M28-SA 1M75-SA One Megapixel CMOS Stop Action Camera Family Camera User’s Manual 03-32-00525 rev 03 Printed 06/12/03 4:43 PM
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual © 2003 DALSA. All information provided in this manual is believed to be accurate and reliable. No responsibility is assumed by DALSA for its use. DALSA reserves the right to make changes to this information without notice. Reproduction of this manual in whole or in part, by any means, is prohibited without prior permission having been obtained from DALSA.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 3 Contents Introduction to the 1M28 and 1M75 __________________________________________ 5 1.1 Camera Highlights .......................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Image Sensor ...............................................................................................................................................................6 1.3 Pixel Response .......
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 5 1 Introduction to the 1M28 and 1M75 1.1 Camera Highlights Features • “Stop Action” (SA) imaging. • Exposure control. • 1-Megapixel (1024 x 1024) resolution. • Up to 75 frames per second (fps). • CMOS image sensor. • LINLOG™ output response. • Windowing capability for increased frame rates. • CE compliant, shock and vibration tested. • Single 5V power supply input. • Robust and compact.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Description The 1M28 and 1M75 Cameras are based on a specially developed high-performance CMOS image sensor, which enables high speed, global shutter technology for snap-shot imaging, and award winning LINLOG technology for over 120dB of intrascene dynamic range. The camera was developed for industrial vision applications targeting the best today’s CMOS image sensor technology can offer.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY Table 2: Cosmetic Specifications for the 1M28 and 1M75 Blemish Specification 7 Value A Number of first and last columns excluded 4 B Number of first and last rows excluded 4 C Blemish pixel deviation from average output under illumination over 30DN and under 20DN D Blemish pixel deviation from average dark level, measured at dark over 30DN E Maximum number of bright single pixel blemishes at dark 300 F Maximum number of bright single pixel blemish
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Sensor Cosmetics: Blemishes Types The 1M28 and 1M75 one megapixel CMOS sensor has two different blemish types, referred to as hot pixels (bright blemishes) and dark blemishes. Hot Pixels Hot pixels are pixels that generate excessive amounts of dark current relative to other pixels. Some hot pixels will generate dark current at 10 to 20 times the rate of a normal pixel. Hot pixels are isolated single pixel defects.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 9 Figure 3: Typical Output at Half Saturation, 1ms Exposure Time Figure 3 depicts the histogram of pixel output values when the average pixel level output is 128DN. Figure 4: Typical Output at Half Saturation, 10ms Exposure Time Figure 4 depicts the histogram of pixel output values when the average pixel level output is 128DN. Dark Blemishes Dark blemishes are areas of the sensor where the pixel(s) are not as responsive as the average pixel.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual LINLOGTM response In the LINLOG mode the pixel response can be influenced to prevent pixel saturation. At low intensities, each pixel has a linear response. Once a threshold of charge collected is reached, the pixel changes its response to a logarithmic compression. This prevents the saturation of the pixel response and permits an extremely high intra scene dynamic above 120dB.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 11 Figure 5: LINLOG Parameter Adjustment Procedure START Take a picture Analyze the overexposed areas LL1 = 0000h LL2 = 0000h TIME = 0 Rough settings LL1 Phase 1 Initial value LL1 = 62.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Rough settings for LL2 Initial value LL2 = 37.5 Phase 3 LL2 < LL1 Take a picture decrease LL2 too high increase LL2 Is the contrast in the overexposed areas acceptable ? too low Yes Black adjust Phase 4 Fine adjustment of LL1 LL2 COMP Black adjust Phase 5 Adjustment of characteristics using LUT, optimized for the application's gray scale output: 8 Bit END 1.4 Gain Response The cameras feature two gain options: Camera Gain and Skimming Gain.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 13 Camera Gain (Highgain) A preprogrammed off-chip amplification of either 1x or 4x gain before AD conversion can be applied. This gain allows one to get more information out of sparsely illuminated scenes, or increases the spread of gray levels when using strong logarithmic compression. Skimming Gain This gain can amplify small signal levels before readout, thereby increasing sensitivity before readout noise adds to the signal.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Figure 7: Camera Output Performance Skimming On vs. Skimming Off Tint = 10ms λ = 626nm 250 Greyscale 200 150 100 No skimming 50 Skimming on 0 0.00E+00 1.00E-05 2.00E-05 3.00E-05 4.00E-05 Intensity [W/cm2] Figure 8: Highlight of Low Intensity Values Tint = 10ms λ = 626nm Zoom in 180 160 Greyscale 140 120 No skimming 100 Skimming on 80 60 40 20 0 0.00E+00 1.00E-06 2.00E-06 3.00E-06 4.00E-06 5.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 15 1.5 Spectral Responsivity Figure 9: 1M28-SA and 1M75-SA Spectral Responsivity The cameras are shipped without any filters. The quantum response is only limited by the physics of silicon in manufacturing technologies. This permits applications in the near UV as well as in the IR Band.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual ROI Dimension (col x line) 1M28 1M75 1024 x 1 37000 Fps 20000 Fps 1.7 Camera Performance Specifications Table 4: 1M28 an 1M75 Performance Specifications Physical Characteristics Units Power Dissipation, typ W 2 Time to power up, typ sec. 5 Data output format bits 8 and 10 µm mm ° ±300 ±0.10 ±0.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY Electro-Optic Specifications RMS Noise, max FPN (rms), max PRNU (rms), max DC Offset Units DN DN DN 17 Gain Value Description ~16x 196:1 Skimming on, Gain on 1x 0.5 Skimming off, Gain off ~4x 0.7 Skimming on, Gain off 4x 0.7 Skimming off, Gain on ~16x 1.25 Skimming on, Gain on 1x 3.0 Skimming off, Gain off ~4x 5.0 Skimming on, Gain off 4x 8.5 Skimming off, Gain on ~16x 11.0 Skimming on, Gain on 1x 2.
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 19 2 Camera Hardware Interface 2.1 Configuration The different modes of operation and settings are programmed in the camera by an asynchronous serial communications available through the Camera Link interface. The serial interface operates at 9600 baud. The default values are stored in an EEPROM, which is automatically read at power up.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual 2.3 Input/Output +5V and Ground Diagnostic LED Camera Link™ ! WARNING: It is extremely important that you apply the appropriate voltages to your camera. Incorrect voltages will damage the camera. 2.4 Default Settings The camera power-ups for the first time with the following default settings.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 21 Camera Link Cable Base Configuration One Channel Link Chip + Camera Control + Serial Communication Camera Connector Right Angle Framegrabber Channel Link Signal 15 12 X0+ 3 24 X1- 16 11 X1+ 4 23 X2- 17 10 X2+ 5 22 Xclk- 18 9 Xclk+ 6 21 X3- 19 8 X3+ 7 20 SerTC+ 20 7 SerTC- 8 19 SerTFG- 21 6 SerTFG+ 9 18 CC1- 22 5 CC1+ 10 17 CC2+ 23 4 CC2- 11 16 CC3- 24 3 CC4+ 12 15 inner shield 25 2 inner shield Tab
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual 2.6 Power Supplies The camera requires a single voltage input (+5V). The camera meets all performance specifications using standard switching power supplies, although well-regulated linear supplies provide optimum performance. See section 1.7 Camera Performance Specifications for current requirements. When setting up the camera’s power supplies follow these guidelines: ! • Protect the camera with a fast-blow fuse between power supply and camera.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 23 Clocking Signal Indicates FVAL (high) LVAL (high) DVAL (high) STROBE (rising edge) Outputting valid frame Outputting valid line Valid data Valid data Digital Data The 1M28 digitizes internally to 10 bits and outputs either all 10 bits or the most significant 8 bits on the Camera Link connector. The 1M75 only outputs the most significant 8 bits. 2.9 Timing The cameras feature many possibilities for flexible timing.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Figure 12: Free Running Mode, Constant Image Data Rate Integration Readout Reset Integration Frame Timer Figure 13: Free Running Mode, Variable Image Data Rate Integration Readout Integration Readout Global Shutter Timing With a global shutter, the sensor starts with a global reset of all pixels. Then during the integration time, photo-generated electrons are collected in the pixels.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 25 Figure 15: Freerunning Mode PCLK Frametimer Integration CPRE FVAL Line Pause First Line Line Pause Last Line Line Pause LVAL DATA Note: To set integration mode and parameters, refer to Chapter 3. Software Interface: Controlling the Camera. Triggered Mode In triggered mode, image aquistition begins with the rising edge of an external trigger pulse. The image is read out after the preset exposure time.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual After readout, the sensor returns to the reset state and the camera waits for a new trigger pulse. The data is output on the rising edge of the pixel clock. The signals FRAME_VALID (FVAL) and LINE_VALID (LVAL) mask valid image information. The signal INTEGRATION indicates the active integration phase of the sensor. The number of clock pulses after exposure CPRE is defined by the calculation of the frame time.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 27 Figure 18: Triggered Mode with External Edge Triggered Exposure Control PCLK EXSYNC EXSYNC is ignored in mode constant image data rate PRIN INTEGRATION CPRE FVAL Line Pause First Line Line Pause Last Line Line Pause LVAL DATA 2.10 Dummy Test Row For testing the readout chain a row of test pixels has been implemented on the sensor chip. The pixels in this row are fixed to a pattern of black and white pixels.
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 29 3 Software Interface: Controlling the Camera 3.1 Overview Many camera features can be controlled through the serial interface. The camera can also be used without the serial interface after it has been set up correctly. To configure the camera through the serial interface, you must use the PFRemote configuration tool. For details on using the PFRemote, refer to section 3.2 PFRemote Configuration Tool on page 30.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual 3.2 PFRemote Configuration Tool The pfremote.exe is a remote configuration tool for the 1M28 and 1M75 cameras. With the PFRemote, you can: • Control basic camera functions, such as gain, frame rates, and exposure times • Set exposure time • Set a window of interest • Set LinLog parameters • Set camera skimming • Read and alter camera registers • Save factory settings to your local computer Install PFRemote A 1M28_1M75_PFRemote_Software.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 31 If the camera is properly connected, the camera you are using is displayed: Figure 20: Camera Name is displayed after a Successful Connection If the camera is not connected properly, you will receive an error message. Consult the troubleshooting section in the PFRemote Help for possible solutions.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual The configuration dialog box opens: 3. Depending on what you want to configure, click the appropriate tab and begin camera configuration. The PFRemote Help file explains each dialog box in detail. To access the help file, select Help → Help, or click F1. 3.3 Modifying Camera Registers The camera modes and functions are set and stored by internal camera registers. The internal registers are initialized during power-up or by the software.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 33 2. Select Camera → Registers. The Registers dialog box opens: 3. In the left text boxes, enter the register values you wish to view. 4. Click Reread all. The current register values are displayed in the right text boxes. 5. In the right text box, change the current value to the new value and click Change. The register is now set to the new value. To verify the new settings, click Reread all. See the following section for register descriptions. 3.
03-32-00525-03 PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual REG Decimal Value REG Hexadecimal Value Read (R) / Write (W) or Command (C) Description 10 A - Not used 11 B - Not used 12 C R/W Mode register 2 , adjust camera modes 13 D R/W Mode register 3 , adjust camera modes 14 E R/W Mode register 4 , adjust camera modes 15 F R/W LSB Exposure Time 16 10 R/W MSB-1 Exposure Time 17 11 R/W MSB Exposure Time 18 12 R/W LSB LinLog Time 19 13 R/W MSB-1 LinLog Time 20 14
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 35 REG Decimal Value REG Hexadecimal Value Read (R) / Write (W) or Command (C) Description 47 30 R/W 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3C 3E 3F R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Choice of a RAM bank for read/write access Byte 0 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank Byte 1 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank Byte 2 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank Byte 3 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank Byte 4 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank Byte 5 of a 16x8 RAM-Bank
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Register address 4 - STATUS3_REG Bit Description 7 Not used = 0 Table 11: Status register 4 (Register address REGADDR = 5D = 05H) Register address 5 - STATUS4_REG Bit Description 0 Error in the asynchronous communications transfer 1 CANCEL was active, i.e.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 37 To test the interface reliability, a 10 bit Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is implemented. A LFSR is a sequential shift register with combinational feedback logic around it that causes it to pseudo-randomly cycle through a sequence of binary values. It is reset at every line start. Thus it is possible to compare the incoming signal with an internally generated one to count the transmission errors.
PRELIMINARY 5 EN_ARBITRARY_LH 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual = 1 Ł Switch on line hopping via LUT 0 6 EN_GLOBAL_RESET = 1 Ł switch on global reset of the sensors 1 7 EN_MCLK = 1 Ł activate external pixel clock 0 Table 16: Mode Register 3 (Register address REGADDR = 13D = 0DH) Register address 13 - MODE3_REG Bit Name Description Default 0 EN_EXPOSURE_PW External integration control (PulseWidth-Modulation) with EXPOSURE signal 0 1 EN_EXPOSURE_FT External integration control by edge tr
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 39 Registers 18-20 (LinLog2) The LinLog2 time constant is implemented as a 24 bit register (registers 18-20), similar to the exposure time. The LinLog2 time constant must always be smaller than the exposure time. Registers 21-23 (Frame Time) The frame time is set by registers 21-23. This value is set in increments of the pixel clock (35ns for 1M28 and 50ns for 1M75). The frame time is used to keep the frame rate constant, independent of the exposure time.
PRELIMINARY Frame time 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual > exposure time + read out time > exposure time + tU([No. of lines]*([No. of pixels]+Line pause)+ Line pause) > exposure time + tU((ROI_Y1-ROI_Y0)*((ROI_X1-ROI_X0)+Line pause) + Line pause) with the boundary conditions : tU = Time unit in ns (35ns for 1M28 and 12.5ns for 1M75)) Line pause = 5 … 255 ROI_Y1-ROI_Y0 = max. 1024 lines ROI_X1-ROI_X0 = max. 1024 pixels 3.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 41 4 Optical and Mechanical Considerations 4.1 Mechanical Interface Figure 21: Camera Dimensions 38.1 55 10.45 0.75 ø3 ø12 54 32.25 31.7 13.95 55 38.1 1” 1/32st ø6.10 ø6 3.45 34.65 54 30 51.0 46 9 M5 ø1/4” All units in mm.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual 4.2 Optical Interface The cameras come with a built in C-mount lens adapter with the appropriate back focal distance (17.52 ±0.18mm). 4.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 43 Appendix A Asynchronous Communications (Camera Link) Link) Interface The asynchronous communications serial communicator interface is part of Camera Link. (Refer to the Camera Link Specification for more information). This interface is often used in industrial image processing for controlling camera settings. The cameras from DALSA have a Camera Link compatible interface.
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 45 Appendix B Pseudo Random Number Generator In order to test the interface between camera and framegrabber, a 10bit LFSR (linear feedback shift register) with a “many-to-one” feedback structure has been implemented [SMITH00]. For a maximum sequence length of 1023 states, an XOR feedback at tap 2 and 9 was implemented (VHDL implementation, see below). The state 0 does not exist in this implementation.
PRELIMINARY 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Nr. HEX BINARY Nr. Hex BINARY Nr.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY Nr. HEX BINARY Nr. HEX BINARY 47 Nr. HEX BINARY Nr. HEX BINARY 158 2BD 1011110101 190 2B3 1100110101 222 2A9 1001010101 254 308 0001000011 159 17A 0101111010 191 167 1000100001 1110011010 223 153 1100101010 255 211 Figure 22: Captured picture with active 10bit LFSR References: [SMITH00] Douglas J. Smith, “HDL Chip Design”, 7. Auflage 2000 Doone Publications, Madison, AL, S.
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 49 Appendix C Accessing the EEPROM The first 4 registers are used to communicate with the configuration EEPROM of the camera. Register address 0 contains the data, which is written to or read from the EEPROM. Register 1 contains the LSB of the storage address. Register 2 contains the MSB of the storage address as well as the accessing code (OP code) for the EEPROM. The configuration EEPROM has a storage capacity of 2 kB.
PRELIMINARY Command Bit 4 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Read 1 0 A10 A9 A8 Write 0 1 A10 A9 A8 Write disable 0 0 0 0 X Write enable 0 0 1 1 X Abbreviations 0: Logical state 0 1: Logical state 1 X: arbitrary state Example of EEPROM access Table 20 summarizes the sequence of commands for data transmission to the EEPROM of the camera. Depending on the access function, some steps may not be necessary.
1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 51 Table 21: Example accessing the EEPROM with the command „WRITE ENABLE“ Step BIN Code HEX Comments Code 1 - - 2 - - 3 xxx0 0xxx 06 xxxx x11x 5 Write OP-Code in register address 02H 04 READ from address xx00 0100 Address 04H 0000 0100 Read status register from register address 04H 01xx xxxx 43 Write to address xx00 0011 Address 03H 0100 0011 Command SEND_PROM, Data will be transmitted to the EEPROM 6 - - 7 - - x: DALSA 00xx xxxx OP
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1M28 and 1M75 User’s Manual PRELIMINARY 53 Index A about DALSA, 2 amplification, 12 application programming interface, 39 applications, 5 B backplate, 19 Binder 712, 20 C camera dimensions, 40 camera highlights, 4 Camera Link, 21, 42 connector, 19 pinout, 19 C-mount lens, 41 compliance, 41 configuration, 18 tool, 29 configuration defaults, 28 configuration tool, 28 configuring camera, 29 connectors, 19 Camera Link, 19 power, 20 controlling camera, 29 cosmetic specifications, 6 D dark blemishes, 8 data
PRELIMINARY O optical interface, 41 P performance specifications, 15 PFLIB API, 28, 39 PFRemote installing, 29 opening, 29 using, 30 pinout Camera Link, 19 pixel blemishes, 7, 8 hot, 7 response, 8 saturation, 9 specifications, 6 power supplies, 21 power up settings, 19 programmability, 4 R randomnumber generator, 44 recover factory settings, 30 region of interest (ROI), 14 registers, 31 descriptions, 32 modifying, 31 reading, 31 reserved, 32 response gain, 11 03-32-00525-03 1M28 and 1M75 User’s Man
