note: Information obtained from readings set below the minimum rating may not be accurate. These frequencies can be set to sweep by one of the following methods: Set the Center Freq and Freq Span. Set the Start Freq and Stop Freq. Select the Full Span of the instrument.
Start / Stop Freq and Center / Span These settings control the frequency range being swept. Note: “Center / Span” are used in this manual, but using “Start / Stop Freq” achieves the same results. After pressing the soft key, it will highlight the active function. Then the following can be performed: Up/Down Arrow Keys: Increase and decrease the frequency or span in small steps. Left/Right Arrow Keys: Increase and decrease the frequency or span in large steps.
Figure 15 Example, Freq List Settings Adding Custom Frequencies See “Customizing SignalHawk Content” on page 129.
Calibrate Menu Ensure that the calibration is done properly. For the best results, use a Bird calibration kit. If calibration is not done properly, the readings from the VNA will be wrong. Note: Set any parameters that the calibration may depend on BEFORE starting the calibration of the unit. Power output should be set depending on isolation or gain measurement. Note: If the SignalHawk is not calibrated before taking measurements, readings will be wrong.
Note: If the unit is operating without valid calibration, the text in the cal area of the status bar will be red and say “Off”. If it has a calibration, the calibration method will be listed in black text. Note: For most isolation and gain measurements, only a thru cal (Cable from RF Out-In) is needed.
Ampt & Trace Menu Figure 17 Example, Ampt & Trace Menu Autoscale Resizes the graph to fit the whole trace on the screen. This function will change the reference and scale of a trace. Max Level Sets the upper limit of the vertical axis. Min Level Sets the lower limit of the vertical axis. Offset Shifts the signal to compensate for external factors (attenuation, couplers, amplifiers, etc.) This allows for a true signal level reading. 1. Measure the total amount of loss for all attached signal devices. 2.
Units VSWR 1 + Sqrt Pr Pf 1 – Sqrt Pr Pf Return Loss dB = 10 Log Pr Pf rho Sqrt Pr Pf Match % 100 1 – Pr Pf Reflection % 100 1 – Pr Pf Pwr Out Controls the power level of the signal that is sent out to the RF port. The SignalHawk then measures the power that comes back. The default setting is 0 dBm. Can be set from -20 to +10 in 1 dB steps. This should be set as high as possible without overpowering the system.
If there are fewer points than screen pixels, the unit will interpolate between them. Note: Once the unit is calibrated, reducing the number of points below 1409 does not require recalibration. If there are more points, the unit will draw multiple data points in each column. Interference Immunity Controls the discrimination between interfering signals from the system being tested.
Water Fall The Water Fall is a spectrogram that shows how the spectral density of a signal varies with time and presents it in a visual image. The Water Fall display is used to identify intermittent interference. Power is linearly mapped to graph display color. When mapped out, the horizontal axis is the Frequency rating while the vertical axis is Time. The color ranges from dark blue, at minimum power, to red, at maximum power. To activate the Water Fall display: 1. Go to the Ampt & Trace menu. 2.
Mark & Limit Menu Figure 20 Example, Mark & Limit Menu Select Marker Changes the active marker. There are six markers to choose from. Pressing the soft key will cycle through each of the six markers. Marker On / Off Turns the Marker on and off. Marker to Max Peak Moves the active marker to the highest point on the trace. Markers to Peak/Valley Markers Detect Toggles the functionality of the submenu between finding peaks or finding valleys.
Threshold Offset Raises a signal above the noise floor. This filters out low level peaks allowing for a clear reading. Marker to Max Peak or Marker to Min Valley Sets the marker to either the maximum peak or minimum valley depending on the functionality chosen in Markers Detect. See “Markers Detect” on page 33.
Marker More Sets the properties of active markers through the following attributes: RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) Turns the audio indicator On or Off (an electronic ping). See “Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)” on page 92. Volume Sets the volume of the electronic ping generated from the RSSI. Marker Freq to Center Moves the current marker to the center frequency. Limit Lines Limit lines give notification of when a signal has reached or gone over a set measurement amount.
File & Help Menu Figure 21 Example, File & Help Menu Quick Save Saves the trace that is displayed on the screen. To save the trace: 1. Press the File & Help menu key 2. Press the Quick Save Trace soft key. The trace is stored as a file in the internal memory of the instrument. Each quick save is stored in a separate file that is named using the measurement and datetime file naming format: Measurement name(MM-DD HH-MM-SS).shf.
Label & Save Trace Labels and saves the trace for future use. 1. Press the Save Trace soft key. 2. Enter a file name using the thumbwheel and arrow keys. Note: Use the up-and-down arrow keys to move vertically and the wheel to move horizontally along the Input Panel. Use the right-and-left keys to toggle between the text fields (Name, Title, etc.) Figure 22 Example, Save Trace Log Traces Press the soft key to turn this function on. Once on, it saves a sweep at a preset sample rate.
Manage Trace Files Copy trace files to and from an external storage device (thumbdrive, PC, etc), and delete traces. Screen Image Figure 23 Example, Screen Image Quick Save Screen Saves the current trace with a standard naming convention. Note: Files are saved in .bmp format with the naming convention of “ScreenDDHHMMSS.bmp”. Full Screen Enlarges the graph area to the size of the whole screen. Press escape to go back to regular screen.
Manage Image Files Launches the image file manager. Figure 25 Manage Image Files Copy Image to USB Drive - Saves selected image to the USB drive. Copy All Images to USB Drive - Saves all images in the directory to the USB drive. Copy Image from USB Drive - Saves image to the internal memory of the SignalHawk. Top of List - Selects the image listed at the top of the directory. Bottom of List - Selects the image listed at the bottom of the directory. Delete Trace - Deletes the selected image.
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Chapter 3 Vector Network Analyzer Measurements In the Vector Network Analyzer mode, the following measurements can be made: "Match Measurement" on page 42. "Distance to Fault (DTF) Measurement" on page 46. "Cable Loss (1 Port) Measurement" on page 54. "Gain & Loss (2 Port) Measurement" on page 55.
Match Measurement This measurement displays how well matched a system is to a 50 ohm characteristic impedance. Return loss is a measure of impedance mismatch between two or more circuits. The SignalHawk can calculate the system match as VSWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, Match Efficiency % and Reflection %.
Figure 26 Example Match Measurement - VSWR Measurement Settings Figure 27 Example Match Measurement - Return Loss Measurement Settings 43
Figure 28 Example Match Measurement - Rho Measurement Settings Figure 29 Measurement Settings 44 Example Match Measurement - Percent Efficiency
Figure 30 Example Match Measurement - Percent Reflected Measurement Settings 45
Distance to Fault (DTF) Measurement This measurement will display the distance to a fault in a given length of cable. The standard settings for this measurement are Start & Stop Distances, Distance Units, Cable Velocity Propagation & Loss, and Smoothing. These settings can be adjusted using either the thumbwheel or keypad. Note: Changing the frequency span or the max distance will automatically turn calibration off. Always set the frequency span or max distance before calibrating the unit.
Figure 31 Example, Distance-to-Fault Measurement Settings Start Distance Sets the starting distance for a measurement within the cable system.
Stop Distance Sets the stop distance for a measurement within the cable system. Note: Set the Stop Distance to a value that is a few feet or meters greater than the entire length of the cable system to avoid aliasing. Figure 33 Example, Distance-to-Fault - Stop Distance Setting Setting Data Points Note: This is not an option in the measurement, but affects it.
Cable List Select a specific cable from a list. Note: Custom cables can be added to the list. See “Customizing SignalHawk Content” on page 129. Figure 34 Example, Distance-to-Fault - Cable Setting - Cable List Settings Velocity Sets the speed of the signal going through the cable being measured. Note: Changing this setting cancels any selection on the Cable List and changes that setting to “None.
Loss Applies an offset to compensate for cable loss. Note: Changing this setting cancels any selection on the Cable List and changes that setting to “None.” Figure 36 Example, Distance-to-Fault - Cable Setting - Cable Loss Settings Smooth Smoothes the trace line on the display. It can be set to one of four tolerances: None, Low, Medium, and High.
DTF Wizard Note: Maximum allowed distance and resolution per point is a complex function of the cable and frequency settings. Use the DTF wizard if the SignalHawk is having issues resolving these functions. When the DTF Wizard soft key is pressed, a window with a set of adjustable variables will open in the display. Left/right arrow keys change the fields, while up/ down arrow keys, the thumbwheel, and the number pad change each field’s value.
Loss Offsets the signal to compensate for cable loss. Using the soft keys, this can be set in either dB/m or dB/ft. Note: The wizard will automatically apply velocity and loss to their fields. Figure 39 Example, Distance-to-Fault - DTF Wizard - Loss Settings Estimated Cable Sets the length or, if length is unknown, the estimated length of the cable being tested. Using the soft keys, this can be set in both Meter and Feet units.
Center Frequency Sets the center frequency of the trace to allow for the most accurate reading as possible, whether testing antennas, filters and the like. Using the soft keys, this can be set in Hz, kHz, MHz, and GHz. Figure 41 Example, Distance-to-Fault - DTF Wizard - Center Frequency Settings Preferred Resolution Sets the desired resolution, or distance each pixel of the display covers, of the signal being tested. Using the soft keys, this can be set in Meters and Feet.
Cable Loss (1 Port) Measurement This one-port reflection measurement measures the insertion loss of a cable. To measure cable loss, make sure that the cable being tested is not terminated (not connected to anything at the far end). 1. Ensure that the correct adapters, connectors, and a Bird Calibration Combination (cal combo) are used. The frequency band of the system will also be needed. 2. If necessary, connect a phase-stable cable to the test port and connect a Cal Combo to the other end of the cable.
Gain & Loss (2 Port) Measurement This two-port thru measurement is used to test the insertion gain and loss of a cable. To run this measurement, connect the transmitter of the device being tested to Port 1 and the receiver of the device to Port 2. Transmission loss or gain will be negative if the device has a loss and positive if the device has a gain.
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Chapter 4 Spectrum Analyzer Settings The use of proper settings is very important for obtaining the most accurate information possible. The SignalHawk can be configured in various ways, allowing for a wide range of measurement capabilities. Core Soft Key Functions “Soft Keys” serve multiple functions on the SignalHawk. There are four core functions: 1. On/Off Button - Push to toggle between activating or deactivating a function. 2. Pop-Up Menu Button - Push to open pop-up lists and drop menus.
Freq & Span Menu Figure 45 Freq & Span Menu In the Freq & Span Menu, the range of frequencies to be tested is specified. The Spectrum Analyzer can sweep frequencies between 100 kHz and 3.6 GHz. Frequencies can be selected at spans from 1 kHz up to the entire range of the instrument. Note: Information obtained from readings set below the minimum rating may not be accurate. These frequencies can be set to sweep by one of the following methods: Set the Center Freq and Freq Span.
Start / Stop Freq and Center / Span These settings control the frequency range being swept. Note: “Center / Span” are used in this manual, but using “Start / Stop Freq” achieves the same results. When the soft key is pressed, the corresponding selection is highlighted. The following can then be performed: Up/Down Arrow Keys: Increase and decrease the frequency or span in small steps. Left/Right Arrow Keys: Increase and decrease the frequency or span in large steps.
Note: Channelized bands are denoted on the Frequency List by a plus sign (+). Adding Custom Frequencies See “Customizing SignalHawk Content” on page 129.
BW & Sweep Menu The bandwidth menu includes functions that control sweep speed and accuracy. It can also customize sweep triggers. When two signals are separated by a freq distance equal to the Resolution BW (RBW), a 3 dB dip between them will appear on the screen. This is the minimum resolvable frequency spacing. The soft key legend displays the current value.
RBW goes from 100 Hz - 1 MHz in steps of 1 / 3 / 10 (e.g., 1 kHz to 3 kHz to 10 kHz to 30 kHz, etc.) Video Bandwidth (VBW) determines how much smoothing is performed on a video converted signal before the trace is displayed. Note: VBW goes from 10 Hz to 300 kHz. Wide (high) VBW setting: Faster sweep times, but can obscure signal details. Narrow (lower) VBW setting: Better trace smoothing for signals present in high noise levels.
Auto VBW sets the VBW based upon the RBW value. When in Auto mode, the VBW is set according to the nearest ratio as set using the VBW/RBW selection. The default ratio is 3. As the RBW span is reduced the VBW will be reduced accordingly. Example - When the RBW is changed to 1MHz, the VBW will automatically be set to 300kHz. When the RBW is reduced to 30kHz, the VBW will automatically be set to 10kHz. Video BW Click on the selection to highlight it.
Figure 49 Example, RBW/VBW Detection Mode Depending on measurement settings, more data points are collected than there are pixels on the screen. Detection modes allow the user to choose how the collected data in each pixel is represented. + Peak Detection Returns the maximum value of the data collected for each display pixel. Recommended for pure sine waves or narrow bandwidth signals. In zero-span mode, it acts like a peak detector and can be used to show AM band frequencies.
Figure 50 Example, Detection Mode Sweep More Sweep sets up the properties of individual sweeps that the SignalHawk performs. It can set whether the sweeping is continuous or single, and the properties of video triggers (if enabled). Continuous Free Rep - Sweeps the measurement span continuously.
Single Performs a single sweep. Before a single sweep is triggered, the SignalHawk will display the previous sweep. To begin a sweep, press the Manual Trigger soft key. After the sweep finishes, it will display the results and stop sweeping. Trigger - Sets the type of trigger that initiates a sweep. There are four types of trigger to choose from: Internal Continuous - Sweeps continuously and is controlled by the SignalHawk. Internal Single - Sweeps once when triggered.
Figure 52 Example, Sweep More - Single Figure 53 Example, Sweep More - Trigger 67
Figure 54 Example, Low Level / High Level / Rise Edge / Fall Edge / Either Edge Video Note: This can only be used if the Time Domain measurement is enabled. See “Time Domain (Zero Span)” on page 91. Trigger control and sweeping both happen on the radio frequency connector. Once a sweep is done, it will be displayed until a trigger condition occurs again and it performs another sweep. This is used in zero-span mode. In order to use this function, the trigger condition needs to be set up: 1.
External - Low Level / High Level / Rise Edge / Fall Edge / Either Edge Low Level - Triggers if input = 0 ± 0.5 V (TTL “Low”). High Level - Triggers if input = 4.2 ± 0.8 V (TTL “High”). Rise Edge - Triggers if the input goes from “Low” to “High”. Fall Edge - Triggers if the input goes from “High” to “Low”. Either Edge - Triggers if the input goes from either “High” to “Low” OR “Low” to “High”. Gate Delay Length of wait after the trigger signal and before beginning a sweep.
Ampt & Trace Menu Figure 56 Example, Ampt & Trace Menu Autoscale Resizes the graph to fit the whole trace on the screen. This function changes the reference and scale of a trace. Reference Sets the y-axis value at the top of the graph. Scale Sets the dB value of each partition of the graph on a scale from 1 to 15. The graph is partitioned into 10 divisions, giving a set number of dB per division. Note: This soft key is not displayed if the Units of measure is in Volt or Watt. See “Units” on page 71.
Preamp Controls the built-in amplifier on the signal input. This lowers the noise floor, allowing very low power signals be detected, by giving a 24 dB nominal gain boost. Note: Attenuation is automatically disabled to 0 when Preamp is activated. Note: The preamp should not be used with input signals greater than -30 dBm. Offset Shifts the signal to compensate for external factors (attenuation, couplers, amplifiers, etc.). This allows for a true signal level reading. 1.
Trace Opens a trace submenu with the following options: Clear Write Switches off the Average and Max Hold functions. Max Hold Holds and displays the highest point of any given sweep until Max Hold is turned off. Min Hold Holds and displays the lowest point of any given sweep until Min Hold is turned off. Average Displays the running average of multiple readings. Note: This is used to smooth a signal and decrease noise amplitude. Average Readings Sets the number of average readings.
Mark & Limit Menu Figure 57 Example, Mark & Limit Menu Select Marker Changes the active marker. There are six markers to choose from (measurements that use some of the markers for data display have less selectable markers). Pressing the soft key will cycle through each of the six markers. Marker On / Off Turns a Marker on and off. Marker to Max Peak Moves the active marker to the highest point on the trace.
Marker to Max Peak or Marker to Min Valley Sets the marker to the either the maximum peak or minimum valley depending on the functionality chosen in Markers Detect. See “Markers Detect” on page 73. Marker to Next Peak Left or Marker to Next Valley Left Cycles the active marker to the left through the points on the trace either from highest peaks or lowest valleys (see “Markers Detect” on page 73) progressing to the left.
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) Turns the audio indicator On or Off (an electronic ping). See “Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)” on page 92. Volume Sets the volume of the electronic ping generated from the RSSI. Marker Freq to Center Moves the current marker to the center frequency. Center Freq to Marker Sets the center frequency to the frequency of the active marker. Ref Level Ampt to Marker Sets the top-line amplitude reference level to the amplitude of the active marker.
Figure 58 Example, Mask List Once a mask is selected, it is controlled by the following options: Freq Lock - Locks the mask onto the selected band even if the frequency is changed. EM to Max Peak - Sets mask’s reference level to the maximum peak in each sweep.
File & Help Menu When the File & Help menu key is pressed, soft keys for saving the current trace, selecting the utility option, activating the logging feature, and accessing help features are enabled. A trace is saved as a file and stored in the internal memory of the instrument. Using the PCTool utility that is supplied on the CD that ships with the SignalHawk, stored files can be copied or moved from the internal memory to an external storage device (e.g PC, thumbdrive, etc.).
Label & Save Trace Labels and saves the trace for future use. 1. Press the Save Trace soft key. 2. Enter a file name using the thumbwheel and arrow keys. Note: Use the Up-and-down arrow keys to move vertically and the wheel to move horizontally along the Input Panel. Use the rightand-left keys to toggle between the text fields (Name, Title, etc.). Figure 61 Example, Save Trace Log Traces Press the soft key to turn this function on. Once on, it saves a sweep at a preset sample rate.
Manage Trace Files Copy trace files to and from a thumb drive, and delete traces. Figure 62 Example, Manage Trace Files Copy Trace to USB Drive Copies the selected trace to a connected USB drive. Copy All Traces to USB Drive Copies all saved traces to a connected USB drive. Copy Trace from USB Drive Copies a trace from a connected USB drive. Note: Use the keypad and thumbwheel to select the files from the directory.
Delete Trace Deletes the selected trace. Delete All Traces Deletes all the traces in the directory. Screen Image Figure 64 Example, Screen Image Quick Save Screen Saves the current trace with a standard naming convention. Note: Files are saved in .bmp format with the naming convention of “ScreenDDHHMMSS.bmp”. Full Screen Enlarges the graph area to the size of the whole screen. Press escape to go back to regular screen.
Manage Image Files Launches the image file manager. Figure 66 Manage Image Files Copy Image to USB Drive - Saves selected image to the USB drive. Copy All Images to USB Drive - Saves all images in the directory the USB drive. Copy Image from USB Drive - Saves image to the internal memory of the SignalHawk. Top of List - Selects the image listed at the top of the directory. Bottom of List - Selects the image listed at the bottom of the directory. Delete Trace - Deletes the selected image.
Note: The DTF section of the VNA help is also accessible in the DTF measurement screen.
Chapter 5 Spectrum Analyzer Measurements Spectrum Analysis, measuring the power at each frequency in the sweep range, is the basic measurement. The other measurements interpret that data to provide useful results. In the Spectrum Analyzer mode, the following measurements can be used: "Spectrum Analysis Measurement" on page 84. "Occupied Bandwidth Measurement" on page 85. "Channel Power Measurement" on page 87. "Adjacent Channel Power Measurement" on page 89.
Spectrum Analysis Measurement Spectrum Analysis graphically displays signal amplitude at each frequency in the range shown on the screen.
Occupied Bandwidth Measurement Occupied Bandwidth measures the frequency band bandwidth that contains a specified percentage of the total power of the signal. It gives best results with single-peaked signals. Bandwidth can be defined in two ways. Both give measurement results in Hz units. Threshold Modes % The calculated occupied bandwidth represents the user specified percent of the total power of the displayed span. Best for Watts power units.
Figure 69 Example, Occupied Bandwidth - % STEP 1 STEP 2 Note: The limit can be set without changing the Threshold Mode. Figure 70 Example, Occupied Bandwidth - dBc STEP 1 STEP 2 Note: The limit can be set without changing the Threshold Mode.
Channel Power Measurement Channel Power measures the Integration Bandwidth, the total power over a frequency range, concentrated on the center frequency of the sweep. It is useful for channelized (frequency-division multiplexed) signals. Results are shown in both total power in the channel (in dBm or Watts), and spectral density (dBm or Watts per Hz). Setting Channel Power 1. Note: For best accuracy, set the center frequency so the signal is roughly centered before taking measurements.
Figure 72 Example, Channel Power, Integration Bandwidth STEP 2 STEP 3 88
Adjacent Channel Power Measurement Adjacent Channel Power measures the relative power of frequency bands adjacent to a central channel. This is often used to identify power leakage from the center channel into the adjacent channels. The total power in the central (main) channel is displayed in dBm (Ch Power), and the power in the adjacent channels is displayed as dB below and above the main channel power (Dn ACPR and Up ACPR).
Figure 73 Example, Adjacent Channel Power Adjacent Channel Guardband Width Guardband Adjacent Channel STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 Measurement Settings Figure 74 Example, Adjacent Channel Power, Bandwidth Settings STEP 3 90
Time Domain (Zero Span) In Time Domain, the amplitude of a single frequency is measured, rather than sweeping a range of frequencies. The SignalHawk measures and displays the amplitude of the frequency for a specified period (sweep time) and refreshes during the next sweep. The Time Domain trace resembles the horizontal line display on an oscilloscope. Note: The center frequency will be measured. 1.
Field Strength Measurement Field Strength measures the signals reaching an antenna. The SignalHawk automatically corrects the sweep data for the antenna’s gain and frequency dependence and displays it in dBm / m. 1. Connect an antenna connected to the RF In connector on the SignalHawk. Note: Use an antenna with known gain characteristics. For best accuracy, set the start and stop frequencies to the measurement range of the chosen antenna. 2.
Demodulate Signal Removes the carrier and sends the signal to the internal speaker or headphones. The SignalHawk can demodulate AM, narrowband FM, and wideband FM signals. It can also set the specific frequency and volume. 1. Set the type of demodulation: a. Press the Demod Type button. b. Press the soft key for the type of demodulation desired. 2. Set the demodulation carrier frequency: a. Press the Demod Freq button. b. Enter the carrier frequency using the keypad. c.
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Calculates the ratio of the carrier signal power to the power level of the noise and interference signals. To determine the ratio, two measurements need be done. First sweep should be the carrier and interferer. The second sweep should be the interferer alone. 1. Note: Because the transmitted carrier must be turned off for the second portion of this measurement, access to the transmitter is needed to complete this procedure.
Figure 79 Example, Carrier-to-Interference Ratio - Carrier Off STEP 4 Measurement Settings 95
Out-of-Band and In-Band, Out-of-Channel Spurious Note: These two measurement methods are not listed on the interface. Out-of-Band & In-Band, Out-of-Channel Spurious measures the distortion and interference inside or outside a system band. 1. Press the Mark & Limit key. 2. Press the Select Marker: 1 2 3 4 5 6 soft key to select marker 1. 3. 4. 5. 96 Note: The bracketed number indicates the active marker. Press the Marker: On/Off soft key.
Chapter 6 PC Tool Bird’s SignalHawk PCTool enables the use of a PC to store measurement data, transfer it between units, and do individual analysis. Traces can be transferred from the SignalHawk to the PC and back. One or more saved traces can be opened and compared. They can also be copied and pasted into other open files, as well as adding markers or limit lines. In addition, labels can be added and modifications saved to files.
Figure 80 Devices and Printers Folder 6. Select the new “Serial Device.” 7. Note: It will have a yellow “caution” triangle with an (!) in it which indicates that no driver has been installed. Select the “Hardware” tab and click on “Properties” for the “Serial Device”.
Figure 82 Device Properties 8. Click on the “Update Driver” button. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Select “Browse my computer for driver software.” Select “Let me pick from a list of device drivers on my computer.” Scroll down to “Mobile devices” and click the “Next” button. In the left box scroll down and highlight “Microsoft.” In the right box select “Microsoft USB Sync.” Figure 83 Mobile List 14. Click the “Next” button. 15. Click the “Yes” button in the “Update Driver Warning” message box that appears. 16.
Figure 84 Windows Mobile Device Control Screen 19. Close the WMDC window. 20. Run the SH PC Tool to transfer traces or upgrade the Signal Hawk firmware. Downloading and Installing Software Note: These files are on the CD supplied with the SignalHawk, and can also be downloaded from the website. Note: For the latest versions of the PCTool, Microsoft® ActiveSync®, and USB Drivers download them from the Bird Technologies SignalHawk website: http://www.bird-technologies.com/products/software/sh/ index.
6. Select the downloaded files on the PC desktop when prompted for the SignalHawk drivers. Installing the PC Tool Software 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Download and install Microsoft ActiveSync. Click on “Install PC Interface Tool.” Save the compressed file to the PC’s desktop. Double click the compressed file on the PC desktop. Click-and-drag the SHPCTool icon (Setup file) out of the compressed file window and onto the PC desktop. Double-click the Setup file.
Measurements Note: This option will only appear for VNA traces. Presents the various measurement types to display the reading. The types of measurement depend on the type of trace file being read. VNA files will give Match Measurement, Distance-to-Fault, Cable Loss, and Smith Chart as options. Communicate Presents commands to get files from and/or send files to the SignalHawk. In addition, use this function to upgrade the SignalHawk software/firmware.
Cut Cuts a trace from a graph. Copy Copies a trace from a graph. Paste Pastes a trace onto a graph. Note: A trace from one measurement type cannot be placed onto a graph from another measurement type (Occupied Bandwidth, Channel Power, etc). The graphs do not match. Delete Trace Deletes a trace from a graph. Note: The last trace on a graph cannot be deleted. Return to Normal Mode Returns the display back to the start menu. Zoom In Increases the focus on a specific area of a graph.
Add to Lower Limit Line Adds a limit line to the graph. First click will create a point on the graph with a line. Second click will create another point that connects to the first point via a line. Third click connects to the second, and so on Delete Markers or Limit Lines Deletes a marker, a limit line, or a point on a limit line. When deleting points, the icon will change to an eraser graphic when the icon floats over something that can be deleted.
Cable Sets the current trace to a Cable Loss display. Smith Sets the current trace to display a Smith Chart. Options Dialog Box Opens the pop up Option Dialog box. "Options Dialog Box (View>Options)" on page 105. DTF Wizard Opens the Distance to Fault Wizard. Figure 86 DTF Wizard Options Dialog Box (View>Options) The Options dialog box contains six tabs - Scale, Units, Markers, Limits1, Limits 2, and Labels. Select a tab and enter or edit specific values for the currently active graph. Scale Tab 1. 2. 3.
Figure 87 Example, Scale Tab Autoscale Units Tab 1. 2. 3. Select the units of measure for the y axis. Set the size of text for the entire graph. Set whether or not to display grid lines. Figure 88 Example, Units Tab Markers Tab When a frequency or distance for a marker is entered, the marker will be set to the datapoint closest to that frequency or distance. The actual frequency of the marker will replace the value entered and will also display on the screen below the graph area. For each marker: 1.
Figure 89 Example, Markers Tab Limits 1 Tab Defines and turns on or off upper/lower limit lines. Note: The options displayed on this tab will change slightly depending on the type of graph opened. Note: The upper limit fails any datapoints that are above the line. Note: The lower limit fails any datapoints that are below the line. Note: The limit line will be flat across the graph at the power level specified. 1. Click on the line 2. Drag the line to move it up and down.
1. 2. Click on a segment Drag each segment at its set point to move it up or down. Note: If a limit line point is disabled, it is removed from the list in the Options dialog box. Figure 91 Example, Limits 2 Tab Figure 92 Multiple limit line points used to create a bracketed area Limit Line Labels Tab Creates a title, subtitle, and a trace name for the displayed trace. The title will be in larger letters and centered above the graph. The subtitle will be smaller.
GPS If a GPS sensor is attached to the SignalHawk, it will display a location and GPS time reading at the bottom of the trace.
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Chapter 7 Power Measurements Power measurements verify and monitor the condition of a transmitter system. To measure transmitter power, connect an external power sensor to a transmitter system then to the SignalHawk and select the Power Meter mode from the Start Menu screen.
Quick Setup - Configure Sensor and Instrument 1. 2. 3. 4. With power turned off, connect a communication cable from the SignalHawk RS-232 port to an external power sensor. Turn the SignalHawk on. Press Power Meter menu key at the Start Menu. Select External Power Sensor from the list, and press Enter. 5. 6. Note: The SignalHawk will acquire the power sensor, this may take a few moments. Press Configure menu key. Do one of the following: For Directional Power Sensors (Model 5010B): 1.
1. 2. Connect a power sensor to the SignalHawk serial port “RS-232” with a 9-pin serial cable. Select the Power Meter option on the Main Menu screen. Note: Once the sensor is connected, the menu option has been selected, and the SignalHawk has detected it, the display will change to the sensor screen. Note: If no power sensor is detected, the Power Meter screen displays the message “Power Sensor cannot be acquired.” CAUTION +20 dBm (100 mW) max. RF input for the Spectrum Analyzer and +22 dBm (160 mW) max.
Looking at the Screen When the SignalHawk is connected to an external power sensor, the available commands will vary according to the capabilities of the sensor being used. Typical functions are for selecting the type of measurement, type of element, units of measure, measurement scales, offset values, and zeroing the sensor. When a power sensor is properly connected (and detected), the status message, located at the top of the Power Meter screen, will indicate the model number of the power sensor (i.e.
Directional Power Sensor Measurements 3. Note: The forward element’s power rating must be entered before taking data. Connect the sensor. See “Connecting a Sensor” on page 112. Press the Forward Scale soft key then use the Up and Down arrow keys to enter the wattage value of the forward element. Press the Type menu key, then press the Forward Average soft key. 4. Note: The Forward Average value displays in large characters at the top of the screen. Select the desired measurement to display. 1. 2.
Duty Cycle - Measures the signal duty cycle. Select Auto or Manual, the default setting is Auto. See “Configure” on page 120. Note: For additional information about duty cycle, refer to the owner’s instruction book for the WPS. Manual Duty Cycle - Allows use of the key pad to enter the duty cycle percent. See “Configure” on page 120. Note: Use this feature if the duty cycle is known and if the burst is less than 10 W.
Figure 98 Power Meter, Digital Display, Type Screen (Directional sensor) Figure 99 Power Meter, Digital Display, Type Screen (Wideband sensor) 117
Units Soft key functions that select the units of measure (Figure 100) are enabled. For power measurements, Watts or dBm can be selected. For match measurements, VSWR, dB, rho, and percent (%) can be selected. Figure 100 Power Meter, Digital Display, Units Screen (Directional sensor) Note: The Units screen applies to Directional and Wideband Power sensors only. Power: Watts Measures power in Watts. Power Watts = 10 dBm – 30 10 Power: dBm Measures power in dBm.
Match: Rho Measures match, a complex ratio of reflected power to forward average power expressed in Rho. Rho = Sqrt Pr Pf Match Efficiency % Measures match, a complex ratio of reflected power to forward power expressed in percent efficiency. MatchEfficiency Percent = 100 1 – Pr Pf Forward Average Measures the forward average power. Pf dBm = 10 Log Pf Watts + 30dB Reflected Average Measures the reflected average power.
CCDF (Complimentary Cumulative Distribution Function) Measures the amount of time that the power is above a pre-defined limit (the CCDF Limit). Note: These features are available only with the Bird Wideband power sensor. For additional information about Forward Burst, Crest Factor, and CCDF, refer to the operations manual for the Bird Wideband Power Sensor.
Figure 102 Power Meter, Digital Display, Configure Screen (Terminating sensor) Figure 103 Power Meter, Digital Display, Configure Screen (Wideband sensor) 121
Figure 104 Power Meter, Digital Display, Zero Screen (Wideband sensor) Quick Setup - Zero a Sensor 1. Check that no RF is in the system. 2. 3. Note: The sensor will read approximately “0.” Press the Zero menu key. Press the Start Zero Calibration soft key. Note: Some soft key features will not be available for certain power sensors. File & Help The soft keys for saving the current trace, selecting the utility option, activating the logging feature, and accessing help features (Figure 105) are enabled.
Figure 105 Power Meter, Digital Display, File & Help Screen (typical soft keys for all sensors) Quick Save Data Saves the data that is displayed on the screen. The saved data is stored as a file in the internal flash drive of the instrument. Each quick save is stored in a separate file that is named using the date-time file naming format PwrYYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
Log: On / Off Activates or deactivates the internal logging feature. When logging is On, a thin line appears under the word On on the soft key text. When logging is Off, a thin line appears under the word Off. Logging captures and stores the set of data that is sent from the external power sensor and displayed on the screen. While logging is On, each set of data is stored as text on a separate line in the same computer file. The speed of the logging depends on the type of sensor being used (e.g.
Chapter 8 Utilities With SignalHawk’s built-in utilities, information about the instrument is displayed. The Menu keys provide information about the software, hardware, and data files. Utilities can be accessed by pressing the Utilities menu key from the Start Menu screen, or by pressing the File & Help menu key from a measurement screen then pressing the Utility soft key.
Utility Main Menu Version Info View general information such as how to contact Bird Technologies Group. The soft keys for this menu selection provide access to VNA Help, Spectrum Analyzer Help, Power Meter Help, Custom Help, Date and Time, Select Language, Backlight Control, and Exit to Windows. VNA Help Procedures and specifications for the Vector Network Analyzer feature of the SignalHawk. Spectrum Analyzer Help Procedures and specifications for the Spectrum Analyzer feature of the SignalHawk.
Date Time Displays a dialog box showing the date and time (Fig. 107). Use the up-anddown arrow keys or the key pad to increase or decrease the selected value. Use the right-and-left arrow keys to move to the next or previous component of time or date. Use the thumbwheel to move between the Time and Date data fields. Press the Enter key to exit the dialog box and return to the Utility Menu screen. The new time and date is displayed at the top of the screen.
Backlight Control Displays the backlight options (Fig. 108). Press the Esc/Back function key to return to the previous screen. Figure 108 Utility, Backlight Options Screen Backlight Soft Key Backlight Mode Auto / Man Backlight High Backlight Medium Backlight Low Backlight Custom xx% Sensor Gain 128 Function Set the backlight brightness Auto - adjusted by internal circuitry Man - set by user Manual - Set backlight to brightest intensity.
Exit to Windows Exits the SignalHawk program and goes into the Windows shell. Customizing SignalHawk Content 1. 2. Go to the Utilities menu. Press the Exit to Windows soft key. Note: The SignalHawk will ask for verification. Figure 109 Utility, Exit to Windows 3. Connect the SignalHawk to a PC via a USB cable. 4. Go to My Computer on the PC. 5. Go to Mobile Device. Figure 110 SignalHawk Root Directory 6. Go to FlashFX.
Figure 111 7. Go to My Lists. Figure 112 8. 9. 10. 11. FlashFX Directory My Lists Directory Copy the csv file of the list to be edited to the desktop of the PC. Open the csv file. Add custom information into the list. Copy the csv file back into the FlashFX directory. Note: The computer will ask for verification to overwrite the file in the directory. 12. Close the FlashFX directory window. 13. Select Bird SignalHawk on the SignalHawk.
Chapter 9 Maintenance Regular maintenance is essential for proper and accurate performance of the SignalHawk. These procedures cover the basic maintenance of the SignalHawk. For more advanced issues, please contact Bird Technologies customer service. Cleaning CAUTION Harsh or abrasive detergents, and some solvents, can damage the display unit and labels. Clean the Bird SignalHawk only with a soft cloth dampened with mild detergent and water. Do not use any other type of cleaning solution.
PC Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. Install the PCTool. Go to http://www.bird-technologies.com/products/software/sh/. Select “Install SignalHawk Application Software/Firmware Upgrade.” Download and Save the latest software/firmware package from Bird’s website. 5. Note: Follow the instructions on downloading the file. Unzip the downloaded file to the PC’s desktop. 6. 7. Note: A new folder containing more folders inside it should be created. Turn on the SignalHawk.
SignalHawk Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Navigate to the Utilities Menu. Press “Exit to Windows” under the Utilities Menu. Use the arrow keys to highlight the SignalHawk Diagnostics application on the SignalHawk desktop. Press Enter to start the operation. Press the “Digital Board” key. Press the “Update FPGA” key. Navigate to the FPGA_xxx file (under “FlashFX Disk”) and select it. Press Enter to start the operation.
Replacing the Battery WARNING Care should be taken when handling batteries. Keep out of the reach of children. Do not heat or dispose of batteries in fire. May burst or release toxic materials. Avoid forced discharge. Do not short circuit. Restrict charging current and time to the recommended value. Do not solder the battery directly. Do not disassemble, apply excessive pressure, or deform. Avoid placing the battery in reverse polarity.
Figure 113 Removing Battery Cover Screws .
Troubleshooting Any service procedure not covered in this manual should be referred to an authorized service facility. For All Models Problem Unit will not power up. Possible Cause Possible Correction Battery pack drained. Charge the battery pack. See “Charging the Battery” on page 131. Battery pack unable to Replace battery pack. See keep a charge. “Replacing the Battery” on page 134. AC adapter is damaged. Replace the AC adapter. Batery Light Battery cable has Return the unit for service.
For Spectrum Analyzer Only Erratic antenna test measurements. Bad calibration combo. Use a different calibration standard. Specifications SignalHawk Models Model Number SH-362S SH-361S SH-362 SH-36S Model Name 2-Port VNA (1.6 MHz to 3.6 GHz) and Spectrum Analyzer (100 kHz to 3.6 GHz) 1-Port VNA (1.6 MHz to 3.6 GHz) and Spectrum Analyzer (100 kHz to 3.6 GHz) 2-Port VNA (1.6 MHz to 3.6 GHz) Spectrum Analyzer (100 kHz to 3.
Amplitude Inherent Spurious Input Related Spurious Accuracy Reference Level Attenuator Pre-Amp Resolution dB-based units W or V-based units Units Power Field Strength Offset Range Detection Modes Trigger Modes Trigger Sources External Trigger Types External Trigger Level External Trigger Delay External Trigger Connector –80 dBm; reference ≤ –10 dBm, f > 30 MHz, RBW ≤ 100 kHz –70 dBc; mixer level ≤ -30 dBm, carrier offset ≥ 1 MHz ± 1.5 dB max (2σ), ± 1.
Measurements Predefined Measurements Spectrum Analysis, Occupied Bandwidth (OBW), Channel Power, Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR), Field Strength, Time Domain, AM/FM Demodulation, Carrier-to-Interference Ratio (C/I), and Water Fall Spectrogram. Emission Masks for broadcast, LMR, and WiMax applications. Out-of-Band Spurious and In-Band, Out-ofChannel Spurious measurements.
Amplitude Measurement Range Return Loss, Cable Loss VSWR Rho Distance to fault (Max) Insertion Loss, Gain Measurement Resolution Return & Cable Loss VSWR, Rho Distance to fault (min.) Insertion Loss, Gain Corrected Directivity, using Bird Cal. Kit Directivity Phase Instrumentation Open/short Measurement Accuracy Return, Cable loss -60 to 0 dB 1.0 to 99.99 0.0 to 1.00 1500 m, software limited –90 to +50 dB (1.6 MHz – 3.6 GHz) 0.1 dB 0.01 4 cm (1.6”) 0.1 dB –42 dB 3° –35 dB ≤ 0.09 dB <+/-1.
Thru Port Input Impedance, Nominal VSWR (Max.) Max RF Input Bias Tee (on Thru port) DC Voltage, Nominal Current Supply Current Measurement Activity Immunity Test Port Thru Port 50 ohms 1.5:1 +22 dBm AISG TMA DC Supply Class 1 and Class 2 12V or 24V, user-selectable 0-800 mA, 1A surge, 12V 0-400 mA, 0.5A surge, 24V ±5% +13 dBm +13 dBc or +13 dBm Max interferer, whichever is less Measurements Overview Predefined Measurements DTF Cable List Markers Analyzes VSWR and Return Loss (dB) of singleport devices.
Chart II - Return Loss Uncertainty, 1.6MHz to 3.6GHz Chart III - Insertion Loss/Gain Uncertainty, 1.6 MHz to 3.6 GHz General Specifications Model Housing 142 Name: SignalHawk Model: SH-36S, SH-361S, SH-362, and SH-362S Component: Spectrum Analyzer, 1-Port Vector Network Analyzer, and 2-Port Vector Network Analyzer PC/ABS housing, rubber over-mold and shock-mounted hardware.
General Specifications Display 8.4" diagonal (34 sq in), TFT, LCD, full color, SVGA, 800 x 600 pixels, 120 dpi, dual-backlight, viewable indoors and outdoors Ambient Light Sensor Ambient light sensor automatically adjusts display backlight when in auto backlight mode. Keypad Single-piece integrated unit is sealed to protect against water. In addition, it protects against impacts to display.
General Specifications Soft Carry Case Includes 2 carry handles, shoulder strap, cover flap with clear pocket (insert quick start card), zippered back pocket (insert quick start manual, etc.), 2 clear connector covers (hook-andloop back for access and forward for weather protection, antenna may protrude between covers), and detachable accessory pouch with 3-snap cable holder. Note: Do not block air flow intake (round opening on back). Connector Cover May attach to further protect connectors from weather.
General Specifications CE Compliance EN 61326-1:2006 – Part 1, EN 61326-2-1:2006 – Part 2-1 EN 6100-4-2:1995, A1:1998 & A2:2001 inclusive, Directive 2004/108/EC Relating to Electromagnetic Compatibility Standard: EN 61326-1:2006 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use - EMC requirements - Part 1: General requirements (IEC 613261:2005) Meets level B criteria for all test except EN 6100-4-2, Section 2 ESD immunity test, meets level C.
General Measurement Features Power Measurement Supports optional Bird external power sensor models 5012B, 5010B, 5011, 5011-EF, 5010T and 5010. Connect sensors via RS-232 port. Markers 6 Markers; Modes: On/Off, Standard, Marker to Max Peak, Marker to Next Peak, Center Freq to Marker, Ref Level Ampt to Marker, Marker Delta, Marker Display, Marker Type Line/Icon, Marker Noise, Frequency Counter, All Marker to Peaks, All Markers Off.
Power Sensors Supported Sensor 5010B 5010T 5011 5011-EF 5012B Description Frequency Range Element dependent, 2 MHz to 2.7 GHz Power Range Element dependent, 125 mW to 1 kW full scale Measurements performed: True Average Power, Peak Forward Power (element dependent).
5016B 5017B 5018B 5019B Frequency Range 350 MHz - 4.0 GHz Power Range 25 mW - 25 Watts Avg. 60 Watts Peak Measurements performed: Peak power, true average power and Duty Cycle. Calculations Performed: VSWR, Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, Crest Factor, Average Burst Power and CCDF. Duty Cycle (D) .001 to 1.0 Accuracy Average Power = ±4% of reading, + 0.008 Watts Burst Average Power = ±6% of reading, +0.008/D Watts Peak Envelope Power = ±7% of reading, +0.05 Watts CCDF = ±0.
Parts List Contact Bird Service Center for parts information. Standard Accessories Description Soft Carry Case 1 Operations Manual 1 Part No. Qty 7002A220-1 1 920-SH36-OPS 1 Start-Up Instructions 920-SH36-REF 1 USB Cable, 10 ft, USB 2.
Optional Accessories General Description Part No.
External Power Sensors Description Part No. Qty WIDEBAND POWER SENSOR Frequency Range 5012B: 350 MHz - 4.0 GHz 5016B: 350 MHz - 4.0 GHz 5017B: 25 MHz - 1.0 GHz 5018B: 150 MHz - 4.0 GHz 5019B: 25 MHz -1.0 GHz Power Range 5012B: 150 mW - 150 Watts Avg. 400 Watts Peak 5016B: 25 mW - 25 Watts Avg. 60 Watts Peak 5017B: 500 mW - 500 Watts Avg. 1300 Watts Peak 5018B: 100 mW - 25 Watts Avg. 60 Watts Peak 5019B: 100 mW - 100 Watts Avg.
Description Part No. Qty DIRECTIONAL POWER SENSOR Frequency Range Element dependent, 2 MHz to 2.7 GHz Power Range Element dependent, 125 mW to 1 kW full scale Measurements performed: True Average Power, Peak Forward Power (element dependent).
Test Cables and Adapters Description Part No. Qty Test Cable, Phase Stable, 1.5 m, N(M) to N(F) TC-MNFN-1.5 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 3.0 m, N(M) to N(F) TC-MNFN-3.0 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 1.5 m, N(M) to N(M) TC-MNMN-1.5 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 3.0 m, N(M) to N(M) TC-MNMN-3.0 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 1.5 m, N(M) to 7/16 DIN(F) TC-MNFE-1.5 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 3.0 m, N(M) to 7/16 DIN(F) TC-MNFE-3.0 1 Test Cable, Phase Stable, 1.5 m, N(M) to 7/16 DIN(M) TC-MNME-1.
ROHS Part Name Toxic or hazardous Substances and Elements Lead Mercury Cadmium Hexavalent Polybro(Pb) (Hg) (Cd) Chromium minated (Cr(VI)) biphenyls (PBB) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) O Copper X O O O O Alloy Florescent O X O O O O Backlight Printed X O O O O O Circuit Assembly O: Indicates that this toxic or hazardous substance contained in all of the homogeneous materials for this part is below the limit requirement in SJ/T11363-2006.
Appendix 3 Menu Maps Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Menu Maps Figure 116 Map, Freq & Span, All Measurements 155
Figure 117 156 Map, Calibrate, All Measurements
Figure 118 Map, Ampt & Trace, All Measurements 157
Figure 119 See Figure 123, page 162. 158 Map, Measurement See Figure 121, page 160. See Figure 122, page 161. See Figure 124, page 163.
Figure 120 Map, Mark & Limit 159
Figure 121 160 Map, Measurement, Match Measure
Figure 122 Map, Measurement, Distance-to-Fault Measure 161
Figure 123 162 Map, Measurement, Cable Loss Measure
Figure 124 Map, Measurement, Gain & Loss Measure 163
Spectrum Analyzer Menu Maps The illustrations in this section show the soft key options that are available when you select a measurement function. Figure 125 Menu Map, Freq & Span Menu, All Measurements Note: If a channelized band is selected, there will be an extra soft key named Channel (see Fig. 126).
Figure 126 Menu Map, Freq/Span Menu, Channelized Band Note: If a channelized band is selected, the system displays the Channel soft key in addition to those shown in Fig. 125.
Figure 127 166 Menu Map, BW & Sweep Menu, All Measurements
Figure 128 Menu Map, Ampt & Trace, All Measurements 167
Figure 129 168 Menu Map, Measurement, All Measurements
Figure 130 Menu Map, Mark & Limit Menu, All Measurements 169
Figure 131 170 Menu Map, File & Help, All Measurements
Power Meter Menu Maps Figure 132 Menu Map, Power Meter, Directional Type 171
Figure 133 172 Menu Map, Power Meter, Wideband
Figure 134 Map, Power Meter, Units, Directional and Wideband Type 173
Figure 135 174 Map, Power Meter, Configure, Directional Type
Figure 136 Map, Power Meter, Configure, Terminating Type 175
Figure 137 176 Map, Power Meter, Configure, Wideband Type
Figure 138 Map, Power Meter, Zero, Terminating and Wideband Type 177
Figure 139 178 Map, Power Meter, File & Help, All Sensors
Start Menu, Help Menu Maps Figure 140 Map, Start Menu, Help 179
Start Menu, Utilities Menu Map Figure 141 180 Map, Utilities, Version Info
Figure 142 Map, Utilities, GPS Info 181
Setup Function Menu Maps Figure 143 182 Map, Setup, Main Screen
Limited Warranty All products manufactured by Seller are warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year, unless otherwise specified, from date of shipment and to conform to applicable specifications, drawings, blueprints and/or samples.
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