Copyright © 2007 by Elenco® Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic, photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.
Table of Contents Basic Troubleshooting Parts List About the Two-Spring Socket (?1) MORE About Your Snap Circuits® Parts MORE Advanced Troubleshooting ! 1 2 3 4 4 MORE DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits Project Listings Projects 512-692 Other Fun Elenco® Products WARNING TO ALL PARTS WITH A ! SYMBOL - Moving parts. Do not touch the motor or fan during operation. Do not lean over the motor. Do not launch the fan at people, animals, or objects. Eye protection is recommended.
Parts List (Colors and styles may vary) Symbols and Numbers Note: There are additional part lists in your other project manuals. Part designs are subject to change without notice. Important: If any parts are missing or damaged, DO NOT RETURN TO RETAILER. Call toll-free (800) 533-2441 or e-mail us at: help@elenco.com. Customer Service • 150 Carpenter Ave. • Wheeling, IL 60090 U.S.A. Qty.
About the TWO-SPRING SOCKET (?1) The two-spring socket (?1) makes it easy to connect your own resistors (and other parts) to circuits by connecting them between the springs: The two-spring socket (?1) just has two springs, and won’t do anything by itself. It is not used in any of the experiments. It was included to make it easy to connect other electronic components to your Snap Circuits®. It should only be used by advanced users who are creating their own circuits.
MORE About Your Snap Circuits® Parts MORE Advanced Troubleshooting (Adult supervision recommended) (Note: There is additional information in your other project manuals). If you suspect you have damaged parts, you can follow this procedure to systematically determine which ones need replacing: Our Student Guides give much more information about your parts, along with a complete lesson in basic electronics. See www.snapcircuits.net/learn.htm for more information.
MORE DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits After building the circuits given in this booklet, you may wish to experiment on your own. Use the projects in this booklet as a guide, as many important design concepts are introduced throughout them. Every circuit will include a power source (the batteries), a resistance (which might be a resistor, lamp, motor, integrated circuit, etc.), and wiring paths between them and back.
Project Listings Project # 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 Description Page # Siren Electronic Rain Leaky Faucet Lamp & Fan Independent Drawing Resistors Electronic Kazoo Electronic Kazoo (II) Water Resistor Two-Transistor Oscillator Diode Rectifier Motor Rectifier SCR Shutdown SCR Motor Control Output Forms Transistor AM Radio Adjustable Solar Power Meter Fan Blade Storing Energy Antenna Storing Energ
Project Listings Project # 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 -7- Description Open & Closed Indicator Open & Closed Indicator (II) Vibration Indicator Vibration Sounder SCR Noise Circuit SCR & Transistor Switch Two-speed Motor Two-speed Motor (II) Current Flow AM Radio with Power LED’s Space War IC Recording LED Flasher LED Flasher with Sound LED Flasher with Sound (II) Stepper Motor Crazy Music IC Stepper
Project #512 Siren OBJECTIVE: To make a siren that slowly starts up and fades away. Turn on the slide switch (S1), and then press the press switch (S2) for a few seconds and release. A siren starts up and then slowly fades away as the 10µF capacitor (C3) discharges. Project #513 Electronic Rain OBJECTIVE: To make a low-frequency oscillator. Build the circuit and turn on the slide switch (S1), you hear a sound like raindrops. The adjustable resistor (RV) controls the rain.
Project #514 Leaky Faucet OBJECTIVE: To make a low-frequency oscillator. Build the circuit and set the adjustable resistor (RV) control all the way to the right. Turn on the slide switch (S1) and you hear a sound like a faucet dripping. You can speed up the dripping by moving the adjustable resistor control around. Project #515 Lamp & Fan Independent OBJECTIVE: To show how switches allow circuits to operate independently even though they have the same power source.
Project #516 Drawing Resistors OBJECTIVE: To make your own resistors. You need some more parts to do this experiment, so you’re going to draw them. Take a pencil (No. 2 lead is best but other types will also work), SHARPEN IT, and fill in the 4 rectangles you see below. You will get better results if you place a hard, flat surface between this page and the rest of this booklet while you are drawing.
Project #517 Electronic Kazoo Use the same circuit as project #516, but draw a new shape. A Kazoo is a musical instrument that is like a one-note flute, and you change the pitch (frequency) of the sound by moving a plunger up and down inside a tube. As before, take a pencil (No. 2 lead is best but other types will also work), SHARPEN IT again, and fill in the shape you see below.
Project #519 Water Resistor OBJECTIVE: To use water as a resistor. Project #520 Use the same circuit as project #516. Take the two loose jumper wires and touch them with your fingers. You should hear a low-frequency sound. Now place the loose jumpers in a cup of water without them touching each other. The sound will have a much higher frequency because drinking water has lower resistance than your body. You can change the sound by adding or removing water from the cup.
Project #521 Diode OBJECTIVE: To show how a diode works. Turn on the slide switch (S1), the lamp (L2) will be bright and the LED (D1) will be lit. The diode (D3) allows the batteries to charge up the 470µF capacitor (C5) and light the LED. Turn off the slide switch, the lamp will go dark immediately but the LED will stay lit for a few seconds as capacitor C5 discharges through it.
Project #523 Motor Rectifier OBJECTIVE: To show how what a rectifier does. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. Place the fan on the motor (M1) and turn on the slide switch (S1), the meter measures the current on the other side of the transformer (T1). As the DC voltage from the battery (B1) spins the motor, the motor creates an AC ripple in the voltage. This ripple passes through the transformer using magnetism. The diode and 0.
Project #525 SCR Motor Control OBJECTIVE: To show how an SCR is used. SCR’s are often used to control the speed of a motor. The voltage to the gate would be a stream of pulses, and the pulses are made wider to increase the motor speed. Place the fan on the motor (M1) and turn on the slide switch (S1). The motor spins and the lamp (L2) lights. Wave your hand over the photoresistor (RP) to control how much light shines on it, this will adjust the speed of the motor.
Project #527 Transistor AM Radio OBJECTIVE: To show the output of an AM radio. This AM radio circuit uses a transistor (Q2) in the amplifier that drives the speaker (SP). Turn on the slide switch (S1) and adjust the variable capacitor (CV) for a radio station, then adjust the loudness using the adjustable resistor (RV). Project #528 Adjustable Solar Power Meter OBJECTIVE: To learn about solar power. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) for mid-range and the meter (M2) for the LOW (or 10mA) setting.
Project #529 Fan Blade Storing Energy OBJECTIVE: To show that the fan blade stores energy. Place the fan on the motor (M1). Hold down the press switch (S2) for a few seconds and then watch the LED (D1) as you release the press switch. The LED lights briefly but only after the batteries (B1) are disconnected from the circuit. Do you know why the LED lights? It lights because the mechanical energy stored in the fan blade makes the motor act like a generator.
Project #532 Transformer Storing Energy OBJECTIVE: To show that the transformer stores electrical energy. Hold down the press switch (S2) and then watch the LED (D1) as you release the press switch. The LED lights briefly but only after the batteries (B1) are disconnected from the circuit. Project #533 Relay Storing Energy This circuit is based on one suggested by Mike D. of Woodhaven, NY.
Project #535 Machine Siren OBJECTIVE: To see how the electromagnet can change the sound from the alarm IC. Turn on the slide switch (S1), you hear a strange sound from the speaker (SP). Push the press switch (S2) and the sound changes to a high-pitch siren. The alarm IC (U2) produces a smooth siren sound, but the electromagnet (M3) distorts the siren into the strange sound you hear. Adding the 0.1µF capacitor (C2) counters the electromagnet effects and restores the siren.
Project #537 ! WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the fan or motor during operation. Back EMF OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how the motor works. The voltage produced by a motor when it is spinning is called its Back Electro-Motive-Force (Back EMF); this may be thought of as the motor’s electrical resistance. The motor’s Front Electro-Motive-Force is the force it exerts in trying to spin the shaft. This circuit demonstrates how the Back EMF increases and the current decreases as the motor speeds up.
Project #539 Electronic Sound OBJECTIVE: To make different tones with an oscillator. Build the circuit and turn on the slide switch (S1), you hear a highfrequency tone. Press the press switch (S2) to lower the frequency by increasing the capacitance in the oscillator. Replace the 0.1µF capacitor (C2) with the 10µF capacitor (C3, “+” on the right) to further lower the frequency of the tone. Project #540 Electronic Sound (II) OBJECTIVE: To make different tones with an oscillator.
Project #542 Diode Wonderland OBJECTIVE: To learn more about diodes. Cover the solar cell (B2) and turn on the slide switch (S1), there should be little or no light from the LED’s (results depend on your batteries). Shine a bright light on the solar cell and the red (D1) and green (D2) LED’s should be bright, along with one segment of the 7-segment display (D7). This circuit shows how it takes a lot of voltage to turn on a bunch of diodes connected in a series.
Project #544 Motor Current OBJECTIVE: To measure the motor current. Use the HIGH (or 1A) setting on the meter (M2) and place the fan on the motor (M1). Press the press switch (S2), the meter will measure a very high current because it takes a lot of power to spin the fan. Project #545 2.5V Lamp Current Remove the fan and press the press switch again. The meter reading will be lower since spinning the motor without the fan takes less power. OBJECTIVE: To measure the 2.5V lamp current.
Project #548 Rechargeable Battery OBJECTIVE: To show how a capacitor is like a rechargeable battery. Use the LOW (or 10mA) scale on the meter (M2) and turn the slide switch (S1) off. Vary the current measured on the meter by moving your hand over the solar cell (B2) to block some of the light to it. If you cover the solar cell, then the current immediately drops to zero. Now turn the slide switch on and watch the meter again as you move your hand over the solar cell.
Project #550 Solar Control OBJECTIVE: To learn about solar power. Build the circuit and turn on the slide switch (S1). If there is sunlight on the solar cell (B2), then the LED (D1) and lamp (L1) will be on. This circuit uses the solar cell to light the LED and to control the lamp. The solar cell does not produce enough power to run the lamp directly. You can replace the lamp with the motor (M1, “+” side on top) and fan; the motor will spin if there is sunlight on the solar cell.
Project #553 Solar NPN Transistor Tester OBJECTIVE: To test your NPN transistor. This circuit is just like the one in project #551, but tests the NPN transistor (Q2). The meter will read zero unless both switches (S1 & S2) are on, then the adjustable resistor (RV) sets the current. If you have the same light and RV setting as project #552 with the diode (D3), then the meter (M2) reading will be higher with the transistor.
Project #555 Solar Cell vs. Battery OBJECTIVE: To compare the voltage of the solar cell to the battery. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. Press the press switch (S2) and set the adjustable resistor (RV) so that the meter reads “5”, then release it. Now turn on the slide switch (S1) and vary the brightness of light to the solar cell (B2). Since the voltage from the batteries (B1) is 3V, if the meter reads higher than “5”, then the solar cell voltage is greater than 3V.
Project #557 Solar Music OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to make music. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 7 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and listen to the music. When it stops, clap your hands and it should resume. The meter is used to measure if the solar cell can supply enough current to operate the music IC (U1).
Project #559 Solar Alarm OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to make alarm sounds. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have a bright light on the solar cell (B2) so the meter reads 10 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and listen to the sound. The meter is used to measure if the solar cell can supply enough current to operate the alarm IC (U2). Some types of light are better than others, but bright sunlight is best.
Project #561 Photo Solar Alarm OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to make alarm sounds. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 6 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and listen to the alarm. Cover the photoresistor (RP) to stop the alarm.
Project #563 Solar Music Alarm Combo OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to make a combination of sounds. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 8 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and listen to the music. The meter is used to measure if the solar cell can supply enough current to operate the ICs (U1 & U2).
Project #566 Solar Periodic Lights OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to flash lights in a repeating pattern. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 9 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and the LED’s (D1 & D2) will alternate being on and off. Project #567 Solar Periodic Lights (II) OBJECTIVE: To use the sun to flash lights in a repeating pattern.
Project #569 Low Light Noisemaker OBJECTIVE: To build a sun-powered oscillator circuit. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read at least 5 but less than 10. Turn on the slide switch and it should make a whining sound, adjust the amount of light to the solar cell to change the frequency of the sound. Use a brighter light or partially cover the solar cell if there is no sound at all.
Project #572 Solar Oscillator OBJECTIVE: To build a sun-powered oscillator circuit. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 8 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and adjust the adjustable resistor (RV). Project #573 Solar Oscillator (II) You will hear a clicking sound like raindrops or a whine, depending upon how much light there is.
Project #575 Solar Bird Sounds OBJECTIVE: To build a sun-powered oscillator circuit. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 9 or higher. Now turn on the slide switch and listen to the sound. For variations on this circuit, replace the 100µF capacitor (C4) with the 10µF capacitor (C3) or replace the speaker (SP) with the whistle chip (WC).
Project #577 SCR Solar Bomb Sounds OBJECTIVE: To learn the principle of an SCR. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. With the slide switch (S1) off, make sure you have enough light on the solar cell (B2) for the meter to read 8 or higher. Turn on the slide switch now; nothing happens. Press the press switch (S2) and you hear an explosion of sounds, which continues until you turn off the slide switch. Project #578 Flashing Laser LED’s with Sound OBJECTIVE: To build a laser sounding circuit.
Project #579 U2 with Transistor Amplifier OBJECTIVE: To combine U2 with an amplifier. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and the LED’s (D1 & D2) flash as the speaker (SP) sounds. The output pulses from U2 turns transistor Q2 on and off rapidly. As the transistor turns on, the speaker shorts to ground and a current flows through it. The current flow through the speaker causes it to produce a sound. The LED’s show the pulsing signal from U2 that is turning Q2 on and off.
Project #582 Loud Sounds OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and you should hear a tone from the speaker (SP). Connect the jumper wire from A to B, the lamp (L2) lights and the tone changes. Project #583 Swinging Meter with Sound OBJECTIVE: To see and hear the output from the Space War IC. Set the meter (M2) to the LOW (or 10mA) scale. In this project, you will see and hear the output from the space war IC (U3).
Project #584 Motor Sound Using Transformer OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and then rapidly turn on and off the press switch (S2). This causes a magnetic field to expand and collapse in the transformer (T1). The small voltage generated is then amplified by the power amplifier IC (U4) and the speaker (SP) sounds. Replace switch S2 with the motor (M1, leave the fan off) and you can hear how fast the motor spins.
Project #587 AC & DC Current OBJECTIVE: Using AC and DC current. This circuit creates an AC & DC current. Press the press switch (S2) a few times and the LED’s flash back and forth. Turning the switch on and off causes the magnetic field in the transformer (T1) to expand (green LED D2 lights) and collapse (red LED D1 lights) and current flows in two directions. Hold the switch down and the green LED flashes once. Replace the 6V lamp (L2) with the motor (M1).
Project #589 AC Voltage OBJECTIVE: To use AC voltage. Turn the slide switch (S1) on. The LED’s (D1 & D2) flash so fast that they appear to be on, and the speaker (SP) sounds. As in other projects, the relay’s (S3) contacts open and close rapidly. This causes the magnetic field in the transformer (T1) to expand and collapse, creating an AC voltage lighting the LED’s. Project #590 AC Voltage (II) OBJECTIVE: To use AC voltage.
Project #591 AC Voltage (III) OBJECTIVE: To use AC voltage. This project is similar to project #589. When the slide switch (S1) is turned on, the relay (S3) sounds and the light bulbs (L1 & L2) and LED’s (D1 & D2) flash. Now when the press switch (S2) is pressed, the speaker (SP) also sounds. Project #592 Noisemaker (II) OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. Turn on the slide switch (S1) and the relay (S3) generates a buzzing noise.
Project #593 Noisemaker (III) OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and the speaker (SP) sounds as if a motor is spinning and an alarm is running. The relay’s (S3) contacts rapidly open and close the battery connection to the circuit causing the alarm IC (U2) sound to be different. Project #594 Pulsing Motor OBJECTIVE: To create a pulsing motor circuit. Turn on the slide switch (S1) and now you have a pulsing motor and LED’s circuit.
Project #595 Noisemaker Project #596 Noisemaker (IV) OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. In this project, you’ll see and hear the output of the alarm IC (U2). Turn on the slide switch (S1), the LED’s (D1 & D2) flash, and the speaker (SP) sounds as the relay (S3) chatters. Now press the press switch (S2) and see what happens when you remove the relay from the circuit. Project #597 Project #598 Noisemaker Noisemaker (VI) (VII) OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit.
Project #601 Alarm Power OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. In this project, the alarm IC (U2) powers the motor (M1), meter (M2) and LED’s (D1 & D2). Leave the fan off of the motor. Set the meter to the LOW (or 10mA) position and turn on the slide switch (S1). The circuit pulses the meter, motor, and LED’s. Project #602 Alarm Power (II) OBJECTIVE: To create a sound circuit. Remove the motor (M1) from the circuit and now the circuit pulses around 1Hz. -45- ! WARNING: Moving parts.
Project #604 Mega Pulser & Flasher OBJECTIVE: To power other devices using the alarm IC. In this circuit, you will power many devices using the alarm IC (U2). Set the meter (M2) to LOW (or 10mA) and turn on the slide switch (S1). The LED’s (D1 & D2) and bulbs (L1 & L2) flash, the meter deflects, the whistle chip (WC) sounds, and the motor (M1) spins. Project #605 ! WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the fan or motor during operation.
Project #606 “2” & “3” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “2” & “3”. The circuit switches between numbers “2” & “3” on the display. Place jumpers from point A to segment C and point B to segment E. Project #607 “9” & “0” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “9” & “0”. The circuit switches between numbers “9” and “0” on the display. Place a jumper from point A to segment G and segment B to segment C.
Project #608 “3” & “6” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “3” & “6”. The circuit switches between numbers “3” & “6” on the display. Place a jumper from segment C to segment D and segment B to point A. Project #609 “c” & “C” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “c” & “C”. The circuit switches between letters “c” & “C” on the display. Place a jumper from point A to segment G and point B to segment A.
Project #610 “O” & “o” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “O” & “o”. The circuit switches between upper case “O” and lower case “o”. Place a jumper from point A to segment G. The DP segment will also light. Project #611 “b” & “d” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “b” & “d”. The circuit switches between letters “b” & “d” on the display. Place a jumper from point A to segment B and point B to segment F.
Project #612 “H” & “L” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “H” & “L”. The circuit switches between letters “H” & “L” on the display. Project #613 “A” & “O” Blinker OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC to flash between “A” & “O”. The circuit switches between letters “A” & “O” on the display. Place a jumper from point A to segment G. The DP segment will also light.
Project #614 Open & Closed Indicator OBJECTIVE: To construct a circuit that indicates if a door is open or closed using light. Switching from letters “O” to “C” requires turning off segments B & C. Turn on the slide switch (S1), the display lights an “O” indicating an open door. Cover the photoresistor (RP) with your hand (closed door) and the letter “C” lights. The photoresistor turns Q2 on and off depending on the amount of light.
Project #617 Vibration Sounder OBJECTIVE: To construct a circuit that indicates vibration. As the motor (M1) spins, it generates an AC voltage amplified by U4. The output from U4 lights the LED (D2) and makes noise from the speaker (SP). With the fan not installed, turn on the slide switch (S1) and you hear the high tone of the spinning motor. Now, install the fan and hear the difference. Project #618 ! WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the fan or motor during operation.
Project #619 SCR & Transistor Switch OBJECTIVE: transistor. Control bulbs L1 & L2 with an SCR and Turn the slide switch (S1) on and then press the press switch (S2), both bulbs (L1 & L2) light, but only L2 stays on when S2 is released. To stay on, the transistor (Q2) requires a continuous voltage but the SCR only needs a pulse. The speaker (SP) may not make any sound. Project #620 Two-speed Motor OBJECTIVE: Increase the speed of a motor using an SCR and transistor.
Project #621 Two-speed Motor (II) OBJECTIVE: To decrease the speed of a motor using an SCR and transistor. Instead of increasing the motor’s speed as in project #620, pressing the press switch (S2) decreases the speed. In this circuit, the transistor (Q2) is in parallel with the SCR (Q3). Pressing S2 turns on Q2 and the voltage across the motor (M1) decreases. Project #622 ! WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the fan or motor during operation.
Project #623 AM Radio with Power LED’s OBJECTIVE: To build an AM radio with LED’s. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the middle position and turn the slide switch (S1) on. Tune the radio by adjusting the variable capacitor (CV). The LED’s (D1 & D2) flicker as the sound is heard. Project #624 Space War IC Recording OBJECTIVE: To record the sounds from the space war IC. The circuit records the sounds from the space war IC (U3) into the recording IC (U6).
Project #625 LED Flasher OBJECTIVE: To construct an LED flasher. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the top position and then turn on the slide switch (S1). The LED’s (D1 & D2) flash at a rate of once per second. As you adjust RV’s knob down, the LED’s flash faster. When RV is at the bottom, the LED’s turn off. Project #626 LED Flasher with Sound OBJECTIVE: To construct an LED flasher with sound. You can modify project #625 by adding a transformer (T1) to drive a speaker (SP).
Project #628 Stepper Motor OBJECTIVE: To build a variable stepper motor. Adjust the adjustable resistor (RV) to the middle position and turn on the slide switch (S1). As the circuit oscillates, the motor (M1) moves a short distance as the speaker (SP) sounds. Adjust the adjustable resistor to different positions seeing how it affects the motor and speaker. Project #629 ! WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the fan or motor during operation.
Project #630 Stepper Motor w/ Sound OBJECTIVE: To add sound to a stepper motor circuit. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the middle position. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and the motor (M1) pulses on and off as the speaker (SP) sounds. As the circuit oscillates, the relay’s (S3) contacts open and close shorting the motor and speaker to ground. See how much you can adjust the adjustable resistor before the motor turns off or continuously spins.
Project #633 Oscillator Alarm OBJECTIVE: To control the alarm IC with an oscillator circuit. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the far left and turn the slide switch (S1) on. The speaker (SP) sounds only once. Slowly move the adjustable resistor to the right, the speaker momentarily sounds. As you move the adjustable resistor to the right, the alarm is on continuously. The adjustable resistor controls the frequency of the oscillator circuit (C3, C5, Q1, Q2) by adjusting the voltage at Q2’s base.
Project #637 Adjustable Beeper OBJECTIVE: To build a simple oscillator that beeps. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and this simple oscillator circuit outputs a beep from the speaker (SP). Change the frequency by adjusting the adjustable resistor (RV). Project #638 Electronic Meow OBJECTIVE: To create the sound of a cat’s meow. Turn off the slide switch (S1) and then press and release the press switch (S2). You hear a “cat’s meow” from the speaker (SP).
Project #640 Strobe Light OBJECTIVE: To construct an LED strobe light. This is an example of how a large strobe light works. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and the LED (D2) flashes at a certain frequency. Adjust the frequency by adjusting the adjustable resistor (RV). Now add sound by replacing the 100Ω resistor (R1) with the speaker (SP). Each time the LED lights, the speaker sounds. Project #641 AND Gate OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the operations of the AND gate.
Project #642 NAND Gate OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the operations of the NAND gate. The NAND gate works the opposite of the AND as shown in the logic chart. A B Q D7 0 0 1 – 1 0 1 – 0 1 1 – 1 1 0 “L” A Q B NAND Gate Using the chart set the switches (S1 & S2) to the different states. When you a have logic “0” the display (D7) lights the letter “L”. Project #643 OR Gate OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the operations of the OR gate.
Project #644 NOR Gate OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the operations of the NOR gate. The NOR gate works the opposite of the OR. Using the chart, set the switches (S1 & S2) to the different states. The display (D7) lights the letter “L” when either switch is turned on. Project #645 A B Q D7 0 0 1 – 1 0 0 “L” 0 1 0 “L” 1 1 0 “L” A Q B NOR Gate XOR Gate OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the operations of the “exclusive or” XOR gate.
Project #646 High Pitch Oscillator OBJECTIVE: To build a high pitch oscillator. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the top position and then turn the slide switch (S1) on. You hear a high pitch sound and the LED (D1) flashes at the same rate. Change the oscillator frequency by adjusting RV. Project #647 Low Pitch Oscillator OBJECTIVE: To modify project #646. Project #648 Low Pitch Oscillator (II) OBJECTIVE: To modify project #646. Replace the 0.
Project #650 Segment Jumper OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC with the 7-segment display. Turn the slide switch (S1) on; segments A, B, and F light and then segments C, D, and E. The two groups of segments are connected to different voltages. As the voltage changes from high to low, the segments toggle back and forth. Project #651 DP & Zero Flasher OBJECTIVE: To use the alarm IC with the 7-segment display. As in project #650, we use the alarm IC (U2) to flash segments and LED’s.
Project #652 Stepper Motor with Lamp & LED’s OBJECTIVE: To add LED’s to a stepper motor circuit. The circuit works the same as project #631 except now the green LED (D2) lights when the motor (M1) and bulb (L1) are off. Set the adjustable resistor (RV) to the middle position. Turn the slide switch (S1) on, the motor spins, the bulb lights, and then turn off as the green LED lights. Even though the motor is connected to the LED, it will not spin because the series resistor limits the current.
Project #654 IC Motor Speed OBJECTIVE: To modify project #653 so the motor slows down. Turn the slide switch (S1) on. As the output from the IC (U2) drives the transistor (Q1), the motor (M1) spins and the display (D7) lights. Instead of turning off as in project #653, the motor slows down and the red LED (D1) lights. Modify the circuit by placing a jumper wire across points A & B. Now the circuit pulses and then runs continuously for a short time. Project #655 ! WARNING: Moving parts.
Project #656 Electromagnet Delayer OBJECTIVE: To learn about the electromagnet. Build the circuit and turn it on. After a delay of about 2 seconds, the lamp (L2) will light, but be dim. Replace your batteries if it does not light at all. Why does the electromagnet (M3) delay the lamp turn-on? The electromagnet (M3) contains a large coil of wire, and the batteries have to fill the coil with electricity before the lamp can turn on.
Project #658 Two-Lamp Electromagnet Delayer OBJECTIVE: To learn about the electromagnet. Build the circuit and turn it on. First the 2.5V lamp (L1) turns on, and then the 6V lamp (L2) turns on. Both may be dim, replace your batteries if they do not light at all. The electromagnet (M3) stores energy, and the batteries must fill it up before the lamps become bright. The smaller bulb turns on sooner because it needs less current to light.
Project #660 Electromagnetism OBJECTIVE: related. To learn how electricity and magnetism are Put the iron core rod into the electromagnet (M3). Press the press switch (S2) and place the electromagnet (M3) near some iron objects like a refrigerator or a hammer, it will be attracted to them. You can use it to pick up iron objects, such as nails. Electricity and magnetism are closely related, and an electric current flowing in a coil of wire has a magnetic field just like a normal magnet.
Project #662 Electromagnetism & Paperclips OBJECTIVE: To learn how electricity and magnetism are related. Use the circuit from project #660, with the iron core rod in the electromagnet (M3). Press the press switch (S2) and use the electromagnet to pick up some paperclips, they will be attracted to both ends of the iron core rod. See how many paperclips you can lift at once. You can also use the paperclip to lift the iron core rod up from the electromagnet.
Project #664 Electromagnet Tower OBJECTIVE: magnetism. To show how electricity can lift things using This circuit gives a dramatic demonstration of how the electromagnet (M3) can suck up a paperclip. Take a paperclip and straighten it out, then bend it in half. Drop it into the electromagnet center, and then press the press switch (S2) several times. The paperclip gets sucked into the center of the electromagnet and stays suspended there until you release the press switch.
Project #666 Adjustable Paperclip Suspension OBJECTIVE: To show how electricity can lift things using magnetism. Use the LOW (or 10mA) setting on the meter (M2). Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and drop it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1) and set the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever all the way to the right. The paperclip gets sucked into the center of the electromagnet and stays suspended there.
Project #668 Photoresistor Paperclip Suspension Straighten and bend paperclip Drop in OBJECTIVE: magnetism. To show how electricity can lift things using Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1), the paperclip gets sucked into the center of the electromagnet and stays suspended there. Now move the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever around while waving your hand over the photoresistor (RP).
Project #670 Paperclip Oscillator (II) OBJECTIVE: magnetism. To show how electricity can lift things using Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1), and set the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever to the right. The paperclip gets sucked into the center of the electromagnet and stays suspended there. Move the adjustable resistor lever to the left, and the paperclip falls.
Project #672 Paperclip Oscillator (IV) OBJECTIVE: magnetism. To show how electricity can lift things using Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1), and set the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever to the right. The paperclip gets sucked into the center of the electromagnet and stays suspended there. Move the adjustable resistor lever to the left, and the paperclip falls.
Project #675 High Frequency Vibrator OBJECTIVE: To show how electricity can lift things using magnetism. Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Connect the electromagnet to points A & B with the jumper wires and hold it about 1 inch above the table. Slide the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever around slowly, you will hear a clicking sound from the relay (S3).
Project #677 Siren Paperclip Vibrator OBJECTIVE: To show how electricity can move things using magnetism. Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1), and the paperclip should vibrate. Drop in Now press the press switch (S2), the paperclip is suspended in the air by the electromagnet and a siren alarm sounds. Straighten and bend paperclip Project #678 Alarm Paperclip Vibrator OBJECTIVE: magnetism.
Project #680 Alarm Vibrator w/ LED OBJECTIVE: To show how electricity can move things using magnetism. Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Turn on the slide switch (S1), and the paperclip should vibrate and LED (D1) flashes. Drop in Now press the press switch (S2), the paperclip is sucked up by the electromagnet and a siren alarm sounds. You can replace the speaker (SP) with the whistle chip (WC) to change the sound.
Project #682 Relay-Whistle Vibrator OBJECTIVE: To show how electricity can lift things using magnetism. Take a paperclip and straighten it out, bend it in half, and place it into the electromagnet (M3) center. Connect the electromagnet to points A & B with the jumper wires and hold it about 1 inch above the table. Slide the adjustable resistor (RV) control lever around slowly, you will hear a clicking sound from the relay (S3) and buzzing from the whistle chip (WC).
Project #684 Vibration LED OBJECTIVE: Introduction to the vibration switch. The vibration switch (S4) contains two separate contacts; a spring is connected to one of the contacts. A vibration causes the spring to move briefly shorting the two contacts. This simple circuit demonstrates how the vibration switch works. Build the circuit and the LED (D1) does not light. Tap the vibration switch or table and the LED lights for every tap.
Project #687 Shaky Birthday Song OBJECTIVE: To turn the music IC on and off using the vibration switch. Connect the vibration switch (S4) to the circuit using the red and black jumpers. Hold the vibration switch steady in your hand and the music should not play. Now move your hand, the music should briefly play. If you continuously shake the switch, the music keeps playing. Turn the slide switch (S1) on and the music plays. Change the sound by shaking the vibration switch.
Project #689 Out of Balance OBJECTIVE: To build an out of balance turn off circuit. The vibration switch (S4) triggers the SCR (Q3) connecting the relay’s (S3) coil to the battery (B1). The relay’s contacts switch, turning the motor (M1) off, and lighting the lamp (L2). The lamp will stay lit until the slide switch (S1) is turned off. Turn the slide switch on; the motor starts to spin. If the motor generates enough vibration, the switch will trigger the SCR, turning off the motor and lighting the lamp.
Project #691 Vibration Space War OBJECTIVE: To make sounds when something is shaken. Turn on the slide switch (S1) and shake the circuit or bang on the table, you will hear different sounds. Try banging on the table in a regular pattern, and see if you can make the sounds continuous. When the vibration switch (S4) is shaken, the circuit plays out one of eight sounds. Project #692 Vibration Light OBJECTIVE: To build a lamp that stays on for a while.
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