DIGITAL Network Appliance Reference Design User’s Guide Order Number: EC-R8JLB-TE Revision/Update Information: This is a revised document. It supersedes the DIGITAL Network Appliance Reference Design User’s Guide, EC-R8JLA-TE. Digital Equipment Corporation Maynard, Massachusetts http://www.digital.
November 1997 While DIGITAL believes the information included in this publication is correct as of the date of publication, it is subject to change without notice. Digital Equipment Corporation makes no representations that the use of its products in the manner described in this publication will not infringe on existing or future patent rights, nor do the descriptions contained in this publication imply the granting of licenses to make, use, or sell equipment or software in accordance with the description.
Contents Preface Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 DNARD Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNARD Software Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hardware Functional Description 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.11 4.11.1 4.11.2 4.11.3 4.11.4 4.12 4.13 A iv DNARD Hardware Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAL Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figures 1–1 1–2 Comparing Software Stacks: Development vs. Shipping Products. . . . . . . . . . . . DNARD Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables 1–1 4–1 4–2 4–3 4–4 4–5 vi DNARD Technical Specification Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CPU Pin Connection Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sequoia Power Control Lines – System Function Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sequoia GPIO Signals – Smart Card Interface Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smart Card Interface Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preface Purpose This manual is the user’s guide for the DIGITAL Network Appliance Reference Design (DNARD). Conventions This section defines product-specific terminology, abbreviations, and other conventions used throughout this manual. Abbreviations • Binary Multiples The abbreviations K, M, and G (kilo, mega, and giga) represent binary multiples and have the following values.
• Register Access The abbreviations used to indicate the type of access to register fields and bits have the following definitions: MBZ — Must Be Zero Software must never place a nonzero value in bits and fields specified as MBZ. Reads return UNPREDICTABLE values. Such fields are reserved for future use. RES — Reserved Bits and fields specified as RES are reserved by DIGITAL Semiconductor and should not be used; however, zeros can be written to reserved fields that cannot be masked.
Bit Notation Multiple-bit fields can include contiguous and noncontiguous bits contained in brackets ([]). Multiple contiguous bits are indicated by a pair of numbers separated by a colon (:). For example, [9:7,5,2:0] specifies bits 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 2, 1, and 0. Similarly, single bits are frequently indicated with angle brackets. For example, [27] specifies bit 27. Caution Cautions indicate potential damage to equipment or loss of data.
Ranges and Extents Ranges are specified by a pair of numbers separated by two periods (..) and are inclusive. For example, a range of integers 0..4 includes the integers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Extents are specified by a pair of numbers in brackets ([]) separated by a colon (:) and are inclusive. Bit fields are often specified as extents. For example, bits [7:3] specifies bits 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3.
1 Introduction The DIGITAL Network Appliance Reference Design (DNARD) from DIGITAL Semiconductor takes full advantage of the 233-MHz StrongARM CPU to achieve new heights in Network Computer (NC) performance with unmatched speed and quick user-interface response. This capability, combined with the economies of scale associated with the DNARD’s use of industry-standard chips, offers the most costeffective NC solution on the market today.
DNARD Overview 1.1 DNARD Overview The DNARD package includes: • • • • Hardware: – DNARD printed circuit board. This single-sided board employs only two signal layers, optimizing economy of manufacture. – Packaging – a complete industrial design that can be used as-is in both vertical and horizontal orientations.
DNARD Software Strategy Figure 1–1 Comparing Software Stacks: Development vs. Shipping Products Development System DNARD Software Stack Window Manager Browser (Mosaic) UNIX Apps (Including GNU Tools) Production System NCI Software Stack Java Demo Apps JVM, JIT (SRC) Window Manager (session Control) Netscape Navigator X Server (XFree86) NetBSD Kernal Firmware (FirmWorks) NCI Native Apps Java Apps JVM, JIT (NCI) X Server NCOS Kernal Firmware (FirmWorks) DMARD Hardware DMARD Hardware FM-06233.
DNARD Hardware Strategy 1.3 DNARD Hardware Strategy The DNARD approach takes advantage of the high performance, low power, and low cost provided by the StrongARM CPU and combines it with industry-standard components and interfaces so that developers can quickly and cost effectively bring to market configurations of DNARD that are customized for their application. Table 1–1 summarizes the technical specifications of the DIGITAL Network Appliance Reference Design.
Physical Packaging and Connectors Table 1–1 DNARD Technical Specification Summary Audio (Sheet 2 of 2) 8 or 16 bit, 44 KHz input (monaural) and output (stereo) FM synthesis SoundBlaster and SoundBlaster-Pro emulation Microphone input, line-level, and headphone outputs Keyboard PS-2 keyboard plus mouse ports Smartcard ISO standard, built into front panel I/O ports Industry-standard serial port, parallel port, and game port Remote Industry-standard (“consumer”) IR remote control Power External 5-
Physical Packaging and Connectors Figure 1–2 DNARD Connectors Composite Video VGA S-video • 1–6 Mouse Keyboard Serial I/O Power Parallel Line Mono 10BASE-T In In Headphone Out Graphic connectors – three industry-standard interfaces – Composite video – S-video – VGA • Parallel port – standard ECP/EPP 1284 parallel port • Serial I/O – standard RS-232 serial port • Keyboard – standard PS-2 interface and mini-DIN connector • Mouse – mini-DIN connector Introduction Game port
Physical Packaging and Connectors • Power – no power on/off switch.
2 FreeBSD Installation and Setup This chapter describes how to install and set up FreeBSD on a PC so that it can be used as an NC server. The procedure described here does not attempt to to cover all configurations or possibilities. For a comprehensive description of FreeBSD installation, refer to the FreeBSD website (http://www.freebsd.org/). Note: The procedure described here makes no attempt to preserve any other operating system that may be on your PC.
Preparing for FreeBSD Installation 2.1 Preparing for FreeBSD Installation This section describes the steps that must be completed before installing FreeBSD. 1. Obtain a FreeBSD (version 2.2.2) distribution. The software can be installed from a variety of media including CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tape, an MS-DOS partition, or if you have a network connection (even a dial-up PPP to an Internet provider), you can install it directly over anonymous FTP or NFS. All you need is a single 1.
Creating the FreeBSD Boot Floppy Disk Note: FreeBSD requires that the CD-ROM drive in the system be configured in a special way–it must be set up so that it is neither the bus master nor bus slave or it will not recognize that the drive is connected. On some systems, this may require the removal of configuration jumpers on the CD-ROM drive. 2.2 Creating the FreeBSD Boot Floppy Disk Before you can install FreeBSD, you must create a special floppy disk from which you can boot the PC.
Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel for Your PC 2.4 Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel for Your PC When the PC has booted from the FreeBSD Installation floppy, you will be presented with the beginning screen of the FreeBSD installation titled Kernel Configuration Menu. Due to limitations of the PC architecture, it is impossible for probing to be completely accurate.
Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel for Your PC 2. The next screen will display is similar to the following: Active Drivers_________________________9 conflicts__Dev__IRQ__PORT__ Now you can select/deselect device drivers based on what hardware is present in the PC. In particular, you must clear any device conflicts (CONF) that may be indicated.
Installing the FreeBSD System 2.5 Installing the FreeBSD System After the kernel configuration has been completed the Welcome to FreeBSD menu is presented. Here you can specify various installation options. 1. Use the up/down arrows to select [5 Novice] and the press Enter to begin the installation setup process. Novice mode shows you complete information throughout the subsequent installation steps.
Installing the FreeBSD System 5. You will now get the FreeBSD Disklabel Editor and be presented with several choices. Select “A = Auto Defaults for All” to install the default directory configuration. You will see that the following directories are to be created on the hard disk: /, /swap, /var, /usr. 6. Select “Q = Quit” to exit this part of the installation preparation.
Installing the FreeBSD System 13. When the installation is complete, the “Install Ethernet” screen is displayed and you will be presented with the following sequence of screens – reply as described below: • Select “Yes” to the “Configure any Ethernet or SLIP/PPP network device?” screen. • Use the up/down arrows to select the appropriate network interface card. For example: “le0 DEC EtherWORKS 2 or 3 Ethernet card”.
Enabling the System to Run a DHCP Server • Respond with “Yes” to the “Mouse” screen and use “space bar” to select the mouse type (typically, PS/2). • Respond with “No” to the “X-server at this time” screen. • Respond with “Yes” to the “Browse package collection” screen and then browse the “lang” group of packages. Select the kaffe-0.8.4 package within this group to ensure that the Java-related package needed by the NCBootServerConfig utility is installed.
Enabling the System to Run a DHCP Server 3.
3 Configuring an NC Bootserver This chapter describes the steps used to configure FreeBSD so that it can boot a set of DNARD Network Computers. This description assumes that you have a properly configured FreeBSD, which includes the packetfilter option in the kernel, with a working network configuration. You will need to know information about your network configuration (such as domain name, server name, IP addresses, and so on) to complete the task. 3.
Configuring the X Window System 1. After you start the XF86Setup program, press the Enter key to start configuring the mouse. 2. A help screen appears: press Enter to dismiss the help screen and proceed to the mouse configuration screen. 3. Now press Alt/P to move the cursor to the correct protocol (for example, PS/2). 4. When the correct protocol is highlighted, press Enter. Now you need to move the cursor to the Apply box by repeatedly pressing the Tab key. 5.
Setting Up the Root File System 3.2 Setting Up the Root File System Install the DNARD CD-ROM. 1. The NCBootServerConfig utility sets up a single root file system (shared by all NCs) and a set of swap files (one per NC). You need to create a directory under /usr to hold these files, for example: /usr/dnard. Create the directory now by issuing the following command: mkdir /usr/dnard 2. The NC root file system is provided as a set of compressed tar files.
Setting Up the Root File System 10. List the files on the CD-ROM. ls /cd1 11. You will see five files that you need to copy from the CD-ROM to the hard drive. The files must be copied and renamed exactly as shown here. Issue the following commands to copy the files from the CD-ROM: cd cp cp cp cp cp /tar /cd1/rootta~1.gz /cd1/usrta~1.gz /cd1/x11tar~1.gz /cd1/config~1.gz /cd1/dhcpta~1.gz root.tar.gz usr.tar.gz X11.tar.gz config.tar.gz dhcp-freebsd.tar.gz 12.
Running the NCBootServerConfig Utility 3.3 Running the NCBootServerConfig Utility The NCBootServerConfig utility is written in Java and provides a relatively easy way to specify various parameters for your installation. The utility also automates a variety of file editing tasks to eliminate the need for using an editor to manually modify certain system files. 1. Run the NCBootServerConfig utility by issuing the doConfig shell script. The doConfig script is included in the config-util.tar.
Running the NCBootServerConfig Utility 4. The check box labelled “Configure and install dhcp?" allows you to bypass installation of dhcp. The default is to install it. If you already have DHCP running on this host, you can uncheck the box and a template configuration file will be created that you can use to update your existing DHCP configuration. Note: The check boxes provided by this utility program are displayed as colored or gray-out when they are “true” or checked. 5.
4 Hardware Functional Description This chapter provides an overview of the DNARD hardware and a description of how each of the major functional units on the board is configured and used. Upto-date descriptions of circuit level details are always available at: www.research.digital.com:80/SRC/iag/ 4.
The CPU 4.2 The CPU To avoid unnecessary current sourcing, CPU input pins that need to be tied to a particular logic state should be directly connected to power/ground (rather than through a resistor). The only exceptions on this design are the straps used to set the core CPU speed and the Abort signal. The core CPU speed is set using resistors i3 through i10. Only four of these should ever be fitted: the default setting is 12 (i3, i4, i9, and i10 are not fitted), thus producing a 233-MHz core clock.
PAL Notes 5-V level signals must be buffered (in most cases by the LVC04, which has 5-V tolerant inputs) into the 3.3-V domain of the board because the CPU input buffers have a tight maximum input voltage specification. (Exceptions are NWAIT and DBE: see the PAL notes in the section that follows.) The standard INTR interrupt line is used to generate the CPU ~IRQ signal. The service routine must access the Sequoia and clear the source (StongARM has no automatic interrupt acknowledge cycle).
SDRAM Subsystem 4.5 SDRAM Subsystem The design provides two SDRAM DIMM sockets and includes the buffering and address multiplexer required by the SDRAM devices. This memory subsystem uses only 3.3V and requires one set of bypass capacitors. The design uses 100MHz (10ns) SDRAMs clocked at 66MHz in CAS latency 2 mode. Each 168-pin DIMM slot is designed to work with modules between 4MB and 32MB. To enable this, the address lines are connected in a careful manner as described in the PAL source code.
SDRAM Subsystem One caveat on the 64MB module is that the firmware currently only sets up page tables to map a total of 64MB of memory. So unless or until the firmware sets up more page tables, there’s no point in putting more than 64MB into a board. Caution: Not all DIMMs conform to the JEDEC standard. These DIMMs are 64bits wide, but each select line controls 32 bits. Nonconforming DIMMs may not have the select lines controlling the correct 32 bits.
Video Subsystem 4.6 Video Subsystem The video subsystem consists of the display controller, the frame buffer memory and the VGA video output stage. 4.6.1 Video Controller The CT65550 video controller is used in its VL-bus mode. The controller’s standby or low-power mode will not work because while in this state it does not notice the RESET signal, and therefore does not get correctly configured, jamming the bus. The manufacturer of this device recommends that the core not be run above 3.
ROMcard Slot 4.6.2 Video Memory Up to 2MB of video memory may be installed. It is possible to remove one bank to obtain 1MB with the corresponding loss of video modes. The analog device AD724 is used as an NTSC encoder (PAL is possible by supplying an appropriate clock frequency and linking the STND pin to ground). Flicker removal must be done in software; this chip provides only the encoder functions. 4.
Sequoia Chip Set The PLL generates the high speed clocks for the 3.3-V section of the board. It uses the VL-bus clock from Sequoia as its reference and generates edge locked clocks from this. The 4-times clock is not used. There are five copies of the 2-times clock (66 MHz) and one inverted copy. There is also a 3.3-V copy of the reference clock which is used to close the feedback loop. Eight copies of the 66-MHz clock are needed for the SDRAM DIMMs.
Sequoia Chip Set The Sequoia power control lines are used to control system functions. Table 4–2 provides a brief description of how the signals are used in this system. Table 4–2 Sequoia Power Control Lines – System Function Control Sequoia Signal Use pc[0] Not used. Rev 1, 2, 3. Drives beep speaker. Rev 4 and later. pc[1] Brought to test point to use as scope trigger. pc[2] Used as ~gpcs1 to as chip select for the CS8900 Ethernet controller. pc[3] Set high to enable NTSC encoder for TV out.
Sequoia Chip Set The Sequoia GPIO lines (signals Sequoia.smart[0..7]) are primarily used to allow software to drive the smart card interface. Table 4–3 provides a brief description of how the signals are used in this system. Table 4–3 Sequoia GPIO Signals – Smart Card Interface Control Signal Use smart[0] Set high to apply power to the smart card. Defaults to input, resistor will pull low.
Sequoia Chip Set Sequoia-1 provides two copies of the master clock, one of these is used as the reference for the clock distribution PLL (sheet 5) the other is split three ways (as recommended in the reference design) to drive the other Sequoia and VL-bus devices. Sequoia-1 provides resets for the whole system. It takes the power good signal and the backup battery good signal and will generate a system reset if either are low.
PCI and UMIs 4.9.1 Boot ROM The boot ROM is 8 bits wide and is expanded by Sequoia (which will do four accesses for every read). Sequoia decodes the boot ROM based on BA31, BA27, and BA25 being set, so during boot time (BOOTMD is set), the PAL forces these bits to be set, thus allowing the processor (which on reset executes at location 0) to access the ROM. The ROM may be mask ROM, EPROM, or flash memory up to 512k bytes. Flash memory that can be programmed at 5 V may be programmed in place.
Super I/O Device 4.10.2 PCI UMI The PCI UMI provides a manufacturing time option slot for PCI devices. The Via bridge connects the option slot to the VL-bus. The bridge chip is connected for “compatible” operation (used when the core logic chip set is not one of the Via family). This mode is not documented in the device’s datasheet, but details are given in an application note available from the manufacturer. The bridge chip will claim many cycles that are not for PCI devices.
Smart Card 4.11.1 Keyboard/Mouse The Super I/O device includes a standard keyboard controller running the AMI keyboard code. This interfaces to a PS/2 keyboard and mouse. The output is filtered against EMI and protected against ESD. The power to the keyboard and mouse is protected by a PTC cutout thermistor. 4.11.2 Parallel Port The Super I/O device provides a standard ECP/EPP parallel port, which is filtered in the usual way. 4.11.
Consumer IR 4.13 Consumer IR The IR logic allows consumer remote control style IR transmission and reception. The first section of the IR plug_and_play recommendation is supported. Although support is shown for only consumer IR, frequency deduction is not possible. (It would require an additional gate; see the National Semiconductor IR recommendations.) The reception module produces logic level outputs, and it combines a photodetector, amplifier, and discriminator on a single device.
A Support, Products, and Documentation If you need technical support, a DIGITAL Semiconductor Product Catalog, or help deciding which documentation best meets your needs, visit the DIGITAL Semiconductor World Wide Web Internet site: http://www.digital.com/semiconductor You can also call the DIGITAL Semiconductor Information Line or the DIGITAL Semiconductor Customer Technology Center. Please use the following information lines for support.
DIGITAL Semiconductor Products Note: The following products and order numbers might have been revised. For the latest versions, contact your local distributor. To order the SA-110 microprocessors contact your local distributor. The following tables list some of the semiconductor products available from DIGITAL Semiconductor.
DIGITAL Semiconductor Documentation The following table lists some of the documentation available from DIGITAL Semiconductor.
