Model 645 Arbitrary Waveform Generator User’s manual Printed Date: 06/2008
Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................ 2 1 GENERAL INFORMATION............................................................................................... 5 1.1 FEATURE OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................... 5 1.2 WARRANTY INFORMATION .............................................................................................
4.3 RAMP WAVE .................................................................................................................. 35 4.4 NOISE WAVEFORM ....................................................................................................... 36 4.5 PULSE WAVEFORM ........................................................................................................ 37 4.6 ARBITRARY WAVEFORM ............................................................................................... 39 4.
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................... 113 A SPECIFICATION LIST .................................................................................................... 114 B REMOTE INTERFACE REFERENCE ................................................................................. 120 B.1.1 Command Format Used in This Manual............................................... 120 B.1.2 Command Separators ..............
1 General Information This chapter contains general information about BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION Model 645 Waveform Generator. The information includes: z Feature Overview z Warranty Information z Precaution of Operation z Upkeep of Model 645 z Safety Information z Symbols and Terms z Inspection z Options and Accessories You can contact Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation. via the following telephone number for warranty, service, or technical support information.
z 16 bits pattern out with a synchronized clock (up to 50MHz). z Connection via USB, LAN, and GPIB (optional). z Graph mode for visual verification of signal settings. z Store up to 4 waveforms in nonvolatile memory. z Easy-to-use shortcut keys and knobs. z Free and easy-to-use PC applications. ※ Note: Full Model 645 specifications are included in Appendix A. 1.
remedies. BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages. Limitation of warranty 1. Our warranties do not cover any damage resulting from unauthorized modification or misuse. 2. Unless mentioned elsewhere in this document, our warranty does not apply to fuses, probes, and problems arising from normal wear or user’s failure to follow instructions. 3.
1.4 Upkeep of Model 645 z Although Model 645 waveform generator is very durable and weather resistant, care should be taken not to expose it to severe impact or pressure. z Keep Model 645 far from water and damp environment. z Calibration will be taken every year. Please contact your local service representative for more information. z If the incorrect display or abnormal beeps occurred, you should stop using the equipment at once.
same types and same rating as specified. z Do not try to operate the waveform generator if it is damaged. Disconnect the power from the equipment and consult the local service representative. Return the product to Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation service department if necessary. 1.6 Symbols and Terms This symbol indicates hazards that may cause damages to the instrument or even result in personal injury. This symbol indicates high voltage may be present. Use extra caution before taking any action.
1.7 Inspection Your product package is supplied with the following items: z One Model 645 waveform generator unit. [ 107(H) x 224(W) x 380(D) mm, approx. 3.6Kg] z One power cord 1. z One USB cable. z One pattern generator cable z One CD (including this electronic User's Manual and software applications). z Optional accessories as you ordered. 1 The Model 645 is provided with a Standard Test lead set, described below.
z GPIB interface card. (Optional) 1.8 Options and Accessories The following options and accessories are available from Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation for use with Model 645. Please refer to Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Accessory list.
2 Overview This chapter prepares you for using the Model 645 waveform generator. You may want to check if you have all the parts with your waveform generator first. All our products are handled and inspected professionally before shipping out to our customers. If you find any damaged/missing parts or have any doubts about the product, please contact your local service representative immediately and do not attempt to operate the damaged product. 2.
【Step 2】(Pull out the handle) When the handle is turned up to 90°, pull out the handle from the waveform generator as shown in Figure 2-2. Figure 1-2 Figure 2-2 Ⅱ. Adjusting the position for your convenience Here are some example positions for different needs. 【Position 1】 The default position is for packing as shown in Figure 2-3.
【Position 2】 The adjusted position is for operation as shown in Figure 2-4. Figure 2-4 【Position 3】 The carrying position is shown in Figure 2-5.
2.2 Factory Default Settings Table 2-1 shows the factory default settings of Model 645 when it is powered on the very first time. Table 2-1 Factory default settings Parameters marked with a star ( ＊ ) are stored in non-volatile memory. Output Configuration Default Setting Function Sine wave Frequency 1 kHz Amplitude/Offset 100 mVpp/0.000Vdc Output Units Vpp Output Termination 50Ω Autorange On Modulation 1 kHz Sine (AM, FM, PM, FSK) Carrier 1 kHz Pulse (PWM) Mod.
Sweep Start/Stop Frequency 100 Hz/1 kHz Sweep Time 1 sec. Sweep Mode Linear Sweep State Off Burst Burst Count 1 Cycle Burst Period 10 ms Burst Start Phase 0 degree Burst State Off System-Related Operations Power-Down Recall Disabled Display Mode ON Error Queue 0 errors Stored States, Stored Arbs Output State Off Triggering Operations Trigger Source Internal (Immediate) Remote Interface Configuration GPIB Address 10 DHCP On IP Address 169.254.02.020 Subnet Mask 255.255.0.
2.3 Model 645 Operation Panels Brief descriptions are provided in this chapter for all the connectors and buttons on both front and rear panels of Model 645 waveform generator. 2.3.1 Front Panel 9 3 4 2 1 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 Figure 2-6 1. Power 2. Graph/Local 3. Menu Operation Softkeys (in color grey) 4. Waveform selection keys 5. Modulation/Sweep/Burst keys 6. Store/Recall Menu Key 7. Utility Menu Key 8. Help Key 9. Knob 10. Cursor Keys 11. Manual Trigger Key 12.
2.3.2 Rear Panel 1 2 6 9 10 3 8 4 5 7 Figure 2-7 1. 10MHz In (External 10 MHz Reference Input) Connector 2. 10MHz Out (Internal 10 MHz Reference Output) Connector 3. Modulation In (External Modulation Input) Connector 4. Trig In/Out, FSK/Burst Connector 5. LAN Port 6. GPIB Connector(Optional) 7. USB Port 8. Digital Pattern Output / LVTTL 9. Power cord Connector 10.
3 Common Operations This chapter describes the basic operations and configurations that are commonly used to set up a waveform output. Operations for outputting specific waveforms are covered in chapter 4. 3.1 Graph Mode Pressing the Graph button enables the graph mode. You can view the waveform visually in the graph mode and change the waveform parameters by using the knob and the cursor keys. The parameter values that the knob can reach in the graph mode are limited due to resolution.
a desired value directly on the numeric keypad or use the cursor keys to move the cursor on the display and increase or decrease the digit by turning the knob. When you use the numeric keypad, all the available units for the entry will be shown on the display. Press the softkey under the desired unit to finish the entry, or press Cancel to withdraw the changes. • Alphabetical entry-----If you are asked to enter a string of alphabetic letters, turn the knob until the desired letter appears on the display.
Remote Interface Operation FUNCtion {SINusoid|SQUare|RAMP|PULSe|NOISe|DC|USER|PATTern} You may also use the APPLy command to select the function, frequency, amplitude, and offset in one shot. Notes • Frequency limitation: When the newly-selected function has a smaller maximum frequency, the waveform generator will automatically adjust the frequency from the old value to the new, smaller maximum value.
Front-panel Operation 1. Select your desired function by pressing one of the function keys. 2. Press the softkey under Freq/Perd and make sure Freq is highlighted (indicating the frequency mode is selected). 3. Use the numeric keypad or the knob with cursor keys to change the value. Remote Interface Operation FREQuency {|MINimum|MAXImum} Notes • Each waveform function has its own frequency range, but the default frequency is 1 kHz for all functions.
automatically to the maximum value of the duty cycle limit range. 3.5 To Set Output Amplitude The default amplitude for all functions is 100 mVpp (into 50 ohms). The procedure to set a new amplitude value is described as follows. Figure 3-5 Front-panel Operation 1. Select your desired function by pressing one of the function keys. 2. Press the softkey under Ampl/High and make sure Ampl is highlighted. Use the numeric keypad or the knob with cursor keys to change the value.
Figure 3-7 • The default output unit is Vpp, but one may also choose from Vrms and dBm. But the output unit cannot be set to dBm if the output termination is set to “high impedance”. In such a case, the unit is automatically reset to Vpp. The unit setting is stored in volatile memory. The default unit (Vpp) will be restored after a power-on cycle or a remote interface reset.
limited. For example, the built-in Sinc wave does not span the full ±1 range and thus its maximum amplitude is limited to 6.087 Vpp (into 50 Ω). • While changing amplitude, you may notice a momentary disruption in the output waveform at certain voltages due to switching of the output attenuators. The amplitude is controlled, however, so the output voltage will never exceed the current setting while switching ranges. You may disable the voltage autoranging to prevent this output disruption. 3.
• Figure 3-8 • Limits with amplitude and output termination: DC offset value is constrained by the equation below: Voffset ≤ Vmax − Vpp 2 where Vmax is the maximum peak voltage allowed for the selected output termination (5 volts for a 50 Ω load or 10 volts for a high-impedance load). If the specified dc offset is not valid, the waveform generator automatically adjusts it to the maximum value allowed with the specified amplitude.
4. See Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7 as sample displays. Remote Interface Operation VOLTage:HIGH {|MINimum|MAXimum} VOLTage:LOW {|MINimum|MAXimum} 3.8 To Set Waveform Polarity The default waveform polarity mode is Normal, in which the waveform goes positive during the first part of the wave cycle. One may change it to the Inverted mode where the waveform goes negative during the first part of the wave cycle. To set the waveform polarity mode, follow the steps below.
3.9 To Set Output Termination A fixed series output impedance of 50 ohms to the front-panel Output connector is set in Model 645 by default. If the actual load impedance does not match the value specified, the output amplitude and offset levels will be incorrect. To change this setting, follow the steps below. Front-panel Operation 1. Press the Utility button and then press the softkey under Output Setup. 2. Make sure the Load softkey is highlighted. If not, press the softkey to toggle.
Front-panel Operation 1. Press the Utility button and then the softkey under Output Setup. 2. Press the softkey under Rang to toggle between Auto and Hold for auto-ranging setting. 3. Press the softkey under DONE to finish the selection. Figure 3-10 Figure 3-11 Remote Interface Operation VOLTage:RANGe:AUTO {OFF|ON|ONCE} Notes • While changing amplitude, you may notice a momentary disruption in the output waveform at certain voltages due to switching of the output attenuators.
Output button becomes lit when output is enabled. Remote Interface Operation OUTPut {OFF|ON} Notes • The Output is automatically disabled when an excessive external voltage is applied to the Output connector on the front panel and an error will be generated and the error message will be shown. Remove the overload from the Output connector and enable the Output again. 3.12 To Enabled/Disable Sync Out Signal All the standard output functions, except dc and noise, can be associated with a sync-out signal.
Notes • If the Sync connector is disabled, the output signal is at a logic “low” level. • The Sync setting is stored in non-volatile memory, so it does not change after power-off or a remote reset command is issued. • For Sine, ramp and pulse waveforms, the Sync signal is a square waveform with a 50% duty cycle. The Sync signal is a TTL “high” when the waveform output is positive, relative to zero volts (discard the dc offset setting).
zero-crossing point if the waveform has a non-zero phase). If the burst count is infinite, the Sync signal works the same way described above for continuous waveforms. • If the burst generation is externally gated, the Sync signal starts at a TTL “high” with the external gate signal. However, the sync signal will not transition to a TTL “low” until the end of the last cycle (may not be the zero-crossing point if the waveform has a non-zero phase).
4 Waveform Output Operations This chapter describes each of the waveforms that Model 645 provides and also the detailed front-panel, menu and remote interface operations for outputting the waveforms. 4.1 Sine Wave How to generate a sine wave 1. The default waveform output of Model 645 is sine wave. To select sine wave while the current output function is not it, press the Sine button to make the selection. 2.
4.2 Square Wave A square wave consists of instantaneous transitions between two voltage levels. The duty cycle of a square wave represents the amount of time in each cycle during which the wave is at the high level (assuming that the waveform is not inverted): DutyCycle = (Time Interval at High Level) / Period x 100% How to generate a square wave 1. Press the Square button to select the square wave function. 2.
volatile memory. • When you change the output function from square wave to another, the previously-set duty cycle is remembered and will be resumed when square wave is re-selected. • For square waves with frequency higher than 10 MHz, the range of the duty cycle is from 40% to 60%, and for square waves with lower frequency, the range of the duty cycle is from 20% to 80%.
Remote interface operation APPLy:RAMP [[,[,]]] (The command generates ramp wave with 100% symmetry) Or FUNCtion {RAMP} FREQuency {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} VOLTage {︱MINimum︱MAXimum } VOLTage:OFFSet {︱MINimum︱MAXimum } FUNCtion:RAMP:SYMMetry {|MINimum|MAXimum} Notes • Symmetry value is stored in volatile memory so the default setting (100%) will be restored after power-off or a remote interface reset.
VOLTage:OFFSet {︱MINimum︱MAXimum } Notes • In the APPL:NOIS command, the frequency parameter has no effect, but you still need to specify a value or “DEFault” for it. 4.5 Pulse Waveform A pulse waveform consists of a period, a pulse width, an ascending edge and a descending edge. The parameters are described further below. Pulse Period / Frequency The default pulse period is 1 ms (or 1kHz in frequency), and the allowable value is ranged from 100 ns to 2000s (or 10 MHz down to 0.
⎧20 ns, ⎪200 ns, ⎪ Wmin = ⎨ ⎪2 μs, ⎪⎩20 μs, if PulsePeriod ≤ 10s if 10s < PulsePeriod ≤ 100s if 100s < PulsePeriod ≤ 1000s if 1000s < PulsePeriod If the specified value for PulseWidth is outside of the allowable range, the waveform generator will automatically adjust it to accommodate the given pulse period. Edge Time The edge time represents the time from the 10% point to the 90% point of an ascending or descending edge.
How to generate a pulse wave 1. Press the Pulse button to choose pulse wave output. 2. Refer to Chapter 3 for specifying the common parameters, including frequency/period, amplitude and dc offset voltage. 3. Press the softkey under Width/Duty to Toggle between setting pulse width or duty cycle. 4. Use the knob with the cursor keys to change the value. Or use the numeric keypad to enter a new value and then press the softkey under % to finish the entry or the softkey under Cancel to withdraw the changes. 5.
exponential-rise, exponential-fall, negative-ramp, sinc, and cardiac. The default arbitrary waveform is an exponential-rise wave. For each user-defined waveform, one may create up to 262,144 (256k) points from the remote interface. If you choose an arbitrary waveform as the modulating waveform for AM, FM, PM, or PWM, the waveform is automatically limited to 4k points and the extra points will be removed by decimation. User-defined waveforms Model 645 supports user-definded waveforms.
Figure 4-8 Remote interface operation FUNCtion USER {EXP_RISE | EXP_FALL | NEG_RAMP | SINC | CARDIAC} Remote interface operation DATA:DAC VOLATILE, {|, , …} DATA VOLATILE, , , … FORMat:BORDer {NORMal︱SWAPped} DATA:COPY [,VOLATILE] DATA:CATalog? DATA:NVOLatile:CATalog? DATA:NVOLatile:FREE? DATA:ATTRibute:AVERage? [] DATA:ATTRibute:CFACtor? [] DATA:ATTRibute:POINts? [] DATA:ATTRibute:PTPeak? [] 4.
internal modulating waveform is sine wave. For internal source, one may also choose from square with 50% duty cycle, URamp (Up or Positive Ramp with 100% symmetry), DRamp (Down or Negative Ramp with 0% symmetry), triangle (ramp with 50% symmetry), noise and arbitrary waveforms. If an arbitrary waveform is chosen, the number of points in the waveform is limited to 4k points with an automatic decimation process.
(into a 50-ohm load) even if the modulation depth is greater than 100%. How to set up amplitude modulation 1. Press one of the following function buttons to choose your carrier waveform: Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb. Specify all the necessary waveform parameters for the carrier waveform as described in Section 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.6. Figure 4-9 2. Press the Mod button to toggle on the modulation output. 3. Press the softkey under Type and press the softkey under AM to select amplitude modulation.
FUNCtion {SINusoid|SQUare|RAMp|USER} FREQuency {︱MINimum|MAXimum} VOLTage {︱MINimum|MAXimum} VOLTage:OFFSet {︱MINimum|MAXimum} AM:INTernal:FUNCtion {SINusoid|SQUare|RAMp|NRAMp|TRIangle|NOISe|USER} AM:INTernal:FREQuency {︱MINimum|MAXimum} AM:SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} AM:STATe ON Notes • Only one type of modulation can be activated at one time. When amplitude modulation is enabled, the previously selected modulation is automatically disabled.
symmetry), triangle (ramp with 50% symmetry), noise and arbitrary waveforms. If an arbitrary waveform is chosen, the number of points in the waveform is limited to 4k points with an automatic decimation process. The default frequency for internal modulating waveform is 10Hz, and the acceptable range is from 2 mHz to 20 kHz. When external source is selected, the carrier waveform is modulated with an external waveform present at the Modulation In connector on the rear panel.
deviation is 100 kHz. When the external waveform is at -5v, the output will reach negative maximum frequency deviation; e.g., 100 kHz decrease from carrier frequency if the specified frequency deviation is 100 kHz. How to set up frequency modulation 1. Press one of the following function buttons to choose your carrier waveform: Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb. Specify all the necessary waveform parameters for the carrier waveform as described in Section 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.6. Figure 4-10 2.
7. Press the Graph button to view all the waveform parameters.
both at the same time. The default source is internal, and the default internal modulating waveform is sine wave. For internal source, one may also choose from square with 50% duty cycle, URamp (Up or Positive ramp with 100% symmetry), DRamp (Down or Negative ramp with 0% symmetry), triangle (ramp with 50% symmetry), noise and arbitrary waveforms. If an arbitrary waveform is chosen, the number of points in the waveform is limited to 4k points with an automatic decimation process.
Figure 4-11 2. Press the Mod button to toggle on the modulation output. 3. Press the softkey under Type and press the softkey under PM to select phase modulation. A phase modulation output will be generated with the current parameters. 4. Press the softkey under Src to toggle between internal source (Int) and external source (Ext) for selecting modulating waveform source. 5. If internal source is selected: a. Press the softkey under Shape to toggle between different types of modulating waveform.
PM:DEViation {︱MINimum|MAXimum } PM:SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} PM:STATe ON 4.10 FSK Modulation Model 645 provides the capability to output FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation where the frequency of the waveform shifts between two frequencies (called “carrier frequency” and “hop frequency”). The shifting rate is determined by the internal or external modulating signal. Carrier Waveform The default carrier waveform is sine.
When the external waveform is at the logic low level, the carrier frequency is outputted. When a logic high is present, the hop frequency is outputted. FSK Rate This is the rate at which the output frequency shifts between the carrier frequency and the hop frequency when internal source is selected. The default FSK rate is 10 Hz and the range is from 2 mHz to 100 kHz. How to generate a FSK waveform 1. Press one of the following function buttons to choose your carrier waveform: Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb.
FREQuency {|MINimum|MAXimum} VOLTage {|MINimum|MAXimum } VOLTage:OFFSet {|MINimum|MAXimum } FSKey: FREQuency {|MINimum|MAXimum} FSKey:INTernal:RATe {|MINimum|MAXimum } FSKey:SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} FSKey:STATe ON 4.11 PWM Waveform Model 645 waveform generator provides the capability to output a pulse width modulation (PWM) for pulse carrier waveforms. In PWM, the pulse width of the pulse carrier waveform varies with the modulating waveform.
Width Deviation The width deviation represents the peak variation in the pulse width of the modulation output based on that of the original pulse carrier waveform. The default deviation is 10μs, and the range is from 0s to 1000s. In addition, it must not be greater than the pulse width of the carrier waveform and is also constrained by the following formulas: WidthDeviation ≤ PulseWidth – Wmin WidthDeviation≤ Period – (PulseWidth + Wmin) where Wmin is the minimum pulse width as described in Section 4.5.
displayed on the screen. b. Press the softkey under PWM Freq and use numeric keypad or the knob with the cursor keys to set the desired modulating frequency. 5. Press the softkey under Width Dev and set the desired value for width deviation by the numeric keypad or the knob with the cursor keys. 6. Press the Graph button to view all the waveform parameters.
Sweep Mode The default sweep mode is linear where the waveform generator sweeps the frequency with spacing calculated in a linear function. In logarithmic sweep mode, the waveform generator sweeps with spacing calculated in a logarithmic function. Start Frequency and Stop Frequency The waveform generator begins sweeping from the start frequency to the stop frequency. The waveform generator will sweep down when the start frequency is greater than the stop frequency.
signal is a TTL “high” at the beginning of the sweep and turns to “low” at the marker frequency. For sweeps with Marker Off, the Sync signal is a square waveform with a 50% duty cycle. That is, the Sync signal is a TTL “high” at the beginning of a sweep and turns to “low” at the midpoint of the sweep. The frequency of the Sync signal is the reciprocal of the specified sweep time. The default marker frequency is 500 Hz.
Ext Trig / FSK / Burst connector because it shares the same connector with Ext Trig for receiving the external trigger signal. • With manual trigger, the waveform generator outputs a pulse, with pulse width > 1 μs, at the Trig Out connector at the beginning of each sweep. How to set up frequency sweep 1. Press one of the following function buttons to choose your waveform for sweeping: Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb. Specify all the necessary waveform parameters for the waveform as described in Section 4.1, 4.
Setup to enter the trigger setup menu: a. To specify the trigger source, press the softkey under Src and then select among Int (internal), Ext (external) and Man (manual). b. If internal source or manual trigger is selected, you may configure the trigger out signal by pressing the softkey under Trig Out and then select among OFF, rising-edge trigger and falling-edge trigger. c.
Use the following commands to configure the Trig Out signal: OUTPut:TRIGger:SLOPe {POSitive|NEGative} OUTPut:TRIGger {OFF|ON} 4.13 Burst Operation Model 645 offers the burst operation to generate the selected type of waveform with specified number of cycles, called a burst. Bursts may be triggered internally or manually. Bursts can also be triggered or gated externally by the signal applied to the Ext Trig / FSK / Burst connector on the rear panel.
Table 4.13-1 The available parameters in each burst mode. Internal Triggered mode External, Manual Burst Burst Burst Count Period Phase √ √ √ √ Ext Trig Signal Polarity √ √ Gated mode √ Burst Count The Burst Count represents the number of cycles appeared in each burst. It is only used in the triggered burst mode. The default burst count is 1 cycle, and the range is from 1 to 50,000 cycles in 1 cycle increment. One may also set an infinite burst count.
mode, the waveform frequency is outputted when the external gate signal is true. The default waveform frequency is 1 kHz. The range is from 1 μHz to 200 kHz for ramps, 1 μHz to 25 MHz for square, 1 μHz to 10 MHz for pulse and arbitrary waveforms, 1 μHz to 50 MHz for Sine. In internally triggered burst mode, the minimum frequency is 2.001 mHz. For sine and square waveforms, frequencies greater than 10 MHz are allowed only when an infinite burst count is set.
point, the output will remain at the same voltage level as the starting burst phase. Trigger Source The default trigger source is internal, and the available options are internal, external and manual. When the waveform generator is set to be in the triggered burst mode, it generates a burst with specific number of cycles each time a trigger is received. Then it stops and waits for the next trigger event to occur.
2. Refer to Section 3.4 for specifying the waveform frequency for the selected function. 3. Press the Burst button to toggle the burst mode. 4. Press the N Cyc/Gated softkey to toggle between the triggered burst mode and the external gated mode. Make sure that your selection is highlighted. Figure 4-16 • Triggered burst mode 1. Press the #Cyc/Inf softkey to toggle between finite and infinite burst count: • To set finite burst count, make sure #Cyc is highlighted.
4. If internal trigger source is selected, press the Burst Perd softkey and enter the desired burst period using the numeric keypad or the knob with the cursor keys. 5. Press the Graph button to view all the burst parameters. • External gated burst 1. To specify the polarity of the external signal for gating, press the Polar softkey to toggle between Neg and. Make sure that your selection is highlighted. 2.
arbitrary waveforms, pattern output provides five built-in patterns and up to four user-defined patterns that are stored in non-volatile memory. The built-in patterns are exponential-rise, exponential-fall, negative-ramp, sinc, and cardiac. The default pattern output is an exponential-rise wave. User-defined patterns Model 645 supports user-defined patterns.
a. To specify the trigger source, press the softkey under Src and then select among Ext (external) and Man (manual). b. If manual trigger is selected, you may configure the trigger out signal by pressing the softkey under Trig Out and then select among OFF, rising-edge trigger and falling-edge trigger. c. If external source is selected, you may press the softkey under Slope to toggle between rising edge trigger and falling edge trigger. d. Press the softkey under DONE to finish the trigger setting.
Set the end address of the pattern. Set the trigger source of the pattern, such as from EXT or BUS. (Please note that there is no IMM internal trigger. Set the Trigger slope of the pattern out to be a positive (rising) edge or a negative (falling) edge. Set the pattern repeat again, yes (ON) or no (OFF). Select which clock edge to latching data of the pattern, positive (rising) edge or negative (falling) edge.
DIGital:PATTern:FREQuency {, MINimum, MAXimum} Set the frequency of the pattern, 1uHz ~ 50MHz. DIGital:PATTern:FREQuency? {MINimum, MAXimum} Inquire and gain the minimum or maximum frequency of the pattern. DIGital:PATTern:STARt {, MINimum, MAXimum} Set the start address (min. 1) of the pattern. DIGital:PATTern:STARt? {MINimum, MAXimum} Inquire and gain the start address of the pattern. DIGital:PATTern:STOP {, MINimum, MAXimum} Set the end address of the pattern.
DIGital:PATTern:TRIGger:SLOPe {POS, NEG} Set the Trigger slope of the pattern to be a positive (rising) edge or a negative (falling) edge. DIGital:PATTern:TRIGger:SLOPe? Inquire and gain the trigger slope status of the pattern. DIGital:PATTern:OUTPut:TRIGger {OFF, ON} Set the trigger of the pattern out to be ON or OFF. DIGital:PATTern:OUTPut:TRIGger? Inquire or gain the trigger status of the pattern out.
Connector pin out structure of Pattern Generator Cable 70
Schematic of Receiver 71
5 System Operations 5.1 Triggering This feature is only available for bursts and sweeps. There are three options to choose from: internal triggering, external triggering and manual triggering. The default is the internal triggering in which the waveform generator continuously outputs the selected waveform. The Ext Trig connector on the rear panel is used to receive the external trigger signal. The waveform generator outputs a burst or a sweep each time the Ext Trig connector receives a TTL pulse.
Slope to toggle between rising edge trigger and falling edge trigger. 2. Press DONE to finish the setting. Remote interface operation TRIGger:SLOPe {POSitive|NEGative} Software Triggering In software triggering, a bus command is sent through the remote interface to trigger the waveform generator. The waveform generator outputs a burst or a sweep when it receives one such command. The operation is similar to the Trigger button on the front panel for manual triggering.
current cycle and then stops at the same voltage level as the starting burst phase. For noise waveform, the output stops immediately when the external signal turns false. Trigger Out Signal Model 645 may be configured to send out a TTL-compatible square wave at the Ext Trig connector on the rear panel with either a rising or a falling edge at the beginning of a sweep or burst. z With internal trigger source, the trigger out signal is a square wave with 50% duty cycle.
for storing a user-defined instrument state. The location “0” can only be accessed from the remote interface. Although you may store an instrument state in it, it is always preserved for power-down state. Anything previously stored in it will be overwritten with the power-down state when the waveform generator is turned off. Although you may assign a custom name to any of these locations from the remote interface, you cannot assign a name for location “0” from the front panel.
3. To recall a saved state, press the Recall State softkey to enter the recall-state submenu: a. Press the softkey under your desired location number to recall the state from that memory location. b. Press the Recall State softkey to restore from the selected state in the memory or the Cancel softkey to cancel. Figure 4-21 4. To delete a saved state, press the Del State softkey to enter the delete-state submenu: a. Press the softkey under your desired location number for deletion. b.
6. To restore the instrument state to the factory default, press the softkey under Set to Def. A message will be displayed for you to confirm the action. Press the Yes softkey to confirm or the Cancel key to cancel the operation. See Figure 4-19. Remote interface operation *SAV {0|1|2|3|4} *RCL {0|1|2|3|4} Memory:STATe:NAME {0|1|2|3|4} [,] 5.3 Display Control Model 645 provides an option to turn off the front display screen.
5.4 Beeper Model 645 normally lets out a beeper when an error is detected. One may turn off the beep when needed. The beeper setting is stored in non-volatile memory, so the setting remains even after the waveform generator is turned off or the reset command is issued from the remote operation. How to turn on/off the beeper 1. Press the Utility button and then press the softkey under System to enter system related submenu. 2. Press the Beep softkey to toggle between ON and OFF.
5.6 Error Display The waveform generator can store up to 20 syntax or hardware errors in its error queue. Each error string may contain up to 255 characters. The waveform generator beeps every time it detects an error (unless the beeper is turned off). Errors are stored in first-in-first-out (FIFO) order and they are cleared once read. To clear the error queue from the remote interface, use the *CLS command.
6 Remote Interface Operations Model 645 supports three remote interfaces: USB, LAN and GPIB (IEEE-488). For GPIB, you will need an additional GPIB interface card installed. This chapter describes the operations for setting up these remote interfaces and lists the SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instrument) commands available to control the waveform generator remotely. For first time SCPI users, refer to Appendix B for the introductory materials on SCPI commands. 6.
so it is not affected by power cycle or a remote interface reset command. Avoid using the same address for the GPIB interface card in your computer. How to set up GPIB interface 1. Press the Utility button and then the I/O softkey. 2. Press the softkey under GPIB Addr and enter a GPIB address using the numeric keypad or the knob. 3. Press the softkey under DONE to finish the entry. 6.1.3 LAN Interface You need to set up a few parameters before you can use the LAN (Local Area Network) interface.
If DHCP is used, the device will automatically obtain a subnet mask from the DHCP server. Default Gateway A gateway is a network device that provides connectivity between two networks. The default gateway setting is the IP address of the gateway that the waveform generator is connected to. The value is stored in non-volatile memory, so it is not affected by power cycle or the remoter interface reset command.
name into IP address. The DNS server address is the IP address of the server that provides this service. The setting is stored in non-volatile memory, so it is not affected by power cycle or the remoter interface reset command. How to set up LAN interface 1. Press the Utility button and then the softkey under I/O. 2. Press the softkey under LAN to enter the LAN submenu.
under Cancel to withdraw the changes. 8. Press the DONE softkey to return to the LAN submenu. DNS Setup Submenu 9. Press the softkey under DNS Setup to enter the submenu. 10. Host Name a. Press the softkey under Host Name to set the host name for your waveform generator. b. Use the numeric keys and the knob with the arrow keys to enter your desired letters or symbols. 11. Domain Name a. Press the softkey under Domain Name. b.
parameter is optional and can be omitted. The curly braces, {}, enclose the parameter choices for a given command string. A vertical bar, |, separates several choices for a parameter.
OUTPut:LOAD {︱INFinity︱MINimum︱MAXimum} OUTPut:LOAD? [MINimum︱MAXimum] OUTPut:POLarity {NORMal︱INVerted} OUTPut:POLarity? OUTPut:SYNC {OFF︱ON} OUTPut:SYNC? Pulse Configuration Commands PULSe:PERiod {|MINimum|MAXimum} PULSe:PERiod? [MINimum|MAXimum] FUNCtion:PULSe:HOLD {WIDTh︱DCYCle} FUNCtion:PULSe:HOLD? [WIDTh︱DCYCle] FUNCtion:PULSe:WIDTh {|MINimum|MAXimum } FUNCtion:PULSe:WIDTh? [ MINimum|MAXimum ] FUNCtion:PULSe:DCYCle {|MINimum|MAXimum } FUNCtion:PULSe:DCYCle ? [MINimum
FM:INTernal:FREQuency {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} FM:INTernal:FREQuency? [MINimum︱MAXimum] FM:DEViation {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} FM:DEViation? [MINimum︱MAXimum] FM:SOURce {INTernal︱EXTernal} FM:SOURce? FM:STATe {OFF︱ON} FM:STATe? Phase Modulation Commands PM:INTernal:FUNCtion{SINusoid︱SQUare︱RAMP︱NRAMp︱ TRIangle︱NOISe︱USER} PM:INTernal:FUNCtion? PM:INTernal:FREQuency {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} PM:INTernal:FREQuency? [MINimum︱MAXimum] PM:DEViation {︱MINimum︱MAXimum
PWM:INTernal:FREQuency? [MINimum︱MAXimum] PWM:DEViation {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} PWM:DEViation? [MINimum︱MAXimum] PWM:DEViation:DCYCle {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} PWM:DEViation:DCYCle? [MINimum︱MAXimum] PWM:SOURce {INTernal︱EXTernal} PWM:SOURce? PWM:STATe {OFF︱ON} PWM:STATe? Sweeps Commands FREQuency:STARt {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} FREQuency:STARt? [MINimum︱MAXimum] FREQuency:STOP{︱MINimum︱MAXimum} FREQuency:STOP? [MINimum︱MAXimum] FREQuency:CENTer {︱M
MARKer? Burst Commands BURSt:MODE {TRIGgered︱GATED} BURSt:MODE? BURSt:NCYCles {<#cycles>︱INFinity︱MINimum︱MAXimum} BURSt:NCYCles? [MINimum︱MAXimum] BURSt:INTernal:PERiod {︱MINimum︱MAXimum } BURSt:INTernal:PERiod? [MINimum︱MAXimum] BURSt:PHASe {︱MINimum︱MAXimum } BURSt:PHASe? [MINimum︱MAXimum] BURst:STATe {OFF︱ON} BURst:STATe? UNIT:ANGLe {DEGree︱RAdIAN} UNIT:ANGLe? For triggered burst TRIGger:SOURce {IMMediate︱EXTernal︱BUS} TRIGger:SOURce? For external source on “Ext Trig” connector TRIGg
DATA VOLATILE, , ,… DATA:DAC VOLATILE.
State Storage Commands *SAV{0︱1︱2︱3︱4} *RCL{0︱1︱2︱3︱4} MEMory:STATe:NAME {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} [,] MEMory:STATe:NAME? {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} MEMory:STATe:DELete {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} MEMory:STATe:RECall:AUTO {OFF︱ON} MEMory:STATe:RECall:AUTO? MEMory:STATe:VALid? {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} MEMory:NSTates? Sysrem-related Commands SYSTem:ERRor? *IDN? DISPlay {OFF︱ON} DISPlay? DISPlay:TEXT DISPlay:TEXT? DISPlay:TEXT:CLEar *RST *TST? SYSTem:VERSion? SYSTem:BEEPer SYSTem:BEEPer:STATe {OFF︱ON} SYSTem:BEEPer:STATe? SYSTem:KLOCk[:STATe]
Phase-lock Commands PHASe {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} PHASe? [MINimum︱MAXimum] PHASe:REFerence PHASe:UNLock:ERRor:STATe {OFF︱ON} PHASe:UNLock:ERRor:STATe? UNIT:ANGLe {DEGree︱RADian} UNIT:ANGLe? Status Reporting Commands *STB? *SRE *SRE? STATus:QUEStionable:CONDition? STATus:QUEStionable[:EVENt]? STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle? *ESR? *ESE *ESE? *CLS STATus:PRESet *PSC {0︱1} *OPC Calibration Commands CALibration? CALibration:COUNt? CALibrati
IEEE 488.
7 Error Messages Error messages are issued when an incorrect remote command is sent to your Model 645 waveform generator for execution. This may occur for reasons such as incorrect command syntax, giving the parameters of a command that violate some system constraints, hardware failures and so. All possible error messages are categorized and listed in this chapter for your reference. If you cannot find a particular error message in this chapter, contact your service representative.
Use this command to read one error from the error queue: SYSTem:ERRor? Use this command to clear all the errors in the error queue: *CLS 7.1 Command Errors -101 Invalid character An invalid character was detected in the command string. -102 Syntax error Invalid syntax was detected in the command string. -103 Invalid separator An invalid separator was detected in the command string. -105 GET not allowed GET is not allowed in a command string.
A numeric parameter with too many digits was detected. -128 Numeric data not allowed A numeric parameter was received when the waveform generator was expecting a string parameter. -131 Invalid suffix A suffix was incorrectly specified for a numeric parameter. -138 Suffix not allowed A suffix is not supported for this command. -148 Character data not allowed A discrete parameter was received when it was not expected. -151 Invalid string data An invalid character string was received.
-221 Settings conflict; turned off infinite burst to allow immediate trigger source An infinite burst count is only allowed when an external or bus (software) trigger source is used. -221 Settings conflict; infinite burst changed trigger source to BUS An infinite burst count is only allowed when an external or bus (software) trigger source is used.
-221 Settings conflict; trigger output connector used by FSK If you have enabled FSK and is using the external trigger source, the Trig Out signal is automatically disabled. -221 Settings conflict; trigger output connector used by trigger external When using the external trigger source, the Trig Out signal is automatically disabled. -221 Settings conflict; frequency reduced for user function The maximum output frequency for arbitrary waveform is 10 MHz.
-221 Settings conflict; FM turned off by selection of other mode or modulation Only one modulation can be enabled at one time. -221 Settings conflict; AM turned off by selection of other mode or modulation Only one modulation can be enabled at one time. -221 Settings conflict; PM turned off by selection of other mode or modulation Only one modulation can be enabled at one time. -221 Settings conflict; PWM turned off by selection of other mode or modulation Only one modulation can be enabled at one time.
-221 Settings conflict; not able to modulate noise, modulation turned off The waveform generator cannot generate a modulated waveform using the noise function. -221 Settings conflict; not able to sweep pulse, sweep turned off The waveform generator cannot generate a sweep using the pulse function. -221 Settings conflict; not able to modulate dc, modulation turned off The waveform generator cannot generate a dc voltage function.
The waveform generator has adjusted the pulse width to a greater minimum determined by the current period. -221 Settings conflict; edge time decreased due to pulse width The waveform generator adjusts first the edge time then the pulse width or duty cycle, then period if needed to accommodate the following the limitation: EdgeTime ≤ 0.625 x PulseWidth. In this case, the edge time is decreased by the waveform generator to accommodate the specified pulse width.
-221 Settings conflict; FM deviation exceeds max frequency The sum of the carrier frequency and the deviation cannot exceed the maximum frequency for the chosen function plus 100 kHz (20.1 MHz for sine and square, 300 kHz for ramp, and 5.1 MHz for arbitrary waveforms). If you set the carrier to a value that is not valid, the waveform generator will adjust the deviation to the maximum value allowed.
the maximum value allowed with the specified offset voltage. -221 Settings conflict; low level changed due to high level The high level must always be greater than the low level. If you specify a high level that is smaller than the low level, the waveform generator will adjust the low level to be 1 mV less than the high level. -221 Settings conflict; high level changed due to low level The high level must always be greater than the low level.
-222 Data out of range; large period limits minimum pulse width The minimum pulse width for pulse waves with period larger than 10 s is larger. Refer to the table of minimum pulse width in Section 4.5 for details. -222 Data out of range; pulse edge time limited by width; value clipped to… The specified pulse edge time does not conform to the following condition and is adjusted to accommodate the pulse width: EdgeTime ≤ 0.
allowed due to selection of pulse waveform. -222 Data out of range; burst period; value clipped to… The burst period is out of range and is adjusted. -222 Data out of range; burst count; value clipped to… The burst count is out of range and is adjusted. -222 Data out of range; burst period limited by length of burst; value clipped to lower limit The burst period is too short to accommodate the burst count and frequency and is adjusted to the minimum value allowed.
start or stop frequency, whichever is closer. -222 Data out of range; pulse width; value clipped to… The desired pulse width is limited to the upper or lower boundary as indicated by the instrument hardware. -222 Data out of range; pulse edge time; value clipped to… The desired edge time is limited to the upper or lower boundary as indicated by the instrument hardware.
-222 Data out of range; duty cycle; value clipped to… The square wave duty cycle is adjusted to within 20% to 80%. -222 Data out of range; duty cycle limited by frequency; value clipped to upper limit The square wave duty cycle is adjusted to within 40% to 60% when the frequency is greater than 10 MHz. -223 Too much data An arbitrary waveform specified contains more than 65,536 points. Verify the number of points in the DATA VOLATILE or DATA:DAC VOLATILE command.
7.4 Query Errors -410 Query INTERRUPTED A command was received, but the output buffer contained data from a previous command (the previous data is lost). -420 Query UNTERMINATED A query command was sent to read the output buffer over the interface, but no such command that generates data to the output buffer was previously sent for execution. -430 Query DEADLOCKED An executed command generated too much data for the output buffer and the input buffer is also full.
or associated circuitry. 623 Self-test failed; dc offset DAC 624 Self-test failed; null DAC 625 Self-test failed; amplitude DAC A possible malfunctioning DAC, failed DAC multiplexer (U803) channels, or associated circuitry.
performing. Use the CAL:SEC:STAT ON command with correct security code to unsecure the calibration memory. 703 Calibration error; secure code provided was invalid Security code provided in the CAL:SEC:STAT ON command was invalid. 706 Calibration error; provide value is out of range The specified calibration value is out of range.
All non-volatile memory locations are occupied. There is no room to store a new waveform. 781 Not enough memory to store new arb waveform; bad sectors Due to storage hardware failure, new waveforms cannot be saved. 782 Cannot overwrite a built-in waveform The five built-in waveform names (“EXP_RISE”, “EXP_FALL”, “NEG_RAMP”, “SINC”, and “CARDIAC”) are reserved and cannot be used with DATA:COPY command.
previous *SAV commands. You cannot recall instrument state from an empty storage location.
Appendix This appendix contains the performance specifications of the Model 645. It covers the AC, DC, Resistance, Temperature, and Frequency/Period characteristics under a variety of conditions. It also contains the general characteristics and accuracy calculations for your convenience. A lot of efforts are made to make sure these specifications serve your needs for production, engineering and/or research purposes. All specification applies to Model 645 unless noted otherwise.
A Specification List Graph mode for visual verification of signal settings Display Capability Standard Sine, Square, Ramp, Triangle, Pulse, waveforms Noise, DC Built-in arbitrary Exponential Rise and Fall, Negative waveforms ramp, Sin(x)/x, Cardiac WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTIC 1 uHz to 50 MHz Frequency 0.1dB(<100KHz) Amplitude 0.15dB(<5MHz) Flatness 0.3dB(<20MHz) (Relative to 1K) 0.
Square Frequency 1 uHz to 25 MHz Rise/Fall time < 10 ns Overshoot < 2% Variable 20% to 80% (to 10 MHz) Duty Cycle 40% to 60% (to 25 MHz) 1% of period + 5 ns Asymmetry (@ 50% duty) 200 ps Jitter (RMS) Ramp, Triangle when f ≥ 1 µHz to 200 kHz Linearity < 0.1% of peak output Symmetry 0.0% ~ 100.0% Frequency 500 µHz to 10 MHz 20 ns minimum 10 ns res. (period ≤ 10s) Variable < 10 ns to 100 ns Edge Time < 2% Overshoot 200 ps Jitter (RMS) Noise when f ≥ 50KHz, V ≥ 0.
COMMON CHARACTERISTIC Frequency 1uHz Resolution 10mVpp to 10Vpp in 50Ω Range Amplitude 20mVpp to 20Vpp in Hi-Z Accuracy ±1% 0f setting ± 1mVpp (at 1KHz) DC Offset Units Vpp, Vrms, dBm Resolution 4 digits Range ±5V in 50Ω (Peak AC +DC) ±10V in Hi-Z ±2% of offset setting Accuracy ±0.
Modulation Modulation AM, FM, PM, FSK, PWM, Sweep and Burst Type Carrier Sine, Square, Ramp, Arb Source Internal / external Internal AM Modulation Sine, Square, Ramp, Triangle, Noise, Arb Frequency 2mHz to 20KHz (Internal) Depth 0.0% ~ 120.
Internal 50% duty cycle Square Modulation Frequency 2mHz to 100KHz (Internal) External Voltage Range ±5V full scale Modulation Input Resistance 8.
Model 645s Pattern Mode CHARACTERISTIC Clock Maximum rate 50MHz Output Level TTL compatible into ≥ 2 kΩ Output 110 Ω typical Impedance Pattern Length 2 to 256 K 119
B Remote Interface Reference B.1 An Introduction to the SCPI Language SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) is an ASCII-based instrument command language designed for testing and measurement instruments. It is based on a hierarchical structure, also known as a tree system. In this system, associated commands are grouped together under a common node or root, thus forming subsystems. A portion of the SOURce subsystem is shown below to explain the tree system.
Most commands (and some parameters) are expressed as a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters. The upper-case letters indicate the abbreviated part that must be specified for the command. For shorter program lines, send the abbreviated form. For better program readability, use the long form. For example, in the above syntax statement, STAR and START are both acceptable forms for the same command. You may also mix upper- or lower-case letters in a command.
A semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate commands within the same subsystem, and can reduce typing efforts. For example, sending the following command string: "BURSt:MODE TRIG; NCYCles 10" is the same as sending the following two commands: "BURS:MODE TRIG" "BURS:NCYCles 10" Use a colon and a semicolon to link commands from different subsystems. For example, in the following command string, an error is generated if you do not use both the colon and semicolon: "BURS:STATe ON;:TRIG:SOUR EXT" B.1.
You can also query the minimum or maximum start frequency allowed for the current waveform function as follows: "STAR? MIN" "STAR? MAX" Caution • If you send two query commands without reading the response from the first, then when you attempt to read the response, you may receive some data from the first response followed by the complete second response. To avoid this, do not send a query command without reading the response.
Numeric Parameters Commands that require numeric parameters will accept all commonly used decimal representations of numbers including optional signs, decimal points, and scientific notation. Special values for numeric parameters like MINimum, MAXimum, and DEFault are also accepted. You can also send engineering unit suffixes with numeric parameters (e.g., Mhz or Khz). If only specific numeric values are accepted, the waveform generator will automatically round the input numeric parameters.
B.2 Output Data Formats Output data will be in one of formats shown in the table below. Type of Output Data Output Data Format Non-reading queries < 80 ASCII character string Single reading (IEEE-488) SD.DDDDDDDDESDD Multiple readings (IEEE-488) SD.DDDDDDDDESDD,...,..., S Negative sign or positive sign D Numeric digits E Exponent newline character carriage return character B.
automatically limited to 4k points. Extra points are removed using decimation. AM:INTernal :FREQuency{|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the frequency of the modulating waveform. This applies only when the modulating source is internal. The range is from 2 mHz to 20 kHz and the default is 100 Hz. AM:INTernal :FREQuency? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the internal modulating frequency. The frequency (in hertz) of the internal modulating waveform is returned.
AM:STATe {OFF|ON} Disable or Enable the amplitude modulation. The default is OFF. To avoid multiple waveform changes, you can enable AM after setting the modulation parameters. AM:STATe? “0” (OFF) or ”1” (ON) will be returned. APPLy: SINusoid [ [, [,] ]] Output a sine wave with specific frequency, amplitude and offset. The waveform is output as soon as the command is executed.
waveform generator and will be used on the next function you choose. APPLY: DC [︱DEF [, [,] ]] Output a dc voltage with the specified offset level. You can set the dc voltage to any value between ±5Vdc into 50 ohms or ±10Vdc into an open circuit. The waveform is output as soon as the command is executed. The specified frequency and amplitude have no effect on the pulse wave, but are remembered by the waveform generator and will be used on the next function you choose.
the waveform generator stops while remaining at the voltage level corresponding to the starting burst phase of the selected waveform. And the output stops immediately in a noise waveform when the gate signal is false. --The burst count, burst period and trigger source are for triggered burst mode only. BURSt:MODE? “TRIG” or “GAT” will be returned. BURSt:NCYCles {<# cycles>|INFinity|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the number of cycles to be output in each burst (triggered burst mode only).
BurstPeriod > BurstCount + 200ns WaveformFrequency BURSt:INTernal:PERiod? [MINimum|MAXimum] The burst period in seconds will be returned. BURSt:PHASe {|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the starting phase in degrees or radians according to UNIT:ANGL command. The range is from -360 degrees to +360 degrees (or from -2∏ to +2∏ radians) and the default is 0 degree (0 radians).
BUTSt:GATE:POLarity? “NORM” or “INV” will be returned. -- C -CALibration? Perform a calibration using the specified calibration value (CALibration:VALue command). You need to enter a correct security code (see CALibration: SECure:STATe) before you can calibrate the waveform generator. CALibration:COUNt? Query the number of times the waveform generator has been calibrated. Note that your instrument was calibrated before it left the factory.
CALibration:STRing Record information about calibration. For instance, the name of the person who did the calibration, the date of the last calibration, or the date of next scheduled calibration. This information is stored in non-volatile memory and newly recorded message will overwrite the previous one. CALibration:STRing? Query the information about the calibration. Return a quoted string.
values from -1 to +1. • After downloading the waveform data to memory, use the FUNC:USER command to choose the active waveform and the FUNC USER command to output it. • The following statement shows how to use the DATA command to download seven points to volatile memory. DATA VOLATILE, 1, .67, .33, 0, -.33, -.67, -1 DATA:DAC VOLATILE, {|, , …} Download binary or decimal integer values from -8191 to +8191 into volatile memory.
DATA:DAC VOLATILE, #214 The following statement shows how to use the DATA:DAC command to z download five integer points in decimal format. DATA:DAC VOLATILE, 8191, 4096, 0, -4096, -8191 IEEE-488.2 Binary Block Format In the binary block format, a block header precedes the data points. The block header follows the format below: # 5 32768 “#” starts the data block.
memory) will be returned. “Volatile” will be returned when a built-in waveform is currently downloaded to volatile memory. To remove a waveform from volatile memory or any use-defined waveforms in non-volatile memory, use DATA:DEL command. DATA:NVOLatile:CATalog? List the names of all user-defined arbitrary waveforms downloaded to non-volatile memory. Up to four waveform names will be returned. If there is no waveform currently downloaded, a null string “” will be returned.
query a waveform which is not stored in memory, an error “Specified arb waveform does not exist” will be generated. DATA:ATTRibute:POINts? [] Query the number of data points for the specified waveform. A value from 1 to 65,536 will be returned. The default waveform is the currently active one (FUNC:USER command). If you query a waveform which is not stored in memory, an error “Specified arb waveform does not exist” will be generated.
state (DISP OFF command). The allowed message can be up to 12 characters in a large font and more characters in a small font; Any additional characters will be truncated. With a message diaplaying on the front-panel display, information relating to the output waveform such as frequency is not shown on the display. DISPlay:TEXT? Query the message sent to the front panel display. DISPlay:TEXT:CLEar Clear the message shown on the front panel display.
FM:INTernal:FREQuency {|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the frequency of the modulating waveform. This applies only when the modulating source is internal. The range is from 2 mHz to 20 kHz and the default is 10 Hz. FM:INTernal:FREQuency? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the modulating frequency in frequency modulation. The modulating waveform frequency in hertz will be returned. FM:DEViation {|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the peak frequency deviation in hertz.
the frequency below the carrier frequency. If the deviation causes the carrier waveform to exceed a frequency boundary for the current duty cycle (square waveform only), Model 645 will automatically adjust the duty cycle to the maximum value allowed with the present carrier frequency. FM:DEViation? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the peak frequency deviation in frequency modulation. The peak frequency deviation in hertz will be returned. FM:SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} Specify the modulating signal source.
In NORM byte order, the most significant byte (MSB) of each data point is assumed first. In SWAP byte order, the least significant byte (LSB) of each data point is assumed first. Most computers use the “swapped” byte order. The waveform generator represents binary data as signed 16-bit integers, which are sent as two bytes. Therefore, each waveform data point requires 16 bits, which must be transferred as two bytes on the waveform generator’s interfaces.
and the maximum frequency of the function used. Maximum center frequency = Maximum frequency – span/2 FREQuency:CENTer? [MINimum|MAXimum] The center frequency in sweeps will be returned in hertz. FREQuency:SPAN{|MINimum|MAXimum } Specify the frequency span in sweeps. The range is from 0 Hz to 200 kHz for ramps, from 0 Hz to 10 MHz for arbitrary waveforms, from 1µHz to 25 MHz for square, and from 1µHz to 50 MHz for sine. The default is 900 Hz.
--The modulating waveform is a square wave with a 50% duty cycle. FSKey: INTernal:RATE? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the FSK rate. The FSK rate will be returned. FSKey: SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} Specify the FSK source. The default is Internal. FSKey: SOURce? Query the FSK source. “INT” or “EXT” string indicating FSK source will be returned. FSKey: STATe {OFF|ON} Disable or enable FSK Modulation. The default is Off. To avoid multiple waveform changes, you can enable it after setting up the modulation parameters.
FUNCtion:PULSe:HOLD? [WIDTh|DCYCle] Query either the value of the pulse width or the duty cycle being held. The value of duty cycle in percent or the value of pulse width in seconds is returned. FUNCtion:PULSe:WIDTh {|MINimum|MAXimum } Specify the pulse width in seconds. The range is from 20 ns to 2000 seconds. The default is 100μs. z The pulse width represents the time from the 50% threshold of the rising edge of the pulse to the 50% threshold of the next falling edge.
z Among the pulse width and pulse duty cycle, the FUNC:PULS:HOLD command determines which of them is to be held and it affects this function when the waveform generator adjusts the period. FUNCtion:PULSe:WIDTh? [MINimum|MAXimum ] Query the pulse width. The pulse width in seconds will be returned. FUNCtion:PULSe:DCYCle {| MINimum|MAXimum } Specify the pulse duty cycle in percent. The range is from 0 percent to 100 percent. The default is 10 percent.
of range” error is generated and the duty cycle and edge time will be restricted as below: Duty cycle ≧ 100 x (1.6x Edge time)/Period And Duty cycle ≤100 x (1 – (1.6x Edge time)/Period) z Among the pulse width and pulse duty cycle, the FUNC:PULS:HOLD command determines which of them is to be held and it affects this function when the waveform generator adjusts the period. FUNCtion:PULSe:DCYCle? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the pulse duty cycle. The duty cycle in percent will be returned.
z The symmetry setting does not apply when you use a ramp wave as the modulating wave in AM or FM. FUNCtion:RAMP:SYMMetry? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the current symmetry setting in percent. FUNCtion:SQUare:DCYCle {︱ MINimum|MAXimum } Specify the duty cycle percentage for square waves. Duty cycle represents the time per cycle that a square wave is at its high level (supposing the waveform polarity is not inverted). The default is 50%.
command to output the waveform. If you specify a waveform name that is not currently downloaded, a “Specified arb waveform does not exist” error is generated. FUNCtion:USER? Query the selection of waveform specified by FUNCtion USER {︱ VOLATILE} command. FUNCtion USER Select the arbitrary waveform function and output the current arbitrary waveform. The selected waveform is output using the current frequency, amplitude and offset settings.
• The Revision code contains four numbers separated by dashes. Firmware revision number-Book kernel revision number-ASIC revision number-Printed circuit board revision number -- L -*LRN? Query the waveform generator and return a string of SCPI commands containing the current settings (learn string). You can then send the string back to the instrument to restore this state at a later time. For proper operation, do not modify the string before sending it back to the waveform generator.
The marker frequency must be a value between the specified start and stop frequencies. If you select an out-of-range value, a ”Settings conflict” error is generated and the waveform generator will automatically set it to either the start or the stop frequency depending on which is the closer one. MARKer:FREQuency? [MINimum︱MAXimum] Query the marker frequency. MEMory:STATe:NAME {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} [,] Assign a custom name for the specified storage location.
MEMory:STATe:VALid? {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} Query the specified storage location to determine if it currently stores a valid instrument state. “0” is returned when there is no valid state stored in that location and “1” is returned when there is a valid state stored in that location. MEMory:NSTates? Query the number of storage locations available for storing the states. “5” is returned.
VOLTage:OFFSet command) before changing the output state. OUTPut? “0” or “1” indicating the on/off state of the Output connector on the front panel is returned. OUTPut:LOAD {|INFinity|MINimum|MAXimum} Select the desired output termination. It can be any value (in ohms) between 1Ω and 10kΩ. INF sets the output termination to “high impedance” (>10 kΩ). The default is 50Ω. The specified value is used for amplitude, offset, and high/low level settings.
Disable or enable the Sync connector on the front-panel. The default is ON. By disabling the Sync signal, you can reduce the output distortion at lower amplitude. When the Sync signal is disabled, the output level on the Sync connector is a logic “low” level. • When a waveform is inverted, its Sync signal is not inverted.
output from the Ext Trig connector on the rear panel at the beginning of the sweep or burst. OUTPut:TRIGger? “0” or “1” indicating the trigger out signal state will be returned. -- P to Z --- P -PHASe {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} Adjust the phase offset of the output waveform in degrees or radians as specified by the previous UNIT:ANGL command (not available for pulse and noise). The range is form -360 degrees to 360 degrees or -2∏ to +2∏ radians. The default is 0 degrees.
PM:INTernal:FUNCtion {SINusoid|SQUare|RAMP|NRAMP|TRIangle|NOISe|USER} Specify the shape of the modulating waveform. This applies only when the modulation source is Internal (PM:SOUR INT). Noise can be a modulating waveform, but cannot be used as a carrier waveform, neither do Pulse nor dc. The default modulating waveform is a sine waveform. -- Square waveform has 50% duty cycle. --Ramp waveform has 100% symmetry --Triangle waveform has 50% symmetry. --Negative Ramp waveform has 0% symmetry.
PM:DEViation? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the phase deviation in phase modulation. The phase deviation in degree will be returned. PM:SOURce {INTernal|EXTernal} Specify the modulating signal source. The default is INTernal. When an external source is selected, the carrier is modulated with an external waveform. The phase deviation is controlled by the ±5v signal on the rear panel Modulation In connector.
automatically limited to 4k points. Extra points are removed using decimation. PULSe:PERiod {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} Specify the pulse period. The range is from 200 ns to 2000 seconds. The default is 1 ms. z The specified period must be greater than the sum of the pulse width and the edge time, if not, the waveform generator automatically adjust the edge time first and the pulse width (if needed) to accommodate the period. Period ≧ Pulse Width + (1.
PWM:INTernal:FREQuency? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the internal modulating frequency in PWM. The internal modulating frequency in hertz will be returned. PWM:DEViation {< deviation in seconds>|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the pulse width deviation in seconds. Pulse width deviation represents the variation in seconds from the pulse width of the carrier pulse width. The range is from 0 to 1000 seconds and the default is 10μs. The pulse width deviation cannot exceed the current pulse width.
the duty cycle deviation. If one is held constant, the other specified in the command will be automatically converted to the equivalent value. PWM:DEViation? [MINimum|MAXimum] Query the pulse width deviation. The pulse width deviation is seconds will be returned. PWM:DEViation:DCYCle {< deviation in percent>|MINimum|MAXimum} Specify the duty cycle deviation in percent.
produce less deviation, and negative signal levels produce negative deviation. Note: The operation of this command is affected by FUNC:PULS:HOLD command. FUNC:PULS:HOLD command decides if the pulse width or the duty cycles are to be held constant as the period varies. If the pulse width is held constant, so is the pulse width deviation; If the duty cycle is held constant, so is the duty cycle deviation.
-- R -*RCL {0︱1︱2︱3︱4} Recall the instrument state previously stored in the non-volatile storage location. • Storage location 0 stores the waveform generator’s power-on state and storage location 1 to 4 are empty when the instrument is shipped out from the factory. • You can not recall a state from a storage location which is empty. • Storage location 0 is automatically overwritten when the power is cycled.
SWEep:SPACing {LINear︱LOGarithmic} Specify the spacing for the sweep. The default sweep mode is Linear, which waveform generator sweeps the frequency with spacing calculated in a linear function. In logarithmic sweep mode, the waveform generator sweeps with spacing calculated in a logarithmic function. SWEep:SPACing? Query the spacing used in sweeps. “LIN” or ”LOG” string indicating the spacing will be returned.
Errors are cleared once you read them. If more than 20 errors are detected, “too many Errors” show up in the last place of the error queue. Unless user read the errors in the queue, the additional errors will not be stored. If there is no error in the error queue when you read it, “No error” string will be displayed. SYSTem:BEEPer Issue a single beeping tone. SYSTem:BEEPer:STATe {OFF|ON} Disable or enable the beeper. SYSTem:BEEPer:STATe? Query the beeper state. Return “0” (OFF) or “1” (ON).
the “local” key. SYSTem:KLOCk:EXCLude? Query which key is excluded when locking the front panel keyboard. SYSTem:SECurity:IMMediate Clears all instrument memory except for the boot parameters and calibration constants. Reset all instrument setting to their *RST values. This command clears all user-defined state information, user-defined arbitrary waveforms, and user-defined I/O settings.
generator waits for all pending operations to complete before executing any additional commands. For example, the following command string guarantees that the first trigger is accepted and the operation is executed before the second trigger is recognized. TRIG:SOUR BUS;*TRG;*WAI;*TRG;*WAI z You can use the *OPC? (operation complete query) command or the *OPC (operation complete) command to signal when the burst is complete. The *OPC? Command returns “1” to the output buffer when the burst is complete.
-- V -VOLTage {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} Specify the output amplitude. The minimum value is 10 mVpp into 50Ω and the maximum value is the largest amplitude for the chosen function (at most 10 Vpp into 50Ω depending on the chosen function and the offset voltage). z The output amplitude and offset voltage are related to Vmax as shown below: |Voffset| + Vpp ÷ 2 ≤ Vmax Where Vmax is the maximum peak voltage for the selected output termination (5 volts for a 50Ω load or 10 volts for a high-impedance load).
command. You can set the dc level to any value between ±5 Vdc into 50 ohms or ±10 Vdc into an open circuit. VOLTage? [MINimum︱MAXimum] Query the output amplitude for the current function. The value is returned in the unit chosen by the VOLT:UNIT command. VOLTage:OFFSet {︱MINimum︱MAXimum} Specify the dc offset voltage. The default is 0 volts.
The minimum value is the most negative voltage level and the maximum value is the largest voltage level for the chosen function. z The high and low voltage level must conform the following restriction: Vhigh – Vlow ≤ Vpp (max) and Vhigh, Vlow ≤ Vpp (max)/2 Where Vpp (max) is the maximum peak-to-peak amplitude for the chosen output termination (10 Vpp for a 50-ohm load or 20 Vpp for a high-impedance load).
load). If you specify an invalid voltage level, the waveform generator will adjust it automatically to the highest allowed value and “Data out of range” error is generated. z The high voltage level should always be greater than the low level. If not, a “Setting conflict” error is generated and the waveform generator automatically set the high level to 1 mV larger than the specified low level. z specifying a high level and low level also sets the offset.
VOLTage:UNIT {VPP︱VRMS︱DBM} Select the unit of the output amplitude. The default is VPP. The waveform generator used the same unit for front panel and the remote interface, so the front panel display in the unit that you select from remote interface. If you don’t specify the unit in the APPLy or VOLT commands, the function generation uses the unit specified in this command. When the output termination is set to “high impedance”, you cannot specify the output amplitude in dBm.
B.5 IEEE-488 Compliance Information The SCPI commands used in Model 645 are in conformance with the SCPI standard Version 1992.0. The common commands are listed below: *CLS *ESE *ESE? *ESR? *IDN? *LRN? *OPC *OPC? *PSC {0|1} *PSC? *RCL<0︱1︱2︱3︱4> *RST *SAV<0︱1︱2︱3︱4> *SRE *SRE? *STB? *TRG *TST? *WAI B.6 Using Device Clear to Halt Measurements Device Clear is a special IEEE-488 low-level bus message. It is designed to be used to return the waveform generator to a responsive state.
• The input and output buffers are cleared. • An overlapped command, if any, will be terminated without “Operation Complete” indication (applies to the *TRG command). • Any sweep or burst in progress will be immediately aborted. • Get the waveform generator ready to accept a new command string.
C. General Specifications item Power Supply Voltage Power Requirements Limitation & description 100V/240V 50Hz~60Hz 100V/120V 400Hz 50 VA Maximum 0 ℃/30%RH 2) 18 ℃/40%RH 3) 23 ℃/40%RH 4) 28 ℃/40%RH 5) 35 ℃/80%RH 6) 50 ℃/30%RH 1) Operating Humidity Operating Environment Storage Temperature Operating Altitude Bench Dimensions (WxHxD) Weight 0 to 55 ℃ - 40 ℃ to 70 ℃ Up to 2000m 224mm x 107mm x 380mm 4.
D. Application Programs This chapter contains several remote interface example programs to help you develop programs for your own application. “Remote Interface Reference” starting on page 173, lists the syntax for the SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) commands available to program the function generator. Introduction Five example programs are included in this chapter to demonstrate controlling the BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION Model 645 using SCPI commands.
char instrDesc[]="USB0::5710::4002::TW00009009::INSTR"; If the communication is via GPIB or LAN interface, you have to revise the following USB command 1). to be GPIB 2). or LAN 3). one. 1). char instrDesc[]="USB0::5710::4002::TW00009009::INSTR"; 2). char instrDesc[]="GPIB0::10:: INSTR"; //GPIB control,Address:10 3). char instrDesc[]="TCPIP0::192.168.0.123::inst0::INSTR";//IP address:192.168.0.
viPrintf(vi,"*RST\n"); viPrintf(vi,"FUNCtion SINusoid\n");//Select waveshape // Other options are SQUare, RAMP, PULSe, NOISe, DC, and USER viPrintf(vi,"OUTPut:LOAD 50\n"); //Set the load impedance in Ohms //(50 Ohms default) // May also be INFinity, as when using oscilloscope or DMM viPrintf(vi,"FREQuency 12500\n"); viPrintf(vi,"VOLTage 1.25\n"); //Set the frequency. //Set the amplitude in Vpp. //Also see VOLTage:UNIT viPrintf(vi,"VOLTage:OFFSet 0.
status = viOpen(defaultRM,instrDesc, VI_NULL,VI_NULL, &vi); if (status != VI_SUCCESS){ printf("Can not Open device:\"%s\"\n",instrDesc); return; } // This program uses low-level SCPI commands to configure // the function gnerator to output an AM waveform. // This program also shows how to use "state storage" to // store the instrument configuration in memory.
void main (int argc,char *argv[]) { ViSession defaultRM,vi=0; ViStatus status; char instrDesc[]="USB0::5710::4002::TW00009009::0::INSTR"; viOpenDefaultRM (&defaultRM); status = viOpen(defaultRM,instrDesc, VI_NULL,VI_NULL, &vi); if (status != VI_SUCCESS){ printf("Can not Open device:\"%s\"\n",instrDesc); return; } //This program sets up a linear sweep using a sinusoid //waveform. It sets the start and stop frequency and sweep //time.
edge time is then incremented. //A Pulse Waveform #include #include #include void main (int argc,char *argv[]) { ViSession defaultRM,vi=0; ViStatus status; char instrDesc[]="USB0::5710::4002::TW00009009::0::INSTR"; int i; viOpenDefaultRM (&defaultRM); status = viOpen(defaultRM,instrDesc, VI_NULL,VI_NULL, &vi); if (status != VI_SUCCESS){ printf("Can not Open device:\"%s\"\n",instrDesc); return; } //This program sets up a pulse waveshape and adjusts the edge //time.
for(i=0;i<19;i++){ //Vary edge by 5 nsec steps viPrintf(vi,"PULSe:TRANsition %E\n",0.00000001 + i * 0.000000005); Sleep(300); //Wait 300 msec } viClose (vi); viClose (defaultRM); } Example: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) This program (found in the “Examples\PWM” subdirectory on the CD-ROM) configures a pulse waveform with duty cycle, which is then slowly modulated by a triangle waveform. //Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) #include #include
//modulation. The pulse may also be configured in time //units (pulse width and deviation) rather than duty cycle //if preferred.
interface in a class while preserving the original interface implementation so that it can be delegated to by the new interface implementation. Browse the Visual C++ samples code; see Visual C++ DEVQUERY Sample Application. Using MEASure? for a Single Measurement The following example uses the MEASure? command to make a single ac current measurement. This is the easiest way to program the multimeter for measurements. However, MEASure? does not offer much flexibility. The example is shown in Visual Basic.
To change the startup object 1. With a project selected in Solution Explorer, on the Project menu click Properties. 2. Select the Application pane. 3. Select a Startup object from the Startup object drop-down list. To set the startup object for a Windows Application to Sub Main 1. With a project selected in Solution Explorer, on the Project menu click Properties. 2. Select the Application pane. 3. Check the Startup with custom Sub Main checkbox. 4.
The following example uses CONFigure with the dBm math operation. The CONFigure command gives you a little more programming flexibility than the MEASure? command. This allows you to “incrementally” change the multimeter’s configuration. The example is is shown in Visual Basic. Creating the Application Create a new Visual Basic project as follows: 1. Create a new Standar.EXE project. 2. To set the startup object for a Windows Application to Sub Main 3. Add New Module, Declare a Sub Main(). LISTING D.2.
registers to determine when a command sequence is completed. The example is shown in Visual Basic. Creating the Application Create a new Visual Basic project as follows: 1. Create a new Standar.EXE project. 2. After you create the application shell, lay out the Form1 as shown earlier in Figure C.1. 3. Configure the control properties as specified in Table C.1.
Object Property Setting Command Button Name cmdSetIO Caption Set I/O Name cmdStartReading Caption Start Readings Name cmdClose Caption Close Name lblAddress Caption Address Name lblData Caption Data TextBox Name txtAddress TextBox Name txtData MultiLine True Timer1 tmrPollForSRQ Interval 1000 Enabled False Command Button Command Button Label Label Timer LISTING D.3. THE SRQFetch FUNCTION.
' Put the address from the communication dialog in text box txtAddress.Text = Model 645.Address End Sub Private Sub cmdStartReading_Click() ' Command Button 3 ' Call the routine that sets up the meter cmdStartReading.Enabled = False startReadings cmdStartReading.Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() ' Form1 ' Load the forms address text box with persistant ' instrument address from BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION.IOUtils object txtAddress.Text = Model 645.
triggers .Output = "Init" .Output = "*OPC" ' Place dmm in 'wait-for-trigger' state ' Set 'operation complete' bit in standard ' event registers when measurement is complete End With '"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ' enable the timer to poll gpib once per second tmrPollForSRQ.Enabled = True ' give message that meter is initialized ' give message that configuration is done txtData.
' Insert data into text box txtData.Text = "" For i = 0 To UBound(readings) txtData.SelText = readings(i) & " Vdc" & vbCrLf Next i Exit Sub ReadDataError: Debug.Print "ReadData Error = "; Err.Description End Sub Private Sub Form_Terminate() On Error Resume Next Set Model 645 = Nothing End Sub C++ DEVQUERY Sample Application This C sample application is a Win32 console application. It illustrates how to use the BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION IOUtils COM.
//standard include for a Microsoft Visual C++ project #include "stdio.h" //need for COM #include "windows.h" #include "comdef.h" //This is the 'Automation' object (COM class). //below It contains the IIOManger interface const CLSID CLSID_BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATIONIOUtils {0xCF1DC41A,0x5E37,0x455E,{0xA3,0x88,0x17,0xB9,0x20,0x14,0x04,0xB1}}; = //The IIO allows the opening of a device using its address in the 'ConnectToInstrument' function. The IO //class above exports this //COM interface.
USB::5710::4002::tw00000001\n\n"); //Initialize COM CoInitialize(NULL); //Create the BERKELEY NUCLEONICS CORPORATION IOUtils component hr = CoCreateInstance(CLSID_BERKELEY CORPORATIONIOUtils,NULL,CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,IID_IOUtils ,(LPVOID *)&IIO); if FAILED(hr) { printf("CoCreateInstance failed\n"); return 0; } Continued on next page //Connect String myInstrument="USB::5710::4002::tw00000001"; IIO->Connect(_bstr_t(myInstrument)); IIO->Address(&bstr); printf("%s\n",(char *)_bstr_t(bstr)); IIO->Output(_bstr_t
