Operating Manual

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20. Standards, literature / references, acknowledgements and appendices 215
European norms (EN-standards)
Literature and references
Acknowledgements
Appendices: tables and graphs.
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17.4 CT for defect detection and sizing 187
Effect of defect orientation
3D CT for sizing of defects in (welded) components
17.5 Neutron radiography (neutrography) 190
17.6 Compton backscatter technique 190
18. Special radiographic applications 193
18.1 Measuring the effective focal spot 193
18.2 Radiographs of objects of varying wall thickness 194
18.3 Radiography of welds in small diameter pipes 195
Elliptical technique
Perpendicular technique
18.4 Determining the depth position of a defect 197
18.5 Determining the depth position and diameter of
reinforcement steel in concrete 198
18.6 On-stream inspection - profiling technique 198
Projection technique
Tangential technique
Selection of source, screens and filters
Exposure time
18.7 Flash radiography 201
18.8 Radiography of welds in large diameter pipes 202
19. Radiation hazards, measuring- and recording instruments 207
19.1 The effects of radiation on the human body 179 207
19.2 Responsibilities 207
The client
The radiographer
19.3 The effects of exposure to radiation 208
19.4 Protection against radiation 208
19.5 Permissible cumulative dose of radiation 209
19.6 Radiation measurement and recording instruments 210
Radiation measuring instruments
Dose rate meters
Scintillation counter
Personal protection equipment
Pendosismeter (PDM)
Thermoluminescent dose meter (TLD-badge)
Film dose meter (film-badge)
19.7 Dose registration 212
19.8 Radiation shielding 212
Distance
Absorbing barrier and distance