User's Manual

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arm parallel to the tibia. Instruct the client to pull their foot back, towards their body, as far as they can.
Record the maximum extension (dorsiflexion) angle from neutral.
INVERSION: The client should be seated, with the bottom of the foot to be measured parallel to the floor.
(Note: If the foot cannot be placed in this 0-degree neutral position, consider rating ankylosis instead of
range of motion). The goniometer’s pivot is centered over the back of the heel, with the stationary arm
parallel to the tibia. Instruct the client to invert the foot as far as they can. Record the maximum
inversion angle.
EVERSION: The client should be seated, with the bottom of the foot to be measured parallel to the floor.
(Note: If the foot cannot be placed in this 0-degree neutral position, consider rating ankylosis instead of
range of motion). The goniometer’s pivot is centered over the back of the heel, with the stationary arm
parallel to the tibia. Instruct the client to evert the foot as far as they can. Record the maximum eversion
angle.
Knee
FLEXION: The client should be lying supine with the goniometer next to the knee joint; one arm of the
goniometer is parallel to the lower leg, and the other is parallel to the femur. Record the maximum flexion
angle from the starting point.
FLEXION CONTRACTURE: Measuring flexion contracture is similar to measuring ankylosis of the knee in
flexion/extension. The client should be lying supine with the goniometer next to the knee joint; one arm of
the goniometer is parallel to the lower leg, and the other is parallel to the femur. Record any deviation
from 0-degrees.
EXTENSION: The client should be lying supine with the goniometer next to the knee joint; one arm of the
goniometer is parallel to the lower leg and the other is parallel to the femur. Record the maximum
extension angle from the starting point.
Hip
FLEXION: The client is supine on a firm, flat surface with the opposite joint (the hip that is not being
measured) held in flexion until the lumbar spine is flat. (Note: If hip flexion contracture is present, do not
measure it at this time.) Place the goniometer’s pivot at the outside of the hip to be measured. One arm
of the goniometer is parallel to the opposite flexed leg and the other parallel to the femur. The evaluator
should place one hand on the iliac crest to note the point at which the pelvis begins to rotate. Record the
maximum flexion angle.
EXTENSION: The client is prone on a firm, flat surface. Place the goniometer’s pivot at the outside of the
hip to be measured. One arm of the goniometer is parallel to the opposite extended leg and the other is
parallel to the femur of the leg being measured. Record the maximum extension angle.
FLEXION CONTRACTURE: To measure loss of extension of one hip, the contralateral hip if flexed until
the lumbar spine is flat on the examining table, as determined by the evaluator’s hand, which is placed
between the lumbar spine and table surface. The thigh to be measured should rest flat on the table; and
hip flexion is recorded as flexion contracture. (Note: If the client can extend the hip back to or beyond the
neutral position, do not record flexion contracture.)
INTERNAL ROTATION: The client should be lying prone, the knee flexed 90-degrees, with the thigh
perpendicular to the transverse line across the anterior superior spines of the pelvis. The stationary arm
of the goniometer is parallel to the flat surface, and the other is along the tibia. Instruct the client to rotate
the leg away from the midline of the trunk with the thigh as the axis of rotation, thus producing inward
rotation of the hip. Record the maximum internal rotation angle.