Release Notes for Catalyst 4500 Series Software Release 7.x Current Release: 7.6(17)—March 6, 2006 Previous Releases: 7.6(16), 7.6(15), 7.6(14), 7.6(13), 7.6(12), 7.6(11), 7.6(10), 7.6(9), 7.6(8), 7.6(7), 7.6(6), 7.6(5), 7.6(4), 7.6(3a), 7.6(3), 7.6(2), 7.6(1), 7.5(1), 7.4(3), 7.4(2), 7.4(1), 7.3(2), 7.3(1), 7.2(2), 7.2(1), 7.1(2a), 7.1(2), 7.1(1a), 7.1(1) These release notes describe the features, modifications, and caveats for Catalyst 4500 series supervisor engine software release 7.x and all 7.
Contents • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.6, page 14 • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.5, page 14 • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.4, page 15 • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.3, page 16 • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.2, page 16 • New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.1, page 17 • Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.
System Requirements • Obtaining Documentation, page 62 • Obtaining Technical Assistance, page 63 • Obtaining Additional Publications and Information, page 64 System Requirements These sections describe the system requirements for the Catalyst 4500 series switches: • Power Supply Requirements, page 3 • Release 7.
System Requirements This section describes an upgrade to ROMMON version 6.4(1). The same procedure applies to other ROMMON versions, but you will have to substitute appropriate version numbers in the upgrade image names. Step 1 Download the promupgrade program from Cisco.com, and place it on a TFTP server in a directory that is accessible from the switch to be upgraded. The promupgrade programs are available at the same location on Cisco.com where you download Catalyst 4500 series system images.
System Requirements This example shows the autoboot configuration: Console> (enable) show boot BOOT variable = bootflash:cat4000.5-5-8.bin,1; CONFIG_FILE variable = bootflash:switch.
System Requirements 0:00.532030:broadcast:172.20.59.255 0:00.532390:gateway:172.20.59.1 WS-X4012 bootrom version 6.1(2), built on 2000.04.03 15:20:09 H/W Revisions:Meteor:2 Comet:8 Board:1 Supervisor MAC addresses:00:10:7b:aa:d0:00 through 00:10:7b:aa:d3:ff (1024 addresses) Installed memory:64 MB Testing LEDs.... done! The system will autoboot in 5 seconds. Type control-C to prevent autobooting. rommon 1 > The system will now begin autobooting. Autobooting image: "bootflash:cat4000-promupgrade.6-1-4.
System Requirements Hardware Version:1.0 Model:WS-C4003 Serial #:xxxxxxxxx . . . Console > (enable) Caution Step 10 When entering the clear boot system flash cat.4000-promupgrade.6-1-4.bin command, be sure to type the correct promupgrade image in the command syntax. If you enter only clear boot system flash, all images in the autoboot string are cleared, and the switch will not know which image to boot.
System Requirements If the switch continuously reboots, you need to do one of the following: • Reinsert the supervisor engine into the Catalyst 4006 switch, and load software release 7.4(1) or a later release, and then migrate the supervisor engine to the Catalyst 4500 series chassis. • Access ROMMON mode while the supervisor engine is in the Catalyst 4500 series switch, and load the 7.4(1) image from ROMMON. For more information, refer to this publication: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/26.
Product and Software Release Support Matrix Task Command Step 5 Clear the current configuration. clear config all Step 6 Load the saved configuration. configure bootflash:switch.cfg Step 7 If you have only one power supply in your set power budget 1 Catalyst 4506 switch, set the power budget to 1. Product and Software Release Support Matrix This section contains configuration matrixes to help you order Catalyst 4500 series products.
Product and Software Release Support Matrix Table 1 Product and Supervisor Engine Software Version Matrix (continued) Product Number (append with “=” indicates spares) Product Description Minimum Supervisor Recommended Supervisor Engine Software Version Engine Software Version WS-X4148-FX-MT 48-port 100BASE-FX Fast Ethernet switching module 6.2(1) 7.4(3) WS-X4424-GB-RJ45 24-port 10/100/1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet switching module 6.3(1) 7.
Product and Software Release Support Matrix Table 1 Product and Supervisor Engine Software Version Matrix (continued) Product Number (append with “=” indicates spares) Product Description Minimum Supervisor Recommended Supervisor Engine Software Version Engine Software Version Power Supplies WS-X4008= 400 W AC Power Supply for Catalyst 4000 series chassis 4.5(8) 7.4(3) WS-X4008-DC= 400 W DC Power Supply for Catalyst 4000 series chassis 4.5(8) 7.
Release 7.x Orderable Software Images Release 7.x Orderable Software Images Table 2 lists the software releases and applicable ordering information for Catalyst 4500 series supervisor engine software release 7.x. Table 2 Release 7.x Orderable Software Image Matrix Software Version Filename Orderable Product Number Flash Memory on System Orderable Product Number Spare Upgrade (Floppy Media) Supervisor Engine I and II 7.6(17) cat4000-k8.7-6-17.bin SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.17 SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.17= 7.
Release 7.x Orderable Software Images Table 2 Release 7.x Orderable Software Image Matrix (continued) Software Version Filename Orderable Product Number Flash Memory on System Orderable Product Number Spare Upgrade (Floppy Media) 7.6(3) cat4000-k8.7-6-3.bin SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.3 SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.3= 7.6(2) cat4000-k8.7-6-2.bin SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.2 SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.2= 7.6(2) Secure Shell cat4000-k9.7-6-2.bin SC4K-SUPK9-7.6.2 SC4K-SUPK9-7.6.2= 7.6(1) cat4000-k8.7-6-1.bin SC4K-SUPK8-7.6.1 SC4K-SUPK8-7.
New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.6 2. The 7.1(1) CiscoView application software in the CiscoView image for the Catalyst 4500 series switch is the current 6.3(2) CiscoView version. The 7.1(1) CiscoView application software will be available at a later date. The new hardware and software features in release 7.1(1) are not supported by this CiscoView application until a new version of the CiscoView application becomes available. Release 7.
New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.4 You can enable unicast flood blocking on any Ethernet port on a per-port basis. Unicast flood blocking allows you to drop unicast flood packets on an Ethernet port that has only one host connected to the port. All Ethernet ports on a switch are configured to allow unicast flooding; unicast flood blocking allows you to drop the unicast flood packets before they reach the port.
New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.3 Software Features These software feature is new to software release 7.4: • Power management for the 1000 W, 1300 W, and 2800 W power supplies Support for redundant or combined power modes on the Catalyst 4500 series chassis with the 1000 W, 1300 W, and 2800 W power supplies. New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.3 This section describes the new hardware and software features available in software release 7.3.
New Features for Supervisor Engine Software Release 7.1 The authentication login lockout feature is a lockout (delay) timer. It is configurable from the CLI and SNMP through the set authentication login lockout command. The configurable range is 30 to 600 seconds; setting the lockout time to zero (0) disables the feature. If you are locked out at the console, the console does not allow you to log in during that lockout time.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(17) LACP, which is defined in IEEE 802.3ad, allows Cisco switches to manage Ethernet channeling with devices that conform to 802.3ad. Prior to software release 7.1(1), Port Aggregation Control Protocol (PAgP) was available. PAgP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol that can be run only on Cisco switches and those switches released by licensed vendors. • IEEE 802.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(16) • In rare cases, a Catalyst 4500 Supervisor Engine II might crash as a result of a memory allocation failure. (CSCsc77878) • The primary and secondary associations are not saved in the configuration. Workaround: You need to map a switch port to the association using the set pvlan primary_vlan {isolated_vlan | community_vlan} mod/port command. (CSCsc02772) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(14) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(15) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.6(15): • A Catalyst 4500 series switch may crash when running 802.1x and multiple ports receive a down link event followed by a link up. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(15).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(12) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(13) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.6(13): • The time stamp displayed using the show cam notification history command reflects the SNMP sysUptime. The uptime is displayed as the number of 10-ms increments that have occurred since the system came up. This representation is not very user friendly when used within a CLI. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(13).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(11) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(12) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(10) • In rare conditions Dot1x authenitication may cause a switch to reset. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(11). (CSCeg36465) • A Catalyst 4000 switch with a Supervisor Engine 2, configured with switch acceleration, reloads unexpectedly when the whichgigaport 1/1 or whichgigaport 1/2 hidden command is executed. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(11).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(9) • A Catalyst 2980G switch might not prune VLANs as expected in a trunk when bouncing the trunk. Workaround: Disable VTP Prunning. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(10). (CSCef20698) • When you use the scheduled reset feature, the associated process (scheduleReset) might report several dynamic memory allocations in the show memuse command output, while the show proc mem command would not report any memory allocated or freed.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(9) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(9) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.6(9): • After executing many show commands over and over for 6~9 hours, via a telnet session, the system tries to access an off-limits address, and reloads. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(9).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(8) • It might take an unusually long time for a trunk port to join an EtherChannel. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(9). (CSCee95479) • When running a K9 software image, the switch might crash when the SSH client tries to connect to the switch. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(9). (CSCdz04272) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(8) • Disabling or enabling port negotiation does not work correctly if you specify more than a single port or single range of ports. For example, if you enter set port negotiation 3/1,3/5-6 disable, ports 1 through 6 are disabled. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(8).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7) These sections describe the open and resolved caveats in supervisor engine software release 7.6(7): • Open Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7), page 28 • Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7), page 28 Open Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7) There are no open caveats in software release 7.6(7). Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(7) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(6) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(6) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.6(6): • When a user logs in to a Catalyst 4500 series switch with TACACS authentication configured, you will be prompted for a username even if the TACACS server is unavailable. This prompt might confuse users who are not aware that the TACACS server is unavailable when they may try to enter in a valid username/password combination.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(5) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(5) These sections describe the open and resolved caveats in supervisor engine software release 7.6(5): • Open Caveats in Software Release 7.6(5), page 30 • Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(5), page 30 Open Caveats in Software Release 7.6(5) These caveats are open in software release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(4) • When you use the clear cam permanent command to clear a permanent CAM filter entry, the filter entry is not removed from the hardware tables and traffic is dropped. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(5). (CSCed11672) • You can configure the auto-configure feature for port security in software release 7.6(5). However, there is no support for port security autoconfigure in the Catalyst 4500 series platform code.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(3a) • On a Catalyst 2948G switch you may lose the SPAN configuration after changing from binary to text config mode. Workaround: Reenter SPAN configurations. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(4). (CSCec17704) • If you initiate a session on a Supervisor Engine to a WS-X4232-L3 module the session may not work after running for an unknown period of time.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(3) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(3a) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.6(3a): • New vulnerabilities in the OpenSSH implementation for SSH servers have been announced. An affected network device, running an SSH server based on the OpenSSH implementation, may be vulnerable to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack when an exploit script is repeatedly executed against the same device.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(2) • If the RIT patch cable that connects the workstation to a Type1A Balun is pulled out too quickly, the port moves directly from fwd to loopback (fwd) state. After the port detects its own BPDU, it transitions to the blocking state. The interval in which the port is looped back may also loopback the outgoing data traffic.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(1) • A Catalyst 4006 switch with port channels enabled on the supervisor engine trunk can have a communication failure between interVLANs. Workaround: There is no workaround. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(2). (CSCdz66547) • When you enter the show cam dynamic vlanid command, the message “Unable to contact module x” displays and VMPS does not work. Workaround: There is no workaround. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(2).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(1) • After you reboot a Catalyst 4500 series switch with an upgraded image and enable VMPS, ports that are configured for dynamic VLAN assignment may not have connectivity. Workaround: Physically disconnect and reconnect the cable to the port. (CSCea08895) • A Catalyst 4006 switch with port channels enabled on the supervisor engine trunk can have a communication failure between interVLANs. Workaround: There is no workaround.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.6(1) • The multicast entry for a trunk port in a nondefault VLAN disappears when you configure permanent CAM entries on the trunk port for any VLAN other than the default VLAN and reboot the system. Workaround: Clear the permanent CAM and reconfigure the CAM entries. This problem is resolved in software release 7.6(1). (CSCea31013) • If you enable PortFast and BPDU guard on a port, you should not connect that port to a switch.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.5(1) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.5(1) These sections describe the open and resolved caveats in supervisor engine software release 7.5(1): • Open Caveats in Software Release 7.5(1), page 38 • Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.5(1), page 38 Open Caveats in Software Release 7.5(1) These caveats are open in software release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.4(3) • If a port shuts down due to security violation, this behavior may occur: – If an age timer is not set, learned MAC addresses become configured addresses. – If an age timer is set, learned MAC addresses are cleared. This problem is resolved in software release 7.5(1).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.4(1) Open Caveats in Software Release 7.4(2) This is the open caveat in software release 7.4(2): • A Catalyst 4500 series switch running in the access layer may display loop guard-inconsistent messages if a topology change occurs in corresponding designated switches that have a high number of spanning tree instances. The switch recovers on its own and does not cause a network outage. (CSCdz65842) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.3(2) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.4(1) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.4(1): • If a static MAC address is installed using port security, a flood-path can be installed instead of a unicast path. Port security automatically installs a static MAC address if there is a secure address configured on the port. This problem is resolved in software release 7.4(1).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.3(1) Open Caveats in Software Release 7.3(1) This is the open caveat in software release 7.3(1): • A Catalyst 4500 series switch running in the access layer may display loop guard-inconsistent messages if a topology change occurs in corresponding designated switches that have a high number of spanning tree instances. The switch recovers on its own and does not cause a network outage. (CSCdz65842) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.2(2) • When the dot3adAggPortAttachedAggID SNMP MIB object value is queried, the returned value is wrong. As a result, applications that rely on the value returned from this object might fail. This problem impacts CiscoView.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.2(1) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.2(2) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.2(2): • When the switch is running on one power supply, a faulty warning message is displayed in the output of the show test command, even when the switch is configured for 1+1 redundancy. Workaround: Ignore the warning. The switch needs only one power supply to operate. This problem is resolved in software release 7.2(2).
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.2(1) Open Caveats in Software Release 7.2(1) These caveats are open in software release 7.2(1): • A Catalyst 4500 series switch running in the access layer may display loop guard-inconsistent messages if a topology change occurs in corresponding designated switches that have a high number of spanning tree instances. The switch recovers on its own and does not cause a network outage.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.2(1) • When connected to a dynamic port, the IP phone cannot register with Cisco Call Manager. Workaround: To initially connect an IP phone, you must include the MAC address of the IP phone in the VMPS text file. If the IP phone is connected to your PC, you must assign the same VLAN for both the IP phone and the PC, or you might configure the IP phone to a fallback VLAN.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(2a) • The switch might crash if VTP is configured in client or server mode and connected to a Catalyst 4500 series switch with a Supervisor Engine III. Workaround: Configure VTP to use transparent mode. This problem is resolved in software release 7.2(1). (CSCdw41158) • In certain configurations, the switch might drop IGMP reports before passing the reports to the router. If multicast functionality is based on CGMP, it will be affected.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(2) • ARP packets from an AIX server connected to the Catalyst 4000 with GEC links are not received. This problem is intermittent. (CSCdv15018) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(2a) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.1(2a): • An error can occur with management protocol processing. Use the following URL for further information: http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/Bugtool/onebug.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1a) Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(2) These caveats are resolved in software release 7.1(2): • A watchdog timer exception occurs because of an infinite loop in the cIgmpFilterTable. This problem is resolved in software release 7.1(2). (CSCdv19932) • The sc0 interface does not work after you configure a private VLAN. This problem is resolved in software release 7.1(2). (CSCdv25263). • Changing the spantree mode from PVST to MST.
Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1) Open and Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1) These sections describe the open and resolved caveats in supervisor engine software release 7.1(1): • Open Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1), page 50 • Resolved Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1), page 50 Open Caveats in Software Release 7.1(1) These caveats are open in software release 7.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting This section provide usage guidelines, restrictions, and troubleshooting information for Catalyst 4500 series switch hardware and software.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting • The Port Name field in the output of the show port command displays only the first 18 characters of the port name. If you specify a port name that contains more than 18 characters the last characters will not be displayed in the output.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting • If you have a port whose speed is set to auto and is connected to another port whose speed is set to a fixed value, configure the port whose speed is set to a fixed value for half duplex, or you can configure both ports to a fixed-value port speed and full duplex.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting • Do not plug an Ethernet cable into a serial port, because you will misconfigure your switch. • These restrictions apply when configuring port security: – You cannot configure dynamic, static, or permanent CAM entries on a secure port. – When you enable port security on a port, any static or dynamic CAM entries associated with the port are cleared; any currently configured permanent CAM entries are treated as secure.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting Spanning Tree This section contains usage guidelines, restrictions, and troubleshooting information that apply to spanning tree: • The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) blocks certain ports to prevent physical loops in a redundant topology. On a blocked port, the Catalyst 4500 series switch receives spanning tree bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) periodically from the neighboring device.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting • On trunk ports, ensure that the trunk configuration is valid on both sides of the link. • On a blocked spanning tree port, make sure that the Rcv-Frms and Rcv-Multi counters are incrementing continuously. If the Rcv-Frms counter stops incrementing, the port is not receiving any frames, including BPDUs.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting • IEEE 802.1Q trunks with several hundred active VLANs take a few minutes to become operational. The time increases with the number of VLANs on the trunk. During this time, you might see unexpected behavior, such as the console hanging or other ports not going into forwarding. After the trunks become operational, the unexpected behavior disappears and operation returns to normal. The operation remains normal as long as the trunks remain operational.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting Multicast This section contains usage guidelines, restrictions, and troubleshooting information that apply to multicast protocols and traffic on the switch: • Because of a conflict with the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) leave processing is disabled by default. To enable CGMP leave processing, enter the set cgmp leave enable command.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting Nonembedded CiscoView This section contains usage guidelines, restrictions, and troubleshooting information that apply to nonembedded CiscoView: • The supported client platforms, browsers, and Java Plug-in versions are as follows: Client Platform Web Browser Solaris 2.7/2.8 Netscape Navigator 4.76, 4.77, 4.78, Java Plug-in 1.3.0 (JRE 1.3.0) 4.79 Java Plug-in 1.3.1 (JRE 1.3.1) Windows 98 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Internet Explorer 5.
Usage Guidelines, Restrictions, and Troubleshooting Step 6 Select Edit > Preferences, and then click Advanced in the navigation tree. Step 7 Make sure that the “Enable Java” check box is not selected. Step 8 Specify the IP address of the device that you want to access and launch CiscoView. The Java console is displayed, but the chassis view does not appear. Step 9 Select Edit > Preferences, and then click Advanced in the navigation tree. Step 10 Select the “Enable Java” check box.
Software Documentation Updates for Release 7.1 • There is a problem when you highlight the MultiChannel DS3 Port Adapter in the WS-X6182-PA module, and then select Configure > Interface. The dialog box displays “n/a” or the incorrect values in every field. Also, if you select Monitor > Interface, the charts in the resulting dialog box do not get updated, and an error message is displayed in the status bar. (CSCdr39591) • The LED labeled RPS is not supported on Catalyst 2948G and 2980G devices.
Obtaining Documentation • Layer 3 Switching Software Configuration Guide—Catalyst 5000 Family, 4000 Family, 2926G Series, and 2948G Switches • Catalyst 4500 Series, Catalyst 2948G, 2948G-GLX, and Catalyst 2980 Switches Command Reference • System Message Guide—Catalyst 6500 Series, Catalyst 4500 Series, Catalyst 2948G, and Catalyst 2980 Switches • Troubleshooting Tips—Catalyst 5000 Family, 4000 Family, 2926G Series, and 2948G Switches • Enterprise MIB User Quick Reference (online only) Obtaining D
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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information To open a service request by telephone, use one of the following numbers: Asia-Pacific: +61 2 8446 7411 (Australia: 1 800 805 227) EMEA: +32 2 704 55 55 USA: 1 800 553 2447 For a complete list of Cisco TAC contacts, go to this URL: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport/contacts Definitions of Service Request Severity To ensure that all service requests are reported in a standard format, Cisco has established severity definitions.
Obtaining Additional Publications and Information • iQ Magazine is the quarterly publication from Cisco Systems designed to help growing companies learn how they can use technology to increase revenue, streamline their business, and expand services. The publication identifies the challenges facing these companies and the technologies to help solve them, using real-world case studies and business strategies to help readers make sound technology investment decisions.
Obtaining Additional Publications and Information Release Notes for Catalyst 4500 Series Software Release 7.