User manual

ManualsBrandsCONRAD COMPONENTS ManualsToysAdventskalender für Arduino™

Arduino Advent Calendar 2016

The programming of microcontrollers was previously only something for engineers and computer scientists. Thanks to clear hardware and easy-

to-understand software, Arduino suddenly makes it possible for anyone to get into microcontroller technology.

The Name Arduino

Arduino comes from Italy and was named after the Italian King Arduino, who ruled until the year 1005 in

Ivrea, where the Arduino manufacturer has its headquarters. Today, the favourite bar of Arduino

developers Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles there is named after King Arduino.

Arduino UNO

The Arduino platform now offers a wide variety of boards for various uses. The Arduino Uno is the board best suited for beginners and also one

of the most high-performance Arduino boards.

This Advent calendar contains a hardware experiment every day for the Arduino Uno or compatible boards of another manufacturer. Some of the

compatible boards have the advantage over the original Arduino Uno that they use a micro-USB connection and thus standard smartphone

cables can be used. The original Arduino Uno, by contrast, has a USB Type B connection.

The experiments on this Advent calendar are programmed with Snap!. This programming language is based on Scratch, one of the easiest

programming languages to learn ever.

Downloads for the Advent Calendar

You can ﬁnd the programmes used at http://www.buch.cd for download. For this product, enter the

code 10213-1 in the input ﬁeld.

Breadboard

For the fast construction of electronic circuits without having to weld, a breadboard is on the Advent calendar on the ﬁrst day. With it, electronic

components can be plugged directly into a hole matrix.

On this breadboard, the outer long rows are all connected to each other via contacts (X and Y). These contact rows are often used as positive and

negative terminal for power supply for the circuits. In the other contact rows, ﬁve contacts each (A through E and F through J) are connected

across to each other, whereby there is a gap in the centre of the board. Thus, larger components can be plugged into the centre and wired in

from outside.

LEDs

(LED = Light Emitting Diode) can be connected at the digital pins for light signals and light effects. For this purpose, a 220-ohm series resistor (red-

red-brown) must be installed between the pin used and the anode of the LED, in order to limit the current ﬂowing through and thereby prevent the

LED from burning through. Plus, the series resistor also protects the digital output of the Arduino, because the LED offers almost no resistance in the

ﬂow direction and thus the pin could quickly be overloaded upon connection with earth. Connect the cathode of the LED to the earth wire of the

Arduino.

In which direction do I connect the LED?

The two connection wires of an LED are of different lengths. The longer one is the positive terminal, the anode; the shorter is the cathode.

Easy to see: The plus sign has one line more than the minus sign and thereby makes the wire visibly somewhat longer. Beyond that, most

LEDs are ﬂattened on the negative side, like a minus sign. Easy to remember: Cathode = short = edge.

RGB LEDs

A normal LED always lights up in only one colour. The RGB LEDs contained on the Advent calendar can selectively light up in multiple colours.

They are, in principle, three LEDs with different colours installed in a transparent housing. Each of these three LEDs has its own anode, through

which it is connected to a digital output. The cathode, which is connected to the earth wire, is present only once. Therefore an RGB LED has four

connection wires.

The connection wires of the RGB LED are different lengths so that they can be clearly recognised. Unlike with normal LEDs, the cathode is the

longest wire here.

RGB LEDs function like three individual LEDs and therefore also require three series resistors.

Summary of content (17 pages)

PAGE 1
Arduino Advent Calendar 2016 The programming of microcontrollers was previously only something for engineers and computer scientists. Thanks to clear hardware and easyto-understand software, Arduino suddenly makes it possible for anyone to get into microcontroller technology. The Name Arduino Arduino comes from Italy and was named after the Italian King Arduino, who ruled until the year 1005 in Ivrea, where the Arduino manufacturer has its headquarters.
PAGE 2
Resistors and their colour codes Resistors are used to limit current to sensitive electronic components and also as series resistors for LEDs. The unit of measurement for resistors is the ohm. 1,000 Ohm equals one kilo-ohm, abbreviated kOhm. 1,000 kOhm equals one mega-ohm, abbreviated MOhm. The letter omega Ω is also frequently used for the unit ohm. The coloured rings on the resistors indicate the resistance value.
PAGE 3
are designated as Sketch by Arduino, in a programming language similar to C. This Arduino IDE also creates the connection between the PC and Arduino. For everyone who does not have the Arduino ready to operate, here is the system installation in seven steps: 1 Download the Windows installer for the current Arduino IDE at www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software or simply use the file arduino-1.6.8windows.exe from the downloads for the Advent calendar.
PAGE 4
Components: 1x breadboard, 1x red LED, 1x green LED, 2x 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown), 3x connection cable The programme For the projects on the Advent calendar, we use the easy-to-learn programming language Snap4Arduino. Download the current version at s4a.cat/snap or simply use the file Snap4Arduino-aktuell.exe from the Downloads for the Advent Calendar. In Snap4Arduino, click on the Settings icon and select Language in the menu. The Settings menu in Snap4Arduino Select "English" in the list.
PAGE 5
Today on the Advent calendar • Yellow LED • 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown) • Connection cable Stop light The experiment of the third day switches a traffic light made of three LEDs in their typical cycle of red through red-yellow to green and through yellow back to red. Components: 1x breadboard, 1x red LED, 1x yellow LED, 1x green LED, 3x 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown), 4x connection cable The programme The programme functions similarly to the one from yesterday.
PAGE 6
Day 5 Today on the Advent calendar • Red LED Dimming the LED Components: 1x breadboard, 2x red LED, 2x 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown), 3x connection cable LEDs are typical components for the output of signals in digital electronics. They can take on two different states: on and off, 0 and 1 or false and true. The same is true for the digital pins defined as outputs. Thus, in theory, it would not be possible to dim an LED.
PAGE 7
The variables bright_r, bright_g and bright_b store the PWM brightness values of the three colour components, the variables step_r, step_g and step_b the step widths in which the PWM values are changed. In this way, the variables switch between +5 and -5. In the first 20 steps, the red component is reduced stepwise from 100 to 0 and the green component simultaneously increased from 0 to 100, whereby various mixed colours between red and green arise.
PAGE 8
Components: 1x breadboard, 1x red LED, 1x 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown), 2x 20-Mohm resistor (red-black-blue), 5x connection cable, 3x clay contact The experiment of the eighth day is a quick game on the PC monitor that uses the Arduino as a small game pad with two clay contacts. In the game, a grab runs round a circular track and should deviate from its course as little as possible in the process. The programme When touched, the two clay contacts turn the crab left or right by 5 degrees.
PAGE 9
The programme When you click on the green flag, the light is placed in the starting state. The pedestrian light is red, the traffic light green. When you touch the clay contact, the light cycle runs through. After one cycle, the program waits until the clay contact is touched again. The programme 10ampel02 controls a pedestrian light with a clay contact.
PAGE 10
the spots in pairs to display even numbers. In the circuit, both side rails of the breadboard are used for earth lines. Therefore, the clay contact is connected somewhat differently this time. How are random numbers generated? It is commonly thought that nothing can be random in a programme – so how can a programme be in a position to generate random numbers? If one divides a large prime number by any value, the result after the x-th decimal place are numbers that are practically impossible to predict.
PAGE 11
form a voltage divider that can deliver any desired voltage between 0 V and +5 V. However, this analogue voltage cannot be passed on directly to the LED, but rather needs to be converted into a digital PWM value. The analogue inputs of the Arduino evaluate an analogue voltage value and deliver digital values between 0 and 1023. Here 0 stands for 0 V and 1023 for +5 V voltage at the respective pin.
PAGE 12
The programme If one presses a number key on the keyboard, the 7-segment indicator shows the corresponding digit. The Delete key deletes the display. No number pad Snap4Arduino supports only the digit keys in the top row of the QWERTY keyboard. The number keys of the number pad cannot be used. The programme consists of multiple script blocks, each of which reacts to each of the keystrokes.
PAGE 13
block corresponds to the one from the programme from yesterday. Script block for display of a number Day 18 Today on the Advent calendar • 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown) This resistor will not be needed until the next few days. Random die roll with 7-segment indicator Components: 1x breadboard, 1x 7-segment indicator, 8x 220-ohm resistor (red-red-brown), 1x 20-Mohm resistor (red-black-blue), 2x clay contact, 11x connection cable, 1x insulated jumper The circuit is largely the same as that from Day 17.
PAGE 14
An infinite loop reads the value of the analogue Pin 0 and rounds it to a digit between 0 and 9. This value is stored in the variable n and, if it is 0, set to 10 in order to display the tenth list element. Then the loop you already know switches on the LED segment that matches the digit.
PAGE 15
Because the main loop of the game runs very fast and does not wait for user inputs, it could turn out that the script block to display a number is called up before the display of the last number has been completely cleared. To prevent this, the programme uses send ... to all and wait blocks. This waits until the subroutine that has been called up has finished running. If the contact at Pin 0 is touched, the player has entered a guess.
PAGE 16
When you touch the clay contacts at Pin 3 and Pin 2, the left paddle Player1 should move. In addition, the messages Player1up and Player1down are sent, which are evaluated by the same object and converted into upward or downward movements. Evaluating clay contacts and moving paddle "Player1" The Player2 paddle cannot access the same Arduino and thus simply receives the messages that the Player1 paddle sends when the clay contacts at Pin 1 and Pin 0 are touched.
PAGE 17
4 Exit the Arduino IDE and start Snap4Arduino again. Christmas music Components: 1x breadboard, 5x 20-Mohm resistor (red-black-blue), 6x connection cable, 6x clay contact, 1x piezo buzzer The five clay contacts generate five different tones. Naturally, the Arduino can play any tones with the piezo buzzer. Many catchy tunes result from five tones. Plus, these can easily be played with the five fingers of one hand without one having to switch the keys with the fingers.