FM 23-65 C2 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 23 December 2002 Change 2 Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2 1. Change FM 23-65, 19 June 1991, as follows: Remove old pages: Insert new pages: Pages 1-7 through 1-10..................................................Pages 1-7 through 1-10 Appendix A ...................................................................Appendix A Pages C-1 through C-2 ..................................................Pages C-1 through C-2 Appendix G........
FM 23-65 C1 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 12 September 2001 Change 1 Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2 1. Change FM 23-65, 19 June 1991, as follows: Remove old pages: Insert new pages: Pages i through iv ...................................................i though iv.................................................... 4 1-19 through 1-20 .........................................1-19 through 1-20 ....................................... 2 2-15 through 2-17 .....................
C1, FM 23-65 * C1, FM 23-65 FIELD MANUAL No. 23-65 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 19 June 1991 BROWNING MACHINE GUN CALIBER .50 HB, M2 CONTENTS Page PREFACE .................................................................................................iv * CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1. Training Strategy........................................... 1-1 1-2. Description .................................................... 1-5 1-3. Components.............................................
C1, FM 23-65 Page CHAPTER 4. PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS AND DESTRUCTION 4-1. Malfunctions.................................................. 4-1 4-2. Stoppages.................................................... .4-1 4-3. Immediate Action ......................................... .4-2 4-4. Remedial Action............................................ 4-3 4-5. Destruction Procedures ............................... .4-5 CHAPTER 5. MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING Section I. Planning .............................................
C1, FM 23-65 Page Section III. Limited Visibility Conditions ..................................... 6-26 6-12. Difficulties.................................................... 6-26 6-13. Terminology ................................................ 6-26 6-14. Target Engagement .................................... 6-27 6-15. Fire Control ................................................. 6-28 6-16. Preplanned Fires......................................... 6-28 6-17. NBC Considerations..........................
C1, FM 23-65 * PREFACE This manual provides technical information, training techniques, and guidance on the caliber .50 HB machine gun, M2. Unit leaders and designated gunners will use this information to successfully integrate the weapon into combat operations. They can instruct on the range or at concurrent training stations. The material applies as is to both nuclear and conventional warfare. Trainers must ensure that everyone observes safety procedures at all times.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The procedures and methods used in Army machine gun marksmanship are based on the concept that soldiers must be skilled gunners who can effectively apply their firing skills in combat. The basic firing skills and exercises outlined in this manual must be a part of every unit's machine gun training program. The soldiers' proficiency depends on proper training and application of basic gunnery fundamental, which are taught in a progressive program to prepare gunners for combat. 1-1.
FM 23-65 flow of unit sustainment training. The soldiers graduating from selected resident training courses have been trained to maintain their MGs and to hit a variety of targets. They have learned range determination, target detection, application of marksmanship fundamentals, and other skills needed to engage a target. Task training during these courses may lead to qualification. d. Training continues in units on the basic skills taught in combat arms.
FM 23-65 i. Initial individual training culminates in the soldier’s proficiency assessment, which is conducted on a transition/record fire range. This evaluation also provides an overview of unit proficiency and training effectiveness. j. Unit training programs maintain the soldiers’ proficiency level. The ultimate goal of a unit marksmanship program is to maintain well-trained gunners so a unit can survive and win on the battlefield.
FM 23-65 survival may depend on his ability to defend himself or other members of the unit. Therefore, individual and collective firing skills must support the expected battlefield conditions and the unit’s combat mission. Figure 1-1. Unit marksmanship sustainment strategy.
FM 23-65 (3) A unit’s marksmanship program must be battlefield oriented. It must be based upon several individual combat tasks as well as organizational, operational, or contingency missions. It must have available resources such as ammunition, time, ranges, and qualified trainers. This manual provides the information a unit commander needs to develop an effective marksmanship program for his unit requirements.
FM 23-65 a. The machine gun is capable of being fed from either the right or left by repositioning certain parts. The weapon has nonfixed headspace that must be set. Timing must also be adjusted to cause the gun to fire slightly out of battery to prevent damage to moving parts. The force for recoil operation is furnished by expanding powder gases, which are controlled by various springs, cams, and levers. Maximum surface of the barrel and receiver are exposed to permit air cooling.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure 1-4. Front sight, cover, and blade. c. Table 1-1 provides the general data on the caliber .50 MG. Weight (approx) 84 pounds Weight of barrel 24 pounds Length of gun 65.13 inches Length of barrel 45 inches Length of rifling (approx) 41.
C2, FM 23-65 1-3. COMPONENTS The major components of the caliber .50 MG and their purposes are shown in Table 1-2 and Figure 1-5. Figure 1-5. Components of the caliber .50 MG.
C2, FM 23-65 COMPONENTS PURPOSES l. Barrel Group Houses cartridges for firing; directs projectile. 2. Carrier Assembly Provides handle to carry barrel and to remove the barrel from the receiver. 3. Backplate Group Houses the trigger, bolt latch release, buffer tube sleeve, and the left and right spade grips. 4. Receiver Group Serves as a support for all major components; houses action of weapon, which controls functioning of weapon. 5.
C2, FM 23-65 M63, is a ground mount principally designed for use against aerial targets. Its use against ground targets is limited because the mount tends to be unstable when the gun is fired at low angles. a. Tripod Mount, M3. The M3 mount is the standard ground mount of the caliber .50 machine gun (Figure 1-6). It is a folding tripod with three, telescopic, tubular legs connected at the tripod head. Each leg ends in a metal shoe that can be stamped into the ground for greater stability.
FM 23-65 (2) To set the front leg of the tripod(a) Turn the front leg clamp handle counterclockwise to loosen the front leg. (b) Adjust the leg to the desired angle and tighten the front leg clamp. (3) To secure the tripod legs, stamp the metal shoe on each tripod leg into the ground. Sandbag each leg to stabilize the M2 for firing. b. Antiaircraft Mount, M63. The antiaircraft mount (Figure 1-7) is a four-legged, low silhouette, portable mount used for antiaircraft fire.
FM 23-65 1-5. ACCESSORIES FOR GROUND MOUNTS The following paragraph explains the functions of the traversing and elevating mechanism and pintle used in the mounting of the machine gun when used in the ground configuration. a. Traversing and Elevating Mechanism. The T&E mechanism (Figure 1-8) is used to engage preselected target areas at night or during limited visibility conditions. Record direction and elevation readings from the traversing bar and T&E mechanism. Record all readings in mils.
FM 23-65 Figure 1-8. Traversing and elevating mechanism. b. Pintle. The gun is connected to the tripod mount, M3, by a pintle (Figure 1-9, page 1-14). This pintle is semipermanently attached to the machine gun by a pintle bolt through the front mounting hole in the receiver. The tapered stem of the pintle seats in the tripod head. It is held secure by a pintle lock and spring. To release the pintle, raise the pintle lock, releasing the cam.
FM 23-65 Figure 1-9. Pintle. 1-6. VEHICULAR MOUNTS The four principal vehicular mounts used with the caliber .50 machine gun are the truck mount, M36; the pedestal truck mount, M31C and M24A2; the commander’s cupola, Ml13 armored personnel carrier; and the MK64 gun cradle. a. Truck Mount, M36. This mount consists of a cradle with a roller carriage on a circular track (Figure 1-10). The cradle can be rotated in the pintle sleeve of the carriage and can be adjusted for elevation.
FM 23-65 Figure 1-10. Truck mount, M36. Figure 1-11. Pedestal truck mount, M31 C.
FM 23-65 Figure 1-12. Cupola mount. d. MK64 Gun Cradle Mount. This vehicle mount was primarily designed for the M2. However, because of its versatility, the MK64 will accept the MK 19 also (using the M2 mounting adapter assembly). The MK64 can be mounted on the following vehicles – M151 series, M966 HMMWV armament carrier, and the M113 series (Figure 1-13). Figure 1-13. MK64 gun cradle.
FM 23-65 1-7. AMMUNITION This paragraph describes the ammunition used in caliber .50 machine guns (Figure 1-14). Soldiers should be able to recognize the types of ammunition available and know how to care for it. The caliber .50 cartridge consists of a cartridge case, primer, propelling charge, and the bullet. See TM 9-1300-200. The term bullet refers only to the small-arms projectile. There are eight types of ammunition issued for use in the caliber .50 machine gun.
FM 23-65 (5) Armor-piercing-incendiary. For combined armor-piercing and incendiary effect. (6) Armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer. For combined armor-piercing and incendiary effect, with the additional tracer feature. (7) Blank. For simulated fire (contains no bullet). (8) High-pressure test. For use only in proof firing of weapons and barrels. (9) Dummy. For training (completely inert). Figure 1-15. M2 and M9 links (closed loop). b. Ballistic Data.
C1, FM 23-65 c. Care, Handling, and Preservation. Exercise care to prevent ammunition boxes from becoming broken or damaged. If they do, repair them immediately. Transfer all original markings to the new parts of the box. Do not open ammunition boxes until the ammunition is to be used. Ammunition removed from the airtight container, particularly in damp climates, is likely to corrode. Protect the ammunition from mud, sand, and water.
C1, FM 23-65 Table 1-6 lists the maximum penetration in inches for a ball cartridge fired from the 45-inch barrel (muzzle velocity, 2,935 feet per second): INCHES AT: MATERIAL 200 METERS 600 METERS 1,500 METERS Sand (100 pounds dry weight/cubic feet) 14.0 12.0 6.0 Clay (100 pounds dry weight/cubic feet) 28.0 27.0 21.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 Concrete Table 1-6. Maximum penetration for ball cartridge.
CHAPTER 2 MAINTENANCE This chapter addresses the proper care of the machine gun to ensure its overall effectiveness and efficient functioning. The information includes the gunner's knowledge in disassembly and assembly, inspection, and maintenance procedures of the gun, its mount, the T&E, and its ammunition. 2-1. SAFETY The paramount consideration while training with the machine gun is safety. It is imperative that the weapon be cleared properly before disassembly and inspection.
FM 23-65 2-2. GENERAL DISASSEMBLY The crew operating the MG must be fully familiar with its general disassembly, which consists of removing the major groups and assemblies for inspection and cleaning. The eight major groups that must be disassembled in the following order are barrel group, backplate group, driving spring rod assembly, bolt group, barrel extension group, barrel buffer body group, barrel buffer assembly, and receiver group (Figure 2-2). Figure 2-2. Major groups. a. Barrel Group.
FM 23-65 threads or barrel locking notches when setting the barrel down. Pull back slightly on the retracting slide handle and remove the link or spacer from the receiver. Figure 2-3. Raising the cover. Figure 2-4. Aligning the lug on the barrel locking spring with the 3/8-inch hole in the right sideplate.
FM 23-65 Figure 2-5. Removing the barrel. b. Backplate Group. Ensure that the bolt latch release is up, free of the bolt latch release lock. If it is not, push down on the bolt latch release and turn the buffer tube sleeve to the right to free it (Figure 2-6). The bolt must be forward before the backplate is removed. If the bolt is to the rear, push down on the bolt latch release, place palm up on the retracting slide handle, and ease the bolt forward.
FM 23-65 CAUTION Care must be taken to prevent the bolt from slamming forward with the barrel removed. Figure 2-7. Removing the backplate. c. Driving Spring Rod Assembly. The inner and outer driving springs and driving spring rod are located inside the receiver next to the right sideplate (Figure 2-8, page 2-6). Push in on the head of the driving spring rod and push to the left to remove the driving spring rod retaining pin from its seat in the right sideplate.
FM 23-65 Figure 2-8. Removing the driving spring rod assembly. d. Bolt Stud. Grasp the retracting slide handle and give it a quick jerk, freeing the bolt from the barrel extension. Align the collar of the bolt stud with the clearance hole in the bolt slot on the right sideplate, and remove the bolt stud (Figure 2-9). If the bolt is accidentally moved all the way to the rear, the bolt latch will engage in the bolt latch notches in the top of the bolt.
FM 23-65 Figure 2-10. Freeing the bolt. e. Bolt Group. After freeing the bolt, slide it to the rear and out of receiver (Figure 2-11). Place the bolt down on its right side (with the extractor arm up), so that the extractor will not fall from the bolt. Figure 2-11. Removing the bolt from the receiver.
FM 23-65 f. Barrel Buffer Body Group and Barrel Extension Group. Insert the drift of a combination tool, or other pointed instrument, through the hole in the lower rear corner of the right sideplate. Push in on the barrel buffer body lock. At the same time, place one hand in the receiver and push the barrel extension group and barrel buffer group to the rear (Figure 2-12). Remove the barrel buffer group and barrel extension group from the receiver.
FM 23-65 g. Barrel Buffer Assembly. Pull the barrel buffer assembly from the rear of the barrel buffer body group. The barrel buffer assembly will not be disassembled (Figure 2-14). This completes general disassembly. Figure 2-14. Separating the barrel buffer assembly from the barrel buffer body group. 2-3. CLEANING, INSPECTION, AND LUBRICATION To ensure proper care of the MG, it is necessary to have a system of maintenance or an SOP for the frequency of cleaning.
FM 23-65 b. Care and Cleaning Under Unusual Conditions. Extreme cold, hot, dry, and tropical climates affect the gun and its functioning. Care should be taken under these climatic conditions to ensure that the gun is cleaned daily with the prescribed lubricants and protected from the elements by some sort of cover if possible. Further information on care and cleaning of the gun under unusual climatic conditions can be found in TM 9-1005-213-10. c. Care and Cleaning of M3 Mount and Accessories.
FM 23-65 Table 2-1. Inspection checklist. f. Lubrications. Use cleaner, lubricant, preservative to clean the machine gun. As its name implies, it cleans, lubricates, and preserves all in one application. (1) After cleaning the gun with CLP, wipe it dry and reapply a thin coating. Allow this thin coat to dry on the parts for a short time before reassembly. CLP deposits a thin coating on the metal which minimizes carbon buildup and prevents foreign material from sticking.
FM 23-65 2-4. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES There are certain actions that must be taken before, during, and after firing to properly maintain the gun. See Table 2-2 for a preoperation checklist. Table 2-2. Operational checklist. 2-5. MAINTENANCE UNDER NBC CONDITIONS If contamination is anticipated, apply oil to all outer metal surfaces of the weapon. DO NOT OIL AMMUNITION. Keep the weapon covered as much as possible.
FM 23-65 a. Barrel Buffer Assembly and Barrel Buffer Body Group. Replace the barrel buffer assembly in the barrel buffer body group, with the key on the spring guide to the right. This key must fit in its slot in the right side of the barrel buffer body. Turn the barrel buffer tube until the screwdriver slot (in the rear of the tube) is vertical and the arrow is pointing to the right. The stud on the tube lock will now engage the serrations in the barrel buffer tube to keep the tube from turning.
FM 23-65 b. Barrel Buffer Group and Barrel Extension Group. To join the two groups together, hold the barrel buffer group in the right hand, with the index finger supporting the accelerator. Join the notch on the shank of the barrel extension group with the cross-groove in the pistol rod of the barrel buffer assembly.
C1, FM 23-65 * Figure 2-18. Returning the barrel extension, barrel buffer, and bolt groups together. * CAUTION Before inserting the bolt group, ensure bolt switch mechanism is positioned on L (left-hand) feed for the weapon. * d. Bolt Stud. Align the stud hole in the bolt with the clearance hole and replace the bolt stud, ensuring that the collar of the stud is inside the sideplate (Figure 2-19). * Figure 2-19. Replacing the bolt stud. * e. Drive Spring Assembly.
C1, FM 23-65 * Figure 2-20. Inserting drive spring and drive spring rod (with drive spring rod inside drive spring). * NOTE: * At this time, the barrel buffer tube should be completely inside the receiver. If not, the barrel buffer body spring is not properly seated. f. Backplate Group. Hold the backplate with the latch down and the trigger up; place the backplate guides in their guideways. Hold out on the latch lock and tap the backplate into position until the latch snaps into place (Figure 2-21).
C1, FM 23-65 * CAUTION Do not use the driving rod to drive the bolt forward from the rear position. This may damage the drive spring group and cause a stoppage. * g. Barrel. Pull the retracting slide handle to the rear until the lug on the barrel locking spring is visible through the 3/8-inch hole in the right sideplate. Place the smallest loop of a caliber .50 link, or suitable spacer, between the trunnion block and the barrel extension.
C1, FM 23-65 * CHAPTER 3 OPERATION AND FUNCTIONING This chapter explains the operation of the MG. It discusses the loading, unloading, and clearing procedures, and the cycle of functioning of the weapon. When training the cycle of functioning using dummy ammunition, it is imperative that all safety procedures be followed. * 3-1. OPERATION The overall operation of the MG includes how to load, unload, and clear the weapon.
C1, FM 23-65 a. Single-Shot Mode. When engaging targets at ranges greater than 1,100 meters, using the single-shot mode (firing one round at a time) allows the gunner to deliver well-aimed fire on the target. To load in the single-shot mode-(1) Keep the bolt-latch release unlocked in the up position and release it manually for each round. (2) Jerk the retracting slide handle to the rear and lock it in position.
C1, FM 23-65 T-slot are examined to ensure that they are not holding rounds. In darkness, this must be done by feeling the areas. After the examination has been done (during training), a wooden block is inserted in the receiver between the bolt and the rear of the barrel, extending above and below the receiver about one inch. Then a cleaning rod is inserted in the muzzle end of the barrel and pushed through the bore until it can be seen in the receiver. Remove the rod, the gun is now clear (Figure 3-3).
C1, FM 23-65 BELT-HOLDING PAWL Figure 3-4. Feeding--step 1. Figure 3-5. Feeding--step 2.
FM 23-65 (2) As the bolt moves forward, the belt-feed slide is moved back into the receiver, pulling with it the next linked cartridge. When the bolt reaches the fully forward position, the belt-holding pawl will snap into place behind the second linked cartridge (Figure 3-7), holding it in place. The extractor will then grasp the rim of the first cartridge, preparing to release it from the belt on the next rearward motion (Figure 3-8). Figure 3-7. Feeding – step 3. Figure 3-8.
FM 23-65 Figure 3-9. Feeding - cartridge entering the T-slot in the bolt. b. Cambering. Cambering is placing the cartridge into the chamber of the weapon. During this cycle, the bolt moves forward, carrying the cartridge in the T-slot in a direct route to the chamber of the weapon. At the same time, the extractor rides up the extractor cam and when the bolt is fully forward, the extractor grasps the next linked cartridge (Figure 3-10). Figure 3-10. Cambering – new round aligned with the chamber. c.
FM 23-65 (2) Since the cross groove in the piston rod engages the notch on the barrel extension shank, the barrel extension and barrel are also forced forward by the action of the barrel buffer spring. Some of the forward motion of the bolt is transmitted to the barrel extension through the accelerator. As the accelerator rotates forward, the front of the accelerator speeds up the barrel extension; at the same time, the accelerator tips slow down the bolt.
FM 23-65 Figure 3-12. Firing – ready to fire. Figure 3-13. Firing – round ignited. (2) For automatic firing, the bolt-latch release must be locked or held depressed, so that the bolt latch will not engage the notches in top of the bolt, holding the bolt to the rear as in single-shot firing. The trigger is pressed and held down. Each time the bolt travels forward in counter-recoil, the trigger lever depresses the sear, releasing the firing pin extension assembly and the firing pin.
FM 23-65 of the breech lock cam and in the breech lock recess in the bottom of the bolt. When the cartridge explodes, the bullet travels out of the barrel; the force of recoil drives the recoiling groups rearward. During the first three-fourths of an inch, the recoiling groups are locked together.
FM 23-65 7 1/8 inches. During this movement, the driving springs are compressed. The rearward movement of the bolt is stopped as the bolt strikes the buffer plate. Part of the recoil energy of the bolt is stored by the driving spring rod assembly, and part is absorbed by the buffer disks in the backplate (Figure 3-15). Figure 3-15. Unlocking – recoil movement completed. f. Extracting. The empty cartridge case is pulled from the chamber.
FM 23-65 h. Cocking. The firing pin is withdrawn into the cocked position. (1) When the recoiling groups are fully forward, the top of the cocking lever rests on the rear half of the V-slot in the top plate bracket. As the bolt moves to the rear, the top of the cocking lever is forced forward. The lower end pivots to the rear on the cocking lever pin.
FM 23-65 3-6. HEADSPACE AND TIMING Headspace is the distance between the face of the bolt and the base of the cartridge case, fully seated in the chamber. Timing is the adjustment of the gun so that firing takes place when the recoiling parts are in the correct position for firing. Because the cartridge is held by the T-slot of the bolt, headspace with the MG is measured as the distance between the rear of the barrel and the face of the bolt.
FM 23-65 Figure 3-17. Raising the cover. Figure 3-18. Retracting the bolt. (2) Hold the bolt in this position and screw the barrel fully into the barrel extension (Figure 3-19). Figure 3-19. Screwing in the barrel.
FM 23-65 WARNING When resetting the headspace and timing of a gun that has been fired, use an asbestos mitt to avoid burns. (3) With the bolt still retracted, unscrew the barrel two notches (clicks). Release the retracting slide handle and allow the bolt to go forward. NOTE: At this point, check the barrel for rotation. Attempt to turn the barrel in either direction. The barrel should not turn. If the barrel does turn, stop here and check barrel notches and the barrel-locking spring for damage.
FM 23-65 (6) Retract the retracting slide handle and separate the barrel extension from the trunnion block by a 1/16-inch gap (Figure 3-21). Figure 3-21. Setting the gap. (7) Raise the extractor out of the way to clear the top of the T-slot and try both ends of the go/no-go gauge as shown in Figure 3-22. NOTE: Insert the go end of the gauge between the face of the bolt and the end of the barrel all the way up to the ring. Figure 3-22. Using the gauge.
FM 23-65 (8) If the go end of the gauge enters the T-slot freely to the center ring of the gauge, and the no-go end will not enter, headspace is correct. Remove gauge. Headspace setting is now complete. If the go end of the gauge will not enter the T-slot freely, headspace is too tight. Continue as follows. (9) Retract the bolt so you can see the barrel-locking lug in the center of the 3/8th-inch alignment hole on the right side of the receiver. (10) Unscrew the barrel one notch (click).
FM 23-65 Figure 3-23. Inserting the no-fire gauge. NOTE: Insert timing gauge with bevel against barrel notches. NOTE: If the gun does not fire, go to step 5. If the gun does fire, you have early timing. Go on to steps 7 through 14. (5) Grasp the retracting slide handle and retract the bolt just enough to remove the no-fire gauge and insert the fire gauge in the same place (Figure 3-24). Release the retracting slide handle. Figure 3-24. Inserting the fire gauge. (6) Depress the trigger. Gun should fire.
FM 23-65 (9) Remove the backplate. (10) Screw the timing adjustment nut all the way down until it touches the trigger lever (Figure 3-25). Figure 3-25. Adjusting the timing nut. WARNING Never cock the gun with the backplate off. (11) Try to fire the MG by pushing up on the rear of the trigger lever. Gun should not fire. (12) Screw the timing adjustment nut up (to the right) one click at a time. Push up on the trigger lever after each click. Keep doing this until the gun fires.
FM 23-65 (b) Hold the bolt in this position and screw the barrel fully into the barrel extension; then unscrew the barrel two clicks or notches. (2) To set timing: (a) Use a dog tag or a dime as a fire gauge. (b) Use a nickel and a dime or four dog tags as a no-fire gauge. (c) Set the timing using the normal procedure. (3) To check for correct settings: ( a ) Attempt to fire the weapon. If it fires sluggishly, clear the weapon then unscrew the barrel one more notch. (b) Recheck the rate of fire.
CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS AND DESTRUCTION This chapter discusses the malfunctions, stoppages, immediate actions, remedial actions, and destruction procedures of the MG. All corrective actions must comply with safety procedures. 4-1. MALFUNCTIONS A malfunction is any failure of the gun to function satisfactorily. Examples of malfunctions are: a. Failure to Function Freely.
FM 23-65 a. Failure to Feed. Prevents the round from being properly positioned in the receiver group. b. Failure to Chamber. Prevents the complete chambering of the round. c. Failure to Lock. Prevents the breech lock from correctly entering its recess in the bolt. d. Failure to Fire. Prevents the ignition of the round. e. Failure to Unlock. Prevents the breech lock from moving out of its recess in the bolt. f. Failure to Extract. Prevents the extraction of the expended cartridge from the chamber. g.
FM 23-65 Immediate action is performed by the gunner; however, every crewmember must be trained to apply immediate action. The following procedures will assist in reducing most stoppages without analyzing their cause in detail. WARNING Failure to follow procedures may result in damage to weapon and injury to personnel. a. If gun fails to fire, take the following action: (1) Wait 5 seconds; a hangfire maybe causing the misfire.
FM 23-65 bolt to the rear. Place the extractor in the T-slot of the bolt in the same manners as that of a cartridge, so that it is held in line with the bore by the ejector of the extractor assembly of the gun. With the extractor aligned with the bore and held firmly in the T-slot, let the bolt go forward into the ruptured case, and the shoulders will spring out in front of the case. Pull the bolt to the rear and remove the ruptured case and extractor (Figures 4-1 and 4-2). Figure 4-1.
FM 23-65 4-5. DESTRUCTION PROCEDURES The decision to destroy the gun to prevent its capture and use by the enemy is a command decision. It will be ordered and carried out only on authority delegated by the major unit commander. ● Destroy the machine gun and mount only when they are subject to capture or abandonment. Destruction must be as complete as circumstances permit.
FM 23-65 stack the ammunition in a heap and, using flammable material available, ignite and take cover immediately. f. Burning. To destroy the gun by burning, place a thermite grenade in the receiver on the bolt (with the cover resting on the grenade) and fire the grenade. (This method may require the use of more than one grenade.) Remove the backplate group, place a thermite grenade in the rear of the receiver and fire the grenade. g. Disposal.
CHAPTER 5 MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING The procedures, exercises, and techniques for implementing a proper marksmanship program are based on the concept that all machine gunners must understand common firing principles, be proficient marksmen, and be confident in applying these skills in combat. This depends on their understanding of the machine gun and their application of marksmanship fundamentals.
FM 23-65 are a must for good training and commanders must make sure they are used properly. He also ensures sufficient time is scheduled. 5-3. PHASES OF TRAINING The initial training strategy is divided into three phases of marksmanship instruction — the fundamental phase, the basic marksmanship phase, and the advanced gunner phase. Gunner safety is continuously stressed during all phases of training. a.
FM 23-65 Section II. FUNDAMENTALS The fundamentals are necessary basic skills that a gunner must be trained in before he can be expected to effectively engage targets. Personnel conducting marksmanship training m u s t f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e fundamentals and be well rehearsed in applying them. The basics in MG training are assuming a proper firing position, sighting, aiming, determining range, and manipulating the T&E mechanism. 5-6.
FM 23-65 handwheel of the T&E with the left hand, and lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right hand. He must ensure that the right thumb is in position to press the trigger (Figure 5-2). Figure 5-2. Sitting position with tripod mount. (3) The standing position is used when the gunner is firing from a fighting position. This position is assumed by standing directly behind the gun with the feet spread a comfortable distance apart.
FM 23-65 b. The vehicular firing position for the MG is standing. It is assumed by constructing a solid platform to stand on, using sandbags or ammunition boxes; or, in the case of the Ml13 APC, using the commander’s seat. The gunner must then ensure that his platform is high enough to place the spade grips of the gun about chest high. He grasps the spade grips with both hands and places both thumbs in a position to press the trigger.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-5. Antiaircraft firing position. 5-7. DRY-FIRE TRAINING Dry-fire training is designed to teach the gunner the essentials of MG gunnery, including safety. Dry-fire training also includes sighting, aiming, sight setting, laying, manipulating the gun, manipulating the T&E mechanism, and determining the range. Thorough, carefully supervised training of these essentials is necessary to conserve time and ammunition during live fire.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-6. Correct sight alignment. (3) The third step is to establish correct sight picture. To perform this task, the gunner adjusts the weapon until the top center of the front sight blade is bottom center of the intended target. Correct sight picture is a combination of sight alignment and placement of point of aim (Figure 5-7). Figure 5-7. Correct sight picture.
FM 23-65 b. Range Setting and Laying. Range setting and laying the gun are important elements in marksmanship training. It is this training that prepares the gunner to accurately and rapidly place fire on his target in combat. To properly set ranges, the gunner must be trained in rear sight operation. (1) Setting ranges on the rear sight is a simple but important task. The gunner just has to rotate the elevating screw knob in a clockwise manner to move the peep sight up or counterclockwise to move it down.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-8. Traversing and elevating mechanism. (b) To make changes in direction, loosen the traversing slide lock lever and move the slide along the traversing bar. This permits traverse of 400 mils left or right of the zero index in the center of the traversing bar. Readings on the traversing bar are taken from the left side of the traversing slide. For changes of 50 mils or less in deflection, turn the traversing handwheel. This allows a traverse of 50 mils left or right of center.
FM 23-65 (3) The elevating handwheel is graduated in 1 mil increments from 0 to 50 mils and is fastened to the elevating screw by a screw lock. This synchronizes the handwheel graduations with those on the upper elevating screw. A spring-actuated index device produces a clicking sound when the handwheel is turned. Each click equals 1 mil change in elevation. The handwheel is turned clockwise to depress the barrel and counterclockwise to elevate.
FM 23-65 the zero on the traversing bar, then the reading is left; if it is on the left side of the zero, then it is a right reading. The width of a target may also be measured and recorded by first moving the traversing handwheel until the sights are aligned with the right or left side of the target. The clicks required to do this measure the width. NOTE: Before repositioning the weapon for another target, the gunner must realign the handwheel.
FM 23-65 positions himself about 10 paces to the front of the gun. He then directs the gunner to manipulate the weapon in certain directions. He indicates the direction by the use of hand signals. The gunner responds by manipulating the T&E mechanism with his left hand. The gunner must keep his eyes on the coach; at no time during this exercise is he permitted to look at the T&E mechanism.
FM 23-65 a. The two techniques of eye estimation are the 100-meter unit of measure method and the appearance of objects method. (1) When using the 100-meter unit of measure method, the gunner must be able to visualize what 100 meters looks like on the ground. With this distance in mind, the gunner can mentally determine the number of 100-meter units between his position and the target. The accuracy of this method is limited to 500 meters or less, and it requires constant practice (Figure 5-10).
FM 23-65 sloping terrain. The gunner must consider these two factors when using the 100-meter unit of measure method. Figure 5-11. 100-meter unit of measure method, more than 500 meters. (4) The appearance of objects method may be used if the gunner is unable to use the 100-meter unit of measure method because of terrain. To use this method, the gunner learns through practice how familiar objects look at various known ranges.
FM 23-65 Table 5-1. Factors affecting range estimation by eye. b. Firing the gun is another method of determining range. In this method, the gunner opens fire on the target at the estimated range and moves the center of the beaten zone into the center base of the target by means of the T&E handwheels. He resets the sight so the new line of aim is at the center base of the target and notes the range setting on the rear sight. This range setting may apply only to this gun.
FM 23-65 measurement method is not a method of range determination; it is a method of measuring the lateral distance (in fingers or mils) between two points. To measure the distance in fingers between a reference point and a target, extend the arm with palm outward, the fingers cupped, and elbow locked. Close one eye, raise the index finger, and sight along its edge, placing the edge of the finger along the flank of the target or reference point (Figure 5-12).
FM 23-65 always be seen. In this case, use tracer ammunition that allows the gunner or crew to note the strike of the burst in relation to the target. b. Adjustments on the target can be made using the mil relation; that is, one click of traversing or elevating handwheel moves the strike of the round one-half inch on the target at 10 meters. When firing on field targets, adjustment is made by moving the burst into the target.
FM 23-65 c. The gunner may use the adjusted aiming point method to adjust the fire. In this method, the gunner must use his sights. He selects an aiming point that will place the next burst on target. For example, when the gunner fires on a target at 500 meters and estimates that the rounds impacted 20 meters short and 10 meters to the right, he would rapidly select an aiming point about 20 meters beyond the target and 10 meters to the left of it and lay on that aiming point and fire (Figure 5-15).
FM 23-65 sequence. The six elements are the alert, direction, description, range, method of fire, and the command to open fire. (1) Alert. This element brings the crew to a state of readiness to receive further instructions. Once alerted, the gunner ensures the gun is loaded. The assistant gunner continuously checks with the leader for orders or instructions and passes them on to the gunner. The oral alert is announced as FIRE MISSION.
FM 23-65 objects make good reference points. All leaders and members of the crew(s) must be familiar with the terrain features and the terminology used to describe them. The general direction to the reference point should be given. For example: FIRE MISSION, NUMBER 2. FRONT. REFERENCE: LONE PINE TREE. TARGET: TRUCK. Sometimes a target must be designated by using successive reference points. For example: FIRE MISSION, NUMBER 1. RIGHT FRONT. REFERENCE: RED-ROOFED HOUSE, LEFT TO HAYSTACK, LEFT TO BARN.
FM 23-65 (4) Range. The range to the target is given so the gun crew knows how far to look for the target and immediately knows what range setting to place on the rear sight. Range is determined and announced in meters. Since the meter is the standard unit of range measurement, the word “meters” is not announced. With machine guns, the range is determined and announced in even hundreds and thousands. For example: THREE HUNDRED, ONE THOUSAND, ONE ONE HUNDRED.
FM 23-65 When the leader makes a mistake in the initial fire command, he corrects it by announcing CORRECTION, and then gives the corrected element(s). For example: FIRE MISSION. FRONT. TROOPS. FIVE HUNDRED. CORRECTION. SIX HUNDRED. TRAVERSE. AT MY COMMAND. When the leader makes an error in the subsequent fire command, he may correct it by announcing CORRECTION, and then repeating the entire subsequent fire command. For example: LEFT FIVE, DROP ONE. CORRECTION LEFT FIVE, DROP ONE ZERO. b.
FM 23-65 dismounted caliber .50 MG. The following paragraphs are only suggestions for the breakdown of equipment and member designation that may be established by the commander. a. Crew Equipment. In addition to individual arms and equipment, crew members carry the following equipment for the tripod-mounted machine gun: CREW MEMBER SUGGESTED MINIMUM EQUIPMENT Squad or crew leader. Binoculars, compass, one box of ammunition. No. 1 Assistant gunner. Tripod. No. 2 Gunner.
FM 23-65 (b) If the leader is not changed, the command, FALL OUT ASSISTANT GUNNER, is given. At this command, the crew members rise, the gunner becomes the assistant gunner, the ammunition bearer becomes the gunner, and the assistant gunner becomes the ammunition bearer. When the crew members have assumed their new position, they call out their new duties in order, ASSISTANT GUNNER, GUNNER, AMMUNITION BEARER.
FM 23-65 (a) The barrel support and breech bearing are free of dirt. (b) The gun pintle is free of dirt. (c) The feed mechanism and bolt switch are properly assembled to feed from left (soldier raises cover for proper inspection). (d) The striker projects through the aperture in the face of bolt (soldier closes the cover). (e) The rear sight is set at 1,000 yards (900 meters) windage zero. (f) The T&E mechanism is securely attached to the receiver. (g) The traversing handwheel is centered.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-17. Screwing the barrel into the barrel extension. d. Placement of the Gun Into Action. To place the gun into action, the crew leader commands and signals, GUN TO BE MOUNTED HERE (pointing to the position where the gun is to be mounted), FRONT (pointing in the direction of fire), ACTION (vigorously pumping his fist in the direction of the designated gun position). (1) At the command or signal ACTION, the assistant gunner grasps the left trail leg near the center with his left hand.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-18. Assistant gunner-(No.1) opening the tripod. Figure 5-19. Emplacing the mount.
FM 23-65 (2) The gunner and ammunition bearer move together. When the tripod is nearly mounted, the gunner and ammunition bearer spring to their feet. The gunner places both hands on the spade grips, the ammunition bearer grasp the ammunition box in his left hand and the gun carrying handle with this right hand. Both men lift the gun from the ground and move rapidly to the gun position. Then the ammunition bearer places the ammunition box on line and in front of the leader’s ammunition box.
FM 23-65 inserts the double-looped end into the feedway, and taps the feedway with his right hand to ensure it is closed. (4) With his right hand palm-up, the gunner grasps the retracting slide handle, vigorously jerks it to the rear, and releases it. The gun is half-loaded (Figure 5-21). He then assumes a prone position directly behind the gun with his legs spread and heels down. His right hand lightly grasps the right spade grip with the thumb in position to depress the trigger.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-22. Crew ready for action. e. Removal of the Gun From Action. To take the gun out of action, the command is OUT OF ACTION. (1) The gunner raises the cover with his left hand, the assistant gunner lifts the ammunition out of the feedway, replaces the ammunition in the box, and closes and latches the box.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-23. Crew taking the gun out of action. (3) The gunner rotates the bolt latch release lock to the right and releases the bolt latch. He checks his sights to ensure they are properly set. (4) The assistant gunner assumes a kneeling position behind the tripod and releases the sleeve lock latch with his right hand. He rises to his feet, grasps the front leg with his left hand, and rotates the tripod to a vertical position on the trail legs.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-24. Folding the trail legs. f. Duties of The Crew. To hand-carry the gun and equipment, the command is SECURE EQUIPMENT, FOLLOW ME. At this command,– (1) The crew leader carries his ammunition box in his right hand. (2) The assistant gunner carries the tripod over either shoulder. (3) The gunner carries the receiver on either shoulder with the spade grips to the front.
FM 23-65 Figure 5-25. Dragging the gun into position. Figure 5-26. Two-man carry.
FM 23-65 (3) Three-man carry. When the barrel is hot, the gunner gets behind the tripod with a trail leg in each hand. With the assistant gunner on the left and the ammunition bearer on the right, each grasps the carrying handle. In addition, the assistant gunner carries the ammunition in his left hand (Figure 5-27). When the barrel is cool, the ammunition bearer and the assistant gunner each grasp the front leg (Figure 5-28). Figure 5-27. Three-man carry (hot barrel).
FM 23-65 Figure 5-28. Three-man carry (cola barrel). NOTE: Carrying the gun by the barrel may cause damage to the barrel support and the barrel extension. h. Movement of the Gun to Other Mounts. With the mount prepared to receive the gun, the cradle of the mount is placed in a horizontal position. To move the gun to the mount, the gunner carries the right spade grip in his left hand and a box of ammunition in his right.
FM 23-65 5-12. MACHINE GUN FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS TEST The machine gun fundamental skills test should be held periodically to ensure that proficiency with the MG is maintained by all crewmen. It consists of 10 fundamental skills; all tasks are hands-on (Figure 5-29). The test should be given prior to range firing on a go/no-go basis. Figure 5-29. The MG fundamental skills test. Section III.
FM 23-65 (1) Set elevation. Raise the rear sight by lifting straight up until it snaps into the upright position. Adjust the range scale to 1,000 yards by rotating the elevation screw knob in the necessary direction. (Clockwise moves the scale up; counterclockwise moves the scale down.) (2) Set windage. Rotate the windage knob until the zero index mark on the base rear sight is aligned with the index mark on the top of the receiver.
FM 23-65 b. Field zeroing/targeting is an expedient method of obtaining a zero when a 10-meter zero cannot be conducted. When preparing to field zero, make sure the M2 is mounted securely on the M3 tripod, make sure the T&E is working properly, and finally, know the distance to your zero target. The only difference in initial sight setting for field zero is range setting on the scale. The gunner must also remember that the range scale on the M2 is indicated in yards.
FM 23-65 He pushes the three locking cams to secure the bracket (Figure 5-33) and closes the top cover assembly. Figure 5-33. Securing the bracket. (2) Install the sight on the mount. To install the sight, the gunner must align the scribe lines on the sight with the scribe lines on the bracket. He places the sight in the groove at the top of the bracket and tightens the lever screw to secure the sight to the bracket (Figure 5-34). Figure 5-34. Securing the sight.
FM 23-65 (3) Zero the AN/TVS-5. A gunner must zero the MG with its NVD on it before he can effectively engage targets with the AN/TVS-5. The zeroing of this device to the MG must be done at 50 meters. An M16A1, A2, or Canadian bull zero target may be used. The point of impact for either target must be 9.8 centimeters below the target aiming point. To accomplish this task, place the reticle aiming point on the target aiming point (Figure 5-35). Figure 5-35. Desired impact point for the AN/TVS-5.
FM 23-65 (4) Dismount the sight. The gunner dismounts the sight from the bracket first by loosening the lever screws. Then he lifts the sight from the bracket. He must then dismount the bracket in the reverse mounting procedure. 5-14. TEN-METER FIRING EXERCISE The purpose of 10-meter firing is to develop skills in the delivery of initial burst on target.
FM 23-65 5-18. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the advanced gunnery phase are to prepare the gunners for combat. During this phase, training should be directed toward – • Tracking and leading. • Mounted target engagement techniques. • Mounted NBC engagements. • Predetermined fire techniques. 5-19. TRACKING AND LEADING EXERCISES The gunner normally completes instruction in firing at stationary targets before he receives instruction in firing at moving targets.
FM 23-65 a. Tracking. Tracking consists of maintaining correct alignment of the sights (with or without a lead) on a moving target by moving the gun at the same angular speed as that of the target. (1) The gunner is required to aim at a prescribed point (center base to take advantage of the beaten zone) on the target and maintain that aim during uniform movement of the target. As instruction progresses, speeds used should differ for successive runs of the target.
FM 23-65 little because the target runs into the fire; also, the observation of strike is easier. Intelligent use of the lead table includes immediate application of fire with estimated lead followed by necessary corrections based upon observation of strike/tracer. c. Tracking and Leading. Combined tracking and leading exercises at 10 meters are used to gain proficiency in tracking the target.
FM 23-65 silhouette until the gunner commands HOLD. He then places a pencil dot at this point and returns the silhouette to the original position. This procedure is followed until the gunner has completed three tries for each target lead announced. The three pencil dots for each target should fit within a one-centimeter circle. The exercise should be conducted for varying left and right leads. 5-20.
Section I 6-1 6-2 Section II 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 Section III 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 CHAPTER 6 COMBAT TECHNIQUES OF FIRE Technique of fire is the method of delivering and controlling fire Each member of the machine gun crew must be trained in standard methods of applying fire, either as a crewmember or a gunner, and must perform his assigned task automatically and effectively.
FM 23-65 the distance from the gun to the target. The maximum ordinate increases as the range increases (Figure 6-1). Figure 6-1. Maximum ordinates at key ranges. b. Cone of Fire. When the weapon is fired automatically in bursts, all the rounds do not follow the same path. This is due to the vibrations of the gun and mount, variations in ammunition, and atmospheric conditions, which cause the rounds to follow a slightly different trajectory.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-2. Cone of fire. c. Beaten Zone. The beaten zone is an elliptical pattern formed by the cone of fire as it strikes the ground. The beaten zone is always about 2 meters in width. (1) Effect of range. As the range to the target increases, the beaten zone becomes shorter and wider. (2) Effect of terrain. The length of the beaten zone for any given range will vary according to the slope of the ground. On rising ground, the beaten zone becomes shorter but remains the same width.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-3. Classes of fire with respect to the ground. b. Classes of Fire with Respect to the Target. (1) Frontal. The long axis of the beaten zone is at a right angle to the long axis of the target. (2) Flanking. Fire is delivered against the flank of a target. (3) Oblique. The long axis of the beaten zone is at an angle (but not a right angle) to the long axis of the target. (4) Enfilade. The long axis of the beaten zone coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the target.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-4. Classes of with respect to the target.
FM 23-65 c. Classes of Fire with Respect to the Gun. (1) Fixed fire. This is fire delivered on a point target with little or no manipulation needed. After the initial burst, the gunners will follow any change or movement of the target without command. (2) Traversing fire. This is fire distributed against a wide target requiring successive changes in the direction of the gun. When engaging a wide target requiring traversing fire, the gunner should select successive aiming points throughout the target area.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-5. Classes of fire with respect to the gun. Section II. FIRE CONTROL Fire control of machine guns includes all operations connected with the preparation and actual application of effective fire on a target. It implies the-ability of the leader to-open fire at the instant he desires, to adjust the fire of the gun(s) on the target, to regulate the rate of fire, to shift from one target to another, and to cease firing.
FM 23-65 6-3. METHODS OF FIRE CONTROL Of the several methods of controlling machine gun fire, the noise of battle will limit the use of some. Therefore, the leader must select the method or combination of methods that will best accomplish his purpose. The chain of fire control begins with the leader. He is responsible for both the technical and tactical employment of the gun and the training of the crew.
FM 23-65 however, gunners must be prepared to engage the entire target if necessary. Gunners continue to fire on the target until it is neutralized or until another signal is received from the leader. b. The gunner’s positions (including vehicular-mounted) should be numbered so each gunner will know which portion of a target he should engage. It should be emphasized that the positions are numbered – not the guns or gunners.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-6. Linear target and one gun. (3) Linear targets with depth are targets that have sufficient width to require traversing fire and depth which cannot be covered by the beaten zone. A combined change in direction and elevation (traversing and searching fire) is required to maintain effective fire on these targets (Figure 6-7). Linear targets with depth are engaged with traversing and searching fire. When range is announced, the range to the midpoint is given. Figure 6-7.
FM 23-65 (a) Two guns. The method of division, the point of initial lay and adjustment, and the extent of manipulation for both guns are the same as prescribed for linear targets. The gunners, however, apply enough search between each burst to ensure the center of the beaten zone is maintained at the center base of the target (Figure 6-8). (b) One gun. A single gunner initially lays and adjusts on the midpoint of a linear target with depth unless some other portion of the target presents a greater threat.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-9. Deep target. (a) Two guns. The point of initial lay of both guns is on the midpoint, which is also the point of division. Since enfilade fire is delivered, it is not necessary to adjust on the midpoint of the target because the long axis of the beaten zone will compensate for missing the midpoint. However, should the gunner’s beaten zone be out of the lateral confines of the target, it will be necessary to adjust fires into the target area.
FM 23-65 (b) One gun. A single gunner initially lays and fires at the midpoint of a deep target, unless another portion of the target presents a greater threat. The gunner immediately searches to the near end, then covers the entire target (Figure 6-10). Figure 6-10. Engagement of deep targets. (5) Area targets as discussed in this manual have considerable width and depth, and they require extensive traversing and searching fires.
FM 23-65 (a) Two guns. The target is divided at the center of mass; the right gun fires on the right half and the left gun fires on the left half. The point of initial lay and adjustment for both guns is on the center of mass. After adjusting on the center of mass, fire is distributed by determining the size of the beaten zones and applying direction and elevation changes that cause the most effective coverage of the target area.
FM 23-65 use of overhead fire permits the machine gun to support the advance of rifle units. Sectors of fire allow the trainers to plan safe training while still incorporating the combat realities of overhead fires. a. Minimum Clearance. The center of the cone of fire must clear the heads of the friendly troops by a prescribed distance (Figure 6-12). This distance, known as minimum clearance, is found by adding together the following elements: • The height of a standing man, taken as 1.8 meters.
FM 23-65 c. Conditions. Overhead fire is used only when the following conditions have been met: (1) The safety limit has been determined and has been identified on the ground. (2) The gun mount is firmly seated. (3) Friendly troops have been notified, if at all possible, that fire is to be delivered over them. (4) The rate of fire does not exceed 40 rounds per minute. (5) The gun barrel is not badly worn. This condition is indicated by excessive muzzle blast. d. Uneven Terrain.
FM 23-65 (2) When the range to the target is greater than 850 meters, overhead fire should be delivered only in an emergency and then only out to a range in which either the tracers or the strike of the bullets can be seen by the gunner. In this situation the leader’s rule applies (Figure 6-14). Figure 6-14. Application of leader’s rule. The platoon or section leader uses the leader’s rule only when the target is greater than 850 meters.
FM 23-65 • If it clears the selected point, it is safe for the troops to advance to the selected point and to an unknown point beyond. If it is desired to have troops advance beyond the selected point, this farther point must be determined by testing new selected points until the line of aim and the selected point coincide. This point marks the line of safety. e. Precautions. The following safety precautions must be observed in delivering overhead fire. (1) Firmly emplace the tripod mount.
FM 23-65 of his body and lower portion of the gun are protected by the mask. Partial defilade positions are desirable when a fire mission cannot be accomplished from a defilade position. c. Advantages. The gun and crew have cover and concealment from direct fire weapons. The crew has some freedom of movement in the vicinity of the gun position, and control and supply are facilitated. The characteristic smoke and flash of the gun are partially concealed from observation. d. Disadvantages.
FM 23-65 6-7. METHODS OF LAYING THE GUN FOR DEFILADE FIRING The essential elements in engagement of a target from defilade position are direction, elevation, mask clearance, and adjustment of fire. a. Direction. An observer places himself on the gun-target line in a position from which he can see the gun and the target. He aligns the gun approximately by having the gunner shift the mount.
FM 23-65 tables. The range corresponding to the angle of elevation is set on the gun sight. If the line of aim through the sight clears the mask, the clearance exists. d. Adjustment of Fire. Under field conditions, even the most practical methods of laying the gun on the target quickly do not always result in the initial burst being on the target. For this reason, adjustment of fire on the target is essential. Creeping fire should be avoided. (See paragraph 6-10 for details on adjustment of fire.
FM 23-65 authority to call for these fires may be delegated to the platoon leader of a forward rifle platoon. Final protective fires are ceased on order. a. Signals. Arm-and-hand signals, voice commands, or pyrotechnic devices may be used in calling for these fires. b. Rates of Fire. When firing FPFs, the rapid rate of fire is used unless it is obvious that a different rate is necessary to accomplish the mission.
FM 23-65 Figure 6-17. Line of aim and placement of center of beaten zone on target. 6-10. FIRE ADJUSTMENT Machine gun fire is adjusted by observing the strike of the rounds, observing the flight of tracers, frequently re-laying the gun, or by a combination of these. Adjustment by observation of fire is the most important element of fire control if it is bold, aggressive, rapid, and continuous throughout the action. a. The gunner is trained to observe and adjust his gun’s fire without command.
FM 23-65 and the rate of fire. These changes are given orally as SHIFT RIGHT, SHIFT LEFT, ADD, or DROP. (For arm-and-hand signals see FM 21-60.) When making these announced changes,mils may be used to indicate the amount of desired shift; for example, SHIFT RIGHT 5 or SHIFT LEFT 7. When making changes in elevation, roils are not used, as it is normally difficult to determine just how high or low the center of the beaten zone is striking the ground in relation to the target. (1) Observation.
FM 23-65 6-11. ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNNERY The MG can provide units with a self-defense capability against hostile low-flying, low-performance aircraft. These guns are employed in the air defense role as part of the unit’s local defense. The MGs are not components of an integrated and coordinated air defense system. Unless otherwise directed, hostile aircraft within range of the g u n (about 800 meters maximum effective range) should be engaged. The decision will be made by the commander.
FM 23-65 b. Target Selection and Engagement Control. These actions depend upon visual means. The sites selected for the guns must provide maximum observation and unobstructed sectors of fire. Units furnished MGs in sufficient numbers should site them within mutual support distances of 90 to 360 meters. Each gun is assigned a primary and secondary sector of fire. Weapon crews maintain constant vigilance in their primary sectors of fire, regardless of the sector in which the guns are actually engaged.
FM 23-65 b. Final Protective Line. A predetermined line along which grazing fire is placed to stop an enemy assault. The FPL is fixed as to direction and elevation; however, a few roils of search are employed during firing to compensate for irregularities in the terrain. The FPL can be delivered regardless of visibility conditions. The FPL is always the inner limit of the primary sector, which is assigned close to the forward line of troops area.
FM 23-65 targets, fire should be delivered in a heavy volume and adjusted by observing the tracer stream. b. During the final stage of an enemy assault, machine guns normally fire at personnel on an FPL; they may be assigned a PDF. Both are considered as final protective fires and should be planned for and coordinated as such.
FM 23-65 this line that cannot be covered by grazing fire from a gun firing along the line is considered dead space. c. Determining the Extent of Grazing Fire in the Sector of Graze. The ranges to the extent of grazing fire in a sector of graze are determined by observing the terrain and by observing the tracer stream from behind or from a flank of the gun position. Normally, the extent of grazing fire within this area will be much less than on an FPL and will form an irregular pattern. d.
FM 23-65 vision. Gunners requiring corrective lenses must be issued insert lenses before training. Scanning movements may be restricted by the hood/mask. Any of these factors could adversely affect the gunner’s ability to quickly and accurately detect targets. Extra skill practice should be conducted. c. Efficient Performance.
CHAPTER 7 TRAIN THE TRAINER PROGRAM The information in this chapter tells how to train the trainer, how to advise the trainer, and how to assist the trainer in preparing the crew for the three phases of MG marksmanship. 7-1. CONCEPT The Train The Trainer Program must be planned properly and conclude with a certification program. In the planning phase, the instructor teaches the trainer to be flexible and thorough.
FM 23-65 Figure 7-1. Safety examination. 7-2. TRAINER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM The Trainer Certification Program is designed to build pride, confidence, and overall working/teaching knowledge of the functions, employment, and overall training of the MG. The trainer must know how to do all the tasks he is going to be teaching; the certification program determines his capability to do this. The program is conducted in three phases. a. Phase I: Basic Fundamentals of Marksmanship.
FM 23-65 targets at different ranges. Upon completion, the trainer is ready to move to the advanced stage of marksmanship. c. Phase III. Advanced Gunnery. This is the final phase that the trainer has to achieve to standard. (1) First, he must understand the procedures using the techniques of advanced gunnery. (2) He must then learn tracking, which consists of maintaining correct alignment of the sights on a moving target by moving the gun at the same angular speed as that of the target.
C2, FM 23-65 * APPENDIX A SAFETY Safety precautions must be observed during all marksmanship training. This appendix recommends safety precautions for the ranges described in this manual. Range safety requirements will vary with the different courses of fire. A-1. TRAINING RANGES The following safety precautions will be observed when using any training range. a. A red flag will be displayed at the entrance or in some other prominent location on the range during firing. b.
C2, FM 23-65 (6) The NCOIC or range safety officer places a complete first aid kit on the range. (7) The NCOIC or range safety officer places medical personnel on the range or nearby to enable quick contact. * (8) Due to the potential injury hazards associated with improper headspace and timing, either the NCOIC or RSO will assume personal responsibility for ensuring that all weapons are set for proper headspace and timing. He will do this before emplacing weapons on the firing line.
C2, FM 23-65 (3) Two red lights will be mounted on the striped poles marking the limits of fire. They must be visible to all firers. (4) No one will move from his position until told to do so by the OIC. d. After Firing. (1) Safety personnel will inspect all guns to ensure that they are clear. All guns on the firing line will be rodded whether they were fired or not. A check will be conducted to determine if any brass, links, or live ammunition is in possession of the troops.
APPENDIX B TRAINING AIDS AND DEVICES The use of devices in marksmanship training programs are important factors because they may allow the gunner to get an idea of what actual combat is like. The training devices designed for the MG are the M19 blank firing attachment, the multiple integrated liner engagement system, the sighting bar, and the M3 recoil amplifier barrel used with plastic ammunition. B-1.
FM 23-65 B-2. MULTIPLE INTEGRATED LASER ENGAGEMENT SYSTEM The MILES transmitter has been developed for the MG as well as for many other weapons. It consists of a lightweight laser transmitter that sends coded hit/kill messages whenever blank rounds are fired. The MILES transmitter is normally used as part of an M113 APC MILES kit; however, it can also be used on truck- or ground-mounted machine guns with modifications of the detector straps and the combat vehicle kill indicator (CVKI) light (Figure B-2).
FM 23-65 Figure B-3. Inspection of the MILES transmitter. b. Placing the Battery into the Transmitter. Use the correct battery (NSN 6135-01-063-1978, BA 3090/U, 9V, alkaline); it will last about 100 hours. Flip open the latch; open the battery door and insert the battery; press the door closed; then press the latch closed (Figure B-4). Figure B-4. Battery insertion.
FM 23-65 c. Attaching the Transmitter to the Machine Gun. Attach the machine gun to its mount. Attach the M19 BFA to the machine gun. Unscrew the knob from the side of the transmitter bracket; swing the bottom plate down; and place the transmitter on the barrel support, flush against the receiver. The lip on the back of the mounting bracket must sit behind the barrel cooling bracket.
Figure B-6. Proper blank ammunition to use with M19 BFA. WARNING Do not use ball ammunition or M1 blank ammunition with the BFA. Use only M1A1 blanks with the fluted, crimped case mouth. Figure B-7. Operation of the MILES transmitter. e. Aligning the Transmitter to the Machine Gun. The transmitter must be aligned in the dry fire mode, using the dry fire trigger cable. To align the transmitter, you need a soldier wearing a MILES helmet and torso harness.
FM 23-65 (3) Insert an orange weapon key into the transmitter receptacle and turn to WEAPON ON. (4) Fire at the soldier by pressing the trigger cable button. Traverse the gun left and right, up and down, until the soldier’s buzzer signals a "near miss." Hold the gun in that position. (5) While he is being fired on, have the soldier move to his right until his buzzer stops. Have him mark that location. (6) Have the soldier move to his left until the buzzer stops again. Have him mark that location.
FM 23-65 then review and critique the gunner on sight alignment. The device is also equipped with a scaled target for practicing sight picture. Once sight alignment is mastered, the gunner will be required to show a correct sight picture. This is done by adjusting the scaled target until the front sight plate is bottom center of it. Again the instructor will review and critique the gunner.
FM 23-65 the tracer projectile is colored red. The complete round weighs about 1.05 ounces and is 5.19 inches long, which is slightly shorter than the service round. The cartridges are linked with M9-type metallic links for use with the MG. Muzzle velocity of the projectile is about 4,000 feet per second. The light weight of the projectile, about 50 grains, and its low sectional density cause its velocity to drop rapidly. b.
C2, FM 23-65 APPENDIX C RANGES AND TRAINING EXERCISES This appendix provides guidance for US Army machine gun exercises. It is designed to be a working guide for trainers and commanders by explaining range layouts, conduct of firing exercises, and qualification standards. The two basic firing ranges will be the multipurpose MG transition range and the multipurpose range complex.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure C-1. Multipurpose machine gun transition range layout.
FM 23-65 C-1. TEN-METER RANGE LAYOUT The standard, basic 10-meter range can accommodate a unit of 200 to 250 soldiers at a time; however, concurrent training may be required. This range (Figure C-2) can be used to zero the M249, M60, and M2 machine guns, and to fire the 10-meter portion of qualification. It is also used to familiarize soldiers with the characteristics, noise, and recoil of the weapon.
FM 23-65 b. Setup of Range. The 10-meter range should meet the following requirements: (1) The firing line should be long enough to emplace 20 MGs, allowing 3 meters between positions. For control, each position should be numbered. (2) The target line should be 10 meters in front of the firing line. The MG marksmanship target is a paper target pasted onto target cloth that is stretched over a wooden frame. One target is set up for each position and is numbered to correspond with the numbered position.
C1, FM 23-65 * C-2. TEN-METER FIRING EXERCISES The purpose of 10-meter firing is to develop skills in the delivery of initial bursts on target. When conducted properly, it will train gunners in the basic skills of zeroing, controlling the burst, traversing, and traversing and searching techniques.
C1, FM 23-65 a. Objective. In order for the M2 gunner to become proficient with the machine gun, the following objectives must be considered: ˙ Obtain an accurate initial burst. ˙ Master the technique of controlled burst firing. ˙ Traverse and search the machine gun effectively. ˙ Observe and adjust fire. ˙ Operate with speed. b. Organization. The unit is organized into groups of 10. Each group is assigned a firing order number. One order becomes gunners and the other assistant gunners.
FM 23-65 (2) Ten-meter qualification (Tasks 5 through 7). (a) The gunner is then required to set his rear sight at 550 yards. On command, the first order fires at scoring pasters 1 through 4 of their assigned section. (b) At the completion of their linear engagement, commands are given to require the gunners to engage area targets 5 through 6 and then 7 through 8, using traverse and search techniques. Time is allowed between bursts to permit gunners to observe and adjust their fire.
FM 23-65 targets 5 through 6 and 7 through 8 give them practice in traverse and search techniques. (a) Point targets. Point targets on the basic machine gun target are considered to be pasters 1 through 4 of section A, B, C, and D. Firing at point targets e x p o s e s t h e g u n n e r t o z e r o i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d controlled-burst fire techniques. Targets 1 through 4 will also be used as a linear target for qualification. (b) Area targets.
FM 23-65 NOTE: Large shot groups are usually caused by incorrect position and grip; small shot groups outside of the scoring space are usually caused by incorrect sight alignment, sight picture, or zero. d. The 10-Meter Zero. Ten-meter zeroing is accomplished by adjusting the rear sight until the strike of the projectile coincides with the point of aim at a given range. On the 10-meter range, the elevation scale must be set at 500 yards so that it can impact on the desired aiming point.
FM 23-65 NOTE: If the gunner is able to zero his weapon using 9 rounds, have him use the remaining 3 to confirm his zero. If the gunner is unable to zero within 12 rounds, remove him from the firing line and give him remedial training. (2) Task 2, Controlled Burst Firing. (a) The gunner will fire the first burst of 5 to 7 rounds at paster 3. (b) The gunner then goes down range to observe, marks the projectile holes, and analyzes his burst.
FM 23-65 (7) Task 7, Traverse and Search Fire. (a) The gunner will engage pasters 5 through 6, section B, firing a 5- to 7-round burst at each paster, using the traverse and search technique. (b) The gunner will then move down range to observe and analyze his targets. h. Scoring Procedures. When scoring the 10-meter target, all scoring spaces are scored ( 1 through 4, 5 through 6, and 7 through 8). One point is given for each round impacting within each space.
FM 23-65 a. Objectives. The objectives of transition fire are — • To engage targets at long ranges with the tripod-mounted machine gun. • To understand the characteristics of fire. Ž To field zero the M2 machine gun. Ž To use range estimation to determine the distance to targets. Ž To apply the method of adjusted point of aim. b. Organization. Organization of a unit for transition firing is conducted the same as for 10-meter firing. Field zeroing is the first firing task of transition day-fire phase.
FM 23-65 NOTE: If the gunner is unable to zero within 28 rounds, he is removed from the firing line and given remedial training. (2) Task 2 through Task 8, Single and Multiple Engagements. (a) The gunner will load one 154-round belt of ammunition and fire bursts of 5 to 7 rounds at double E-type silhouettes at ranges of 800, 400, 700, and 1,000 meters at vehicular targets. He will also engage multiple double E-type silhouettes targets at 400 to 700; 550 and 800; and 400, 550, and 1,000 meters respectively.
FM 23-65 Figure C-6. Practice/Qualification Table II, continued. e. Scoring Procedures. One point is given for each target hit with an additional 2-point bonus if the target is hit on the first burst. The total possible points for day fire is 33. A minimum 7 points (7 out of 11 exposures) is required to meet standard on the day-fire course. C-4.
FM 23-65 a. Objectives. The objectives of this training are: • To teach the gunners to take appropriate action when notified of a contaminated area. Ž To identify targets while in a contaminated area. Ž To engage targets while in appropriate NBC gear. b. Organization. The unit is organized the same as in paragraph C-2b, except both the gunner and assistant gunner must wear protective masks. Protective clothing is optional. c. Ammunition Issue.
FM 23-65 700, and a 1,000-meter vehicular target. He will also engage multiple, double E-type silhouettes targets at 400 and 700; 550 and 800; and 400, 500, and 1,000 meters, respectively. (b) The gunner will observe the beaten zone and make adjustments as necessary to hit the targets. (c) After firing is completed, weapons will be cleared and the gunner critiqued. If there is a second gunner to fire, the entire procedure will be repeated.
FM 23-65 Figure C-7. NBC Qualification Table Ill, continued. C-5. NIGHT-FIRE EXERCISE The night-fire exercise gives the soldiers the practical application of engaging targets using the AN/TVS-5 at night or during limited visibility. a. Objectives. The objectives of this training are: Ž TO teach the gunners to zero the AN/TVS-5 to the M2. • To engage targets at different ranges using the AN/TVS-5. • TO detect targets using the AN/TVS-5.
FM 23-65 b. Organization. Organization of a unit for night firing is conducted the same as day fire. AN/TVS-5 zeroing is the first firing task of the night-fire phase. The night-fire portion of the course is also a requirement to become a qualified M2 gunner. c. Ammunition Issue. The ammunition for the firing of this exercise will be broken down at the ammunition point and issued to each assistant gunner as he is assigned a firing point.
FM 23-65 (2) Task 2 through Task 8, Single and Multiple Engagements. (a) The gunner will load one 154-round belt of ammunition and fire bursts of 5 to 7 rounds at double E-type silhouettes at ranges of 800, 400, 700, and a 1,000-meter vehicular target. He will also engage multiple, double E-type silhouettes targets at 400 to 700; 550 and 800; and 400, 500, and 1,000 meters, respectively. (b) The gunner will observe the beaten zone and make adjustments as necessary to hit the targets.
FM 23-65 Figure C-8. Night Fire Qualification Table IV.
C1, FM 23-65 * C-6. QUALIFICATION STANDARDS To qualify on the M2, the gunner must achieve the minimum standards on the firing tables. a. Firing Table I. On this table, a gunner can earn one point for each round that hits in each space. He can earn up to 119 points on this table, but must earn at least 12 points (12 out of 17 pasters). b. Firing Tables II, III, and IV.
C1, FM 23-65 Figure C-9. Example completed DA Form 7007-R (front).
FM 23-65 Figure C-10. Example DA Form 7007-R, back.
FM 23-65 Section Il. MULTIPURPOSE RANGE COMPLEX The multipurpose range complex is designed to conduct armor and mobilized machine gun firing. Detailed setup and target configuration is described in FM 25-7; its layout is shown in Figure C-11. This section also discusses the mounted firing exercise, requirements for crews, rating procedures, and standards. C-7. DESIGN SPECIFICS The tower and administrative facilities must be positioned so they do not impede tactical maneuver onto or off of the range. a.
Figure C-11. Multipurpose range complex.
FM 23-65 Carrier 2 will upload and wait at the ammunition point. When the course is clear, carrier 2 will move to the initial fire point followed by carrier 4 and proceed as stated. Carrier 3 should now be at the ammunition point for uploading. (1) Task 1, Conduct Prefire Inspection. (a) The crew will move forward to the initial firing position. Once the carrier is in position, the crew will perform a prefire inspection by setting the headspace and timing, and load a 7-round belt of ammunition.
FM 23-65 (4) Task 4, Engage Moving and Stationary Targets From a Mounted Stationary Firing Position. (a) From the second predetermined firing location, the gunner will engage one moving vehicle target at a range of 800 meters and one stationary vehicle target at a range of 1,000 meters. (b) The gunner will use a 5-to 7-round burst for this engagement. (c) The gunner will observe the beaten zone and make adjustments as necessary to hit the targets.
FM 23-65 (7) Task 7, React in Chemical Environment. (a) Upon command, the crew will be required to react to a chemical agent. (b) Upon completion of Task 7, the gunner will await further instructions. NOTE: To accomplish Task 8 through Task 10, the gunner will load one 84-round belt of ammunition. (8) Task 8, Engage Stationary Target From a Mounted Stationary Firing Position While in MOPP4.
FM 23-65 Figure C-12. Mounted Firing Exercise Table VI.
FM 23-65 Figure C-12. Mounted Firing Exercise Table VI, continued. e. Scoring Procedures. The mounted firing exercise is graded on a Go/No Go basis. Commanders may increase the difficulty of any or all tasks to align the exercise with the unit’s mission. C-9. PREDETERMINED FIRING EXERCISE The predetermined firing exercise is for the gun crew that has demonstrated proficiency during the basic phase of gunnery.
FM 23-65 d Firing Sequence. The sequence of firing will be conducted IAW Firing Table VII (Figure C-13, page 33). The suggested sequence of firing is as follows: (1) Day phase. (a) Task 1, Prepare a Range Card. Once the gunner is assigned his firing point, he must prepare a range card for that position. Range cards must be prepared IAW paragraph E-2. (b) Task 2, Obtain Direction and Elevation Readings for the Final Protective Line.
FM 23-65 (1) Each gunner initially lays on his target by using the dry-fire technique. Each crew is issued 168 rounds of ammunition, and the gunner is ordered to load by the group NCO. When all the gunners of a group are ready, the NCO announces, “Up,” to the officer in charge. (2) When all groups are ready to fire, the OIC announces, “Give me an ’Up’ when you have engaged all targets and have obtained the correct data to all targets. You are clear to fire.
FM 23-65 Figure C-13. Predetermined Firing Table Vll, continued.
APPENDIX D FIGHTING POSITIONS Fighting positions are stable platforms from which a gunner can engage the enemy. Fighting positions are dug as often as possible, but for the most part only when a unit is in the defense and has the time. This appendix discusses the construction of only two fighting positions: the one-, two-, or three-man, tripod-mounted position; and the M63 antiaircraft emplacement. D-1.
FM 23-65 b. Concealment hides the machine gun fighting position from direct observation by the enemy, who will make every attempt to locate and destroy heavy machine gun positions early in the battle. The position must be made to blend with its surroundings with both natural and man-made camouflage. Excess dirt from the initial digging should be moved away from the position, and the sod used to re-cover the overhead protection.
FM 23-65 barrel is aimed at the center of the sector. Check coverage of the sector limits by traversing the gun fully left and right. Figure D-2. Planning the fighting position. NOTE: In the data section of the range card, record the direction and elevation data of the PDF and the sector limits from the T&E mechanism. c. The crew digging the hole uses the dug-up dirt to build up the cover – first for frontal cover and then for flank and rear cover.
FM 23-65 (1) The crew digs three trench-shaped grenade sumps at various points where the crew can kick grenades into them (Figure D-4). Figure D-4. Digging grenade sumps. (2) When a position does not have a secondary sector of fire, the crew digs only half of the position (Figure D-5). Figure D-5. Half of a position.
FM 23-65 (3) When a position has both a primary and secondary sector, the crew prepares two firing platforms. The crew prepares overhead cover for a machine gun position like that of a two-man small arms fighting position. Time and material permitting, overhead cover should extend to cover the firing platforms (Figure D-6). Failure to properly construct overhead cover can result in reduced fields of fire, inability to mount NVDs, or problems in reloading.
FM 23-65 D-3. CONSTRUCTION OF AN ANTIAIRCRAFT EMPLACEMENT Place the machine gun on the M63 mount alongside the designated location of the gun position. If needed, it can fire at any time during the construction process. Construct a circular position, with sufficient room to traverse the gun 360 degrees (normally, three and a half M16 lengths in diameter and one M16 length deep). Use the dirt dug out of the circular hole to construct a wall of sandbags around the position.
APPENDIX E RANGE CARDS A range card is a sketch or diagram of the terrain that a weapon is assigned to cover by fire. It shows possible target areas and terrain features plotted in relation to a firing position. The information on a range card is used for planning and controlling fire, for rapidly detecting and engaging targets, and for orienting replacement personnel or units. Therefore DA Form 5517-R, should be used to record the information. E-1.
FM 23-65 b. Show the sector of fire by drawing solid lines from the weapon symbol to the left and right limits. Sketch any easily recognizable terrain features that can be used to identify the sector. In the data section, indicate the magnetic azimuth and the range to the far limits of the sectors of fire. NOTE: The left and right limits are labeled one and two, respectively, in the sector sketch and a circle drawn around each number.
FM 23-65 Figure E-1. Range card.
C1, FM 23-65 * APPENDIX F AERIAL DEFENSE The two methods for defending against aerial attacks are passive air defense and active air defense. Passive measures are taken to avoid air detection; active measures combat air attacks. F-1. PASSIVE AIR DEFENSE Passive air defense measures are a first line of defense. They include troop or vehicle dispersion, concealment and camouflage, and observation and reporting.
C1, FM 23-65 (1) If the gunner is able to track an aircraft and lead the air craft with a constant number of leads, there will be two points along the target course line where he will attain hits. As long as the gunner understands this principle, he can bring effective fire on an aircraft. * (2) There are many different types of hostile aircraft (FM 44-80). To simplify things for the gunner, all aircraft are classified into two types: high performance and low performance.
C2, FM 23-65 * APPENDIX G NIGHT OPTICS Weapons-mounted night optics are less versatile than goggles with regard to situational awareness. However, they offer greater magnification and resolution at crewserved weapons ranges. The graduated reticles on night optics offer the flexibility of engaging at various ranges. Laser pointers fix on one range, so the firer must "aim off" before engaging targets at a different range. Night optics weigh more than goggles--they are awkward to move with and employ.
C2, FM 23-65 b. Compatibility. The heavy weapon thermal sight fits the weapons shown in Figure G-2: • M2 .50-caliber machine gun. • M24 sniper rifle. • MK 19 grenade machine gun. • Squad leader's M16. c. Operational Modes. To place the HWTS in operational mode-(1) If you have an AN/PAS-13 (V3), see TM 11-5855-302-12&P. (2) If you have an AN/PAS-13 (OMNI), see TM 11-5855-312-10. Figure G-1. Heavy weapon thermal sight. SQUAD LEADER’S M16 M24 MK 19 M2 Figure G-2. Weapons that use the AN/PAS-13 (V3) HWTS.
C2, FM 23-65 AN/PVS-4. (TM 11-5855-302-12&P discusses HWTS reticle selection and point of aim.) a. Firing Position. (1) Sitting. When using the tripod in the low or high position, sit directly behind the gun between the trail legs of the tripod. Extend your legs under the tripod, cross them, or brace your feet on the tripod. Regardless of which you choose, place your elbows on the inside of your thighs for support. Place your right eye in the HWTS eyepiece. (2) Standing.
C2, FM 23-65 WARNING Do not press your eye hard against the HWTS eyepiece while engaging a target. The M2 kicks back slightly and could harm you. Secure the M2 as well as you can to increase accuracy and to help prevent injury. e. Boresighting. This paragraph provides guidance on boresighting. For zeroing procedures, see TM 11-5855-302-12&P and TM 11-5855312-10. (This stays in the pocket of the sight's soft storage case.
C2, FM 23-65 new tables increase the opportunities for qualification and the flexibility in the process of qualification. Simpler scoring and grading procedures allow gunners to maintain a high level of proficiency. (1) With the availability of night vision sights and laser pointers, the current night standards are not challenging. Taking into consideration the "own the night" concept, gunners need to qualify at night to the same or a greater standard than we do during the day.
C2, FM 23-65 (3) Ensure the gunner sets the mounting bracket to the correct setting and uses the T&E correctly. (4) Time the gunner as he conducts this exercise, and create a competition between the gunners in training. i. Practice Qualification. Use practice qualification, modeled after the day qualification scenario, to transition the gunner into engaging multiple timed targets at various ranges. j. Qualification. Use qualification to assess the gunner's ability to engage targets on a timed scenario.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-3. AN/TVS-5 components and data. CAUTION Handle the AN/TVS-5, a precision electro-optical instrument, carefully at all times.
C2, FM 23-65 G-3. OPERATION The AN/TVS-5 has the following controls and indicators: a. Use the ON-OFF/TUBE BRIGHTNESS control to apply power to the sight and to control the brightness of the image-intensifier tube. This control also enables the ON-OFF RETICLE BRIGHTNESS control to function. b. Use the ON-OFF RETICLE BRIGHTNESS to apply power to the reticle and to control the brightness of the reticle. c. Use the OBJECTIVE FOCUS RING to adjust the range focus from 25 meters to infinity. d.
C2, FM 23-65 a. Mounting Procedures. If the mounting bracket (Figure G-4) has not been installed already, install it now as described in TM 11-5855-214-10. (1) Align the scribe line on the sight with the scribe line on the bracket. (2) Place the sight in the groove of the bracket and tighten the lever screw clockwise. (3) Secure the lever screw with lacing wire or tape to ensure the sight does not vibrate loose. (4) Seat the device.
C2, FM 23-65 determine range to target, use any of several methods: range cards, range estimation techniques, the upper portion of the AN/TVS-5 reticle, or TRPs. b. After determining range, use the aiming point designated for that range on the M2 reticle (Figure G-6, page G-12 shows the old reticle; Figure G-7, page G-13 shows the new reticle). If using the HWTS bracket and the M2 reticle, adjust the bracket to the nearest settings.
C2, FM 23-65 G-6. BORESIGHTING PROCEDURES Boresighting the AN/TVS-5 to the M2 requires the following steps: a. Place the M2 in the ready-to-fire configuration, with the AN/TVS-5 mounted, 25 meters from the bore-light-offset zero targets. Ensure the weapon and target sit level before making any adjustments. b. Adjust the T&E until the bore light moves onto the bore light aiming point on the boresight target offset. c.
C2, FM 23-65 recommend a band of ranges rather than a specific range for each target. This adds considerable flexibility. The ten-meter firing exercise is only a means of training--it is not a qualification table.
C2, FM 23-65 G-8. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRACTICE AND QUALIFICATION TABLES Practice tables allow thirty extra seconds for each engagement. Also, infantry gun crews can practice in the daytime, but must qualify in both the daytime and at night. 4 MK 19 RETICLE 6 8 4 6 M2 RETICLE 8 10 10 12 12 Aiming point when mounted on the TWS mounting bracket (quadrant bracket) Figure G-7. Aiming points for the M2 (new reticle). a. Scoring.
C2, FM 23-65 (2) Popup Silhouettes. Set up a thermal source on popup silhouette targets so the gunner can acquire them with the HWTS. If the gunner will be using the AN/TVS-5, place a light source on each target. • Targets between 400 and 600 meters--two chemical lights. • Targets between 600 and 900 meters--three chemical lights. c. Grading. Each firing point requires one grader. (1) Grading Equipment. While firing the day tables, the grader needs a set of binoculars.
C2, FM 23-65 the recommended day and night practice and qualification tables for the infantry M2 gunner and crew. Blank, reproducible forms are included at the back of the manual for users to copy onto 8 1/2 by 11-inch paper. They are also available on the Army Electronic Library (AEL) CD-ROM (EM0001) and at the USAPA website: http://www.usapa.army.mil. (1) The first task allows evaluation of field zeroing. The gunner confirms the zero, even if he boresighted the weapon.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-8. Example completed DA Form 7448-R (Day Practice Scorecard).
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-9. Example completed DA Form 7449-R (Day Qualification Scorecard).
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-10. Example completed DA Form 7450-R (Night Practice Scorecard).
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-11. Example completed DA Form 7451-R (Night Qualification Scorecard).
C2, FM 23-65 DANGER BEFORE INSTALLING THE BRACKET, MAKE SURE THE WEAPON IS UNLOADED AND THE SAFETY IS SET ON SAFE. A LOADED WEAPON CAN DISCHARGE ACCIDENTALLY, INJURING OR KILLING SOMEONE. NOTE: If the bracket sticks before reaching its correct position, rock the bracket up and down while sliding it. b. Dismounting Procedure . Ensure the weapon is clear and the bolt is forward. (1) Raise the top cover assembly to the upright position. (2) Push the three locking cams forward until the bracket is free.
C2, FM 23-65 WARNING • Make sure the weapon is CLEAR and on SAFE before using the bore light. • When rotating the bore light to zero it, ensure the mandrel turns. Do not tighten the bore light down on the mandrel; doing so could strip or break the mandrel's stud. M16A2 M4/MWS M249 M240B/M60 M2 M203 AT4 AN/PAQ-4C X X X X AN/PEQ-2A X X X X X AN/PAS-13 X X X X X M68 CCO X X AN/PVS-4 X X X X AN/TVS-5 X X X X X X X Table G-2. Possible weapon-aided vision-device combinations.
C2, FM 23-65 (d) If the beam remains stationary, you have boresighted the M2. Move forward to the next paragraph and use the appropriate boresight target for the given weapon. (e) If the beam rotates in a circle, adjust the windage, elevation, or both, until the beam remains stationary or rotates on itself no more than 1 centimeter. (2) Adjust Bore Light. If necessary, the firer and target holder must adjust the bore light. (a) Move the target 2 meters away. (b) Mark the location of the laser beam.
C2, FM 23-65 a. Aligning the M2 with the AN/PEQ-2A. Using the 10-meter boresight target, align the bore light on the dot and adjust the AN/PEQ-2A to the cross. This gives an 800-meter zero (Figure G-12, page G-23). b. Aligning the M2 with the AN/TVS-5. Using the 10-meter boresight target, place the target at a distance of 10 meters. Aim the 400meter AN/TVS-5 reticle at the cross and adjust the sight so that the bore light strikes the dot (Figure G-13, page G-24). c. Aligning the M2 with the AN/PAS-13.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-12. Alignment of M2 with the AN/PEQ-2A.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-13. Alignment of M2 with the AN/TVS-5.
C2, FM 23-65 Figure G-14. Alignment of M2 with the AN/PAS-13.
C2, FM 23-65 Section V. T&E MANIPULATION The T&E mechanism allows engagement of preselected target areas at night or during limited visibility. The gunner records (in mils) the direction and elevation readings from the traversing bar and T&E mechanism. G-12. ZEROING THE T&E MECHANISM Before a gunner can effectively engage targets with the T&E, he must zero it to the weapon: a. Zero Traversing Handwheel. Hold the T&E so the traversing handwheel sits on the left as you look at it.
C2, FM 23-65 outside the 5-mil tick mark, the gunner moves the left edge of the traversing bar slide back to the next smaller mil reading. Then, the gunner uses the traversing handwheel to complete the initial lay. e. Obtain a reading to the target by the direction of the weapon barrel. If the barrel is moved to the right, the gunner records a right heading. He reads the number on the traversing bar from the left side of the traversing slide lock.
C1, FM 23-65 * GLOSSARY AP APC approx attn ba BFA BFV BMP cal cdr CLP CVKI DA FEBA FM FOV FPF FPL FSN FTX GA HB HMMWV HWTS IAW IN IR LED LFX LSA LTA m METL MG MILES mm MOPP mph MOUT MTA MTP NBC NCO armor piercing armored personnel carrier approximately attention battery blank firing attachment Bradley fighting vehicle Soviet fighting vehicle caliber commander cleaner, lubricant, and preservative combat vehicle kill indicator Department of the Army forward edge of the battle area field manual field of view
C1, FM 23-65 NCOES NCOIC NSN NVD OIC PDF PL-M PL-S POI RABA RBC SM SMCT SOP SRTA SRTA-T STP STRAC STX T&E TM TRADOC TRP US v Glossary-2 noncommissioned officer education system noncommissioned officer in charge national stock number night vision device officer in charge principal direction of fire lubricating oil, general purpose lubricating oil, special purpose program of instruction recoil amplifier barrel assembly rifle bore cleaner soldiers manual soldiers manual of common tasks standing operating pr
C2, FM 23-65 * REFERENCES SOURCES USED These are the Army publications quoted or paraphrased in this manual. DA Pam 350-38 Standards in Weapons Training. 3 July 1997 FM 3-5 NBC Decontamination. 17 November 1993. FM 44-80 Visual Aircraft Recognition. 30 September 1996. STP 21-24-SMCT Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks, Skill Levels 2/3/4. 1 October 1992. TC 25-8 Training Ranges. 25 February 1992, with Change 1, 16 November 1992. TM 9-1005-213-10 Operator's Manual for Machine Guns, Caliber .
C2, FM 23-65 DA Form 2404 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet. 1 April 1979. DA Form 5517-R Standard Range Cards (LRA). February 1986. DA Form 7007-R Machine Gun Scorecard for M2. August 2001. DA Form 7448-R M2 Caliber .50 Heavy Barrel Machine Gun, Firing Table I, Day Practice Scorecard. January 2002. DA Form 7449-R M2 Caliber .50 Heavy Barrel Machine Gun, Firing Table II, Day Qualification Scorecard. January 2002. * DA Form 7450-R M2 Caliber .
C1, FM 23-65 * INDEX adjustment of fire methods aiming point, 5-18 (illus), 6-24 mil relation, 5-17 (illus), 6-24 observation, 5-16, 6-23 advanced gunnery mounted, 5-45, C-26 thru C-31 mounted NBC, 5-45, C-26 thru C-31 predetermined firing, 5-45, C-31 thru C-34 tracking and leading, 5-42 thru 5-44 aerial defense active, F-1 engagements, F-1, F-2 passive, F-1 techniques, F-3 aided vision devices, G-1 ammunition, 1-17 (illus) ballistic data, 1-18 (illus) care, 1-19 classification, 1-17, 1-18 penetration data
C1, FM 23-65 crews duties, 5-23, 5-32 equipment, 5-23 exercises, 5-22 gun placement, 5-26 inspection, 5-24 positions, 5-23 relocating gun, 5-32 thru 5-35 (illus) CVKI (combat vehicle kill indicator), B-2 cycle of functioning chambering, 3-6 (illus) cocking, 3-11 ejecting, 3-10 extracting, 3-10 feeding, 3-4 (illus), 3-5 (illus), 3-6 (illus), 3-11 firing, 3-7, 3-8 (illus) locking, 3-6, 3-7 (illus) unlocking, 3-8, 3-9 (illus), 3-10 (illus) DA Forms 7007-R, Machine Gun Scorecard for M2, C-22 7448-R, M2 Caliber
C1, FM 23-65 fighting positions, construction (continued) tripod-mounted, D-2 thru D-5 (illus) final protective fires, 6-21 fire commands elements of initial command alert, 5-19 command to open fire, 5-21 description, 5-20 direction, 5-19 method of fire, 5-21 range, 5-21 subsequent commands, 5-22 fire control methods, 6-8, 6-28 firing exercises mounted, C-26 thru C-31 NBC, 5-16, 5-41, 5-45, C-14 thru C-17 night-fire, 5-41, 5-45, C-17 thru C-20, G-11 predetermined, C-31 thru C-34 qualifications, C-21 scorec
C1, FM 23-65 mounts, ground accessories, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14 antiaircraft (M63), 1-9, 1-11 (illus) tripod (M3), 1-9, 1-10 (illus) mounts, vehicular armored vehicle cupola, 1-14, 1-16 (illus) gun cradle (MK 64), 1-16 (illus) pedestal truck (M31C and M24A2), 1-14, 1-15 (illus) truck (M36), 1-14, 1-15 (illus) MOUT, B-8 MRC (multipurpose range complex), C-24, C-25 (illus) multipurpose MG transition, C-1, C-2 (illus) multipurpose range complex, C-24, C-25 (illus) NBC considerations, 2-, 5-, 6-29, C-1, C-11, C-17 f
C1, FM 23-65 target engagements (continued) point targets, 6-9 target offsets, G-22 test, fundamental skills, 5-36 thermal sight, G-1, G-2 (illus) timing field expedient methods, 3-18, 3-19 gauge, 3-12 (illus) procedures, 3-16, 3-17, 3-18 (illus) training collective, 1-2 devices, B-1 initial, 1-1, 1-3 marksmanship, 5-1 thru 5-45 safety, 7-1, 7-2, A-1 sustainment, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 (illus), 5-2 train the trainer, 1-3, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3 training strategy, 1-1, 1-4 (illus) trajectory, 6-1, 6-2 (illus) traversing and
FM 23-65 19 JUNE 1991 By Order of the Secretary of the Army: GORDON R. SULLIVAN General, United States Army Chief of Staff Official: PATRICIA P. HICKERSON Brigadier General, United States Army The Adjutant General DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11E, requirements for FM 23-65, Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2 (Qty rqr block no. 0203) ✩ U.S.
