2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.40 Icing Prevention You can rotate the antenna (24 rpm) without transmission to keep the antenna from freezing. 1. Open the menu then select the [8 INITIAL SETTING] menu. Select [9 ICING PREVENTION] (IMO type) or [0 ICING PREVENTION] (A and B types). 2. Select [ON]. The following message appears at the bottom of the screen. 3. Click [Start Antenna Rotation] to rotate the antenna without transmission. The message changes as follow.
. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.41 Chart Radar Functions 2.41.1 How to switch between radar and chart radar modes Click the [CHART ON/OFF] button on the InstantAccess bar to show or hide the chart. [Chart ON/OFF] button Indication on button and corresponding mode [Chart ON]: Chart radar mode active. (Chart and radar picture are displayed.) [Chart OFF]: Radar mode active. (Only the radar picture is displayed.) When the GPS position is lost, the chart radar mode cannot be used.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION No. 5 Item [Chart Legend] Function Show the chart legend for the current chart. See chapters 9 and 10 for a description of the chart legends.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION [IMPORTANT TEXT] [STANDARD ITEMS] [OTHER ITEMS] [OTHER TEXT] [SEL DISPLAY OBJECT] menu 2.41.3 How to create and recall custom sets of chart display objects You can create one custom set of chart display objects and recall them when required. For example, you can create a custom set of chart display objects to display when you navigate a certain coastline. How to create a custom set of chart display objects 1.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.41.4 Chart database information You can select the quantity of objects and text to display on the chart radar screen, with the [Chart database] button on the Status bar. There are four different pre-defined settings available and one user-definable ([PERSONAL]). Indication of selected setting appears on the label of the [Chart database] button. The [Chart ON/OFF] button (on the InstantAccess bar) must be ON to show the [Chart database] button.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.41.7 Chart alert function The chart alert function operates in chart mode only. There are two types of chart alerts: your ship's predicted course, and route alert. See chapter 11 for details. For the ship's predicted course alert, the operator sets a safety contour. (See paragraph 8.2.1 for how to set a safety contour suitable for the ship.) The operator also sets the parameters for own ship predicted movement. (See section 11.2 "How to Activate Own Ship Check".
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.42 Radar Observation 2.42.1 General Minimum range The minimum range is defined by the shortest distance at which, using a scale of 1.5 or 0.75 NM, a target having an echoing area of 10 m2 is still shown separate from the point representing the antenna position. It is mainly dependent on the pulse length, antenna height, and signal processing such as main bang suppression and digital quantization.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION Bearing resolution Bearing resolution is the ability of the radar to display as separate pips the echoes received from two targets which are at the same range and close together. It is proportional to the antenna length and reciprocally proportional to the wavelength. The length of the antenna radiator should be chosen for a bearing resolution better than 2.5° (IMO Resolution). This condition is normally satisfied with a radiator of 1.2 m (4 ft) or longer in the X-band.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION Sidelobe echoes Every time the radar pulse is transmitted, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam, called "sidelobes." If a target exists where it can be detected by the side lobes as well as the main lobe, the side echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range. Side lobes show usually only on short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the gain or sea clutter.
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION Shadow sectors Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of the antenna block the radar beam. If the angle subtended at the antenna is more than a few degrees, a non-detecting sector may be produced. Within this sector targets can not be detected. Radar antenna Radar mast Shadow sector 2.42.3 RACON A RACON is a radar beacon which emits radar receivable signals in the radar frequency spectrum (X- or S-band).
2. RADAR, CHART RADAR OPERATION 2.42.5 Solid state radar A solid state radar transmits and receives using pulse compression beyond synthesis distance (approx. 0.5 NM to 2 NM (depending on the pulse length)), and using noncompression within synthesis distance. The radar echoes of a solid state radar are synthesized echoes using these two methods. The objects may be displayed differently when compared to the echoes from a magnetron radar. : Non-compression : Pulse compression Synthesis distance* *: Approx.
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3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.1 About TT The TT tracks and plots the movement of up to 200 radar targets and fully complies with IMO standards for TT. The TT automatically tracks an automatically or manually acquired radar target and calculates its course and speed, indicating them with a vector.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.3 How to Input Your Ship's Speed The TT requires own ship's speed and heading data. The speed can be STW, SOG, or echo-referenced speed (based on 3 max. stationary objects) taken from this radar. Manual input is also possible. For automatic or manual speed input, see section 1.14. For echo-referenced speed input see the next section. 3.3.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) • When all tracked targets are deleted, the reference target mark is also deleted and the target-based speed becomes invalid. • Loss of reference target will affect the calculation of true speed and true course of targets. Further, own ship speed will be inaccurate. How to cancel echo-referenced speed input Right click the Sensor information, datum box then select [Select Sensor] and [Setting]. Open the [SPD] page and select a speed sensor. 3.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.4.2 How to set an automatic acquisition zone You can set an automatic acquisition zone to automatically track any targets entering the zone. The acquisition zone can be fan-shaped or polygonal. The maximum tracking range is set during the installation. Fan-shaped zone of AZ1: The range is fixed at 3 - 6 NM (width 0.5 - 1.0 NM). Fan-shaped zone of AZ2: The range is available between 0.7 - 24 (or 32) NM (width 0.5 - 1.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) How to sleep, deactivate an acquisition zone Use the trackball to select the appropriate AZ box. Sleep or deactivate the acquisition zone as appropriate: Sleep acquisition zone: Push the left button momentarily to remove the acquisition zone from the screen. The indication in the AZ box changes from [WORK] to [SLEEP]. To reactivate and display the acquisition zone, repeat this procedure to display [WORK]. Deactivate acquisition zone: Click applicable AZ box and select [OFF].
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.5.2 How to manually acquire a target Acquire a target from the Control Unit Use the trackball to put the cursor on the target you want to acquire. Push the ACQ/ ACT key. Acquire a target by the trackball module 1. When the target to acquire and the AIS symbol overlap one another, push the right button to show the context-sensitive menu then select [Target Data/ACQ/ACT] and [TT Only] to acquire the target. 2. Put the cursor on the target to acquire then push the left button.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 2. Select [Target Cancel] and [Any] or [TT Only] as applicable. 3. Click the TT or reference target to cancel tracking. 3.6.2 How to cancel tracking on all TTs Cancel tracking on all target from the menu 1. Right-click the TT mode indication then select [TT Menu] to show the [TT] menu. 2. Select [2 ALL CANCEL]. 3. Select [YES]. 4. Close the menu. Cancel tracking on all target from the Control Unit Long-press the TARGET CANCEL key to erase all displayed TT target data. 3.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.7.2 TT symbol brilliance 1. Right-click the [BRILL] button on the InstantAccess bar then select [Brill Menu]. 2. Go to page 2, select [TT SYMBOL] then spin the scrollwheel to adjust the brilliance. 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 㪈㪌 3.7.3 Color for TT symbol You can select the color for the TT symbol as follows: 1. Right-click the TT mode indication then select [Symbol Menu] to show that menu. 2. Select [1 SYMBOL COLOR] and desired color. (Yellow is available with the A- and B-type.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.8 How to Display TT Data The TT mode provides the full functionality of TT as required by the IMO MSC.192(79) and IEC 62288, including display of range, bearing, course, speed, CPA and TCPA of all tracked targets. The target bearing is show in relative bearing in the head-up mode and true bearing in the course-up, north-up and true motion modes, with the suffix "R" (Relative) or "T" (True).
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.8.2 TT pop-up information The TT pop-up shows abbreviated TT data (target no., COG, SOG, CPA and TCPA) for the selected TT. Simply put the cursor on the TT symbol to show the pop-up. The popup can be enabled or disabled with [TT POP-UP INFO] in the [TT•AIS SYMBOL] menu. 3.8.3 Target list The target list shows the data for all tracked targets and AIS targets.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.9 Vector Modes Target vectors can be displayed relative to own ship's heading (Relative) or North (True). Note: IMO recommends the use of the true vector mode in sea stabilization or relative vector mode for collision avoidance. 3.9.1 Description of vectors Stabilization modes It is important to select the optimum stabilization mode for the radar display.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) True vector In the true motion mode, all fixed targets such as land, navigational marks and ships at anchor remain stationary on the radar screen with vector length zero. But in the presence of wind and/or current, the vectors appear on fixed targets representing the reciprocal of set and drift affecting own ship unless set and drift values are properly entered.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.9.2 Vector motion and length Vectors may be displayed in true or relative motion. Vector time (or the length of vectors) can be set between 30 seconds and 60 minutes. The vector tip shows an estimated position of the target after the selected vector time elapses. It can be valuable to extend the vector length to evaluate the risk of collision with any target. From the Control Unit Vector motion: Push the VECTOR MODE key consecutively to select relative or true vector mode.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.10.1 How to enable/disable the past position display, select past position reference Click the indications circled in the figure below to set the plot interval (or disable the display) and the past position reference (true or relative). Plot interval, past position display ON/OFF Past position reference 3.10.2 Past position points You can show 5 or 10 past position points per tracked target.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3. Use the right and left arrow buttons to select the [SPD] page. Set speed and course of drift 4. Set [Stabilization Mode] to [Water]. 5. Click the [Set Drift] box to show a checkmark in the box. 6. Put the cursor in the course input box then spin the scrollwheel to select the set. 7. Put the cursor in the drift input box then spin the scrollwheel to select the drift. 8. Close the menu. Note: Set and drift should be checked periodically for correctness.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.12 TT CPA/TCPA Alarm The TT continuously monitors the predicted range at the Closest Point of Approach (CPA) and predicted time to CPA (TCPA) of each TT. When the predicted CPA of any TT becomes smaller than the preset CPA range and its predicted TCPA less than the preset TCPA limit, the audio alarm sounds and the Alert 526 "TT CPA/TCPA" appears in the [Alert] box. In addition, the symbol of the offending TT is red and flashes together with its vector.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) The alert in the [Alert] box and the flashing of the plotting symbol and vector continue until the dangerous situation is gone or you intentionally terminate tracking of the target. 3.13 TT Lost Target Alert Tracked targets not detected in nine consecutive scans become "lost targets". When this occurs; • A red X is put on the TT symbol (flashing) of the lost target. (The lost target symbol disappears after the lost target alert is acknowledged.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.14 Trial Maneuver The trial maneuver feature simulates the effect of own ship's movement against all tracked targets, without interrupting the updating of target information. It is available for use with the TT and AIS functions. For more accurate results, use relative motion and sea stabilization (water tracking). 3.14.1 Types of trial maneuvers There are two types of trial maneuvers: dynamic and static.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Position of target B at end of trial maneuver Course and speed changes completed; position where course and speed are changed B Position of target A at end of trial maneuver Delay time Current position A T 3.14.2 How to do a trial maneuver To do a trial maneuver: 1. Right click the DELAY setting in the [Trial] box (see step 7) then select [Trial Maneuver Menu]. 2. Select [1 TRIAL MANEUVER] then select [STATIC] or [DYNAMIC] as appropriate. 3.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 9. Click the Trial ON/OFF indication to show [ON]. 10. Click the Trial course indication. Spin the scrollwheel to set the trial course. 11. Click the Trial speed indication. spin the scrollwheel or use the Control Unit to set the trial speed. 12. Click the [DELAY] indication. Spin the scrollwheel to set the amount of delay. This is the time after which own ship takes a new situation, not the time the simulation begins.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Three simulated targets move as the following table. The simulated target is automatically generated with the relative movement in the following table based on own ship's movement at the start of simulation mode. Note: If own ship moves after the start of simulation mode, the movement of the simulated target is not matched with the values in the following table. Target A Target B Target C Range (R) 9.5 NM 1.1 NM 9.3 NM Bearing (R) 270.0° 333.0° 45.0° Speed (R) 20.0 kn 10.2 kn 19.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.17 Alert No. 524 TT Man ACQ 95% Caution 525 TT Man ACQ 100% Warning 526 TT CPA/TCPA Alarm 527 528 TT Lost REF Target Lost Warning Warning Message Category Description The capacity for manual acquisition has reached 95%. The capacity for manual acquisition has reached 100% and no more target acquisition is possible. Cancel tracking on unnecessary targets. Tracked target on collision course. Take evasive action. Tracked target lost. Check target.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Acquisition A target that is hit by five consecutive radar pulses is judged to be a radar echo. Manual acquisition is done by designating a detected echo with the trackball. Automatic acquisition is done in the acquisition areas when a target is detected 5-7 times continuously depending upon the congestion. Tracking The range and bearing of an echo are found from the relative distance of the target from the radar antenna.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.18 Factors Affecting Target Tracking Sea returns If the radar anti-clutter control is adjusted properly, there is no serious effect because distant wave clutter, not eliminated by this control, is filtered out by more than one bang correlation and scan-to-scan matching of data. Rain and snow Rain clutter can be acquired and tracked as targets. Adjust the rain clutter control to suppress the clutter.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Indirect echoes A target at close range is usually picked up directly, but it can also be received as reflection from a large, flat surface. This will result in the radar presenting two or more echoes on the display, each at a different range. The TT system can acquire and track a false echo if it is detected in five consecutive scans. Reduction in radar gain can eliminate the multiple echoing but care should be taken as range detection also will be reduced.
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4. AIS OPERATION An AIS transponder can be connected to this radar to overlay AIS targets on the radar display. The radar can store up to 2,000 AIS targets in its storage buffer. When this buffer becomes full of AIS targets, the Alert 533 "AIS Target Capacity 100%" is generated to alert you to full storage buffer. The storage buffer contains automatic dead reckoning for all AIS targets, which is based on reported Speed Over the Ground (SOG), Course Over the Ground (COG), Rate Of Turn (ROT) and heading.
4. AIS OPERATION There can be several hundreds or several thousands of AIS targets, and of those only a few will be significant for your ship. To remove unnecessary AIS targets from the radar display, the feature "active and sleeping AIS targets" is available. Initially any new AIS target received by an AIS transponder is not active (="sleeping"). Such sleeping targets are shown with a small triangle. The operator can pick any AIS target and change it from sleeping to active.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.2 How to Show, Hide the AIS Display Targets that are being tracked by an AIS transponder can also be displayed on the display. Click the AIS status indication to select [DISP OFF], [DISP FILT] or [DISP ALL]. [DISP OFF]: Turn off the AIS display. (Tracking continues internally.) [DISP FILT]: Filter AIS targets according to the settings of the AIS target filter. See section 4.4. [DISP ALL]: Display all AIS targets. 4.
4. AIS OPERATION Symbol Default color Green Name Heading-turn indicator Description Show target’s direction of turning. Blue Physical (real) AIS ATON AIS aid to navigation Yellow Physical AIS ATON Off Position AIS aid to navigation with off position Blue Virtual AIS ATON Virtual AIS aid to navigation Yellow Virtual AIS ATON Off Po- Virtual AIS aid to navigation with off posisition tion Green SAR Aircraft Denote SAR aircraft. Blue AIS base station Denote AIS base station.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.4 How to Filter Sleeping AIS Targets If the screen becomes cluttered with AIS targets, you can filter out unnecessary sleeping AIS targets, from the [DISP FILTER] menu. 1. Right-click the AIS mode indication then click [AIS Menu] to show that menu. 2. Open the [5 DISP FILTER] menu. MENU TT • AIS AIS ← DISP FILTER 1 SLEEPING CLASS A OFF / ON 2 SLEEPING CLASS B OFF / ON 3 MAX RANGE OFF / ON 12NM 4 MIN SHIP SPEED OFF / ON 1.0kn 3.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.5.2 How to automatically activate targets You can get automatic activation of a sleeping AIS target when its CPA/TCPA are within a preset limit. The CPA/TCPA alarm must be active to use this feature. How to set conditions for automatic activation of AIS targets 1. Right-click the AIS mode indication then click [AIS Menu] to show that menu. 2. Open the [4 CPA AUTO ACTIVATE] menu. 3. Set each menu item, referring to the description below. [1 MAX RANGE]: Set the maximum range to use.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.6.2 How to sleep all activated AIS targets Sleep all activated targets from the menu 1. Open the menu then select [2 TT•AIS] and [4 AIS]. 2. Select [3 SLEEP ALL TGTS] then [YES]. 3. Close the menu. Sleep all activated targets from the AIS box Long-click the AIS status indication at the bottom-right position to display [FUNC OFF] then click [DISP ALL] to sleep all AIS targets redisplayed. 4.
4. AIS OPERATION AIS no. (information display order) Vessel name Bearing FURUNO Heading Range Course over ground Rate of turn Speed over ground CPA TCPA Bow crossing range Bow crossing time Position Navigation status Note 1: AIS is not available in dead reckoning when the radar type is selected to [IMO] on the [INSTALLATION] menu. Note 2: If the TCPA value is negative, this means that you have already passed the closest point and the AIS target is going away from your ship.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.7.3 Expanded AIS data The expanded AIS data display provides additional information about an AIS target, including call sign, MMSI No., IMO No., etc. To display expanded AIS data, show the basic data for a target, right-click the target data display then select [Expanded AIS Data]. Title bar Vessel name FURUNO Call sign WG27CQ Position Type of position sensor Position accuracy (HIGH or LOW) Navigation status MMSI No. IMO No.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.8 AIS CPA/TCPA Alarm This radar calculates CPA and TCPA by using own ship and relative target positions. An AIS dangerous target is one whose CPA and TCPA are within the range of the CPA and TCPA limits set in the TT/AIS box. The AIS symbol of an AIS dangerous target is red and flashing, and is announced with the Alert 536 "AIS CPA/TCPA". After the alert is acknowledged the target symbol is displayed in red color. To set the CPA and TCPA ranges, do the following: 1.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.10 AIS Symbol Color 1. Right-click the AIS mode indication then click [Symbol Menu] to show that menu. 2. Select [1 SYMBOL COLOR] and desired color. (Yellow is not available with the IMO type.) 3. Close the menu. 4.11 AIS Lost Targets An AIS target is declared a lost target when it fails to produce data for intervals which are based on the table on page 4-1.
4. AIS OPERATION 4.11.2 How to set the AIS lost target filter If you are in an area where AIS targets often become lost, the lost target alert may activate frequently. In this case, you may want to specify which targets to classify as lost targets, to prevent frequent triggering of the lost target alert. 1. Right-click the AIS mode indication then click [AIS Menu] to show that menu. 2. Open the [6 LOST FILTER] menu. 3. Set each menu item, referring to the description below.