User manual

ManualsBrandsCONRAD COMPONENTS ManualsToysAdventskalender 2016

Foreword

As in recent years, Conrad Electronics again has a new calendar in 2016, also, with 24 experiments for

December 1 through 24. The topic is digital electronics. The experiments deal with digital counters with

the CMOS chip 4060. This IC contains 14 digital divider ﬂip-ﬂops as well as a clock oscillator with

multifaceted uses. It enables very different and very versatile applications that are not only educational

but also fun. At the end there is a circuit that can be hung on the Christmas tree to represent a wood

ﬁre and falling stars.

There are various ways to use the electronics calendar. One person might simply wish to build

everything exactly according to plan and enjoy the success; another wants to understand it exactly. The

experiment descriptions should satisfy both. For this reason, the construction and the function are

always described only as brieﬂy as necessary for the successful construction. Afterwards, the technical

background is explained in brief. Thus one ﬁnds the key ways with which one can also go on to look

for more information. In any case, the experiments provide the greatest pleasure when one works on

them with others. Parents and grandparents can perhaps pass on valuable experience and pique the

interest of children and youths.

Using the available parts, one can also build signiﬁcantly more circuits than can be shown here.

Someone who works through the presented experiments with interest will quickly ﬁnd further circuit

variants and similar applications. And completely new circuits can also be developed. No limits are

placed on your ingenuity!

We wish you great fun and a happy Christmastide!

1 The LED test

The ﬁrst test in Advent should cause an LED to light up. An LED must never be connected directly to a

power source; one always needs a series resistor as well. Without this resistance, the LED would be

destroyed by too much current! The LED must be installed in the correct direction. It has two different

connections. The short wire is the negative terminal (cathode C); the longer wire is the positive terminal

(anode A). The wider lower edge is ﬂattened on the cathode side. Also, on all LEDs in this calendar, the

larger bracket inside the LED is connected to the cathode.

Behind the ﬁrst door, you will ﬁnd a red LED and a resistor that matches it. You will also need a 9-V

block battery. The ﬁrst test must be carried out especially carefully. Attention: avoid looking directly

into a lighted LED from short distances of less than one meter. Bright LEDs can cause retinal damage.

Avoid having both LED contacts ever touch the battery terminals at the same time! The resistor must

always be connected in series; otherwise, the LED burns through. Hold both components to the battery

as shown in the diagram. The LED lights up brightly.

One presents electronic circuits clearly in circuit diagrams. There is a symbol for each component. The

LED consists of a triangle for the anode and a straight line for the cathode. That signiﬁes the current

direction. Two short arrows pointing outward stand for the light that is emitted. The resistor is shown

as a rectangular box. Every resistor has a speciﬁc resistance value. In this case, it is 10,000ohms = 10

kilo-ohms (10 kΩ, in the circuit diagram 10k for short). The actual component is marked with coloured

Summary of content (12 pages)

PAGE 1
Foreword As in recent years, Conrad Electronics again has a new calendar in 2016, also, with 24 experiments for December 1 through 24. The topic is digital electronics. The experiments deal with digital counters with the CMOS chip 4060. This IC contains 14 digital divider flip-flops as well as a clock oscillator with multifaceted uses. It enables very different and very versatile applications that are not only educational but also fun.
PAGE 2
bands (brown, black, orange for 10,000 and gold for potential deviations up to +/-5%). The circuit diagram shows a series circuit. The current runs through the battery, resistor and LED. In this case, the resistor has the task of limiting the amperage to a useful value. The higher the resistance, the smaller the amperage. At 10 kΩ, the LED is in fact operated far below its maximum permitted current, but it already lights up sufficiently brightly.
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Behind the fourth door, you will find the wire necessary for all following tests. Build an LED lamp with switch contact. Cut a suitable piece of wire, 4 cm in length, and strip the insulation from the ends to a length of about 5 mm. This wire should be installed as connection to the LED. A shorter wire, 2 cm long, is installed as strain relief to protect the weak connection wires. The battery clip should always remain connected so that the connections do not wear down too much.
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the IC. If everything is correct, both LEDs light up with the same brightness. 7 An open input Open the seventh door and take out a resistor. It has 22 MΩ (22 mega-ohms, red, red, blue) and is repeatedly used in the following tests in the oscillator circuit. The resistor is connected at the input OSC1 only on one side. One thus has an "open input". It is undefined whether one or zero is present; the LED is either on or off. The result is random and can be affected by bringing your finger close to it.
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9 An LED flasher Behind the ninth door, you will find a ceramic disk capacitor with the capacity 100 nF. The label reads 104 and stands for 100,000 pF (picofarads), thus 100 nF (nanofarads). The capacitor allows you to build an oscillator, that is, a circuit that automatically switches the state repeatedly. In this case, a slow flashing light occurs. This time, the high-ohmic resistor with 22 MΩ lies between OSC1 and OSC2 and forms a negative feedback.
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second LED is thus free for the actual test and shows the distributed frequency. Between the oscillator and Q4, there are four divider steps that divide the frequency of the clock signal respectively by two. Thus, 16 clock pulses add up to one output impulse. The elementary period is four seconds at the oscillator and about one minute at the output Q4. 12 Counter from zero to three Behind the twelfth door is another 10 kΩ resistor (brown, black, orange), which is placed in the oscillator.
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between VCC and RES. In addition, two LEDs are placed from Q5 and Q6 to the reset input. But watch out: this time the cathodes are placed at the outputs. The result is a very special blinker that takes on three states – flashing in three-four time! Until now, input pulses could be divided only by two. Divisor ratios of 16, 32, 64, etc. are thus possible, up to a maximum of 16,384 at output Q14. But when one uses the reset input and additional diodes, almost any divisor you desire can be achieved.
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usually generate a precise 50-Hz cycle by directly touching the input. In this test, the result is that the blink pattern is run through significantly more slowly. 17 Light sensor Another yellow LED is hiding behind Door Number 17. Both yellow LEDs together should now form a light sensor. If a lot of light falls on the yellow LEDs, one receives a fast flickering of the red LEDs. In the dark, the flashing becomes very slow.
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bounce is significantly faster, the counter always recognizes only one pulse. This reliable 4-bit counter can also represent larger numbers if one uses the higher-valued outputs. In all, it takes 16,384 button presses for all outputs, including Q14, to return to their starting state. 20 Multi-flash pattern Open Door Number 20 and take out a 1 kΩ resistor (brown, black, red). With it, you have the series resistor suitable for maximum brightness. This time, very special flash patterns should result.
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When using an electrolytic capacitor, the installation direction must be observed. The negative terminal is marked with a white stripe. If one applies a current to the electrolytic capacitor the wrong way round for a long time, it can be destroyed and in the worst case even burst. Here the positive terminal is placed at Q12, where the voltage is alternately +9 V and 0 V. Two LEDs must be connected in the back direction so that the electrolytic capacitor can alternately charge and discharge.
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resistors and make a Christmas light that is entirely your own. Appendix Components in the calendar: 1 red LED + 10 kΩ resistor 2 Battery clip 3 Breadboard 4 Wire 5 Red LED 6 CD4060 7 22 MΩ resistor 8 10 kΩ resistor 9 100 nF capacitor 10 100 kΩ resistor 11 10 nF capacitor 12 10 kΩ resistor 13 Yellow LED 14 10 kΩ resistor 15 Push-button switch 16 4.7 kΩ resistor 17 Yellow LED 18 4.7 kΩ resistor 19 2.
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20 1 kΩ resistor 21 Green LED 22 100 µF electrolytic capacitor 23 White LED 24 1 kΩ resistor