CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM INSTRUCTION MANUAL REVISION: 7/97 COPYRIGHT (c) 1991-1997 CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.
This is a blank page.
WARRANTY AND ASSISTANCE The CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM is warranted by CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for thirty-six (36) months from date of shipment unless specified otherwise. Batteries have no warranty. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.'s obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing (at CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.'s option) defective products.
This is a blank page.
CR7 OPERATOR'S MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE WARRANTY AND ASSISTANCE SELECTED OPERATING DETAILS .............................................................................................. v CAUTIONARY NOTES ...................................................................................................................... vi OVERVIEW OV1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OV1.1 OV1.2 OV1.3 700X Control Module ......................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAMMING 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 FUNCTIONAL MODES Program Tables - *1, *2, and *3 Modes ................................................................................. 1-1 Setting and Displaying the Clock - *5 Mode ........................................................................... 1-2 Displaying and Altering Input Memory or Flags - *6 Mode .....................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES Single Ended Voltage-LI200S Silicon Pyranometer ................................................................7-1 Differential Voltage Measurement...........................................................................................7-1 Thermocouple Temperatures Using 723-T Reference ........................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS INSTALLATION 14. INSTALLATION 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Environmental Enclosure, Connectors and Junction Boxes ................................................ 14-1 System Power Requirements and Options .......................................................................... 14-2 Humidity Effects and Control................................................................................................ 14-5 Recommended Grounding Practices ................................................
SELECTED OPERATING DETAILS The channel numbering on the Analog Input Card refers to differential measurements. Single ended measurements assume the HI and LO side of each differential channel are two independent single ended channels, e.g., the HI and LO side of differential channel 2 are single ended channels 3 and 4 respectively. Floating Point Format - The computations performed in the CR7 use floating point arithmetic.
CAUTIONARY NOTES The typical current drain for the CR7 is approximately 100 mA while executing and 8-10 mA quiescent. Do not allow the lead-acid batteries (2.5 Ahr) to drop below 11.76 V as irreversible battery damage may result. Damage will occur to the analog input channel circuitry if voltages in excess of +16V are applied for a sustained period.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW The CR7 Measurement and Control System combines precision measurement with processing and control capability in a battery operated system. Campbell Scientific, Inc. provides three documents to aid in understanding and operating the CR7: 1. This Overview 2. The CR7 Operator's Manual 3. The CR7 Prompt Sheet This Overview introduces the concepts required to take advantage of the CR7's capabilities. Hands-on programming examples start in Section OV4.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW RS232 9 pin serial ports used on many computers. The SDM terminals adjacent to the serial port allow connection to Synchronous Device for Measurement (SDM) peripherals. These peripherals include the SDM-INT8 Interval Timer, the SDM-SW8A Switch Closure Module, the SDM-CD16AC AC/DC Controller, and the SDM-OBDII Engine Controller Interface. 709 512K MEMORY CARD: This card provides RAM storage for an additional 262,126 Final Data values.
CR 7 CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW E LV F LIE RE VA ES PR N IO UT CA ON TT S BU RE SE FO CA G IN BE LO CK UN FIGURE OV1-1. CR7 Measurement and Control System OV2. MEMORY AND PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS The CR7 must be programmed before it will make any measurements. A program consists of a group of instructions entered into a program table. The program table is given an execution interval which determines how frequently that table is executed.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW ANALOG IPUTS SDM PORTS Input/Output Instructions 1. Volt (SE) 2. Volt (DIFF) 4. Ex-Del-Se 5. AC Half Br 6. Full Br 7. 3W Half Br 9. Full Br-Mex 11. Temp (107) 12. RH-(07) 13. Temp-TC SE 14. Temp-TC DIFF 17.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS Specify the conversion of a sensor signal to a data value and store it in Input Storage. Programmable entries specify: (1) the measurement type (2) the number of channels to measure (3) the input voltage range (4) the Input Storage Location (5) the sensor calibration constants used to convert the sensor output to engineering units I/O Instructions also control analog outputs and digital control ports.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW 3. Final Storage - Final, processed values are stored here for transfer to printer, solid state Storage Module or for retrieval via telecommunication links. Values are stored in Final Storage only by the Output Processing Instructions and only when the Output Flag is set in the users program. The 18,336 locations allocated to Final Storage at power up is reduced if Input or Intermediate Storage is increased. 4.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW Table 1. Execute every x sec. 0.0125 < x < 6553 Table 2. Execute every y sec. 0.1 < y < 6553 Table 3. Subroutines Instructions are executed sequentially in the order they are entered in the table. One complete pass through the table is made each execution interval unless program control instructions are used to loop or branch execution. Table 2 is used if there is a need to measure and process data on a separate interval from that in Table 1.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW OV3.1 FUNCTIONAL MODES User interaction with the CR7 is broken into different functional MODES, (e.g., programming the measurements and output, setting time, manually initiating a block data transfer to Storage Module, etc.). The modes are referred to as Star (*) Modes since they are accessed by first keying *, then the mode number or letter. Table OV3.1 lists the CR7 Modes. TABLE OV3-1.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW OV3.4 INSTRUCTION FORMAT Instructions are identified by an instruction number. Each instruction has a number of parameters that give the CR7 the information it needs to execute the instruction. The CR7 Prompt Sheet has the instruction numbers in red, with the parameters briefly listed in columns following the description. Some parameters are footnoted with further description under the "Instruction Option Codes" heading.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW Tables OV3-1 and OV3-2 summarize the Keyboard Commands and Control Modes used to program the CR7, monitor Input and Final Storage and control data output to peripherals. The instructions, and their associated parameters, are the CR7's programming steps and are used to build the CR7's program. It is not necessary to understand all the commands to proceed with this programming exercise.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW TABLE OV4-1. Thermocouple Measurement Programming Example TURN ON THE POWER SWITCH AND PROCEED AS FOLLOWS: Display ID:Data Key HELLO 01 Display ID:Data Key :0064 * 00:00 1 01:00 A 01:0.0000 2 01:2 A Description The number after "HELLO" will count up as memory is checked. If you have a 512K Memory Card, this can take a long time; key # to abort the test. The result of the CPU board memory check is then displayed (Sect. 1.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW TABLE OV4-2. Using *6 Mode to Observe Example TC Measurements (User with Model 723-T RTD Card) Display ID:Data Key :LOG 1 *6 00:00 0 Display ID:Data 06:0000 01:21.234 02:22.433 01:21.199 :LOG 1 Key A A B * Description Enter *6 Mode, advance to first location Panel temp is 21.234 oC, advance to location 2 TC temp is 22.433 oC, backup to location 1 Panel temp is now 21.199 oC Return to *0 Mode TABLE OV4-3.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW TABLE OV4-4.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW TABLE OV4-5. Using *7 Mode to View Values in Final Storage Display ID:Data Key Display ID:Data :LOG 1 00:00 Key Description * 7 07:9.0000 A 01:0103. A 02:1325. 03:22.57 04:23.43 01:0103. 02:1330. 03:22.61 00:00 A A A A A * 0 :LOG 1 Enter *7 Mode.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW OV5. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS There are several options for data storage and retrieval. These options are covered in detail in Sections 2, 4, and 5. Figure OV5-1 summarizes the various possible methods. Regardless of the method used, there are three general approaches to retrieving data from a datalogger. 1. On-line output of Final Storage data to a peripheral storage device.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW +12 720 I/O MODULE 700X CONTROL MODULE MADE IN USA CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC INC. LOGAN, UTAH SERIAL I/O ANALOG INTERFACE 6 H L 7 H L 8 H L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L 10 H L 11 H L 726 50 VOLT INPUT 1 H 2 H 3 H 1 H L 2 H L 3 H L 4 H L 5 H L 1 CR7 4 MEASUREMENT & CONTROL SYSTEM 2 H 724 PULSE COUNTER I. D.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW OV6. SPECIFICATIONS Electrical specifications are valid for over a -25° to +50°C range unless otherwise specified. Analog Inputs (723T or 723 Card specifications below; 726 ±50 V Card specifications discussed in System Description) Voltage Measurement Types: Single-ended or differential. Range and Resolution: Ranges are software selectable on any input channel.
CR7 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEM OVERVIEW This is a blank page.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES 1.1 PROGRAM TABLES - *1, *2, AND *3 MODES Data acquisition and processing functions are controlled by instructions contained in program tables. Programming can be separated into two tables, each having its own programmable execution interval. A third table is available for programming subroutines which may be called by instructions in Tables 1 or 2 or by a special interrupt. The *1 and *2 Modes are used to access Tables 1 and 2. The *3 Mode is used to access Subroutine Table 3.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES 1.1.2 SUBROUTINES Table 3 is used to enter subroutines which may be called with Program Control Instructions in Tables 1 and 2 or other subroutines. The group of instructions which form a subroutine starts with Instruction 85, Label Subroutine, and ends with Instruction 95, End. (Section 12) 1.1.3 TABLE PRIORITY/INTERRUPTS Table 1 execution has priority over Table 2. If Table 2 is being executed when it is time to execute Table 1, Table 2 will be interrupted.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES TABLE 1.3-1. *6 Mode Commands Key Action A Advance to next location or enter new value Back-up to previous location Change value in displayed location(Key C, then value, then A) Display/alter user flags Display current location and allow a location no. to be keyed in, followed by A to jump to that location Exit *6 Mode B C D # * 1.3.1 DISPLAYING AND ALTERING INPUT STORAGE When *6 is keyed, the display will read "06:0000".
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES When the *0, *B, or *D Mode is used to compile, all output ports and flags are set low, the timer (Instruction 26) is reset, and data in Input and Intermediate Storage are RESET TO ZERO. There are 1744 bytes allotted to program memory. This memory may be used for one program table or shared among all program tables. Tables 3.9-1 to 3.9-4 list the amount of memory used by each program instruction. The CR7 should normally be left in the *0 Mode when logging data.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES TABLE 1.5-2. Description of *A Mode Data Key Entry Display ID: Data *A 01: XXXX The number of memory locations currently allocated to Input Storage. This value can be changed by keying in the desired number (minimum of 32, maximum limited by available memory). A 02: XXXX The number of memory locations currently allocated to Intermediate Storage. This value can be changed by keying in the desired number (limited by available memory).
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES 1 describes what the values seen in the *B Mode represent. The correct signatures of the CR7 PROMs are listed in Appendix B. A 07: XXXXX No. of overrun occurrences (Key in 88 to reset) A signature is a number which is a function of the data and the sequence of data in memory. It is derived using an algorithm which assures a 99.998% probability that if either the data or its sequence changes, the signature changes.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES TABLE 1.7-1. *C Mode Entries and Codes Key Entry Display ID: Data *C 12:0000 A A A 01:00 02:XXXX TABLE 1.8-1. *D Mode Commands Command Description Description Enter current password. If correct, then advance, else exit *C Mode. 12:00 indicates *C Mode is not in PROMs. If security is disabled, *C advances directly to window 1. Window 1, enter command: 00 = disable security and advance to window 2; subsequent *0 or *6 enables security.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES All data in Input, Intermediate and Final Storage are erased when a command to load a program is executed or when a program is written to tape. If nothing is received within 30-40 seconds after giving the command to load a program, the command will be aborted and an error code displayed (E99 for Storage Module or ASCII). Commands 1, 2, and 71 are the only commands that can be executed via telecommunications (Section 5).
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES LOAD PROGRAM FROM ASCII FILE Command 2 sets up the CR7 to load a serial ASCII program. The format is the same as sent in response to command 1 (Table 1.8.4). Except when in telecommunications, the baud rate code must be entered after command 2. A download file need not follow exactly the same format that is used when listing a program (i.e., some of the characters sent in the listing are not really used when a program is loaded). Some rules which must be followed are: 1.
SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES This is a blank page.
SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE that output array. For example, the ID of 118 in Figure 2.1-2 indicates that the 18th instruction in Table 1 set the Output Flag high. 2.1 FINAL STORAGE AREAS, OUTPUT ARRAYS, AND MEMORY POINTERS Final Storage is that portion of memory where final, processed data are stored. Data must be sent to Final Storage before they can be transferred to a computer or external storage peripheral. The size of Final Storage is expressed in terms of memory locations or bytes.
SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE The Data Storage Pointer (DSP) is used to determine where to store each new data point in the Final Storage area. The DSP advances to the next available memory location after each new data point is stored. The DPTR is used to recall data to the LCD display. The positioning of this pointer and data recall are controlled from the keyboard (*7 Mode). The PPTR is used to control data transmission to a printer, Storage Module, or other serial device.
SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE TABLE 2.2-2. Decimal Location in Low Resolution Format Absolute Value 0 7 70 700 6.999 - 69.99 - 699.9 - 6999. Decimal Location X.XXX XX.XX XXX.X XXXX. 2.3 DISPLAYING STORED DATA ON KEYBOARD/DISPLAY - *7 MODE The *7 Mode is used to display Final Storage data. Enter the Mode by keying *7. The display will show "07:XXXXX", where XXXXX is the Final Storage location (DSP) where the next data will be stored. Two options are available: 1.
SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE This is a blank page.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS The instructions used to program the CR7 are divided into four types: Input/Output (I/O), Processing, Output Processing, and Program Control. I/O Instructions are used to make measurements and store the readings in input locations or to initiate analog or digital port output. Processing Instructions perform numerical operations using data from Input Storage locations and place the results back into specified Input Storage locations.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS Even though this display is the same as that indicating an indexed input location, (Section 3.4) there is no indexing effect on excitation voltage. 3.4 INDEXING INPUT LOCATIONS When used within a Loop, the parameters for input locations can be Indexed to the loop counter. The loop counter is added to the indexed value to determine the actual input location the instruction acts on. Normally, the loop counter is incremented by one after each pass through the loop.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS sample counts, stores the resulting average in Final Storage and zeros the value in Intermediate Storage so that the process starts over with the next execution. Final Storage is the default destination of data output by Output Processing Instructions (Sections OV2, 1.5, 2.1). Instruction 80 may be used to direct output to Input Storage or to Final Storage.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS NOTE: If the Output Flag is already set high and the test condition of a subsequent Program Control Instruction acting on the flag fails, the flag is set low. This feature eliminates having to enter another instruction to specifically reset the Output Flag at the end of an output array before proceeding to another group of Output Instructions with a different output interval (see example in OV4.3). 3.7.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS execute if the comparison is true. The Else Instruction, 94, is optional and is followed by the instructions to execute if the comparison is false. The End Instruction, 95, marks the end of the branching started by the IF Instruction. Subsequent instructions are executed regardless of the outcome of the comparison (Figure 3.8-1). FIGURE 3.8-1. If Then/Else Execution Sequence If Then/Else comparisons may be nested to form logical AND or OR branching. Figure 3.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS Subroutines can be called from other subroutines; they cannot be embedded within other subroutines. A subroutine must end before another subroutine begins (Error 20). Any loops or IF...THEN DO sequences started within a subroutine must end before the subroutine. 3.8.3 NESTING A branching or loop instruction which occurs before a previous branch or loop has been closed with the END instruction is nested. The maximum nesting level is 9 deep.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS TABLE 3.9-2. Processing Instruction Memory and Execution Times R = No. of Reps. INSTRUCTION INPUT LOC. MEMORY INTER. PROG. LOC.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS TABLE 3.9-3. Output Instruction Memory and Execution Times R = No. of Reps. INSTRUCTION INTER. LOC. 69 WIND VECTOR 2+9R MEMORY FINAL VALUES1 PROG. BYTES 70 SAMPLE 71 AVERAGE 72 TOTALIZE 73 MAXIMIZE 74 MINIMIZE 75 HISTOGRAM 0 1+R R (1 or 2)R (1 or 2)R 1+bins*R (2, 3, or 4)R 12 Options 00, 01, 02 Options 10, 11, 12 R 5 R 7 R 7 (1,2,or3)R 8 (1,2,or3)R 8 bins*R 24 77 REAL TIME 78 RESOLUTION 79 SMPL ON MM 80 STORE AREA 82 STD. DEV.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS 3.10 ERROR CODES There are four types of errors flagged by the CR7: Compile, Run Time, Editor, and *D Mode. When an error is detected, an E is displayed followed by the 2 digit error code. Compile errors are errors in programming which are detected once the program is keyed in and compiled for the first time (*0, *6, or *B Mode entered). Run Time errors are detected while the program is running. Error 31 is the result of a programming error.
SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS This is a blank page.
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS External data storage devices are used to provide a data transfer medium that the user can carry from the test site to the lab and to supplement the internal storage capacity of the CR7, allowing longer periods between visits to the site. The standard data storage peripherals for the CR7 are the Storage Modules (Section 4.4). Output to a printer or related device is also possible (Section 4.5).
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS Only one of the options 1x, 2x, or 30 may be used in a program. If using a SM64 Storage Module, output code 21 should be used. Use of the SM192/716 is discussed further in Section 4.4, print output formats are discussed in Section 4.5. 4.1.2 *4 MODE The *4 Mode may be used in place of Instruction 96 to enable or disable printer output and to set the printer baud rate. The first parameter is a two digit number determining the printer status.
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS aborted until the next time the *9 Mode is entered. If the End of Dump location (window 2) is changed while in the *9 Mode, the TPTR will be set to its previous value when the *9 Mode is exited. Changing the program and compiling moves the PPTR to the current DSP location. NOTE: A printer dump is aborted by keying #. TABLE 4.2-2.
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS If a Storage Module is not connected no data are sent and the Printer Pointer (PPTR, Section 2.1) is not advanced. When a Storage Module is connected, two things happen: 1. Immediately upon connection, a File Mark is placed in the Storage Module Memory following the last data stored. 2. During the next execution of Instruction 96, the CR7 detects the Storage Module and outputs all data between the PPTR and the DSP location.
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS FIGURE 4.4-1.
SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS This is a blank page.
SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications allows a computer to retrieve data directly from Final Storage and may be used to program the CR7 and monitor sensor readings in real time. Any user communication with the CR7 that makes use of a computer or terminal instead of the CR7 keyboard is through Telecommunications.
SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6. CRLF from datalogger means "executing command". 7. ANY character besides a CR sent to the datalogger with a legal command in its buffer causes the datalogger to abort the command sequence with CRLF* and to zero the command buffer. 8. All commands return a response code, usually at least a checksum. 9. The checksum includes all characters sent by the datalogger since the last *, including the echoed command sequence, excluding only the checksum itself.
SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS [YR:DAY:HR:MM:SS]C [no. of arrays]D E [no. of loc.]F [F.S. loc. no.]G RESET/SEND TIME - If time is entered the time is reset. If only 2 colons are in the time string, HR:MM:SS is assumed; 3 colons means DAY:HR:MM:SS. If only the C is entered, time is unaltered. CR7 returns year, Julian day, hr:min:sec, and Checksum: Y:xx Dxxxx Txx:xx:xx Cxxxx ASCII DUMP - If necessary, the MPTR is advanced to the next start of array.
SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications Command State and the Remote Keyboard State. Keying *0 will compile and run the CR7 program if program changes have been made. To compile and run the program without leaving the Remote Keyboard State, use *6 (Section 1.1.4). The CR7 display will show "LOG" when *0 is executed via telecommunications. It will not indicate active tables (enter *0 via the keyboard and the display will show the tables).
SECTION 6. CS I/O 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT 6.1 PIN DESCRIPTION All external communication peripherals connect to the CR7 through the 9-pin CS I/O connector (Figure 6.1-1). Table 6.1-1 gives a brief description of each pin's function. CS I/O FIGURE 6.1-1. CS I/O 9 Pin Connection TABLE 6.1-1. Pin Description ABR PIN O I = = = = Abbreviation for the function name. Pin number. Signal Out of the CR7 to a peripheral. Signal Into the CR7 from a peripheral.
SECTION 6. 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT 6.2 ENABLING PERIPHERALS Several peripherals may be connected in parallel to the CS I/O 9-pin port. The CR7 directs data to a particular peripheral by raising the voltage on a specific pin dedicated to the peripheral; the peripheral is enabled when the pin goes high. Two pins are dedicated to specific devices Modem Enable pin 5 and Print Enable pin 6. Modem Enable (ME), pin 5, is raised to enable a modem that has raised the ring line.
SECTION 6. 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT 6.5.1 SC32A INTERFACE Most computers, terminals, and printers require the SC32A Optically Isolated RS232 Interface for a "direct" connection to the CR7. The SC32A raises the CR7's ring line when it receives characters from the computer or terminal, and converts the CR7's logic levels (0V logic low, 5V logic high) to RS232 logic levels.
SECTION 6. 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT FIGURE 6.5-1. Transmitting the ASCII Character 1 6.5.3 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL/TROUBLE SHOOTING The ASCII standard defines an alphabet consisting of 128 different characters where each character corresponds to a number, letter, symbol, or control code. An ASCII character is a binary digital code composed of a combination of seven "bits", each bit having a binary state of 1 or more. For example, the binary equivalent for the ASCII character "1" is 0110001 (decimal 49).
SECTION 6. 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT terminal is set to half duplex rather than the correct setting of full duplex. IF NOTHING HAPPENS If the CR7 is connected via the SC32A interface to a terminal or computer and * is not received after sending carriage returns: 1. Verify that the CR7 has power and that the cables connecting the devices are securely connected. 2. Verify that the port of the computer or terminal is an asynchronous serial communications port configured as DTE (see Table 6.5-1).
SECTION 6. 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT This is a blank page.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES This section gives some examples of Input Programming for common sensors used with the CR7. These examples detail only the connections, Input, Program Control and Processing Instructions necessary to perform measurements and store the data in engineering units in Input Storage. Output Processing Instructions are omitted, it is left for the user to program the necessary instructions to obtain the final data in the form desired.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES Figure 7.2-1. Since a single ended measurement is referenced to the CR7 ground, any voltage difference between the sensor ground and CR7 ground becomes a measurement error. A differential measurement avoids this error by measuring the signal between the 2 leads without reference to ground. This example analyzes the potential error on a water pH measurement using a Martek Mark V water quality analyzer. PROGRAM 01: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: P2 1 7 1 1 1 0.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES The temperature of the 107 Probe is stored in Input Location 1 and the thermocouple temperatures in Locations 2-11. PROGRAM 01: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: P11 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 0 Temp 107 Probe Rep IN Card IN Chan EX Card EX Chan Loc [:Ref. Temp] Mult Offset 02: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: P14 10 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 Thermocouple Temp (DIFF) Reps 15 mV slow Range IN Card IN Chan Type T (Copper-Constantan) Ref Temp Loc Ref.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES PROGRAM 01: 01: 02: P17 1 1 Panel Temperature IN Card Loc [:PANL TEMP] 02: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: P13 5 2 1 2 22 1 2 1 0 Thermocouple Temp (SE) Reps 5000 uV slow Range IN Card IN Chan Type E (Skip every other chan) Ref Temp Loc PANL TEMP Loc [:S.E. T#1 ] Mult Offset 03: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: P14 5 1 1 1 12 2-7 1 0 Thermocouple Temp (DIFF) Reps 1500 uV slow Range IN Card IN Chan Type E (Temp difference) Ref Temp Loc S.E.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 04: 01: 02: P87 0 4 Beginning of Loop Delay Loop Count 05: 01: 02: 03: P33 1 2-2-- Z=X+Y X Loc REF TEMP Y Loc TC temp#1 Z Loc [:TC temp#1] 06: P95 End PROGRAM B 01: 01: 02: P17 1 1 Panel Temperature IN Card Loc [:REF TEMP ] 02: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: P14 5 3 1 1 12 1 2 .
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES PROGRAM 02: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: 10: P12 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 RH 207 Probe Reps IN Card IN Chan EX Card EX Chan Meas/Temp Temperature Loc 207 T#1 Loc [:RH #1 ] Mult Offset 7.9 ANEMOMETER WITH PHOTOCHOPPER OUTPUT The multiplier and offset to convert pulses per second to meters per second are: m/s = 0.01632 m/s/rpm x 6 rpm/(pulse/s) + 0.2 m/s = 0.0979 m/s/pulse x pulses + 0.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES FIGURE 7.10-1. Wiring Diagram for Raingage with Long Leads In a long cable, there is appreciable capacitance between the lines which is discharged across the switch when it closes. In addition to shortening switch life, a transient may be induced in other wires, packaged with the rain gage leads, each time the switch closes.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES a multiplier of 1. The PRT is then placed in an ice bath (0 oC; Rs=R0), and the result of the bridge measurement is read using the *6 Mode. The reading is Rs/Rf, which is equal to R0/Rf since Rs = R0, the correct value of the multiplier, Rf/R0, is the reciprocal of this reading. The initial reading assumed for this example was 0.9890, the correct multiplier is: Rf/R0 = 1/0.9890 = 1.0111. The fixed 100 ohm resistor must be thermally stable.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES The advantages of the 3 wire half bridge are that it only requires 3 lead wires going to the sensor, and takes 2 single ended input channels whereas the 4 wire half bridge requires 2 differential input channels.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES The 5 ppm/oC temperature coefficient of the fixed resistors was chosen so that their 0.01% accuracy tolerance would hold over the desired temperature range. There is a change of approximately 1500 µV from the output at 45 oC to the output at 51 oC, or 250 µV/oC. With a resolution of 50 nV on the 1500 µV range, this means that the temperature resolution is 0.0002 oC. The relationship between temperature and PRT resistance is a slightly nonlinear one.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES PROGRAM 01: P6 01: 1 02: 4 03: 1 04: 1 05: 1 06: 1 07: 1 08: 5000 09: 13 10: 50.334 11: 7.48 Full Bridge Rep 50 mV slow Range IN Card IN Chan EX Card EX Chan Meas/EX mV Excitation Loc [:HEIGHT cm] Mult Offset FIGURE 7.15-1. Diagrammatic Representation of Lysimeter Weighing Mechanism 7.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES ohms at the maximum temperature, then, at the minimum temperature, the resistance is: (1-25x0.004)33 ohms = 29.7 ohms The actual excitation voltage at the load cell is: V1 = 350/(350+29.7) Vx = .92 Vx The excitation voltage has increased by 1%, relative to the voltage applied at the CR7.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 02: 01: 02: 03: P34 1 266 2 Z=X+F X Loc mm RAW F Z Loc [:mm CORECT] 7.16 227 GYPSUM SOIL MOISTURE BLOCK Soil moisture is measured with a gypsum block by relating the change in moisture to the change in resistance of the block. An AC Half Bridge (Instruction 5) is used to determine the resistance of the gypsum block. Rapid reversal of the excitation voltage inhibits polarization of the sensor.
SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES 7.17 NONLINEAR THERMISTOR IN HALF BRIDGE (CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC MODEL 101) Instruction 11, 107 Thermistor Probe, automatically linearizes the output of the nonlinear thermistor in the 107 Probe by transforming the millivolt reading with a 5th order polynomial.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES The following examples are intended to illustrate the use of Processing and Program Control Instructions, flags, and the capability to direct the results of Output Processing Instructions to Input Storage. The specific examples may not be as important as some of the techniques employed, for example: Directing Output Processing to Input Storage is used in the Running Average and Rainfall Intensity examples (8.1 and 8.2).
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES 04: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: P54 9 12 1 11 1 Block Move No. of Values First Source Loc Temp i-8 Source Step First Destin. Loc [:Temp i-9 ] Destination Step 05: 01: P86 10 Do Set high Flag 0 (output) 06: 01: 02: P70 1 2 Sample Rep Loc 10smpl av 07: P End Table 1 In the above example, all samples for the average are stored in input locations. This is necessary when an average must be output with each new sample.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES Every 15 minutes, the total rain is sent to Input Storage. If the total is greater than 0, output is redirected to Final Storage, the time is output, and the total is sampled. Input Location Labels: 1:Rain (mm) 2:15min tot * 01: 01: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 1 60 Table 1 Programs Sec. Execution Interval P3 1 3 1 2 1 .
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES Input Location Assignments: 1:TEMP DEG C 10:30 SEC 0 * 01: 1 .5 Table 1 Programs Sec.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES 04: 01: 02: 03: P37 1 10 4 Z=X*F X Loc WS F Z Loc [:WS output] 05: 01: 02: 03: P37 3 1.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES 09: 01: 02: P91 11 30 If Flag 1 is set Then Do 10: 01: 02: 03: P34 3 360 3 Z=X+F X Loc 0-540 WD F Z Loc [:0-540 WD ] 11: P95 End 12: P95 End 13: P95 End 14: P the instructions necessary to provide calibrated inputs, properly ordered to produce the desired outputs from the Covariance Correlation (CV/CR) Instruction. Table 8.7-1 groups the sensors according to measurement type and gives the CR7 multiplier and offset.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES TABLE 8.6-2.
SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES * 01: 1 1 01: 01: 02: P17 1 16 02: 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: P1 6 8 1 1 1 .018 0 Table 1 Programs Sec.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS TABLE 9-1. Input Voltage Ranges and Codes Range Code Slow Fast 16.67ms 250µs Integ. Integ. 1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 5 15 6 16 7 17 8 18 Full Scale Range ±1500 ±5000 ±15 ±50 ±150 ±500 ±1500 ±5000 Resolution* microvolts microvolts millivolts millivolts millivolts millivolts millivolts millivolts 50 166 500 1.66 5 16.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO. DATA TYPE 01: 02: 03: 2 2 2 04: 2 05: 4 06: 07: FP FP DESCRIPTION Repetitions Range code (Table 9-1) Card number for first measurement Differential channel number for first measurement Input location number for first measurement Multiplier Offset Input locations altered: 1 per repetition *** 3 PULSE COUNT *** INPUT RANGE - - - 32767 Counts per input interval There are three input configurations which may be measured with the Pulse Count Instruction.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS TABLE 9-2. Pulse Count Configuration Codes Code Configuration 00 High frequency pulse, all pulses counted Low level AC, all pulses counted Switch closure, all pulses counted 01 02 1X 2X Long interval data discarded, where X is configuration code Long interval data discarded, frequency (Hz) output PAR. NO.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS *** 6 FULL BRIDGE WITH SINGLE *** DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT FUNCTION This Instruction is used to apply an excitation voltage to a full bridge (Figure 13.5-1), make a differential voltage measurement of the bridge output, reverse the excitation voltage, then repeat the measurement. The resulting value is 1000 times the ratio of the measurement to the excitation voltage. PAR. NO.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS The temperature value used in compensating the RH value (Parameter 7) must be obtained (see Instruction 11) prior to executing Instruction 12. The RH results are placed sequentially into the input locations beginning with the first RH value. In some situations the RH sensors might be deployed such that only small temperature variations exist within a given set of probes.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO. DATA TYPE 01: 02: 03: 04: 2 2 2 2 05: 06: 2 4 07: 08: 09: 4 FP FP 06: 4 07: 08: 09: 4 FP FP DESCRIPTION Repetitions Range code (Table 9-1) Analog card number Single-ended channel number for first measurement TC type code (Table 9-3) Reference temperature location. (When indexed (--) this is incremented with each rep.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS *** 18 MOVE TIME TO INPUT LOCATION *** *** 20 PORT SET *** FUNCTION This instruction takes the current time in tenths of seconds into the minute, minutes into the day, or hours into the year and does a modulo divide (see Instruction 46) on the time value with the number specified in the second parameter. The result is stored in the specified input location.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS *** 22 EXCITATION WITH DELAY *** *** 26 TIMER *** FUNCTION This instruction is used in conjunction with others for measuring a response to a timed excitation using the switched analog outputs. It sets the selected excitation output to a specific value, waits for a specified time, turns off the excitation and waits an additional specified time before continuing execution of the following instruction.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS instructions and examples. This instruction is not in all PROM options. PARAM. NUMBER DATA TYPE 01: 2 02: 4 03: 4 04: 05: 06: 07: 4 4 4 4 08: 09: FP FP DESCRIPTION SDM address (base 4:00..
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS Data are stored in sequential datalogger input locations, starting at the location specified in Parameter 5. The number of input locations consumed is equal to the number of Reps. PARAM. NUMBER 01 2 The scaling multiplier and offset (Parameters 6 and 7) are applied to all readings. If a multiplier is not entered, all readings are set to 0. 02 2 03 4 If the SW8A does not respond, -99999 will be loaded into input locations.
SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PARAM. NUMBER 1 DATA TYPE 2 2 2 3 4 DESCRIPTION Reps (# of CD16AC modules sequentially addressed) Starting SDM address (base 4: 00..33) Starting input location number PARAM. NUMBER 01: FUNCTION Instruction 114 can be used to set the CR7 clock from values in input locations. PARAM. NUMBER 01: 02: DATA TYPE 2 4 DESCRIPTION Option code: 0 set time with hr,min,sec with values in 3 input locations. 1 set time with day,hr,min,sec using 4 input locations.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS To facilitate cross referencing, parameter descriptions are keyed [] to the values given on the PROMPT SHEET. These values are defined as follows: [Z] = User specified input location number destination [X] = Input location no. of source X [Y] = Input location no. of source Y [F] = Fixed data (user specified, entered via the keyboard) *** 33 X + Y *** FUNCTION Add the value in Input location X to the value in location Y and place the result in location Z. PAR. DATA NO.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION *** 36 X * Y *** FUNCTION Multiply the value in location X by the value in location Y and place the result in location Z. 01: 02: 4 4 Input location of X 1/2 Dest. input location for X [X] [Z] Input locations altered: 1 PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION *** 40 LN(X) *** 01: 02: 03: 4 4 4 Input location of X Input location of Y Dest.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS *** 43 ABS(X) *** FUNCTION Take the absolute value of the value in location X and place the result in location Z. PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 4 4 PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 03: 4 FP 4 Input locations altered: 1 *** 47 XY *** Input location of X [X] Dest. input location for ABS(X) [Z] Input locations altered: 1 *** 44 FRACTIONAL VALUE *** FUNCTION Take the fractional value (i.e.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS Parameter 3 cannot be entered as an indexed location within a loop (Instruction 87). To use Instruction 49 within a loop, enter Parameter 3 as a fixed location and follow 49 with Instruction 31 (Move Data). In Instruction 31, enter the location in which 49 stores its result as the source (fixed) and enter the destination as an indexed location. PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 03: 2 4 4 Swath [SWATH] Starting input location [1ST LOC] Dest.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 4 4 2 4 2 Number of values to move 1st source location Step of source 1st destination location Step of destination 1976: An Approximating Polynomial for Computation of Saturation Vapor Pressure. J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 100-103. Saturation vapor pressure over ice (SVPI) in kilopascals for a 0 oC to -50 oC range can be obtained using Instruction 55 and the relationship SVPI = -.00486 + .85471 X + .
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS PAR. DATA NO. TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 4 02: 4 03: 4 04: 4 Input location no. of atmospheric pressure in kilopascals [PRESSURE] Input location no. of dry-bulb temp. [DB TEMP.] Input location no. of wet-bulb temp. [WB TEMP.] Dest.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS Input Storage. The instruction requires the set of input values to be located contiguously in Input Storage. The user specifies the location of the first value and how many total values exist. The number of input values processed by each type of calculation (means, variances, etc.) is independently specified for each type. The order of the input values determines which inputs are processed for each type of calculation.
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS TABLE 10-1. Maximum Number of Outputs and Output Order for K Input Values. (The output order flows from left to right and from top to bottom) INPUTS: X1 X2 X3 X4 TYPE MAX NO. OUTPUTS (1st) (2nd) (3rd) OUTPUTS (4th) Means K M(X1) M(X2) M(X3) M(X4) ..... M(XK) Variances K V(X1) V(X2) V(X3) V(X4) ..... V(XK) Std. Deviation K SD(X1) SD(X2) SD(X3) SD(X4) .....
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS The Input Processing phase is where new input values are received, the necessary squares or cross products formed, and the appropriate summations calculated as required by the desired final output. The rate at which the measurements can be made, the input values ordered, and the input processing phase completed without interruption determines the maximum rate of execution (see Execution Time).
SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS NT is the total number of input samples processed in the Output Interval INTERMEDIATE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS The number of Intermediate locations will depend upon the number of input values and outputs desired: 1. Define K as the number of input values. 2. Define S as the maximum of either the variances, standard deviations, or C, where C = K if K < the number of correlations requested, or C = number of correlations + 1 if K > the number of correlations requested. 3.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS *** 69 WIND VECTOR *** FUNCTION Instruction 69 processes the primary variables of wind speed and direction from either polar (wind speed and direction) or orthogonal (fixed East and North propellers) sensors. It uses the raw data to generate the mean wind speed, the mean wind vector magnitude, and the mean wind vector direction over an output interval.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS minutes, the standard deviation is calculated from all 3600 scans when the sub-interval is 0. With a sub-interval of 900 scans (15 minutes), the standard deviation is the average of the four sub-interval standard deviations. The last subinterval is weighted if it does not contain the specified number of scans. Calculations: There are three Output Options, which specify the values calculated.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS *** 70 SAMPLE *** FUNCTION This instruction stores the value from each specified input location. PAR. NO. DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 2 4 Repetitions Starting input location number PAR. NO. DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 03: 2 2 4 Repetitions Time of maximum (optional) Starting input location number Outputs generated: 1 per repetition (plus 1 or 2 with time of max.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS the total number of scans. This form of output is also referred to as a frequency distribution. The weighted value histogram uses data from two input locations. One location contains the bin select value; the other contains the weighted value. Each time the instruction is executed, the weighted value is added to a bin. The subrange that the bin select value is in determines the bin to which the weighted value is added.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS The year is output as 19xx if xx is greater than 85, otherwise it will be output as 20xx. The CR7 will require a PROM update in the year 2085. If year is output along with a 2 option in day or hour-minute, the previous year will be output during the first minute of the new year. CODE RESULTS xxx1 xx1x xx2x x1xx x2xx 1xxx SECONDS (with a resolution of 0.1 sec.
SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO. DATA TYPE 01: 2 02: 4 DESCRIPTION Storage area option 01 = Final Storage (00 and 02 also default to Final Storage) 03 = Input Storage Area Starting input location destination if option 03 Output Array ID if options 0-2 (1-511 are valid IDs) *** 82 STANDARD DEVIATION IN TIME *** FUNCTION Calculate the standard deviation (STD DEV) of a given input location.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS *** 85 LABEL SUBROUTINE *** TABLE 12-1. Flag Description Flag 0 Flag 1 to 8 Flag 9 Output Flag User Flags Intermediate Processing Disable Flag TABLE 12-2.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS 0 is entered for the count, the loop is repeated until an Exit Loop command is executed. The first parameter, delay, controls how frequently passes through the loop are made. The delay unit is the table execution interval: A delay of 0 means that there is no delay between passes through the loop. Each time the table is executed all iterations of the loop will be completed and execution will pass on to the following instructions.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO. DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 2 4 Delay Iteration count The following example involves the use of the Loop Instruction, without a delay, to perform a block data transformation. The user wants one hour averages of the vapor pressure calculated from the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures of five psychrometers. One pressure transducer measurement is also available for use in the vapor pressure calculation. 1.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS 12: 01: 02: 03: 04: P89 25 3 6 31 If X<=>F X Loc DAY >= F Exit Loop if true 13: P95 End 14: 01: 02: P87 1 0 Beginning of Loop Delay Loop Count PAR. NO.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS PAR. NO. DATA TYPE 01: 2 DESCRIPTION Increment for the loop index counter PAR. NO. DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION 01: 02: 03: 4 4 2 Time into interval (minutes) Time interval (minutes) Command (Table 12-2) *** 91 IF FLAG *** *** 93 BEGIN CASE STATEMENT *** FUNCTION This instruction checks one of the ten flags and conditionally performs the specified command.
SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS Else Instruction is optional; when it is omitted, a false comparison will result in execution branching directly to the End Instruction. Instruction 94 has no parameters. PAR. NO. DATA TYPE 01: 2 *** 95 END *** FUNCTION Instruction 95 is used to indicate the end/return of a subroutine (Instruction 85), the end of a loop (Instruction 87), the end of an If Then/Else sequence, or the end of the Case statement (Instructions 88-93 when used with command 30).
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.1 FAST AND SLOW MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE The CR7 makes voltage measurements by integrating the input signal for a fixed time and then holding the integrated value for the analog to digital (A/D) conversion. The A/D conversion is made with a 16 bit successive approximation technique which resolves the signal voltage to approximately one part in 30,000 of either the + or - side of the full scale range (e.g., 1/30,000 x 5V = 166µV).
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.2-1. Differential Voltage Measurement Sequence Because a single ended measurement is referenced to CR7 ground, any difference in ground potential between the sensor and the CR7 will result in an error in the measurement.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.3 THE EFFECT OF SENSOR LEAD LENGTH ON THE SIGNAL SETTLING TIME Whenever an analog input is switched into the CR7 measurement circuitry prior to making a measurement, a finite amount of time is required for the signal to stabilize at it's correct value. The rate at which the signal settles is determined by the input settling time constant which is a function of both the source resistance and input capacitance (explained below). The CR7 allows a 0.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS Since the peak transient, Veo, causes significant error only if it is several times larger than the signal, Vso, error calculations made in this section approximate Ve'o by Veo, i.e., Veo ≈ Veo-Vso. If the input settling time constant, τ , is known, a quick estimation of the settling error as a percentage of the maximum error (Vso for rising, V'eo for decaying) is obtained by knowing how many time constants (t/τ) are contained in the 0.5 ms CR7 input settling interval (t).
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS TABLE 13.3-2. Properties of Three Belden Lead Wires Used by Campbell Scientific Belden Wire # Conductors Insulation 8641 8771 8723 1 shld. pair 1 shld. 3 cond. 2 shld. pair polyethylene polyethylene polypropylene FIGURE 13.3-4.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS TABLE 13.3-3. Settling Error (Degrees) for 024A Wind Direction Sensor vs. Lead Length Wind Direction - - - - - Error - - - - L=1000 ft. L=500 ft. 360o 270o 180o 90o 47o 31o 12o 1o NOTE: Excitation transients are eliminated if an option exists to contain excitation leads in a shield independent from the signal leads. 8o 5o 1o 0o The values in Table 13.3-3 show that significant error occurs at large direction values for leads in excess of 250 feet.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.3.4 SUMMARY OF SETTLING ERRORS FOR CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC RESISTIVE SENSORS. EXAMPLE LEAD LENGTH CALCULATION FOR CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC 107 TEMPERATURE SENSOR Table 13.3-5 summarizes the data required to estimate the effect of lead length on settling errors for Campbell Scientific's resistive sensors. Comparing the transient level, Veo, to the input range, one suspects that transient errors are the most likely limitation for the 107 sensor.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS high source resistance shown in column 3 of Table 13.3-7. Adding another 1K resistor, Rf, as shown in Figure 13.3-7B lowers the source resistance of the CR7 input but offers no improvement over configuration A because R'f still combines with the lead capacitance to slow the signal response at point P. The source resistance at point P (column 5) is essentially the same as the input source resistance of configuration A. Moving Rf' out to the thermistor as shown in Figure 13.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS TABLE 13.3-7. Source Resistances and Signal Levels for YSI #44032 Thermistor Configurations Shown in Figure 13.3-7 (2V Excitation) T Rs (kohms) ---A--Ro Vs(mV) (kohms) -40 -20 0 +25 +40 +60 884.6 271.2 94.98 30.00 16.15 7.60 29.0 27 22.8 15.0 10.5 6.1 3. Where possible run excitation leads and signal leads in separate shields to minimize transients. 4. AVOID PVC INSULATED CONDUCTORS to minimize the effect of dielectric absorption on input settling time.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.3-8. Measuring Input Settling Error with the CR7 6. Most Campbell Scientific sensors are configured with a small bridge resistor, Rf, (typically 1 kohm) to minimize the source resistance. If the lead length of a Campbell Scientific sensor is extended by connecting to the pigtails directly, the effect of the lead resistance, Rl, on the signal must be considered. Figure 13.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS the CR7 has been instructed to calculate the temperature difference between the reference and measuring junctions it will subtract the reference temperature before storing the temperature value. 13.4.1 ERROR ANALYSIS FIGURE 13.3-9. Incorrect Leadwire Extension on Model 107 Temperature Sensor 13.4 THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENTS A thermocouple consists of two wires, each of a different metal or alloy, which are joined together at each end.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS thermocouples attached to it and to one 723 Analog Input card to either side of it (i.e. Analog Input cards 1,2, and 3, where card 2 contains RTD). If more than these three cards are used, it is necessary to measure a new reference temperature to stay within the desired 0.05oC limit. This can be done by using one of the thermocouples from the first set of measurements to measure the reference temperature for the next set.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS In order to quantitatively evaluate thermocouple error when the reference junction is not fixed at 0 oC, one needs limits of error for the Seebeck coefficient (slope of thermocouple voltage vs. temperature curve) for the various thermocouples. Lacking this information, a reasonable approach is to apply the percentage errors, with perhaps 0.25% added on, to the difference in temperature being measured by the thermocouple. TABLE 13.4-2.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS from the thermocouple output. For example, suppose the reference temperature for a measurement on a type T thermocouple is 300 oC. The compensation voltage calculated by the CR7 corresponds to a temperature of 272.6 oC, a -27.4 oC error. The type T thermocouple with the measuring junction at 290 oC and reference at 300 oC would output -578.7 µV; using the reference temperature of 272.6 oC, the CR7 calculates a temperature difference of 10.2 oC, a -0.2 oC error.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS is 100 oC and the upper limit of the extension grade wire is 200 oC. With the other types of thermocouples the reference compensation range equals or is greater than the extension wire range. In any case, errors can arise if temperature gradients exist within the junction box. Figure 13.4-1 illustrates a typical junction box. Terminal strips will be a different metal than the thermocouple wire.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.5-1.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS Excitation +Vx 0V -Vx Measurement Sequence A/D Conversion Integration Integration A/D Conversion -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Integration (ms) FIGURE 13.5-2. Excitation and Measurement Sequence for 4 Wire Full Bridge TABLE 13.5-1. Comparison of Bridge Measurement Instructions Instr. 4 Circuit Description DC Half Bridge User entered settling time allows compensation for capacitance in long lead lengths. No polarity reversal. One single-ended measurement.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS TABLE 13.5-2. Calculating Resistance Values from Bridge Measurement Instr. Result 4 Rf = X / Vx 1 − X / Vx 1 (( X / Vx ) / (1 − X / Vx )) / Rs 4. 59. Mult. = 1/Vx; ofs. = 0 Mult. = Rf 4. 59. 42. Mult. = 1/Vx; ofs. = 0 Mult. = 1/Rs 5. 59. Mult. = 1; ofs. = 0 Mult. = Rf 5. 59. 42. Mult. = 1; ofs. = 0 Mult. = 1/Rs; ofs. = 0 X = Rs / (Rs + Rf ) Rs = Rf Rf = 6 or 9* Multiplier and Offset X = Vx (Rs / (Rs + Rf )) Rs = Rf 5 Instr.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.6 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS REQUIRING AC EXCITATION Some resistive sensors require AC excitation. These include the 207 relative humidity probe, soil moisture blocks, water conductivity sensors and wetness sensing grids. The use of DC excitation with these sensors can result in polarization, which will cause an erroneous measurement, and may shift the calibration of the sensor and/or lead to its rapid decay.
SECTION 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.7 PULSE COUNT MEASUREMENTS Many pulse output type sensors (e.g., anemometers and flow-meters) are calibrated in terms of frequency (counts/second). For these measurements the accuracy is related directly to the accuracy of the time interval over which the pulses are accumulated. Variation in the pulse sampling interval DOES NOT effect those cases where the pulse measurement is independent of time, i.e., where the total pulse count is of interest instead of frequency.
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION 14.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ENCLOSURE, CONNECTORS AND JUNCTION BOXES The standard CR7 is equipped with the Model ENC-7F Fiberglass Case. During the manufacturing of the case, the base and lid are formed together to insure a perfectly matched fit. A six digit serial number is stamped into the extruded aluminum rims on both the base and lid. When more than one CR7 is owned, care should be taken to avoid a mismatch which could prevent a gas-tight seal.
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION tight seal but do require protection from thermal gradients when used for thermocouple lead wires (Section 13.4). 14.2 SYSTEM POWER REQUIREMENTS AND OPTIONS The standard CR7 is equipped with sealed lead acid battery packs and charging circuitry for accommodating (1) 120/240 VAC line power, (2) solar panels, (3) vehicular 12V power sources, and (4) external 12V batteries. When fully charged, the internal batteries of the CR7 are capable of providing 2.
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION Battery voltage should NOT be allowed to drop below 11.76V before recharging; otherwise, permanent damage to the lead acid cells may occur. CSIs warranty does NOT cover battery or cell damage resulting from deep discharge. Avoid deep discharge states by periodically monitoring voltage level of the CR7s internal batteries, using Input/Output Instruction 10.
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION Regulated solar panels (e.g., MSX18R) limit voltage to approximately 14V. The CR7 Solar Panel input requires 15-25 VDC to charge. 14.2.3 EXTERNAL BATTERY CONNECTION An external battery may be used to supplement the internal lead acid batteries of the CR7. The ground and +12 leads are connected to the appropriate "EXT BATT" terminals. The recommended procedure for connecting the CR7 to an external battery is to make all required ground lead connections before connecting the battery.
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION 3. When the CR7 is to be located in a gastight enclosure or used in a gas-tight mode with the standard ENVIRONMENTALLY SEALED FIBERGLASS CASE, the internal lead acid batteries SHOULD BE REMOVED and an external battery substituted. 14.3 HUMIDITY EFFECTS AND CONTROL The CR7 system is designed to operate reliably under environmental conditions where the relative humidity inside its enclosure does not exceed 90% (noncondensing).
SECTION 14. INSTALLATION 20 AWG wire. This transient protection is useless if there is not a good connection between the CR7 and earth ground. All dataloggers in use in the field should be grounded. A 12 AWG or larger wire should be run from the grounding terminal on the left side of the I/O Module (Figure OV1-1) to a grounding rod driven far enough into the soil to provide a good earth ground.
15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES 15.1 I/O CARD IDENTIFICATION NUMBER DECODING Each I/O card must be assigned a unique card identification number and have jumpers set for that number. The numbers allow the cards to decode signals addressed to them by the I/O Module. CR7s leave the factory with card numbers assigned. These numbers may be reassigned by the user when a CR7 needs to be expanded with additional cards or reconfigured for a particular application. 15.1.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES FIGURE 15.1-1. Position of Decoding Jumpers on Excitation, Pulse Counter and Analog Input Cards.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES TABLE 15.1-2.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES TABLE 15.1-3. Jumper Settings for Analog Input Cards. 15.2 USE OF MULTIPLE I/O MODULES Up to four I/O Modules can be connected to one control module. Additional I/O Modules may be remotely located from the Control Module. Two enclosures are available for the 720 I/O Module; the standard ENC-7F Fiberglass Environmental Enclosure or the ENC-7L Aluminum Laboratory Enclosure.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES TABLE 15.2-2. Hardware Components in SC94 Component Description Interconnect Cable (1 ea.) Length of the 4-wire cable is made to order, circular connectors attached at both ends. Mating Circular Connector (2 ea.) One connector affixed to Control Module enclosure; other connector affixed to remote I/O Module enclosure; each joined to a SC94 circuit card. SC94 Circuit Card (2 ea.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES A typical programming example for a CR7 System containing two I/O Modules is given in the following Program Table. A separate Power Supply powers the remote I/O Module. The objective of the programming example is to conduct a preliminary system check-out by measuring the battery voltage of the remote Power Supply and of the power supply powering the Control Module and I/O Module #1. PROGRAM Execution Interval 1 Second Inst. Loc. Param. No.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES Figure 15.2-1.
SECTION 15. I/O CARD ADDRESSING AND MULTIPLE I/O MODULES Figure 15.2-2.
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY ASCII: Abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange (pronounced "askee"). A specific binary code of 128 characters represented by 7 bit binary numbers. BAUD RATE: The speed of transmission of information across a serial interface, expressed in units of bits per second. For example, 9600 baud refers to bits being transmitted (or received) from one piece of equipment to another at a rate of 9600 bits per second.
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY INTERMEDIATE STORAGE: That portion of memory allocated for storing the results of intermediate calculations necessary for operations such as averages or standard deviations. Intermediate storage is not accessible to the user. LOW RESOLUTION: This is the default output resolution. A low resolution data value has 4 significant decimal digits and may range in magnitude from ±0.001 to ±6999. A low resolution data value requires 1 Final Storage location (2 bytes).
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY measurement specified by a subsequent instruction. The time involved in processing the measurement data to obtain the values stored in Input, Intermediate, and Final Storage makes the throughput rate slower than the measurement sample rate. SIGNATURE: A number which is a function of the data and the sequence of data in memory. It is derived using an algorithm which assures a 99.998% probability that if either the data or its sequence changes, the signature changes.
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY This is a blank page.
APPENDIX B. CR7 PROM SIGNATURES FOR SYSTEMS EQUIPPED WITH STANDARD SOFTWARE KEY ENTRY DISPLAY ID DATA FIELD FIELD *B A A A A A A A A A 1A 01: 02: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 08: 09: 11:00 01: XXXX 22764 50101 15398 XXXXX XX XX .10000 0004 21444 12196 OR 11:00 PROM NO. 10437-A 10437-B 10437-C 357 38407 REMARKS Program Memory Sig. Control Mod. PROM #8 Control Mod. PROM #7 Control Mod. PROM #6 Number of K RAM + PROM Number of E08s Number of overruns PROM Version 0.1 PROM Revision 4 RAM Sig. of I/O Mod.
This is a blank page.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS The response time and size of the input buffer of the datalogger must be accounted for when attempting to write a program to make use of the binary commands. The datalogger may delay up to 100 ms before responding to a command or between bytes in a response. The input buffer in the CR10, 21X, and CR7 will now hold 64 bytes of commands; earlier versions of the 21X and CR7 software would only buffer 7 bytes. C.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS K The K command returns datalogger time, user flag status, port status if requested, the data at the input locations requested in the J command, and Final Storage Data if requested by the J command. The format of the command is K (K Return). The datalogger will echo the K and Return and send a Line Feed.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS For loop count = 1 to 24 do the following: If the MSB is one, then add Bit Value to the Mantissa. Shift the 24 bit binary value obtained from Data bytes 2 to 4 one bit to the left. Multiply Bit Value by 0.5. End of loop. Another method that can be used as an estimate is to convert Data bytes 2 to 4 from a long integer to floating point and dividing this value by 16777216. As an example of a negative value, the datalogger returns BF 82 0C 49 HEX.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS to the telecommunications F command a 2 byte signature is sent (see below). The decimal locators can be viewed as a negative base 10 exponent with decimal locations as follows: Representing the bits in the first byte of each two byte pair as ABCD EFGH (A is the most significant bit, MSB), the byte pairs are described below. LO RESOLUTION FORMAT - D,E,F, NOT ALL ONES BITS byte C 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Decimal Location XXXX. XXX.X XX.XX X.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS BITS, 1ST BYTE, 1ST PAIR DESCRIPTION CDEF = 0111 Code designating 1st byte pair of four byte number. B Polarity , 0 = +, 1 = -. G,H,A, Decimal locator as defined below. 2nd byte 16th - 9th bit (left to right) of 17 bit binary value. ABCDEF = 001111 Code designating 2nd byte pair of four byte number. G Unused bit. H 17th and MSB of 17 bit binary value. 2nd byte 8th - 1st bit (left to right) of 17 bit binary value.
APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS This is a blank page.
APPENDIX D. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES The CR7 requires very little maintenance or calibration. Measurements are made in such a way that small errors in the calibration are automatically removed. Over time, shifts in the calibration are possible, however. Measurements can be made to determine whether the accuracy of the CR7 is within the specifications given in Section I.3.
APPENDIX D. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES D.2 CLOCK CALIBRATION PROCEDURE The 700X control module contains 3, 4, or 5 cards. The CPU card has one blue connector with a ribbon cable connecting it to the 9 pin SERIAL I/O port on the front of the CR7. The clock circuitry resides on this card. The frequency of the crystal exhibits a parabolic response to temperature. The frequency maximum occurs at room temperature and drops off slowly at hotter or colder temperatures.
APPENDIX D. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FIGURE D.2-1.
APPENDIX D. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FIGURE D.2-2.
LIST OF TABLES PAGE OVERVIEW OV3-1 OV3-2 OV4-1 OV4-2 OV4-3 OV4-4 OV4-5 OV4-6 OV5-1 OV5-2 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES 1.2-1 1.3-1 1.5-1 1.5-2 1.6-1 1.7-1 1.8-1 1.8-2 1.8-3 1.8-4 2. Sequence of Time Parameters in *5 Mode .............................................................................1-2 *6 Mode Commands ...............................................................................................................1-3 Memory Allocation in Standard 21X ................................................
LIST OF TABLES 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 5.1-1 6. Telecommunication Commands ............................................................................................ 5-2 9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT 6.1-1 6.5-1 8. Pin Description ....................................................................................................................... 6-1 DTE Pin Configuration ...........................................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE OVERVIEW OV1-1 OV1-2 OV2-1 OV2-2 OV5-1 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE 2.1-1 2.1-2 3. Ring Memory Representation of Final Data Storage ..............................................................2-1 Output Array ID .......................................................................................................................2-1 INSTRUCTION SET BASICS 3.8-1 3.8-2 3.8-3 4. If Then/Else Execution Sequence ........................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE 13. CR7 MEASUREMENTS 13.1-1 13.2-1 13.3-1 13.3-2 13.3-3 13.3-4 13.3-5 13.3-6 13.3-7 13.3-8 13.3-9 13.4-1 13.5-1 13.5-2 13.6-1 13.6-2 Timing of Single-Ended Measurement................................................................................. 13-1 Differential Voltage Measurement Sequence....................................................................... 13-2 Input Voltage Rise and Transient Decay..............................................................................
CR7 INDEX -6999 9-1 -99999 9-1 * Modes, see Modes 1/X [Instruction 42] 10-2 101 Thermistor Probe Programming example 7-14 107 Thermistor Probe [Instruction 11] 9-5 Calculating lead lengths 13-7 Programming examples 7-5 207 Relative Humidity Probe [Instruction 12] 9-5 Programming example 7-5 227 Soil Moisture Block Programming example 7-13 3 Wire Half Bridge [Instruction 7] 9-4 Programming example 7-8 4 Wire Full Bridge [Instruction 6] 9-4 Programming example 7-9, 7-10 6 Wire Full Bridge [Instruction 9] 9-4
CR7 INDEX Communicating with the CR7 Protocol/Troubleshooting 6-4 Via telecommunications 5-1 With external peripherals 4-1 Compiling 1-2 Errors 3-9 Computer Baud rate, Setting 6-4 Saving/loading program (*D Mode) 1-7 Using with SC32A Interface 6-3 Control ports Description OV-3 Expansion Module SDM-CD16 9-9 Resetting with *0, *B, or *D Mode 1-2 Using switch relays 14-6 Cosine 10-3 Counter, Pulse Count [Instruction 3] 9-2 Covariance/Correlation [Instruction 62] 10-6 Programming example 8-6 D Data point A-1
CR7 INDEX Full Bridge with Excitation Compensation [Instruction 9] 9-4 Programming examples 7-8, 7-12 Full Bridge with Single Differential Measurement [Instruction 6] 9-4 Full duplex, Definition 6-4 G Glossary A-1 Ground loop influence on resistance measurements 13-19 Grounding 14-5 Gypsum Soil Moisture block 7-13 H Half duplex, Definition 6-4 High frequency pulse, Measuring 9-2 High resolution A-1 High resolution data 2-2 Histogram [Instruction 75] 11-3 Hydrogen gas buildup vi I I/O, see Input/Output I
CR7 INDEX M P Manually initiated data transfer (*8 and *9 Modes) 4-2 Maximum [Instruction 73] 11-3 Memory Allocation 1-4 Automatic RAM check on power-up 1-4 Description of areas OV-3 Erasing all 1-5 Pointers 2-1 Minimize [Instruction 74] 11-3 Minus sign (-) & (--), Entering 3-1 Modem 6-2 Modem/terminal 6-3 Modulo divide, X Mod F [Instruction 46] 10-3 Move Input Data, Z = X [Instruction 31] 10-1 Move Signature into Input Location [Instruction 19] 9-8 Move Time to Input Location [Instruction 18] 9-8 MPTR (
CR7 INDEX Programming Displaying available program memory 1-4 Entering negative numbers 3-1 Examples OV-9, 7-1, 8-1 Logical constructions 3-4 Manual control of program execution 1-3 Maximum program size 1-5 Overview of Instruction Set OV-7 Remote 5-3 Saving/loading programs (*D Mode) 1-7 Sequence OV-8 Voltage overrange detection 3-2 Pulse Count [Instruction 3] 9-2 Measurements 13-20 Programming examples 7-6, 8-3, 8-6 Pulse inputs 9-2 PVC insulated conductors, Avoid 13-9 R Rain gauge, Tipping bucket 7-6 RA
CR7 INDEX Storage Modules, SM192/SM716 Interrupting card transfer to 6-2 Manually initiated data output (*9 Mode) 4-2 Operating power 4-6 Output device codes for Instruction 96 4-1 Saving/loading program (*D Mode) 1-9 Use of two 4-6 Storage peripherals, External 4-1 Strip charts 8-5 Subroutines Entering 1-1 Label Subroutine [Instruction 85] 12-1 Switch closure, Measuring 9-2 System memory OV-3 System power requirements and options 14-2 System status (*B Mode) 1-6 T Tables, Program 1-1 Tape Pointer (TPTR)
CR7 INDEX X X * F [Instruction 37] 10-2 X * Y [Instruction 36] 10-2 X + F [Instruction 34] 10-1 X + Y [Instruction 33] 10-1 X - Y [Instruction 35] 10-1 X / (1-X) [Instruction 59] 10-6 X / Y [Instruction 38] 10-2 X Mod F [Instruction 46] 10-3 XY [Instruction 47] 10-3 Y Year, Day or time (*5 Mode), Setting/displaying 1-2 Z Z = 1 / X [Instruction 42] 10-2 Z = ABS(X) [Instruction 43] 10-3 Z = ARCTAN (X/Y) [Instruction 66] 10-10 Z = EXP(X) [Instruction 41] 10-2 Z = F [Instruction 30] 10-1 Z = FRAC(X) [Instruc
CR7 INDEX This is a blank page.
