User guide
Xenus XTL User Guide    Operational Theory 
Copley Controls Corp.  13 
Diagram: Effects of Limits on Velocity Command 
The following diagram illustrates the effects of the velocity loop limits. 
Commanded Velocity
Limited Velocity
Vel Limit
Accel Limit Decel Limit
Velocity Loop Gains 
The velocity loop uses these gains: 
Gain Description 
Vp - Velocity loop proportional  The velocity error (the difference between the actual and the limited commanded 
velocity) is multiplied by this gain. The primary effect of this gain is to increase 
bandwidth (or decrease the step-response time) as the gain is increased. 
Vi - Velocity loop integral  The integral of the velocity error is multiplied by this value. Integral gain reduces the 
velocity error to zero over time. It controls the DC accuracy of the loop, or the 
flatness of the top of a square wave signal. The error integral is the accumulated 
sum of the velocity error value over time. 
Velocity Loop Gains Scalar 
The Enable Gains Scalar feature increases or decreases the resolution of the units used to 
express Vp and Vi, providing more precise tuning. 
Velocity Loop Command and Output Filters 
The velocity loop contains two programmable digital filters. The input filter should be used to 
reduce the effects of a noisy velocity command signal. The output filter can be used to reduce the 
excitation of any resonance in the motion system. 
Two filter classes can be programmed: the Low-Pass and the Custom Bi-Quadratic. The Low-
Pass filter class includes the Single-Pole and the Two-Pole Butterworth filter types. The Custom 
Bi-Quadratic filter allows advanced users to define their own filters incorporating two poles and two 
zeros. 
For more information on the velocity loop filters, see the CME 2 User Guide. 
Velocity Loop Outputs 
The output of the velocity loop is a current command used as the input to the current loop. 










