User’s manual FLIR Cx series
User’s manual FLIR Cx series #T559918; r.
Table of contents 1 Disclaimers ......................................................................................1 1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Changes to registry ................................................................... 1 1.4 U.S. Government Regulations...................................................... 1 1.5 Copyright ...
Table of contents 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 Changing the color palette ........................................................ 15 7.9.1 General...................................................................... 15 7.9.2 Procedure .................................................................. 15 Changing the image mode ........................................................ 15 7.10.1 General...................................................................... 15 7.
Table of contents 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.2.2 Figure ........................................................................ 28 Oxidized socket...................................................................... 29 12.3.1 General...................................................................... 29 12.3.2 Figure ........................................................................ 29 Insulation deficiencies.............................................................. 30 12.4.1 General...............
1 Disclaimers 1.1 Legal disclaimer 1.7 Patents All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction. One or several of the following patents and/or design patents may apply to the products and/or features.
1 Disclaimers html. The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI may be requested from FLIR Systems AB. #T559918; r.
2 Safety information WARNING Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safety and protection devices which, if damage occurs, can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition. WARNING Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. If there is a leak from the battery and you get the fluid in your eyes, do not rub your eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Damage to the battery can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not hit the battery with a hammer. Damage to the battery can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not put your foot on the battery, hit it or cause shocks to it. Damage to the battery can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is -15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data. If you operate the battery out of this temperature range, it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
3 Notice to user 3.1 User-to-user forums Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/ 3.2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera. 3.
4 Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user. When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information to hand: #T559918; r.
4 Customer help • The camera model • The camera serial number • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for example, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: • • • • • • • • • Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
5 Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Charge the battery for approximately 1.5 hours, using the FLIR power supply. Push the On/off button to turn on the camera. Aim the camera toward your target of interest. Push the Save button to save an image. (Optional steps) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Install FLIR Tools on your computer. Start FLIR Tools. Connect the camera to your computer, using the USB cable. Import the images into FLIR Tools. Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools. #T559918; r.
6 Description 6.1 View from the front 1. 2. 3. 4. Camera lamp. Digital camera lens. Infrared lens. Attachment point. 6.2 View from the rear 1. On/off button. 2. Save button. 3. Camera screen. #T559918; r.
6 Description 6.3 Connector The purpose of this USB Micro-B connector is the following: • Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply. • Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools. NOTE Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images. 6.4 Screen elements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Main menu toolbar. Submenu toolbar. Result table. Status icons. Temperature scale. Spotmeter. 6.
6 Description 6.6 Navigating the menu system The camera has a touch screen. You can use your index finger or a stylus pen specially designed for capacitive touch usage to navigate the menu system. Tap the camera screen to bring up the menu system. #T559918; r.
7 Operation 7.1 Charging the battery Follow this procedure: 1. Connect the FLIR power supply to a wall outlet. 2. Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera. 7.2 Turning on and turning off the camera • Push the On/off button to turn on the camera. • Push and hold the On/off button until the screen goes off (for less than 5 seconds) to put the camera in standby mode. The camera then automatically turns off after 2 hours.
7 Operation 5. Tap the camera screen. This displays a toolbar. • Select Full screen normal views. or Exit full screen to switch between the full screen and • Select Thumbnails to display the thumbnail overview. To scroll between the thumbnails, swipe up/down. To display an image, tap its thumbnail. • Select Delete to delete the image. • Select Information • Select Camera to display information about the image. to return to live mode. 7.5 Deleting an image 7.5.
7 Operation 7.7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 7.7.1 General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter. This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen. 7.7.1.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2. Select Measurement . This displays a submenu toolbar. 3. On the submenu toolbar, select Center spot .
7 Operation • Thermal: The camera displays a fully infrared image. • Digital camera: The camera displays only the visual image captured by the digital camera. To display a good fusion image (Thermal MSX mode), the camera must make adjustments to compensate for the small difference in position between the digital camera lens and the infrared lens. To adjust the image accurately, the camera requires the alignment distance (i.e., the distance to the object). 7.10.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.
7 Operation 4. If you have selected the Thermal MSX mode, also set the distance to the object by doing the following: • On the submenu toolbar, select Alignment distance box. . This displays a dialog • In the dialog box, select the distance to the object. 7.11 Changing the temperature scale mode 7.11.1 General The camera can operate in two different temperature scale modes: • Auto mode: In this mode, the camera is continuously auto-adjusted for the best image brightness and contrast.
7 Operation 5. In the dialog box, select one of the following: • • • • Matt. Semi-matt. Semi-glossy. Custom value. This displays a dialog box where you can set a value. 6. To return to live mode, tap the upper left arrow Save button once. repeatedly. You can also push the 7.13 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 7.13.1 General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object.
7 Operation 7.15 Performing a non-uniformity correction 7.15.1 What is a non-uniformity correction? A non-uniformity correction (or NUC) is an image correction carried out by the camera software to compensate for different sensitivities of detector elements and other optical and geometrical disturbances1. 7.15.2 When to perform a non-uniformity correction The non-uniformity correction process should be carried out whenever the output image becomes spatially noisy.
7 Operation 7.17.1.3 Device settings • Language, time & units: • • • • • Language. Temperature unit. Distance unit. Date & time. Date & time format. • Reset options: • Reset default camera mode. • Reset device settings to factory default. • Delete all saved images. • • • • Auto power off. Auto orientation. Display intensity. Camera information: This menu command displays various items of information about the camera, such as the model, serial number, and software version. 7.17.
8 Technical data 8.1 Online field-of-view calculator Please visit http://support.flir.com and click the photo of the camera series for field-ofview tables for all lens–camera combinations. 8.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes. 8.3 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English.
8 Technical data 8.4 FLIR C2 P/N: 72001-0101 Rev.: 22841 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.) Spatial resolution (IFOV) 11 mrad F-number 1.1 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free Detector data Focal Plane Array Uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7.5–14 µm Detector pitch 17 µm IR sensor size 80 × 60 Image presentation Display (color) • • 3.0 in.
8 Technical data Set-up Color palettes • • • • Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Languages Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simpl. Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Trad. Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.
8 Technical data Environmental data EMC • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Magnetic fields EN 61000-4-8 Battery regulations UL 1642 Encapsulation Camera housing and lens: IP 40 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Physical data Weight (incl. Battery) 0.13 kg (0.29 lb.) Size (L × W × H) 125 × 80 × 24 mm (4.9 × 3.1 × 0.94 in.
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
11 Cleaning the camera 11.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 11.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 11.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 11.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. 3. Clean the part with the cloth. CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage. 11.2 Infrared lens 11.2.
12 Application examples 12.1 Moisture & water damage 12.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material. NOTE Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
12 Application examples 12.3 Oxidized socket 12.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase. NOTE A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another.
12 Application examples 12.4 Insulation deficiencies 12.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
12 Application examples 12.5 Draft 12.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. NOTE When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house. Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images.
13 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.
13 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations. Figure 13.2 LEFT: Thermovision Model 661 from 1969.
13 About FLIR Systems 13.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 13.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 13.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing #T559918; r.
14 Glossary absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time. blackbody Totally non-reflective object.
14 Glossary image correction (internal or external) A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera. infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. IR infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals. isothermal cavity A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck.
14 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radiant) emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and wavelength (W/m2/μm) temperature difference, or difference of temperature. A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values. temperature range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 15.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard. Figure 15.2 1 = Reflection source #T559918; r.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • Dobj: 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 15.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure. 3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample. 4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even. 5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image. 6.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559918; r.
16 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. Figure 16.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material.
16 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
16 History of infrared technology Figure 16.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
17 Theory of thermography 17.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 17.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides.
17 Theory of thermography Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. c Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec. k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K. T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm). NOTE The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 17.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
17 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1): For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 17.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed.
18 The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
18 The measurement formula 2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl. It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation.
18 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters. The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values: • τ = 0.
18 The measurement formula Figure 18.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F). #T559918; r.
19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 19.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C. 3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 LW 0.97 9 Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4 Aluminum as received, sheet 100 T 0.09 2 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 SW 0.47 9 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 LW 0.46 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3, plate 100 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1 Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2 Brass rubbed with 80grit emery 20 T 0.20 2 Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1 Brass sheet, worked with emery 20 T 0.2 1 Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1 Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1 20 T 0.92 2 Concrete Concrete dry 36 SW 0.95 7 Concrete rough 17 SW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 SW 0.95–0.97 9 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 LW 0.77–0.87 9 20 T 0.8–0.9 1 Gypsum Ice: See Water Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron and steel wrought, carefully polished 40–250 T 0.28 1 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.64 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4 Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 3 4 5 6 Lead red 100 T 0.93 4 Lead red, powder 100 T 0.93 1 T 0.75–0.80 1 T 0.3–0.4 1 Leather 2 tanned Lime Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4 Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4 20 T 0.07 2 T 0.86 1 Magnesium polished Magnesium powder Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 Nickel oxide 3 4 5 6 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2 Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 20 T 0.46 2 Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 20 T 0.72 2 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base: Ni base only 20 T 0.05 2 Oil, lubricating thick coating 20 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Plaster plasterboard, untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 SW 0.94 9 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 LW 0.91 9 Plastic polyurethane isolation board 70 LW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Soil saturated with water 20 T 0.95 2 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% Cr 500 T 0.35 1 Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2 Water layer >0.1 mm thick 0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1 Water snow Water snow T 0.8 1 –10 T 0.85 2 Wood 17 SW 0.98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0.962 8 T 0.5–0.7 1 Wood ground Wood pine, 4 different samples 70 SW 0.67–0.
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Corporate last page Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Ave. Wilsonville, OR 97070 USA Telephone: +1-503-498-3547 Website http://www.flir.com Customer support http://support.flir.com Copyright © 2015, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice. Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply. Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations.
