KEEN-3304 33MHz 386™ SYSTEM U ser’s Manual
KEEN-3304 Personal Computer User’s Manual Edition 1.0 The following does not apply to any country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: We make no warranties with respect to this documentation either express or implied and provide it ‘as is”. This includes but is not limited to any implied warranties, of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The information in this document is subject to change without notice.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Statement Radio Frequency Interference Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
Warning Reconfiguring To keep the computer from being damaged, NEVER reconfigure the board while the power is ON. If you wish to reconfigure the computer at any time, ensure that the power is turned OFF before changing any hardware settings, such as DIP switches or jumpers.
Contents Chapter 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1-2 Quick Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1-3 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1-4 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2 SETTING UP YOUR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2-1 PEM-3301 Motherboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Onboard System Memory Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Switch Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Video Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jumper Options and Connectors of PEM-3301 Mainboard. . . . .
Chapter 3 Operating Your System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3-1 An Introduction to DOS Loading DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Setup Utility 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Setup Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5 TROUBLESHOOTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5-1 Command Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5-2 Electrical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 System Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Examples of System Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5-3 System BIOS Error Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter 6 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Figures Chapter 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW Figure 1-1: Quick Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 1-2: System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 1-3: System Unit Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 1-4: Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 1-5: Keylock and Two Security-Lock Keys . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 1-6: Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2-11: 5MB Total Onboard System Memory . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-12: 8MB Total Onboard System Memory . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-13: Location of Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-14: Location of Coprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-15: System and Video BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-16: ROM Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-17: PEM-3300 Motherboard Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2-18: DIP-Type Cache RAM . . . . .
Chapter 4 KEYBOARD Figure 4-1: Keyboard Layout . . . . . . . Figure 4-2: Function Keys . . . . . . . . . Figure 4-3: Numeric Keypad . . . . . . . . Figure 4-4: Indicator Lights . . . . . . . . Figure 4-5: Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . Figure 4-6: QWERTY Keys . . . . . . . . Figure 4-7: Cursor Keys . . . . . . . . . . Figure 4-8: Adjustment of Keyboard Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Tables Chapter 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW Table 1-1 : Power Cord Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 1-2: Floppy Disk Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chapter 2 SETTING UP YOUR SYSTEM Table 2-1: Total 32-Bit Memory 5 Table 2-2: Onboard 32-Bit Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table 2-3: SW1-6 Switch Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 2-4: Cache Memory Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 6 APPENDIX Table 6-1: Jumpers W1-W3 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 6-2: DRAM Chip Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Table 6-3: PEM-3301 Total System Memory Configurations - A . . . . 14 Table 6-4: PEM-3301 Total System Memory Configurations - B . . . . 15 Table 6-5: PEM-3300 Total System Memory Configurations - A . . . . 16 Table 6-6: PEM-3300 Total System Memory Configurations - B . . . . 17 Table 6-7: PEM-3300 Total System Memory Configurations - C . . . .
About This Manual What’s Inside Here’s what you’ll find in this manual: Chapter 1 — “System Overview”, gets you acquainted with the basic concepts of your system. Chapter 2 — “Setting Up Your System”, shows you how to install or upgrade your system. Chapter 3 — “Operating Your System”, shows you the basics of BIOS program and the MS-DOS functions. Chapter 4 — “Keyboard”, explains the keyboard’s features, layout and basic functions.
How to Use this Manual For the advanced user If you are an experienced PC user and do not want to upgrade your system now and you want to start using your personal computer as quickly as possible, refer to the Quick Start section at the beginning of chapter one. Quick Start will provide you all the information you need to set up the hardware. For the beginner Chapter 1 gives you the basic information you need to use this system.
System Overview This chapter covers: ■ the basics of your system ■ the system’s features and specifications ■ control panel features and connectors outside of the case ■ how to maintain your computer If you are an experienced user who wants to get to work as soon as possible, the Quick Start section at the beginning of this chapter provides you all the information you need to set up the hardware. If you want to upgrade your hardware later, read Chapter 2, INSTALLATION.
1-1 Introduction This manual will guide you through the setup of your computer and provide the information necessary to tailor the system to fit your needs. If you are a novice, you will be able to have your computer up and running with a minimum of fuss. You will also gain valuable hands-on experience by following the easy step-by-step instructions. If you are an advanced user, you will appreciate the affordable power of this system. Your system uses an Intel Corporation™ 386 microprocessor.
1-2 Quick Start If you are an experienced user anxious to start using your computer, observe the figure below to set up your personal computer. You will still want to use this manual later as a reference book. Note: Save all packing materials in case you need to ship or resell your computer in the future.
1-3 Features A brief description of your system is given below: Compatibility with PC/AT Intel® 80386 - 33 microprocessor Optional 80387 - 33 or Weitek® WTL3167 - 33 coprocessors Dual speed, 33MHz cache support in ultra-high speed and emulation without cache in low speed, both switchable by either software or hardware switches Discrete components to complete cache functions l/2/4/5/8 MB 32-Bit DRAM onboard 64/256 KB direct-mapped high-speed SRAM cache memory Write-Back cache update for 0-watt state memory-w
1-4 Specifications CPU — Intel 386™ microprocessor, 33MHz RAM — Maximum - 16MB with PEI-306 RAM Card Cycle Time - 80ns Data Bus Bandwidth - 32 bits ROM — 32KB legal BIOS Expansion slots — one 32-bit, six 16-bit, one 8-bit Disk Drive(s) — Floppy disk drive: 3.5” and 5.25” bay — Hard disk drive: 3.5” halt high and 5.
1-5 Example of a System Configuration The basic system is pictured below. You may choose peripherals and upgrades for the system as your needs require. Even if your system is different from the one pictured, it should operate in the same basic manner.
1-6 System Unit The system unit may house a motherboard, disk drives, a power supply and optional expansion cards.
1-7 Control Panel The control panel provides several useful functions which are explained below. You are likely to use the front panel frequently, so let’s start there. Figure 1-4: Front Panel Reset Button The reset button allows you to restart the system without turning the power off. you encounter any problems while using unfamiliar software, you can always restart quickly from the RAM test stage by pressing the reset button. Note, however, that any data which have not been saved to disk will be lost.
Keylock The keylock enables or disables the keyboard. In the unlock mode the keyboard is activated. In the lock mode the keyboard is disabled to deny unauthorized users access to the computer. Figure 1-5: Keylock and Two Security-Lock Keys System Power Switch The system power switch is located on the control panel. You should always be certain that the power is turned off before modifying the hardware configuration in any way.
1-8 Rear Panel The rear panel has all the connections that lead from the system unit to external peripherals and the power source. Turn off all power switches before connecting or disconnecting cables/wires! Ensure that cables/wires are attached to the external device first and connected to the outlet unit later. Turn the system unit power switch off before you plug the power cable into an electrical outlet.
Keyboard Connector The keyboard supplied with your system can be plugged into sockets in front of the case. Plug the keyboard cable into the socket shown below.
Power Cord Connector The power supply has two receptacles: one supplies power to a monitor; the other connects to the main power source.
Display Port You will also need to connect your monitor to the system unit at a female display port in one of the expansion slots as shown on the previous page. To attach the monitor cable to the video port, plug the cable into the port and screw the cable connector down securely. Your computer gives you a wide range of video options to meet your needs. You have a wide choice of the following video standards.
Power Voltage Setting The system unit can run on either 115V or 230V as indicated in Figure 1-10. The voltage setting switch is located above the monitor power outlet. Refer to the Table 1-1 for power cord specifications.
Table 1-7: Power Cord Specifications Chapter 1: System Overview 15
1-9 Other Peripherals To connect other peripherals (printers, modems, etc.) determine which ports are to be used by referring to your expansion card manuals or peripheral manuals. You may consult your dealer for more about the expansion cards available for your system. Typical peripherals are shown in Figure 1-11 below.
1-10 Disk Drives You can install up to six disks drives in the system unit of either with 5.25” or 3.5” sizes. More information about how to install disk drives may be found in the chpater 6.
Floppy Disk Drive With a floppy disk drive you can format and use single, double-sided or high-density floppy disks. One double-sided 5.25” floppy disk can store up to 360KB of data. One double-sided high density 5.25” floppy disk can store up to 1.2MB of data. One standard 3.5” floppy disk can store up to 720KB of data. One high density 3.5” floppy disk can store up to 1.44MB of data.
Copy Protection You can copy protect a disk to prevent accidental storage of information or viral infection onto that disk by covering the notch on the side of a 5.25” disk with a write-protect tab or by sliding the small tab on a 3.5” disk to cover the hole. Refer to the figures below on how to copy protect floppy disks. When a disk is copy protected, you cannot add new information to it or change any information on it. To enable copying to the disk, remove the copy-protect tab.
Hard Disks Your system is very powerful and versatile. To make full use of all its capabilities, it is best to use a hard disk. A hard disk can raise your efficiency because the hard disk keeps programs and data available at your fingertips. Moreover, your system gives you a wide range of 3.5” half-high or 5.25’ half- and full-high hard disk(s) to meet your needs.
1-11 Keyboard Your keyboard has a set of function keys, cursor keys and a numeric keypad. The figure below shows a typical keyboard. Refer to Chapter 4 for a more detailed description of the keyboard.
1-12 Maintaining Your Equipment Read and follow carefully all the instructions and warnings in this manual and on these products! Only use a damp cloth to clean your system unit and monitor case. Do not use detergents! Position your system unit, monitor and cables/wires away from direct sunlight, moisture, dust, oil, and thoroughfares. Do not submit your equipment to harsh jarring. Ensure that all ventilation outlets are always free from obstruction.
Chapter 2 Setting Up Your System
Setting Up Your System In this chapter you will learn about: how to assemble a knocked-down system how to upgrade your system Setting up a system is easy and takes only a short time. If your dealer has set up your system for you, you can skip this chapter. With the system set up you are now ready to load your application software and begin work. This chapter covers topics you are less likely to need to know right away.
2-1 PEM-3301 Motherboard If your motherboard is the PEM-3301, the layout of your board will be as pictured on the next page. The PEM-3301 motherboard uses a cache memory subsystem providing a small amount of fast memory (SRAM) and a large amount of slow memory (DRAM). This system is configured to so that all system memory is fast memory and is fast enough to complete bus cycles with no wait states. The cache memory provides high performance with no wait states.
Figure 2-1: PEM-3301 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 3
Onboard System Memory Size The PEM-3301 mainboard has two kinds of dual sockets for Cache RAM and one kind of SIMM socket for DRAM. Chip Insertion Remember that when inserting chips/RAM modules, you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip/RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket. Gently push the chip/RAM module into the socket, and be careful not to bend the pins.
Switch Settings The location of the six-switch DIP SW1 can be seen below. Each switch has an ON and OFF position (usually the ON position is labeled, the OFF position is not). SW1 should be set appropriately, based on the following description. Figure 2-4: The Six-Switch DIP SW1 Table 2-1: Total 32-Bit Memory Note: Total 32-bit memory means onboard 32-bit memory plus that on the PEI-306 32-bit extended memory card.
Memory Size (Bank 0, Bank 1) 2MB (1 MB, 1 MB) 4MB (4MB, 0MB) 5MB (1 MB, 4MB) 8MB (4MB, 4MB) Switch SW1 (4 - 5) Table 2-2: Onboard 32-Bit Memory Note: The switch setting of the onboard 32-bit memory must correspond to the physical memory installed onboard. The switch setting of the PEI-306 must correspond to the physical memory installed on the card.
This is caused by different methods of testing memory among BIOSes. The solution is to set the switches for the total 32-bit memory in accordance with the physical DRAM installed. Most of the BlOSes do not have this problem. If you want to add a 16-bit extension memory card to the PEM-3301 mainboard, total 32-bit memory must match with the switch setting for total onboard 32-bit memory plus that on the PEI-306 32-bit extension memory card.
Jumper Options and Connectors of PEM-3301 Mainboard After the switches are set correctly, other attachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made. See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connectors. Most of the jumpers are preset at the factory.
Jumper A jumper is a kind of switch which uses a plastic cap with a metal interior to connect (short) two pins. If a jumper needs to be left open, you should save the cap for future use by covering one pin only of the jumper. This has no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy. The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three-pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted.
Quick Reference of Jumper Settings for PEM-3301 Mainboard J1 — Keyboard Lock-/Power LED J2 — Turbo LED J3 — Reset connector J4 — Speaker Connector J5 — Power Supply Connector J7 — Keyboard Connector W1 — Coprocessor installation short — not installed open — installed W2 — Bank 0 DRAM Type Selection 1-2 short — (1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM) 2-3 short — (256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM) W3 — Bank 1 DRAM Type Selection 1-2 short — (1Mbit x 9 SIMM DRAM) 2-3 short — (256Kbit x 9 SIMM DRAM) W4- W5 — Cache Size Selection 1-2 short
Jumpers for Cache and Main Memory Configuration The tables on below indicate the jumper settings required for different SRAM cache configurations. The cache configurations are listed below: 64KB: 64KB cache (with eight 16Kbit X 4 cache SRAM chips and two 16Kbit X 4 tag SRAM chips) 256KB: 256KB cache (with eight 64Kbit X 4 cache SRAM chips and two 64Kbit X 4 tag SRAM chips) Refer to the figure on the next page for more information.
Figure 2-7: Cache Configurations 12 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Figure 2-8: 1MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2-9: 2MB Total Onboard Memory 14 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Figure 2-10: 4MB Total Onboard Memory Figure 2-11: 5MB Total Onboard Memory Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 15
Figure 2-12: 8MB Total Onboard memory 16 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Installing Processor on Mainboard The PEM-3301 mainboard supports the Intel 80386-33 processor. The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket (U12), with the notch as shown below.
Installing Numeric Coprocessor If you process numeric data, a math coprocessor will make your work more efficient. The PEM-3301 mainboard supports the Intel 80387 and Weitek 3167 numeric coprocessors. The coprocessor chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket (U11), with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket. Jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Intel 80387 or Weitek 3167 is not installed and OPENED if either one of them is installed.
Shadow RAM For higher performance, the PEM-3301 has two shadow RAM functions. Shadow RAM is one of the features of the PEM-3301. Your BIOS or diskette will support the following: A 64KB DRAM space allocated for system BIOS shadow RAM A 64KB DRAM space allocated for video BIOS shadow RAM BIOS and video addresses are allocated for shadow RAM. Both sections are 64KB in size. Refer to the table below for more information.
If you use DTK or Phoenix 1.1002 BIOS, you can enable or disable these two shadow RAM functions through your BIOS setup. If your BIOS does not support shadow RAM, you may use the program on the diskette included with this mainboard to set up the shadow RAM driver. Follow the steps below: insert the diskette into drive A and enter a:. Enter this command: SH INST Respond to the prompts on your screen. The shadow RAM utility is now installed. Your AUTOEXEC.
ROM Installation To install the ROM chips, refer to the illustration below for the location of the DIP sockets and ROM selection jumper W7 on the mainboard. Figure 2-16: ROM Installation of PEM-3301 Mainboard ROM access time is 15Ons.
2-2 PEM-3300 Motherboard If your motherboard is the PEM-3300, the layout of your board be as pictured on the next page. The PEM-3300 motherboard uses a cache memory subsystem providing a small amount of fast memory (SRAM) and a large amount of slow memory (DRAM). This system is configured to so that all system memory is fast memory — fast enough to complete bus cycles with no wait states. The cache memory provides high performance with no wait states.
Figure 2-17: PEM-3300 Motherboard Layout Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 23
Onboard System Memory Size The PEM-3300 mainboard has two kinds of dual sockets — one for Cache RAM and a SIP socket for DRAM. Chip Insertion Remember that when inserting chips/RAM modules, you must make sure the notched or dotted end of the chip/RAM module is lined up with the notched end of the socket. Gently push the chip/RAM module into the socket, and be careful not to bend the pins.
Switch Settings The location of the six-switch DIP SW1 can be seen below. Each switch has an ON and OFF position (usually the ON position is labeled, the OFF position is not). SW1 should be set appropriately, based on the following description. Side View Top View Figure 2-20: The Six-Switch DIP SW1 Table 2-8: Total 32-Bit Memory Note: Total 32-bit memory means onboard 32-bit memory plus that on the PEI-306 32-bit extended memory card.
Table 2-9: Onboard 32-Bit Memory Note: The switch setting for onboard 32-bit memory must match the physical memory installed onboard. The switch setting of the PEI-306 must correspond to the physical memory installed on the card. If you don’t have a 16-bit memory extension card in your system, the switch setting for total 32-bit memory must be for an amount larger than or equal to total installed memory (including onboard 32-bit memory and 32-bit memory on the PEI-306).
This is caused by different methods of testing memory among BIOSes. The solution is to set the switches for the total 32-bit memory in accordance with the physical DRAM installed. Most of the BlOSes do not have this problem. If you want to add a 16-bit extension memory card to the PEM-3300 mainboard, you have to fill the total 32-bit memory in accordance with the switch setting for total onboard 32-bit memory plus that on the PEI-306 32-bit extension memory card.
I Jumper Options and Connectors of PEM-3300 Mainboard After the switches are set correctly, other attachments and jumper option adjustments on the mainboard have to be made. See the illustration below for the location of each of the jumpers and connectors. Most of the jumpers are preset at the factor).
Jumper A jumper is a kind of switch which uses a plastic cap with a metal interior to connect (short) two pins. If a jumper needs to be left open, you should save the cap for future use by covering one pin only of the jumper. This has no effect on the function of the board while it keeps the cap handy. The illustration below shows the side and top views of a three-pin jumper in which pins two and three are shorted.
Quick Reference of Jumper Settings for PEM-3300 Mainboard J1 — Keyboard Lock/Power LED J2 — Reset Connector J3 — Speaker Connector J4 — Turbo LED Connector J5 — Turbo Connector 1-2 short -Normal (hardware) open — Turbo (hardware) 2-3 short — speed toggled (software) J7 — Keyboard Connector J8 — Power Supply Connector W1 - W6 — Bank Selection 1-2 short — bank 0 2-3 short — bank 1 W7 — DRAM Type of Bank 0 1-2 short — (1Mbit x 9 SIP DRAM) or (1Mbit x 1 DIP DRAM) 2-3 short — (256Kbitx9 SIP DRAM) or (256Kbitx4 D
Jumpers for Cache and Main Memory Configuration The tables on below indicate the jumper settings required for different SRAM cache configurations. The cache configurations are listed below: 64KB: 64KB cache (with eight 16Kbit X 4 cache SRAM chips and two 16Kbit X 4 tag SRAM chips) 256KB: 256KB cache (with eight 64Kbit X 4 cache SRAM chips and two 64Kbit X 4 tag SRAM chips) Refer to the figure on the next page for more information.
64KB cache Figure 2-23: Cache Configurations 32 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 256KB cache
Table 2-12: DRAM Configurations Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 33
Figure 2-24: 1MB Total Onboard Memory — Configuration A Figure 2-25: 1MB Total Onboard Memory — Configuration B 34 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Figure 2-26: 2MB Total Onboard Memory — Configuration A Figure 2-27: 2MB Total Onboard Memory — Configuration B Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 35
Bank 0 = (266Kbit x 9 RAM module) x 4 pieces Figure 2-28: 2MB Total Onboard memory — Configuration C 36 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Bank 0 = 1Mbit x 36 pieces Figure 2-29: 4MB Total Onboard memory — Configuration A Figure 2-30: 4MB Total Onboard memory — Configuration B Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System 37
Figure 2-31: 5MB Total Onboard memory Bank 0 = 1Mbit x 36 pieces Bank 1 = (1Mbit x 9 RAM module) x 4 pieces Figure 2-32: 8MB Total Onboard memory 38 Chapter 2: Setting Up Your System
Installing Processor The PEM-3300 mainboard supports the Intel 80386-33 processor. The processor chip should be inserted into the processor socket (U161), with the notches aligned as shown below.
Installing Numeric Coprocessor If you process numeric data, a math coprocessor will make your work more efficient. The PEM-3300 mainboard supports the Intel 80387 and Weitek 3167 numeric coprocessors. The coprocessor chip should be inserted into the coprocessor socket (U160), with the notch on the package oriented in the same direction as the corresponding notch on the socket. The jumper W1 should be SHORTED if an Intel 80387 or Weitek 3167 is not installed and OPENED if either one of them is installed.
2-3 Installation The time may come when you want to upgrade your system. To do so, you may need to remove the cover of the unit. This is easily accomplished with the following tools: a small flat-blade screwdriver and a small Phillips screwdriver. Be sure that the power to the system is switched OFF before you open the case.
2-4 Connection to Power Supply If your power supply has not been attached to your motherboard, you may need to attach the power supply cable to the mainboard at the connector beside the power on the motherboard. In this case, you should connect cables on the power supply to 2 six-pin connectors. You may also need to attach the four-pin connectors for disk drives. Be sure the four black wires of the power supply cables are located in the middle of the power connectors. Refer to the figure below.
The pinouts for the power supply connectors are as follows: Table 2-13: Power Supply Pinouts Once you have completed connecting the cables the RAM Card is installed and ready to go. If you have nothing else left to do, close the case according to the instructions in your system manual.
Operating Your System In this chapter you will learn: the basics of system BIOS a few MS-DOS functions The software that your system will use falls into two categories. First there is the operating system, the language that tells the system what to do. The operating system this computer uses is Microsoft Corporation’s MS-DOS, the world’s most widely used operating system for PC/XT/ATs. Next, there is the application software that you use for work and play.
3-1 An Introduction to DOS DOS stands for Disk Operating System. This is a set of commands used to control the operations of a computer and its peripheral components. DOS makes it easy for you to use applications and create and manage files on your computer. DOS also lets you use devices with the computer. Loading DOS Loading DOS means to copy all the DOS programs into the computer’s electronic memory. You should follow the instructions below to start DOS.
3-2 Setup Utility A system setup program is included in your BIOS on the motherboard. The setup program is used to key in the configuration you want for your system. Specifically, you can set the date, time, base memory, expansion memory, number of floppy and hard disk drives and display configuration as well as get information on hard disk types. Your system BIOS is fully compatible with IBM BIOS.
If you reconfigure your system, you will need to enter the setup program. When you restart the system, press the key quickly just after the RAM test. If you miss the chance to do so, press the hardware reset switch, or just press the software reset switch , and simultaneously to enter the setup program. Before the setup program appears, the following message will be shown on the screen: SETUP utility will be starting When the RAM test is completed, the SETUP program will take over.
FoIlowing are examples of the setup program screen and prompt windows you will see in using the program. If you choose item 1 from The screen on the previous page to configure your system, the following will appear. You should correctly respond to prompts about your computer.
Once you have entered all appropriate information and exited by choosing item 9, you will be asked to confirm that the configuration data are correct. Figure 3-3: Before Restarting If at a later date you alter the configuration of your system, you will need to go through the program again and make the appropriate changes.
Calculator The calculator can be used if you press , , <5> (on the key pad). Pressing will exit this utility. Note that these two utilities can be used in the 80-column text display mode only. Refer to the figure below for the Calculator.
3-3 DOS Operations Following is a brief explanation of a few DOS functions. If you want a detailed explanation of all the DOS commands, refer to your DOS user manual. Starting MS-DOS If you are using a hard disk with DOS already installed, the computer will “boot” or start itself. If you are using a floppy disk drive, insert the DOS system disk in drive “A” and switch on your computer.
Formatting Disk You must format a floppy disk before it can be used. Formatting high-density disk: To format a high-density disk, type the following at the drive prompt: C>Format A: After your disk has been formatted, you will see the following prompt: Format another diskette (Y/N)? Press if you do have nothing else to be formatted.
Backing up your Diskettes and Files In order not to lose your files through disk damage or accidental deletion it is important to back up all your files and diskettes regularly. Backing up a diskette on a two-floppy disk drive system: At the A> prompt type the following A> diskcopy a: b: Press and respond to the prompts on your screen. Backing up a diskette on a single floppy disk drive system: At the A> prompt type the followingA> diskcopy Press and respond to the prompts on your screen.
Deleting your Diskettes and Files You may want to erase diskettes or unnecessary files to make room for other data. Erasing a diskette: To erase a whole directory of files, type the following at the drive prompt: A>del *,* All the files in the open directory are now erased. Deleting a file: To delete a single file, type the following at the drive prompt: A>del filename.
Listing Disk Files If you want to find out what files are on a disk, you can list its directory by using the
command. If you want to display the directory of the disk in drive A, you would use the following command: DIR A: After you hit the enter key, all the file information will be displayed on the screen. If you use the command without a drive letter, MS-DOS lists the directory of the disk which was most recently accessed.3-4 Hard Disk Drive Format A hard disk must be formatted before it can be read from or written to. If your hard disk requires this, you should carry out the following steps: Step 1 — Preformat The preformat utility is supplied by the system BIOS. You can press the key quickly just after the RAM test to enter the SETUP program. Choose item 2 from the initial screen to preformat a hard disk. See Figure 3-1. Step 2 — Partition This process creates DOS partitioning on a preformatted hard disk drive.
Step 3 — Format The DOS command “Format” verifies the media and moves the system file onto the hard disk drive. The command should be keyed in as: A> FORMAT C:/S If you want to make two partitions, you have to format the new partition as follows: A> FORMAT D: If you want to use partition 1 (drive C) to start DOS, you have to specify the /S option when formatting the disk. You can use this system disk to boot your system later.
3-5 Helpful Hints This chapter ends with a few hints -they may save you some time or help you as you use your computer. Make copies of your diskettes regularly. To make sure that a command works, you should: - Check your typing (make sure you don’t confuse \ with /). - Have the correct diskette in the drive. - Check the contents of the diskette with the DIR command. - Specify the correct diskette drive. - Remember to include the colon (:) when specifying the name of a drive.
Chapter 4 Keyboard
Keyboard In this chapter you will learn: n n the basics of your keyboard and its functions how to adjust your keyboard angle A computer keyboard sends messages from you to the computer.
4-1 Keyboard Layout Currently several keyboard styles are available for PC/AT/XT compatible computers. The most popular are the PC keyboard, the PC/AT keyboard, and the enhanced keyboard. Figure 4-1 below illustrates the basic layout of a typical enhanced keyboard.
4-2 Getting Acquainted with Your Keyboard Before you begin using your computer, you should become familiar with some keyboard functions. Your keyboard is divided into six sections. Refer to the previous page for the layout. The following gives an explanation of these keys. Function Keys These are located on the left or at the top of the keyboard. Function keys have specially defined uses preassigned by the software you use. They are used independently or in combination with other keys.
Keys Function Turns on and off the numeric mode on the numeric keypad Used for division operations. Used for multiplication operations. Used for subtraction operations. Activating Num Lock makes 7 operative. Home returns cursor to the beginning of the line it is on. Activating Num Lock makes 8 operative. Otherwise the up cursor key is active. Activating Num Lock makes 9 operative. Otherwise page up is active. Used for addition operations. Activating Num Lock makes 4 operative.
Mode Indicator Lights In addition to the character, number and control keys, every keyboard has three lights that indicate the typing mode. These lights and their functions are explained as follows: Figure 4-4: Indicator Lights Caps Lock When this light is on, characters are in uppercase mode. Num Lock When this light is off, the cursor-control function of the numeric keypad is disabled and the numeric mode is activated. Scroll Lock When this light is on, text can be scrolled without moving the cursor.
Special Keys Below are some special keys on your keyboard. Figure 4-5: Special Keys Check out the above key functions in the table below and in Table 4-1. Function Keys Pressing this key together with the shift key will print all data on the screen. With Scroll Lock activated, you can move text vertically in line units. Pressing this key halts the current operation; pressing it again allows the operation to continue. Moves the cursor for corrections, but the line is not deleted from memory.
QWERTY Keys These are the same keys which are used on a typewriter. Figure 4-6: QWERTY Keys Keys Function Performs a tab function similar to that of a typewriter. Changes lowercase letters to capitals. Moves cursor back one space and erases characters. Pressing this key activates uppercase letters; pressing it again activates lowercase letters.
Cursor Keys These keys move the cursor in the indicated direction. Figure 4-7: Cursor Keys Key Combinations The keys shown below have special functions when pressed simultaneously.
4-3 Keyboard Tilt Adjustment Under the rear of the keyboard are two small legs that can be pulled out or pushed in to change the keyboard angle to suit you.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting In this chapter you will learn about: n n the basics of how to solve software/hardware problems when to get technical help for your computer Your computer has been designed to last for years of optimum performance. But if some problems do occur, more likely than not you will be able to solve them by referring to this chapter. No matter whether you are a new or experienced user, you should become familiar with the material in this chapter.
5-1 Command Problems Often what appears to be a big problem is in fact just a matter of a small oversight. Before taking your computer in to the shop for major surgery, check the following items: Make sure that all devices (computer and peripherals) have power and are turned on. If you encounter a problem while you are working, stop what you are doing immediately. On paper, make notes of what is happening. List the actions you have taken and the responses from the computer.
Are you using a startup disk? Is your disk formatted? Is the system configuration correct? Are all the external and internal connectors are connected well? Make sure that you are running software compatible with your display port, because some software can only run in the MGA display mode. Is the power fuse burned out? If you have gone through the above checklist and your system still does not function properly, check the following pages. The following instructions will help you solve some common problems.
5-2 Electrical Problems Most electrical problems (except blackouts) can be avoided if you run your system on a dedicated electrical line. That is, ensure that your computer and peripheral electric cords are not shared by other appliances such as a refrigerator or air conditioner. Also, it is highly advisable to purchase a surge suppressor. This is a set of electric sockets enclosed in a single housing. A surge suppressor prevents sudden pulses of high electric power (spikes) from damaging the computer.
Hardware error messages: These messages are related to the computer’s internal components, your monitor, mouse, or printer. Hardware problems are usually ones that the user cannot solve alone. Professional services are therefore required. Error messages generated by MS-DOS, BASIC or other high-level applications: These messages relate to problems due to incorrect use or malfunction of a high-level application under which you might run your software.
Examples of System Error Messages System crash The cursor cannot be moved and does not respond to the keyboard. This could indicate a software crash. Mark where you are in your document. Reboot your system and reload your software. Scroll the cursor to where you last saved your data. Retype the information up to where the cursor could not be moved. Enter the rest of the data. If the cursor continues to function normally, the problem was probably caused by accidently pressing the wrong key.
5-3 System BIOS Error Message 8254 Error - Indicates a 8254 timer controller failure. 8237 Error - Indicates a 8237 DMA controller failure. 74612 Error - Indicates a 74612 page register failure. 8259 Error - Indicates a 8259 interrupt controller failure. 8742 Error - indicates a 8742 controller failure. Check Battery - Indicates a system backup battery disconnection or power loss. RTC Checksum Error - Indicates that the system memory refresh function does not work.
Parity Error but Segment isn’t Found, Press any Key to Continue - Indicates that the NMI circuit has detected a RAM parity error. System Memory Mismatch, Run Setup - Indicates a mismatch of memory size in the real-time clock as well as onboard. You need to run the setup program. Display Card Mismatch, Run Setup - Indicates a mismatch of a record typed in the real-time clock as well as onboard. You need to run the setup program.
Appendix This chapter provides: n n n technical information jumper settings in your system information on moving your computer This manual is not a technical reference manual. This chapter provides some technical information about your system, but if you need more, check out a technical library or bookstore. You will find technical reference books in most bookstores.
6-1 Disk Drives Up to seven floppy/hard disk drives may be installed in the system unit. installation of a hard disk is essentially the same as that for a floppy disk. You may at sometime want to add to or exchange your floppy or hard disk drives. Follow the instructions below to do so. Be certain to refer to the manuals for both the disk drive and the controller card for any additional specific information regarding them that may be of importance.
Slide the disk drive, back end first, into the disk drive bay. Figure 6-2: Installing the Floppy Disk Drives Next, connect the floppy/hard disk controller cable and one of the four cables from the power supply. The power cable is simple to connect: simply plug it in to the correct adapter. The shape of the plug ensures that no mistakes will be made.
Figure 6-3: Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive Figure 6-4: Connecting a Floppy Disk Drive to an FDC Card 4 Chapter 6: Appendix
One edge of the ribbon cable is marked with a color line. This specific line side of the connector should be at pin 1 when attached to the card. Pin 1 is clearly marked on the card. See the figure below: Figure 6-5: Cables for Disk Drives Follow the same procedure for any additional drives you want to install. Removal To remove a drive, just reverse the procedure described above. Disconnect the cables, undo the screws and slide the drive out.
Hard Disk The installation of a hard disk drive is similar to that for a floppy disk drive. First fasten the bracket on the drive.
l Next, place the disk drive inside the bay and fasten the brackets to the chassis.
Figure 6-6: Connecting a Hard Disk Drive Figure 6-9: Connecting a Hard Disk to a HDC Card 8 Chapter 6: Appendix
Connect the power cable and the hard disk controller cables. Note that there is only one possible way to connect the power cable and hard disk cables owing to the shape of the connectors, so it is impossible to make a mistake. The two hard disk controller cables are of different sizes: the red wires on the cables should be connected so that they are toward the central portion of the case. Removal To remove a hard disk drive, reverse the procedure described above.
6-2 Expanding Your Memory with a PEI-306 RAM Card The PEI-306 ‘386 RAM Card is a flexible memory solution for your system’s motherboard. The PEI-306 ‘386 RAM Card can be installed in a 32-bit expansion slot designed for this purpose. The ‘386 RAM Card makes use of a combination of 256KB and 1 MB SIMM modules which allow for up to 12MB of memory for maximum expandability. With so many memory configurations, setup becomes a major consideration.
Card Setup Memory Banks The ‘386 RAM Card memory is divided into three banks. At the very least, bank 0 must be full for the card to function. By setting DIP switch SW1 and jumpers W1 - W3 the PEI-306 ‘386 RAM Card can be set up with a minimum of 1 MB and a maximum of 12MB memory. The PEI-306 RAM Card has SIMM-type RAM module sockets. These 30-pin single-in-line sockets are aligned at an angle of 25 degrees. Refer to the figure below.
Jumper Settings Jumpers W1 - W3 allow you to set the DRAM type of banks 0 - 2 for either 411000 RAM or 41256 RAM. Jumper W1 selects bank 0, W2 selects bank 1 and W3 selects bank 2. Refer to the table below for more information.
DRAM Chip Speed The PEM-3300/PEM-3301 mainboard has a clock speed which requires the use of 80ns DRAM on the ‘386 RAM Board. For other mainboards, refer to your mainboard manual or contact your dealer. Both types of DRAM (256KB and 1MB) are available in both speeds so you can take full advantage of the ‘386 RAM Board’s various configurations. Refer to the charts below for a synopsis of this information.
I
Installing Your PEI-306 RAM Card Having ensured that the power to the system is switched OFF, refer to Figure 2-35 for your computer to open it up.
Expansion Slots and Slot Covers Before you install the PEI-306 RAM Card in your computer, make sure the computer is unplugged, and remove any static electric charge from your body by placing one hand on the power supply box inside your computer. Pick up the card by its non-conductive edges. Avoid touching the connector contacts or any components with your hands as this could damage the card.
6-3 Moving Your Computer and Peripherals Your personal computer and its peripheral components are highly sensitive machines that can be damaged easily through bad shipping and handling. We recommend that you take the following steps before moving the equipment to another location. Short Move An example of this is moving from one location to another in the same building.
6-4 Technical Information The Intel 80386 Microprocessor Your mainboard uses an Intel 80386-33 microprocessor running at 33MHz. The Intel 80386 is a high-performance 32-bit microprocessor designed for multitasking operating systems. The processor can address up to 4 gigabytes of physical memory and 64 terabytes of virtual memory.
Cache Organization — Direct-Mapped Cache The direct-mapped cache memory is an alternative to associativecache memory, which uses a single address comparator for the memory system and standard RAM cells for the address and data cells. The direct-mapped cache is based on an idea borrowed from software called hash coding. This is a method for simulating an associative memory.
Figure 6-14: Direct-Mapped Cache Organization Chapter 6: Appendix 25
The direct-mapped cache organization diagram above shows how data contained in cache are accessed. For example, if the 80386 requests data at the address FFFFF9h in the main memory, the procedure is as follows: The cache-controlled logic determines the cache location from the 14 least significant bits of the index field (FFF8h). The cache controlled logic compares the tag field (FFh) with the tag stored at location FFF8h in the tag RAM.
Cache Coherency — Hardware Transparency Write-Back eliminates stale data in the main memory caused by a cache-write operation. However, if a cache is used in a system in which more than one device has access to the main memory (a multiprocessing system or a DMA system, for example), another stale data problem is introduced. If new data is written to main memory by one device, the cache maintained by another device will contain stale data.
Figure 6-15: Cache Architecture 28 Chapter 6: Appendix
Bus Width The 80386 microprocessor supports two types of accesses: Memory, and Input/Output. Each type of access can be 32, 24, 16, or 8 bits wide. Memory and I/O devices can have paths 32, 16, or 8 bits wide. Your mainboard allows any type of access to a device of any width. If necessary, the hardware can break up a 80386 cycle into the required number of cycles(up to 3218 = 4) to allow access to a 16 or 8 bit device.
System Memory Map The AT-compatible system memory map is as follows: Figure 6-16: System Memory Map 30 Chapter 6: Appendix
System Timers There are three programmable timer/counters in the 8254 portion of the VLSI 82C100 chip. The three independent 18-bit counters and six software-programmable counter modes connect to system software They appear as an array of four external I/O ports. Three ports are used as counters, and the fourth is a control registerfor mode programming. The timer channels are defined as channels 0, 1 and 2. They are used as follows: Channel 0 Gate 0 CLK IN 0 CLK OUT 0 System Timer Always enabled 1.
Interrupt Controllers Table 6-9: Interrupt Controllers 32 Chapter 6: Appendix
DMA Channels Your mainboard supports up to seven DMA channels. Two 8237 DMA controllers are in the VLSI 82C100 chip. Each 8237 has four DMA channels. DMA controller 1 has channel 0 through channel 3 and DMA controller 2 contains channel 4 through channel 7. Channel 4 of controller 2 is used to cascade the four channels of the controller 1, namely, channel 0 through channel 3, to the microprocessor.
Refresh of system memory by the system microprocessor There are six 16-bit adapter (one 62-pin and one 36-pin connector) slots, two 8-bit adapter (one 62-pin connector) slots, and one 32-bit memory board (80-pin connector) slot. The following illustration shows the pin assignments of the I/O channel connectors.
Figure 6-18: Thirty-Slx Pin I/O Channels I/O Channel Signal Description The following is a description of the system board’s I/O channel signals. All signal lines are TTL-compatible. I/O adapters should be designed with a maximum of two low-power Shottky(LS) loads per line. SA0 Though SA19 (I/O) Address bits 0 though 19 are used to address memory and I/O devices within the system. These 20 address lines, in addition to LA17 through LA23, allow access of up to 16Mb of memory.
LA17 Through LA23 (I/O) These signals (unlatched) are used to address memory and I/O devices within the system. They give the system up to 16 MB of addressability. These signals are valid when “BALE” is high. LA17 through LA23 are not latched during microprocessor cycles and therefore do not stay valid for the whole cycle. Their purpose is to generate memory decodes for 1 wait-state memory cycles. These decodes should be latched by I/O adapters on the falling edge of “BALE”.
-I/O CH CK (I) I/O channel check provides the system board with parity (error) information about memory or devices on the I/O channel. When this signal is active, it indicates an uncorrectable system error. I/O CH RDY (I) “I/O channel ready” is pulled low (not ready) by a memory or I/O device to lengthen I/O or memory cycles. Any slow device using this line should drive it low immediately upon detecting its vaild address and a Read or Write command.
-SMEMR (O) -MEMR(I/O) These signals instruct the memory devices to drive data onto the data bus. “-SMEMR” is active only when the memory decode is within the low 1Mb of memory space. “-MEMR” is active on all memory read cycles. “-MEMR” may be driven by any microprocessor or DMA controller in the system. “-SMEMR” is derived from “MEMR” and the decode of the low 1 Mb of memory.
AEN (O) “Address Enable” is used to degate the microprocessor and other devices from the I/O channel to allow DMA transfers to take place. When this line is active, the DMA controller has control of the address bus, the data-bus Read command lines (memory and l/O), and the Write command lines (memory and I/O) -REFRESH (I/O) This signal is used to indicate a refresh cycle and can be driven by a microprocessor on the I/O channel.
OSC (O) “Oscillator” (OSC) is a high-speed clock with a 70-nanosecond period (14.31818 MHz). This signal is not synchronous with the system clock. It has a 50% duty cycle. OWS (I) The “Zero Wait State” (OWS) signal tells the microprocessor that it can complete the present bus cycle without inserting any additional wait cycles. In order to run a memory cycle to a 16-bit device without wait cycles, “OWS” is derived from an address decode gated with a Read or Write command.
I/O Address Map The I/O address map of your mainboard is given below. Note that the I/O addresses from hex 000 to hex OFF are reserved for the mainboard, and the addresses from hex 100 to hex 3FF are available on the AT I/O bus.
Keyboard Controller The keyboard controller is based on the 8042(U128) single-chip microprocessor and is used to support the PEM-3301 keyboard interface. The keyboard controller performs the following functions: Receives serial data from keyboard, checks parity, translates it into a system scan code, if necessary, transfers data to the data buffer and interrupts the processor. Executes system commands, places the results in the data buffer and interrupts the processor if necessary.
Output Port Bit Definition Pin 21 - Bit 0 Pin 22 - Bit 1 System Reset Gate A20 of system processor 0 A20 inhibited 1 A20 Not inhibited Undefined System speed selection 0 Normal 1 33MHz, Turbo Output buffer full 0 Not full 1 Full (IRQ1) Undefined Keyboard clock (output) Keyboard data (output) Pin 23 - Bit 2 Pin 24 - Bit 3 Pin 35 - Bit 4 Pin 36 - Bit 5 Pin 37 - Bit 6 Pin 38 - Bit 7 32-Bit Memory Expansion Bus The 32-bit memory expansion bus optimizes the memory subsystem to take advantage of the 32-bit a
Figure 6-19: Pin Assignments of the 32-bit Memory Expansion Bus 44 Chapter 6: Appendix
Glossary Some of the terms you will come across frequently in this manual are defined here. add-on card - This card connects through expansion slots to the motherboard. Also known as an adapter, expansion, or interface card, this is used to increase the capabilities of your computer. address - A value given to specific memory locations so that data can be read or written is called an address. Make sure that devices do not have the same address. Otherwise, there will be an address conflict.
BIOS - This stands for Basic Input Output System. BIOS controls the real-time clock and disk drives as well as the computer’s peripheral equipment. bit - This is a binary data digit, either 1 or 0. The digit 1 or 0 represents a single unit of data. boot - This means to turn on the power switch and load the operating system (DOS) into the computer so that it is ready to accept software applications. bus - This is a set of lines that transmit signals/information between the components within the computer.
data - Any kind of information. However, this word is generally used to describe computer-related information. debugging - A method for correcting computer errors. default - This is an existing setting in a computer. DIP - This is an acronym for Dual In-line Package, which is a method for packaging integrated circuits. directory - A directory works like a desk drawer to store files. It contains not only your files but also the information on the size of the file and the dates they were created and updated.
driver - A program that lets a peripheral device and a computer function harmoniously; a hard disk driver controls exchanges between a hard disk and a computer. expansion slot - This is a slots in which adapters and/or cards can be housed. file - A file is a collection of related information/data you store on a diskette or a hard disk drive. filename - Each file on a disk has a name. This name has two parts: a filename and an extension. In DOS, filenames are from one to eight characters long.
interface - A means for electronic machines to communicate. Interface also means to communicate with a computer and its peripheral components. kilobyte (KB) - A single data unit that is composed of 1024 bytes. math coprocessor - A math coprocessor lets you do arithmetic and calculations more efficiently. megabyte (MB) - A single data unit that is composed of 1,048,576 bytes. memory address - A hexadecimal or decimal value given to a memory location.
ns - Nanoseconds. This is a unit of time measurement for processing speed. operating system - This is software that controls the execution of programs. output - Any information or bits of data that are channeled from one electronic device to another. partition - A disk drive can be divided into several logical sections or partitions, each of which becomes a logical device with a drive letter. peripheral - Output devices which are driven by the computer.
ROM - Read Only Memory. This is data stored on an IC in the computer. RS-232 - RS232 is a standardized communications interface between data communication equipment and your computer. setup - This section guides you through the preparations you’ll need to make before operating your computer. If this is your first computer, you’re advised to read this section carefully.
