EPSON® Printer Interface Cartridge for the Apple® IIc Operation Manual
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Contents 1 2 3 4 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Installation and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inserting the Printer Interface Cartridge . . . . . . . . . . . Printing the Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting the Printer to Your Apple IIc . . . . . . . . . . Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Your Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Print Enhancements and Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emphasized Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Double-Strike.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expanded Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Master Select . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes A LX-90 Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draft Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NLQ Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-l A-2 A-4 B Software Commands in Numerical Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-l C Command Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Near Letter Quality Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction The Epson LX-90’” printer with the Apple® IIc PIC combines low price with the high quality and advanced capabilities formerly available only on more expensive printers. The LX-90 User’s Manual tells you how to set up your printer. This Printer Interface Cartridge Operation Manual gives you the specific information you need to use the LX-90 with your Apple IIc computer.
Chapter 1 Installation and Operation After you have set up your printer and loaded the paper (following the directions in the LX-90 User’s Manual), you are ready to plug in your Printer Interface Cartridge (PIP) and begin printing. Inserting the Printer Interface Cartridge Inserting the PIC is easy. The cartridge slides into the rectangular opening, as shown in the LX-90 manual. Be sure the printer is OFF when you insert the PIC. The Apple IIc PIC has a grounding wire. Attach it as shown in Figure l-1.
Now that the PIC is installed, you need to change the settings of three small switches, called DIP switches, in the back of the printer. Figure l-2 shows where the DIP switches are. Figure 1-2. DIP switch location The functions of these switches are explained in detail in Appendix D, but all that you need to do now is turn three of them on. All the others should be off. (The switches are down when they are off and up when they are on.
Printing the Self Test It’s time to see the LX-90 in action. You’ll start with a self test. Don’t connect the printer to your computer yet-just follow these steps: 1. Make sure that your printer has paper in it and that the power switch (on the right side of the printer) is off. 2. Hold down the LF button on the control panel while you turn the printer on with the power switch. The LX-90 begins printing letters, numbers, and symbols in the draft mode.
Control Panel After connecting your LX-90 to your computer system, turn on the printer and look at the control panel, which is shown in Figure l-4. Figure l-4. Control panel You have already used the control panel for a special purpose, printing the self test. Here are the main functions of the lights and buttons on this panel: l l l l The POWER light glows green when the power is on. The READY light glows green when the printer is ready to accept data.
The other two buttons, FF and LF work only when the printer is off line (when the ON LINE light is off). If the ON LINE light is on, press the ON LINE button before you use these. l l FF (Form Feed)-advances continuous paper to the top of the next page or ejects a single sheet of paper. LF (Line Feed)-advances the paper one line at a time. The control panel can also be used to turn on several printing functions using SelecType, a feature which is described in the next chapter.
You can now begin using the LX-90 with your software, or you can find out about the special features of the printer in the next chapters. You may be especially interested in SelecType, the feature described in Chapter 2, which you can use with nearly all software.
Chapter 2 SelecType The LX-90 enables you to use a feature called SelecType to produce five special typestyles: Typewriter-style Near Letter Quality, Emphasized bold printing, Double-strike bold printing, Compressed narrow printing, or Elite printing. Choosing typestyles with SelecType is simple, and you can choose the typestyle each time you print. For example, you can print the first draft of a letter or report in the standard mode and the final version in the NLQ mode. Using SelecType is simple.
When you press the ON LINE and FF buttons, the LX-90 signals in three ways that SelecType is on: the printer beeps, the READY light turns off, and the ON LINE light begins flashing. Selecting Typestyles In SelecType, each button has a function: l ON LINE selects typestyles. l FF sets the styles. l LF turns SelecType off. After turning on SelecType, follow these three steps to select a typestyle: 1. Find the typestyle you want in Table 2-1. Table 2-1.
SelecType Exercise You will probably use SelecType mainly with commercial software, but since there are so many different commercial software programs, the sample exercises are in BASIC because every IIc is equipped with this programming language. You don’t need to know anything about programming for this exercise because it is merely for practice. If you would rather not use BASIC, use your word processing or business program to create a short file or document of the type you will usually print.
4. Now that you have selected the emphasized mode, push the FF button once to set it. 5. Push the LF button once to return the panel to its standard operation. 6. Press the ON LINE button so the LX-90 is ready to print. Now you have set the LX-90 to print in emphasized mode. Print your sample once more. It should appear in emphasized mode just as you see below: This is an example of LX-90 printing. Turn off your printer to cancel the emphasized setting, and-if you wish-try this exercise with other modes.
Now print your sample document or run your sample program. If your printing appears in emphasized Near Letter Quality as you see here, you have successfully combined the two modes. If you get any other results, turn your printer off and back on and then try the steps again. You can combine other modes using the same technique, but some modes will not mix with others. Table 2-2 shows which modes can be combined. A dot in a box indicates that the two modes can be combined. Table 2-2.
Chapter 3 Elements of Dot-Matrix Printing and Computer / Printer Communications This chapter is for those of you who want to know something about how your printer works. It’s a simple, non-technical explanation of the basics of dot-matrix printing that will help you understand some of the later chapters, particularly the ones on user-defined characters and graphics. The Print Head The LX-90 uses a print head with nine pins or wires mounted vertically.
Other Pitches In addition to pica, in which there are 10 characters per inch, the LX-90 can also print in other widths, or pitches. It does so by reducing the distance between pin firings. In the elite mode it prints 12 characters per inch and in the compressed mode it prints slightly more than 17 characters per inch. The pattern of the dots is not changed, but the horizontal space between them is reduced. Figure 3-2 shows enlargements of four sample letters in each of the three pitches.
NLQ Mode The preceding examples are in the LX-90’s draft mode, but the LX-90 also has the high-quality NLQ (Near Letter Quality) mode that you have seen in previous chapters. The NLQ letters are more fully-formed than the draft letters because they are made up of many more dots, as you can see below. Figure 3-3 shows enlargements of two letters in draft mode compared with the same two in the NLQ mode. Figure 3-3.
ESCape and ASCII The details of printer-computer communication are complex, but for most purposes all you need to know is that the computer sends a series of codes (each consisting of one or more numbers) to the printer, and the printer interprets them. Some codes tell the printer to print a character, and other codes tell it to turn on or off certain printer functions, such as emphasized or Near Letter Quality.
Chapter 4 Apple IIc PIC Features The next four chapters describe many of the printing features of the IIc PIC. You can read these chapters if you wish, but you may not need to. Whether or not you use the rest of this manual depends upon your expertise, your interest, and the software you plan to use. Demonstration Programs Along with a discussion and examples of the PIC features, these chapters include demonstrations in the BASIC programming language so that you can see these features in action.
printer for you and all you have to know about the printer is how to turn it on and how to load paper. If you need help with the installation program for your software, see Appendix E. How to run BASIC programs . . . If you want to know just enough about BASIC to run the demonstration programs in this manual, here’s all you need. For more information, see your Apple IIc manuals. To prepare a disk for entering running, and saving the programs in this manual, foIlow these steps: 1.
Pica Printing The first exercise is a simple five-line program to print a sample line of characters in pica, the standard pitch. Enter this program: 5 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#1" 40 FOR X=65 TO 105 50 PRINT CHR$(X); 60 NEXT X: PRINT: PRINT 300 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#0" Now run the program. You should get the results you see below, 10 pica characters per inch. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY[\]^-'abcdefghi Changing Pitches Now you can try other pitches.
Now run the program to see the line printed in compressed mode. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_'abcdefghi Cancelling Codes As you saw in the third version of the print pitch program, you must cancel a code when you don’t want it any more. With very few exceptions, the LX-90 modes stay on until they are cancelled. It is important to remember this because an LX-90 mode can stay on even if you change from BASIC to another type of software.
you may have turned on, and the current position of the print head becomes the top-of-page setting. Some of the demonstration programs end with a reset code (Escape "@“) so that the commands from one program will not interfere with the commands in the next one. After you run a program with a reset code in it, remember to change the top-of-page setting before you begin printing full pages.
Enter and run the following program to see how the NLQ mode is turned on by an ESCape sequence: NEW 5 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#l" 10 PRINT CHR$(27);"x";CHR$(l); 20 FOR X=65 TO 105 30 PRINT CHR$(X); 40 NEXT X: PRINT 300 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#0" ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^-‘abcdefghi Note that you use a lowercase x, not a capital X, in line 10. Because of the high resolution of the NLQ mode, it prints only in pica, not in elite or compressed. All the modes demonstrated in this chapter are compared in Table 4-l.
Chapter 5 Print Enhancements and Special Characters Besides the pitches (pica, elite, and compressed) covered in Chapters 3 and 4, the LX-90 offers many other typestyles. Emphasized Mode In the emphasized mode the LX-90 prints each dot twice, with the second dot slightly to the right of the first. In order to do this, the print head must slow down so that it has time to fire, retract, and fire the pins quickly enough to produce the overlapping dots.
Emphasized works only in draft pica and NLQ modes. In elite and compressed the dots are already so close together that even with the reduced print speed, the LX-90 cannot fire, retract, and again fire the pins quickly enough to print overlapping dots. You do sacrifice some print speed with emphasized, because the print head slows down to print twice as many dots, but the increase in print quality is well worth it.
Expanded Mode Perhaps the most dramatic mode on the LX-90 is expanded. It produces extra-wide characters that are good for titles and headings. For this mode, the dot pattern of each character is expanded and twice as many dots are printed. You can see the difference between pica and expanded pica if you enter and run this program: 5 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#l" 10 PRINT "This is standard printing." 20 PRINT CHR$(27);"W1"; 30 PRINT "This is expanded.
When you run the program, your printout should match the one below, showing that the two modes combine with no trouble. This is s t a n d a r d p r i n t i n g . e x p a n d e d E m p h a s i z e d A later section in this chapter explains a special ESCape code, Master Select, which allows you to control six features with one ESCape sequence. Underline Mode The LX-90 also has a mode that will underline characters and spaces. You turn it on with ESCape “-1” and off with ESCape “-0”.
Master Select The LX-90 has a special ESCape code called Master Select that allows you to choose any possible combination of seven different modes: pica, elite, compressed, emphasized, double-strike, expanded, and italic.
In this program, you can use any number you calculate by using the formula above, but remember that emphasized can’t combine with compressed or elite. If you try to combine emphasized with either of the two narrow pitches, you won’t harm your printer; it will simply use a priority list in its memory to determine which mode to use. The list below shows the results of trying to combine emphasized with either or both of these modes.
Now that you see how to use the ESCape sequences for superscript and subscript, you can devise your own examples. International Characters As you know, languages other than English require a few extra characters. The LX-90 has provided for printing in many languages by having nearly 100 international characters in its ROM (Read Only Memory). This total includes characters in three sets: draft, draft italic, and NLQ (Near Letter Quality).
Table 5-1. International characters in NLQ mode Table 5-2. International characters in draft mode USA FRANCE GERMANY UK DENMARK I SWEDEN ITALY SPAIN JAPAN NORWAY DENMARK II Table 5-3. International characters in draft italic mode USA FRANCE GERMANY UK DENMARK I SWEDEN ITALY SPAIN JAPAN NORWAY DENMARK II The number at the top of each column in the tables is the ASCII code that prints the characters in that column.
Once you have selected an international character set with the DIP switches or the ESCape “R” code, you can use the tables to see which keys on your standard keyboard can produce the international characters you want. Simply type the character from the top row of one of the figures in order to print the corresponding character in the row of the set you have chosen. For example, if you have reset the DIP switches for the UK character set and you press the # key, the £ symbol will be generated.
Chapter 6 Page Formatting Although the LX-90 printer has many sophisticated commands to set margins, line spacing, and horizontal and vertical tabs, this chapter won’t take up your time with extensive discussions of these because most are taken care of by applications programs. Instead, this chapter describes a few commands that the average user might need. For more information, see Appendixes B and C, where all the commands are listed and described.
A program like this also allows you to choose the margins you prefer for program listings. Just remember that once you run a program that sets margins, those margins are in effect until you change them with new margin commands or turn off or reset the printer. You should be aware that a few applications programs reset the printer before each document or file they print. These programs will, of course, cancel your new margin settings. If your program resets the printer, use the program‘s margin command.
The standard line spacing is the only one you need for almost all printing of text, but in some cases you may want to increase or decrease the space between lines. The LX-90 has several commands to do this. ESCape “0” changes the line spacing to l/&inch, ESCape “1” changes the line spacing to 7/72-inch, and ESCape “2” returns it to l/6-inch. In addition there are commands to specify the line spacing in 72nds of an inch and 216ths of an inch.
The centering command centers a line of text between the margins. This is handy for headings, titles, and captions. Right justification is the opposite of left justification. The right margin is even and the left is not. Auto justification puts extra spaces between words where necessary so that both the left and right margins are even. This is the way most magazines, newspapers, and books (including this one) are printed. With this command, you need to use the “Z” command at the beginning of your program.
Chapter 7 Introduction to Dot Graphics The dot graphics mode allows your LX-90 to produce pictures, graphs, charts, or almost any other pictorial material you can devise. Instead of using the standard letters and numbers, the graphics mode prints dots column by column and line by line. You plan where you want the dots to appear and then use a program to tell the LX-90 where to put them.
Income Statement 40000 Sales costs Profit 30000 20000 10000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 The quickest and easiest way to print graphics on your LX-90 is to use a commercial graphics program. With such programs you usually create an image on your monitor or TV screen and then give a command to send the image to the printer. If you use commercial software that produces graphics, all you need to know about dot graphics is how to use the software.
The Print Head and Graphics Chapter 3 told you a little about how the print head on the LX-90 prints letters: it receives a code for a letter and then fires a pattern of pins to form that letter. In the main graphics mode, however, the LX-90 prints only one column of pins for each code it receives, and it uses only the top eight of the nine pins. Therefore, your graphics program must send codes for dot patterns, one number for each column in a line.
Graphics Mode The graphics mode command is quite different from the other commands covered so far in this manual. For most of the other LX-90 modes, such as emphasized and expanded, one ESCape code turns the mode on and another turns it off. For graphics, the command is more complicated because the code that turns on a graphics mode also specifies how many columns it will use. After the LX-90 receives this code, it interprets the next numbers as pin patterns and prints them on the paper.
eight pins, and you send only one number for each column. The numbering system that allows you to use a single number to specify which of the 256 possible patterns you want is shown in Figure 7-l. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Figure 7-l. Pin labels To fire any one pin, you send its number. To fire more than one pin at the same time, add up the numbers of the pins and send the sum to the printer. With these labels for the pins, you fire the next-to-the-top pin by sending 64.
Now that you know the principles of Epson graphics, you’re ready for two simple exercises, more densities, and then something more complex as a basis for writing your own programs. First Graphics Program Your first graphics exercise could be a program that prints a single column of dots, but it is difficult to see the pattern in a single column of dots, so your first graphics program prints the same pattern 40 times. Line 10 is the code for 40 columns of single-density graphics.
The “Z” Command Some software (including ProDOS BASIC) automatically inserts the control codes for a carriage return and a line feed after every 80 - 130 characters. This insertion is usually no problem with text, but it can spoil your graphics. In the graphics mode it may insert the control codes in the middle of a line. You can usually prevent these unwanted control codes in ProDOS BASIC with a “Z” command.
To see how more than one line combines to form a figure, enter and run the following program, which uses the lines you have already typed and adds several more.
the loop is executed, the program prints lines 50 and 80 alternately so that the patterns of the print lines will fit together well. Notice that the graphics command can be in effect for only one print line. The command is in lines 40 and 70 so that it is issued each time a new print line is begun. To print more than one line of graphics, the graphics command must be issued before each line. Line 100 is the reset code to return the printer to its defaults.
B-inch high-speed double-density row has 960 places where the LX-90 can put a dot (dot positions), but only half of them can be used on any one pass of the print head. Having twice as many possible dot positions enables high-speed double-density designs to have a higher resolution than single-density ones even though consecutive dots are not used.
POKE Subroutine Because the Apple IIc has special uses for certain low-numbered codes, such as 4 and 9, you should use the following subroutine in any graphics program that uses numbers below 20 decimal. 10000 IF PEEK (49305) < > 80 then 10000 10010 POKE 49304,N 10020 RETURN With this subroutine in your program, two commands will send any number to the printer: the first makes the number equal to N (for example, N = 222), and the second is GOSUB 10000.
In this figure you can see the main rules for graphic design in the three densities. In single density no dots can be placed on vertical lines. In high-speed double density, dots can be placed on vertical lines, but no dots can overlap. In low-speed double density, dots can be placed on vertical lines and they can overlap. Now look at the figure designed for high-speed double density. It should point you in the right direction for your own designs. Figure 7-4.
6 4 32 1 6 8 4 2 1 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 Figure 7-5. First line of arrow figure The numbers for the second and third lines were calculated in the same manner. Once the numbers for the pin patterns are calculated, they go in DATA statements, separated by commas.
In this program the number 128 in the DATA statements signals the end of a print line. This is the reason for the IF-THEN statement in line 140 that skips to line 190 and causes a line feed. The other special technique used in this program is found in lines 150 and 160. Since some of the data numbers are repeated many times, using negative DATA numbers for repetitions saves typing.
Diamonds of Randwon Program 10000 HGR 10001 10002 10010 10020 10030 10040 10050 10060 10070 10080 POKE -16302,0 CALL 62450 FOR I=1 TO 200 HCOLOR=3*INT(2*RND(1)) X=139*RND(1): Y=79*RND(1) HPLOT 139-X, 79 TO 139, 79+Y HPLOT 139, 79+Y TO 139+X, 79 HPLOT 139+X, 79 TO 139, 79-Y HPLOT 139, 79-Y TO 139-X, 79 NEXT I 10090 GOSUB 60000 10100 60000 60010 60020 60080 60100 60110 60120 60130 60140 60150 60160 60170 60180 60190 60200 60210 60220 60230 60240 60250 60260 60300 60310 60400 60401 60402 60403 60404 6041
When you run this program, you should get the printout below: The first part of the program creates a diamond pattern on the screen, and the subroutine that starts with line 60000 dumps the pattern to the printer. When it is printed, the image on the screen is rotated 90 degrees. If you create an image on the screen, you can use this subroutine to print it. This screen dump does not, however, print text; it prints only graphics.
Chapter 8 User-Defined Characters The LX-90 has several hundred different characters stored in its Read Only Memory (ROM). Although this number includes draft, Near Letter Quality, international, and graphics characters, sometimes you would like to have a few more. For those occasions when you need a special character or a few letters in a different typeface, the LX-90 allows you to create as many as six characters and print them just as if they were ordinary letters.
Your user-defined characters can be utilitarian or imaginative, anything from a scientific symbol to script letters for your initials. Just follow the simple steps below, The only restriction on your creativity is that the characters you define must fit the design grid shown in Figure 8-l. Designing Process Suppose that you want to print the scientific symbol for the planet Mercury. Although the LX-90 has a number of special symbols, Mercury’s symbol is not one of them.
Definition program 1 The BASIC program below will help you translate your design into a character your LX-90 can print. Type it in now so that you can run it soon.
Running the program Now run the program. For each of the nine columns, the program asks for the numbers of the rows in which you want dots to appear. Enter the row numbers one at a time, pressing the RETURN key after each one. When you have entered all the numbers for a column or when you want no dots in a column, press 0 and then RETURN. Remember that the vertical lines in the grid are the even numbered columns.
Definition program 2 Once the character looks right, type in the next program. The program as listed creates the symbol for Mercury, but you can use it for any characters you create if you make one or two changes explained after the program listing.
Running the program When you run this second program, it prints six characters, then redefines some or all of them and prints them again, as in the example below. : ; : ; < ¥ = > ? = > ? When printed by your own program, the two lines provide you with a key to the characters your LX-90 will now print. When you press the key for one of the characters in the top row, the printer will print the corresponding character in the bottom row.
Appendix A LX-90 Characters This appendix is a listing of the characters produced by the decimal codes from 0 through 255. For each code the listing provides the decimal number (Dec), the hexadecimal number (Hex), and a printout of the character that is printed by that code (Char). If the code does not produce a printable character, the word none or the abbreviation for its control code is in the Char column. This listing is given twice: once for draft and once for NLQ.
Draft Mode Dec Hex Char 0 00 NUL 1 01 none 2 02 none 3 03 none 4 04 none 5 05 none 6 06 none 7 07 BEL 8 08 BS 9 09 HT 10 OA LF 11 OB VT 12 OC FF 13 OD CR 14 OE SO 15 OF SI 16 10 none 17 11 DC1 18 12 DC2 19 13 DC3 20 14 DC4 21 15 none 22 16 none 23 17 none 24 18 CAN 25 19 EM 26 1A none 27 1B ESC 28 1C none 29 1D none 30 1E none 31 1F none A-2 Dec Hex Char 32 20 blank 33 21 ! 34 22 " 35 23 # 36 24 $ 37 25 % 38 26 & 39 27 ' 40 28 ( 41 29 ) 42 2A * 43 2B + 44 2C , 45 2D 46 2E .
Draft Mode Dec Hex Char 128 80 NUL 129 81 none 130 82 none 131 83 none 132 84 none 133 85 none 134 86 none 135 87 BEL 136 88 BS 137 89 HT 138 8A LF 139 8B VT 140 8C FF 141 8D C R 142 8E SO 143 8F SI 144 90 none 145 91 DC1 146 92 DC2 147 93 DC3 148 94 DC4 149 95 none 150 96 none 151 97 none 152 98 CAN 153 99 EM 154 9A none 155 9B ESC 156 9C none 157 9D none 158 9E none 159 9F none Dec Hex Char 160 A0 blank 161 A1 / 162 A2 ” 163 A3 # 164 A4 $ 165 A5 % 166 A6 & 167 A7 ' 168 A8 ( 169 A9 ) 170 AA * 171 AB + 172
NLQ Mode Dec Hex Char 0 00 NUL 1 01 none 2 02 none 3 03 none 4 04 none 5 05 none 6 06 none 7 07 BEL 8 08 BS 9 09 HT 10 OA LF 11 OB VT 12 OC FF 13 OD CR 14 OE SO 15 OF SI 16 10 none 17 11 DC1 18 12 DC2 19 13 DC3 20 14 DC4 21 15 none 22 16 none 23 17 none 24 18 CAN 25 19 EM 26 1A none 27 1B ESC 28 1C none 29 1D none 30 1E none 31 1F none A-4 Dec 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Hex Char 20 blank 21 ! 22 " 23 # 24 $ 25 % 26 & 27 ' 28 ( 29 ) 2A *
NLQ Mode Dec Hex Char 128 80 NUL 129 81 none 130 82 none 131 83 none 132 84 none 133 85 none 134 86 none 135 87 BEL 136 88 BS 137 89 HT 138 8A LF 139 8B VT 140 8C FF 141 8D C R 142 8E SO 143 8F SI 144 90 none 145 91 DC1 146 92 DC2 147 93 DC3 148 94 DC4 149 95 none 150 96 none 151 97 none 152 98 CAN 153 99 EM 154 9A none 155 9B ESC 156 9C none 157 9D none 158 9E none 159 9F none Dec Hex Char 160 A0 blank 161 A1 ! 162 A2 ” 163 A3 # 164 A4 $ 165 A5 % 166 A6 & 167 A7 ’ 168 A8 ( 169 A9 ) 170 AA * 171 AB + 172 A
Appendix B Software Commands in Numerical Order The following list shows the control codes and ESCape sequences that the LX-90 uses along with their decimal values. For further details on their use, consult the index to find out where they are discussed in the text, or Appendix C for details of the correct syntax for their use. (The number after each name is the number of the page in Appendix C where the command is described.) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1.
ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC B-2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 56 57 58 60 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 87 89 90 94 97 ESC / ESC 0 ESC 1 ESC 2 ESC 3 ESC 4 ESC 5 ESC 8 ESC 9 ESC : ESC < ESC ? ESC @ ESC A ESC B ESC C ESC C 0 ESC D ESC E ESC F ESC G ESC H ESC J ESC K ESC L ESC M ESC N ESC 0 ESC I’ ESC Q ESC R ESC S 0 ESC S 1 ESC T ESC U ESC W E
ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC 98 101 102 108 109 115 120 ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC ESC b e f l m s x Select Vertical Tabs in Channels . . . . . . C-17 Set Horizontal and Vertical Tabs . . . . . C-18 Print Spaces or Line Feeds . . . . . . . . . . C-18 Set Left Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-11 Select Special Graphics Characters. . . . C-10 Select Half-Speed Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . C-27 Select NLQ or draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix C Command Summary This appendix describes all the Apple IIc PIC control codes. They are divided into these categories: Near Letter Quality (NLQ) Character Width (Pitch) Print Enhancement Page Formatting Graphics User-Defined Characters Other Codes Each command has a format section and a comment section. The format section gives the ASCII, decimal, and hexadecimal codes for the command.
In BASIC you can send the command to set the right margin to 60 in three ways: Decimal : PRINT CHR$(27);CHR$(81);CHR$(60) Hex: PRINT CHR$(&H1B);CHR$(&H51);CHR$(&H3C) Decimal with quotes: PRINT CHR$(27);"Q";CHR$(60) ESCape sequences that require a 0 or 1 with a letter, such as ESC “Wl” to turn on expanded, can use either the ASCII code or the numeral in quotation marks for the 0 or 1.
Near Letter Quality Mode Select NLQ or draft ESC x Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal : Hexadecimal: 1B 120 78 (n) (n) (n) Comments: n = 0 selects draft mode n = 1 selects Near Letter Quality (NLQ) mode ESC a Format: ASCII code: Decimal : Hexadecimal : NLQ Justification ESC 27 1B (n) 97 (n) 61 ( n ) Comments: This sequence selects justification as follows: n = 0: Selects left justification n = 1: Selects centering n = 2: Selects right justification n = 3: Selects full justification The defau
Character Width (Pitch) Select Compressed Mode SI Format: ASCII code: SI Decimal : 15 Hexadecimal: OF Control: CTRL 0 Comments: Compressed mode has 17.16 characters per inch. Not available in NLQ. ESC SI Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Select Compressed Mode SI 15 OF Comments: Duplicates the SI command. DC2 Format: ASCII code: D C Decimal: 18 Hexadecimal: 1 2 Control: CTRL R Comments: Cancel Compressed Mode 2 Cancels compressed printing set by SI or ESC SI.
Select Expanded Mode (one line) so Format: ASCII code: S O 14 Decimal: Hexadecimal: OE CTRL N Control: Comments: Doubles the width of all characters. It can be cancelled by a carriage return, DC4, ESC W0 or ESC !. Select Expanded Mode (one line) ESC SO Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B S O 14 OE Comments: Duplicates the SO command.
Select/Cancel Expanded Mode ESC W Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B W (n) 87 57 (n) (n) Comments: Expanded mode doubles the width of all characters. n = 1 selects the mode n = 0 cancels it Select Elite Pitch ESC M Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B M 77 4D Comments: Elite pitch has 12 characters per inch. Not available in NLQ.
Print Enhancement Select Emphasized Mode ESC E Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal : Hexadecimal: 1B E 69 45 Comments: In emphasized each dot is printed twice, with the second dot slightly to the right of the first. Reduces print head speed. Valid only in pica mode. Cancel Emphasized Mode ESC F Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B F 70 46 Comments: Turns off the mode selected by ESC E.
Cancel Double-Strike Mode ESC H Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B H 72 48 Comments: Turns off the mode selected by ESC G. Select Superscript ESC SO Format: ASCII code: Decimal : Hexadecimal: ESC 27 1B s 83 53 0 0 0 Comments: Selects superscript mode. Select Subscript ESC Sl Format: ASCII code: Decimal: Hexadecimal: ESC s 27 83 53 1B 1 1 1 Comments: Selects subscript mode.
ESC Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal : 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Select/Cancel Underlining - (n) 45 (n) 2D (n) Comments: n = 1 selects underlining n = 0 cancels it. ESC ! Format: ESC ASCII code: Decimal : 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Master Select ! (n) 33 (n) 21 (n) Comments: Selects any valid combination of the following modes: pica, elite, compressed, emphasized, double-strike, expanded, italic, underline. Elite, compressed, double-strike, and italic are not available in NLQ.
Cancel Italic Mode ESC 5 Format: ASCII code: Decimal: Hexadecimal: ESC 27 1B 5 53 35 Comments: Cancels the mode selected by ESC 4. ESC R Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Select an International Character Set R (n) 82 ( n ) 52 (n) Comments: See Chapter 5 for details on this command.
Page Formatting Margins ESC Q Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal : Hexadecimal: 1B Set Right Margin Q 81 51 (n) 0 4 (n) Comments: Sets the right margin. Also cancels all text in the print buffer. The range of n is shown below: 2-80 in pica 3-96 in elite 4-137 in compressed 4-160 in compressed elite Set Left Margin ESC I Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B I 108 (n) (n) 6C (n) Comments: Sets the left margin.
ESC N Format: ASCII code: Decimal: Hexadecimal : Select Skip-Over-Perforation ESC 27 1B N (n) 78 (n) 4E (n) Comments: The variable n is the number of lines skipped between the last line printed on one page and the first line on the next page. For example, with the standard settings for line spacing and page length (66 lines) ESC N 6 will cause the LX-90 to print 60 lines and then skip 6.
ESC 0 Format: ASCII code: Select l/&Inch Line Spacing ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B 0 48 30 Comments: Sets the line spacing to l/8 of an inch for subsequent line feed commands. The "0" is the digit zero and not ASCII code 0. ESC 1 Format: ASCII code: Select 7/72-Inch Line Spacing ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B 1 49 31 Comments: Sets the line spacing to 7/72 of an inch for subsequent line feed commands. The “1” is the digit one and not lower case L or ASCII code 1.
Select n/216-Inch Line Spacing ESC 3 Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1 3 3 (n) 51 (n) 33 (n) Comments: Sets the line spacing to n/216 of an inch for subsequent line feed commands. The "3" is the digit three and not ASCII code 3. The value of n should be in the range 0 to 255. ESC J Format: ASCII code: Decimal : Hexadecimal : Immediate n/216-Inch Line Feed ESC J 27 74 1B 4A (n) (n) (n) Comments: Advances the paper by one line at a spacing of n/216 of an inch.
Form feed and page length FF Format: FF ASCII code: 12 Decimal: Form Feed Hexadecimal: OC CTRL L Control: Comments: Prints the data in the print buffer and advances the paper to the top of the next page according to the current page length. ESC C Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B Select Page Length in Lines C (n) 67 (n) 43 (n) Comments: Sets the page length to n lines. The value of n should be between 1 and 127.
Tabs HT Format: Tab Horizontally ASCII code: H T Decimal: 9 Hexadecimal: 09 CTRL I Control: Comments: Advances the print position to the next horizontal tab setting. ESC D Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal : Hexadecimal: 1B Set Horizontal Tabs D 68 44 (n1) (n2) . . . 0 (n1) (n2) . . . 0 (n1) (n2) . . . 00 Comments: This command allows setting of up to 32 horizontal tabs. These are entered as nl, n2, n3 etc. (in the range 1 to 255) with ASCII 0 as the terminator. The tab settings nl, n2, n3 etc.
Select Vertical Tabs ESC B Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B B (n1) (n2) . . . 66 (n1) (n2) . . . 42 (n1) (n2) . . . 0 0 00 Comments: Sets up to 16 vertical tabs in the current line spacing. Tab settings are not affected by subsequent changes in line spacing. Terminate this tab sequence with 0 or a number less than that of the last tab. Select Vertical Tabs in Channels ESC b Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B b 98 62 0 (c) (n1) (n2) . . . 0 (c) (n1) (n2) . . .
Set Horizontal and Vertical Tabs ESC e Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal : 27 Hexadecimal: 1B e 101 85 (n1) (n1) (n1) (n2) (n2) (n2) Comments: Sets horizontal and vertical tab increments. Horizontal format when nl = 0. In BASIC: CHR$(27);“eO”;CHR$(n) where n is the number of spaces and equals: 0 - 21 in pica, 0 - 25 in elite, 0 - 36 in compressed. Vertical format when nl = 1.
Graphics Note: See Chapter 7 for sample graphics programs. Select Single-Density Graphics Mode ESC K Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal : Hexadecimal: 1B K (n1) 75 (n1) 4B (n1) (n2) (n2) (n2) Comments: Turns on single-density graphics mode with 480 possible dots per 8-inch line. If d is the total number of columns required, n1 = d MOD 256 n2 = INT(d / 256) This command must be followed by d data numbers.
ESC Y Select High-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal : 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Y 89 59 (n1) (n1) (n1) (n2) (n2) (n2) Comments: Turns on high-speed double-density graphics mode with 960 possible dot positions per 8-inch line. Will not print consecutive dots in a row. If d is the total number of columns required, nl = d MOD 256 n2 = INT(d / 256) This command must be followed by d data numbers.
Select Graphics Mode ESC * Format: ESC ASCII code: Decimal : 27 Hexadecimal: 1B * 42 (m) (m) 2A (m) (n1) (n1) (n1) (n2) (n2) (n2) Comments: Turns on graphics mode m. See Chapter 7 for details on the 7 modes available. If d is the total number of dots required, nl = d MOD 256 n2 = INT(d / 256) This command must be followed by d data numbers.
User-Defined Characters Note: See Chapter 8 for sample programs and further information. Define User-Defined Characters ESC & Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B & NUL (d1) (d2) . . . 0 (d1) (d2) . . . 00 (d1) (d2) . . . 38 26 (dn) (dn) (dn) Comments: This command allows characters to be re-defined in the currently selected mode. Only characters from ASCII 58 through 63 can be re-defined.
Other Codes BEL Beeper Format: ASCII code: BEL Decimal : 7 Hexadecimal: 07 Control: CTRL G Comments: Sounds the printer’s beeper. BS Backspace Format: ASCII code: B S Decimal: 8 Hexadecimal: 08 Control: CTRL H Comments: Prints out data in the print buffer, then moves the print position one space to the left. If this code is received immediately after graphics printing, the print position of subsequent data is moved back to the point at which graphics printing started.
DC1 Select Printer Format: DC1 ASCII code: 17 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 11 CTRL Q Control: Comments: Returns the printer to the on-line mode if it has been switched off by the printer deselect code, DC3. It will not switch the printer on-line if it has been switched off using the ON LINE switch on the control panel. DC3 Deselect Printer Format: DC3 ASCII code: 19 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1 3 CTRL S Control: Comments: Places the printer in off-line mode until the select printer code DC1 is received.
ESC EM Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Cut Sheet Feeder Control EM 25 19 (n) (n) (n) Comments: Used with the optional cut-sheet feeder. When n = 0 the feeder is turned off, when n = 4 it is turned on. Using DIP switch l-3 produces the same effect. ESC 8 Format: ASCII code: ESC Decimal: 27 Hexadecimal: 1B Disable Paper-Out Sensor 8 56 38 Comments: Turns off the paper-out sensor so that you can print to the end of a single sheet of paper.
ESC < Format: ESC ASCII code: 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B Select Unidirectional Mode (one line) < 60 3C Comments: Selects unidirectional printing for more accurate positioning during text printing for one line only. It is cancelled by a carriage return. ESC @ Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B Initialize Printer @ 64 40 Comments: Resets the printer to the power-on state, including top of form. Clears the buffer of all data entered before the command but not after.
Select Half-Speed Mode ESC s Format: ASCII code: ESC 27 Decimal: Hexadecimal: 1B 115 73 (n) (n) (n) Comments: n = 1 selects the mode n = 0 cancels it. DEL Format: Delete Character ASCII code: DEL Decimal: 127 Hexadecimal: 7 F Comments: Removes the last text character in the print buffer but does not affect control codes. It cannot be guaranteed in the italic mode. Not valid in NLQ.
Appendix D DIP Switches and Interface Several tiny switches called DIP (for Dual In-Line Package) switches are in the back of your LX-90 printer. These switches control a number of important printer functions. This appendix also describes the interface. DIP Switches The design of the LX-90 gives you easy access to the switches, which you can locate using Figure D-l. I Figure D-l.
Always turn the power OFF (with the switch on the right side of the printer) before you change the setting of any of these switches. Any changes made while the power is on will be ignored until you turn the printer off and back on. So set all switches with the power off. Table D-l shows you the functions of all the switches, and the rest of the appendix explains each of them. Table D-l. DIP switch functions Switch 1 See Table D-2. Switch 2 No.
Switch 1-5 controls the paper-end detector. When it is ON, the detec- tor is inactive, causing printing to continue when the printer is out of paper. When it is OFF, the printer stops when the end of the paper passes the paper-end detector. See Paper Out Sensor in Chapter 6. Switches 7-6, 1-7, and 7-8 select the international character set as shown in Table D-2. Table D-2. International DIP switch settings Switch 2-1 controls the printing of zeroes.
Interface The IIc PIC uses an interface compatible with the Apple IIc serial port. It is asynchronous serial with 8-bit data, DTR protocol, and 9600 bps transmission rate.
Appendix E Troubleshooting and Advanced Features This appendix presents explanations of the LX-90’s advanced features and solutions for possible problems. If you have trouble or want to know more about some of the LX-90 features, consult the appropriate section in this appendix. Installation of Commercial Software Programs Many commercial software programs require that you specify which printer you are using.
SelecType Features and Solutions This section explains why SelecType does not work with some software and how to cancel modes with SelecType. Reset codes Some software sends a reset code before it begins printing. This cancels any SelecType settings. If you find that SelecType does not change your printing, the reset code is probably the reason. The solution is to use the installation program for your software to remove all codes from the initialization sequence. See your software manual for details.
Select subscript from the printer codes menu but enter the codes to turn NLQ on and off when you are asked to supply the codes for subscript beginning and ending. For the code to turn on NLQ, type esc x 1 and for the code to turn NLQ off, type esc x 0. (For esc press the esc key; do not type the three letters.) When you finish the process, AppleWorks will turn on NLQ whenever you choose subscript beginning and will turn NLQ off whenever you choose subscript end.
Suppose that you have set emphasized and NLQ Modes and then you decide that you don’t want emphasized. You can either cancel all the modes and reset NLQ, or you can use the following steps to cancel emphasized and leave NLQ. 1. See that the ON LINE and READY lights are on. (Be sure that you do not touch the power switch and cancel all the modes.) 2. Press the ON LINE and FF buttons to enter SelecType. 3. Press the ON LINE button twice. (This is the code for emphasized.
If the printer beeps and stops printing when it is not out of paper, turn the printer off and check to see if the paper is loaded correctly. If the paper is loaded correctly, turn the printer back on and try to print again. If the printer beeps and does not print again, take it to a qualified service person. Problem Codes Sending certain codes from the Apple IIc to the printer can present problems. There are two reasons for these problems: 1.
Because some applications programs require the use of the eighth bit, the Apple IIc PIC has a setting (DIP switch 2-2 ON) which does not change the eighth bit. This allows you to use numbers between 128 and 255 decimal in your graphics programming, but because the CHR$ function in Applesoft BASIC cannot send a code above 127 decimal, you must use a POKE command to send such codes. Also, when DIP switch 2-2 is on, all letters are printed in italics.
Or you can reassign the special use by putting the following line near the beginning of your program: 10 PRINT CHR$(9);CHR$(1) Until you reassign the CHR$(9) code by one of these methods, you cannot use it for horizontal tabbing. Graphics There are two common sources of problems with graphics programs in BASIC: 1.
code is for a printable character, that character is printed. If the code is for a non-printable character, such as the ESCape code or the code for a line feed or carriage return, a dot is printed. Therefore, if you ran the following BASIC program while your LX-90 was in the data dump mode, you would get the printout below it. The printer will print all but the last line and then stop. Press the ON LINE button to make the printer print the last line.
A data dump printout of a program shows exactly what the printer is receiving, regardless of what the computer is sending. The following program run in the data dump mode can show how the Apple IIc and ProDOS BASIC handle certain codes. 5 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#1" 10 FOR X=125 TO 200 20 PRINT CHR$(X); 30 NEXT X 300 PRINT CHR$(4);"PR#0" After you type this program, put the printer in data dump mode and run the program. Remember to press the ON LINE button to make the LX-90 print the final line.
INDEX A American Standard Code for Information Interchange. See ASCII AppleWorks, E2 Applications programs. See Commercial software ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 18 codes listed for all characters, A2-A5 Automatic test. See Self test Automatic line feed, D3 B BASIC programs, how to run, 20 Beeper, D3, E3-E5 Bits. See Eighth-bit control Bold printing. See Double-strike; Emphasized C Cancelling codes, 22 Characters printed by the LX-90, Al-A5 CHR$, 18 CHR$(27).
D Data dump mode, E7-E9 Diamonds of Randwon program, 51-53 DIP switches, 4, D1-D3 Dot graphics.
H Head. See Print head Hex dumping. See Data dump mode HomeWriter-10, 1 I Installation. See Commercial software Interface, D4 International characters, 31-33, D3 J Justification with NLQ, 37-38 L Left margin. See Margins LF. See Control panel, Line feed Line feed, 36 automatic, DIP switch setting for, D3 Line spacing, 36-37 Listing programs, 7 M Margins, 35-36 Master Select, 29-30 Matrix. See Dot matrix Mode combinations, 27-28 See also Master Select MSB.
O ON LINE light and button, 6-7 See also SelecType P Page, top of, 23 Page formatting, 35-38 Panel buttons, selecting typestyles with. See SelecType Paper length, D2 PAPER-OUT light, 6 Paper-out sensor, 37 DIP switch control of, D3 Perforation. See Skip-over-perforation PIC.
S Screen dump program, 51-53 SelecType feature, 9-13 cancelling functions with, E2-E4 troubleshooting, E2-E4 Self-adhesive labels, E4 Self test, 5 Single-sheet printing, 37 Skip-over-perforation, 36 Spacing. See Line spacing Special graphics characters, Cl0 Spreadsheets. See Commercial software Subscript mode, 30-31 Superscript mode, 30-31 Switches. See DIP switches T Test pattern. See Self test Top of page, 22-23 U Underline mode, 28 User-defined characters, 55-60 w Word processors.
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