HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 Workstation HP-UX Owner’s Guide Order No. A1630-90006 Mfg. Part No.
© Hewlett-Packard Co. 1990. First Printing: July 1990 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries. NOTICE The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. HEWLETT-PACKARD MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Emissions Regulations Federal Communications Commission (FCC) The Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. government regulates the radio frequency energy emanated by computing devices through published regulations. These regulations specify the limits of radio frequency emission to protect radio and television reception. All HP Apollo nodes and peripherals have been tested and comply with these limits. The FCC regulations also require that computing devices used in the U.S.
Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE) Herstellerbescheinigung Hiermit wird bescheinigt, daß der dieses Gerät in Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der Postverfügung 1046/84 funkentstört ist. Der Deutschen Bundespost wurde das Inverkehrbringen dieser Gerätes angezeigt und die Berechtigung zur Überprufung der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeräumt. Die Einhaltung dieser Grenzwerte schreibt den Gebrauch abgeschirmter Kabel vor.
VCCI Class 2 ITE Equipment (A1630) Emissions Regulations Compliance Any third-party I/O device installed in HP Apollo system(s) must be in accordance with the requirements set forth in the preceding Emissions Regulations statements. In the event that a third-party noncompliant I/O device is installed, the customer assumes all responsibility and liability arising therefrom. Compliance to these regulations requires the use of shielded cables.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions Electrostatic charges can damage the integrated circuits on printed circuit boards. To prevent such damage from occurring, observe the following precautions during board unpacking and installation: vi • Stand on a static-free mat. • Wear a static strap to ensure that any accumulated electrostatic charge will be discharged from your body to ground.
Warnings and Cautions WARNING: Removing device cover may expose sharp edges in equipment chassis. To avoid injury, use care when installing customer add-on devices. WARNUNG: Das Entfernen der Geräteabdeckung legt die scharfen Kanten im Inneren des Gerätes frei. Um Verietzungen zu vermeiden, seien Sie vorsichtig beim Einbau von zusätzlichen Bauteilen, die vom Kunden selber eingebaut werden können.
Warnings and Cautions WARNING: Lifting the 19-inch monitor requires more than one person because the unit weighs more than 40 pounds (18 kilograms). WARNUNG: Der-19-inch (48 cm) Bildschirm muß von mehreren Personen angehoben werden, da die Einheit über 40 Pfund (18 kilogramm) wiegt. ADVERTISSEMENT: II faut plus d’une personne pour soulever le moniteur de 48 cm (19 pouces) étant donné qu’il pèse plus de 18 kg. CAUTION: Monitor input voltage must be the same as the system’s input voltage.
Warnings and Cautions CAUTION: System power cord must be plugged into an accessible dedicated ac mains receptacle. VORSICHT: Das System-Netzanschlußkabel muß an eine zugängliche spezielle Wechselstrom-Hauptzuführungssteckdose angeschlossen werden. ATTENTION: Le fil d’alimentation électrique du système doit être branché dans une prise de courant c.a. spécialisée accessible.
Preface The HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 HP-UX Owner’s Guide describes how to use your Series 400 workstation with the HP-UX operating system. We’ve organized this manual as follows: Chapter 1 Introduces this guide. Chapter 2 Describes the Series 400 workstation’s controls, connectors, and indicators. Chapter 3 Describes how to start up your Series 400 workstation. Chapter 4 Introduces you to the concept of HP-UX partitions and filesets. Chapter 5 Shows you how to get started with HP-UX.
Preface Audience This guide is intended for use by individuals who may be unfamiliar with either hardware or software aspects of the HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 workstation. After reading this guide, readers will understand the basic hardware and software associated with the HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 workstation to either embark on their own or refer to more detailed manuals.
Preface Documentation Conventions Unless otherwise noted in the text, this manual uses the following symbolic conventions. literal values Bold words or characters in formats and command descriptions represent commands or keywords that you must use literally. Pathnames are also in bold. Bold words in text indicate the first use of a new term. user-supplied values Italic words or characters in formats and command descriptions represent values that you must supply.
Contents Part 1 – Introducing the Series 400 Workstations Chapter 1 How to Use This Guide Using this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Chapter 2 Controls, Indicators, and Connectors System Unit Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Understanding the LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 System Unit Rear Panel Connectors . . . . .
Contents Part 2 – Getting Started Chapter 3 Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Booting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring the Boot ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boot Mode Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/O Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Chapter 6 Introducing the File System How to Read and Use HP-UX Reference Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interpreting a Manual Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pathnames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating New Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Part 3 — Administrative Tasks Chapter 8 Administrative Tasks Creating New User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 Creating, Changing, or Setting Your Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Creating A New Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Initial Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Figures 1-1 HP-UX Documentation for HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 Workstations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 2-1 System Unit Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 2-2 Front Panel LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2-3 Model 400dl, 400t, and 425t Workstations Rear Panel Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 4-1 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 xx 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 Login Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enter Your Username . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copyright Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select a Terminal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Tables 2-1 SCSI Cables for Series 400 Workstations and Their SCSI Peripheral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 2-2 Series 400 SCSI Device Cabling Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 3-1 Power up Screens for HP-UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3-2 Built-in Interface Default Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3-3 Mass Storage Search Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part 1 — Introducing the Series 400 Workstation
Chapter 1 How to Use This Guide This chapter tells you how to use this owner’s guide. This guide provides directions for running HP-UX on the HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 workstation.
How To Use This Guide Using This Guide This guide tells how to start up your system. Use this guide after you have installed your system, using the HP Model 400s and 433s Installation Guide or the HP Apollo Model 400t, 400dl, 425t Installation Guide. This guide is divided into three parts. Part 1 contains this chapter and general information about your HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 workstation. Part 2 contains instructions for getting started with HP-UX on your HP Apollo 9000 Series 400 workstation.
How To Use This Guide Figure 1-1.
Chapter 2 Controls, Indicators, and Connectors This chapter introduces the Series 400 workstation.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors System Unit Controls Before powering on your system, you should become familiar with the system unit controls. Figure 2-1 shows the Power, Reset, and Service mode switches. Use the Power switch to power the system unit on and off. The Power switch also controls power to the monitor ac connector when connected to the Model 400dl, 400t, or 425t workstations. Do not use excessive force when you press the Reset or Service mode switches; you need only press them gently.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-1.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Understanding the LEDs There are ten LEDs located on the front of the system unit. The Series 400 workstation has 8 amber LEDs and 2 green LEDs. The green power LED of the Model 400t, 425t, and 400dl is not located with the remaining 9 LEDs. It is located near the power switch. The green power switch of the Models 400s and 433s is the top LED in the pattern of 10 LEDs. It is lighted when the system is powered on. HP-UX only uses the power LED.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-2.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors System Unit Rear Panel Connectors This section describes the connectors on the system unit’s rear panel. They are: • Graphics Board Connector • SCSI Connector (not available on Model 400dl) • Parallel I/O Connector (not available on Model 400dl) • DOMAIN Keyboard Connector (not used with workstations running HP-UX) • Monitor ac Connector (available only on Models 400dl, 400t, and 425t) • Token Ring Network Connector for Apollo Token Ring Network or IBM 802.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-3.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors There are two different card cages available for the model 400s and 433s workstations. One card cage contains four optional slots, which can be used for four ISA boards (including Token Ring Network boards). The other card cage contains three optional slots, which can be used for three DIO II boards. Figure 2-4 shows the rear panel connectors on the Model 400s and 433s workstations with the four optional ISA slots.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-4.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors See figure 2-5 for the locations of the rear panel connectors on the Model 400s and 433s workstations with the three optional DIO II boards.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-5.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Keyboard Connectors Figure 2-6 shows the HP-HIL keyboard connectors on the Series 400 workstations. Figure 2-6.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Parallel I/O Connectors Figure 2-7 shows the parallel I/O connectors on the Series 400 workstations. Figure 2-7.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors SCSI Connectors Figure 2-8 shows the SCSI connector on the Series 400 workstations. NOTICE: 2-14 HP Apollo provides maintenance and support for SCSI devices that have been qualified and sold by HP Apollo. HP Apollo does not provide maintenance for SCSI devices not sold by HP Apollo. For a list of SCSI devices that are sold by HP Apollo, contact your sales representative.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-8.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Keep in mind that 6 meters (19.6 feet) is the maximum length of SCSI cabling that can be used with your Series 400 workstation. Table 2-1 is a shows the external SCSI cables that are available for use with Series 400 workstations running HP-UX. Table 2-1.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors With the information from Table 2-1 use Table 2-2 to determine the total SCSI cabling used for your workstation and its SCSI peripheral storage devices. Table 2-2. Series 400 SCSI Device Cabling Configurations SCSI Device Drives Model 400t and 425t — all internal SCSI drives (if present) Cable Lengths Internal meters (feet) 0.6 (2) Model 400s and 433s — all internal SCSI drives (if present) 1.6 (5.5) AADDESTC See Note 1 and Note 2 0.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors 802.3 Network Connectors Figure 2-9 shows the LAN and AUI LAN connectors for the 802.3 (ETHERNET) network on the Series 400 workstations. Which connector you use depends on the type of cabling used at your location.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-9. 802.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors RS-232 Serial Input/Output Connectors You can attach a variety of peripheral devices to the RS-232 port on the workstation. These peripheral devices include printers, plotters, modems, and scanners. Consult the documentation that accompanies each peripheral device for specific information concerning its use.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-10.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors HP-IB Connector Figure 2-11 shows the HP-IB connector on Series 400 workstations.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-11.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors SPKR Connectors Figure 2-12.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors ac Connectors Figure 2-13 shows the ac connectors on Series 400 workstations. There is no monitor ac connector on the Model 400s or 433s workstation. Monitors used with the Model 400s or 433s workstation have their own connection to the ac power source.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-13.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Graphics Connectors Figure 2-14 shows the graphics connectors on Series 400 workstations 2-27
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-14.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Monitor Controls, Connectors, and Indicators Before using the monitor, you should become familiar with its controls, connectors, and indicators. The Power-On LED, when lit, indicates that the monitor has ac power applied. For monitors connected to the Model 400dl, 400t, or 425t workstation, use the workstation’s Power switch to power the monitor on or off.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-15.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-16.
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors Figure 2-17.
Part 2 — Getting Started
Chapter 3 Booting Your Series 400 Workstation If your Series 400 workstation has a pre-installed operating system, it is already configured to boot your operating system. If you are installing an operating system on your Series 400 workstation or if it does not appear to be properly configured, refer to “Booting” in this chapter.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Booting After you power up your Series 400 workstation, you will see one of the following: • Power-up display • The Main Configuration menu • Remote console at xxx After the beeps, type L < Return > to use monitor as console. • A blank screen • An EEPROM error message Refer to Table 3-1 to determine the appropriate action. NOTICE: 3-2 If you experience problems, call your designated service representative.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Table 3-1. Power-up Screens for HP-UX If you see... You need to... Power-up display Wait for the system to complete booting Power-up display without the operating system listing Install HP-UX Main Configuration Menu Proceed to “Configuring the Boot ROM” Remote console at xxx... Type L < Return > 5 to 15 seconds after seeing the message A blank screen 1. Set the Service/Normal switch to Normal 2. Press < Return > 3a.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Configuring the Boot ROM The boot ROM has three configurable areas: • Boot mode • I/O interfaces • Auto System Select mode All three areas are explained in further detail in the following sections. Boot Mode Selection The boot mode selection defines whether an “HP-UX Compatible” or “Domain Compatible” operating system can boot. You must set the boot mode to match the type of operating system you are going to boot (HP-UX or Domain/OS).
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Figure 3-1. Configuration Control Menu Figure 3-2. Boot Mode Selection Menu NOTICE: All keyboard entries need to be uppercase.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Select HP-UX Compatible by typing 2 < Return > if you will boot an HP-UX compatible operating system. After you select a boot mode, you see the prompt shown in Figure 3-3. If you want to save the boot mode selection, select Permanent (P). If you save it, the boot mode is remembered when you cycle the system’s power and you will not have to reset the boot mode. If you don’t want to save the boot mode selection, select Temporary (T).
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Figure 3-3. Select Temporary or Permanent Boot Mode Notice: If you experience problems, call your designated service representative.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation I/O Interfaces The I/O interfaces determine the communication path between the CPU and the I/O devices. Your Series 400 workstation already has default values set for the interfaces as shown in Table 3-2. Your Series 400 workstation will function properly with these settings. However, you may have a special need that requires you to change them. If you want to change the default settings, refer to Installing Peripherals (Vols. 1 and 2).
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Table 3-2.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Auto System Select Mode The auto system select mode only works if you select HP-UX Compatible for your system’s boot mode. The Auto System Select mode determines how an operating system is selected for booting. You can select the auto system select mode to either scan for an operating system to boot or boot a selected operating system.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Figure 3-4.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Scan for System The Scan for System selection searches mass storage devices for an operating system to boot. The first mass storage device found with an HP-UX Compatible operating system on it boots. Mass storage devices are searched by the priority shown in Table 3-3. Set the Store System Selection mode to store the boot path of the operating system that you just selected by typing 3 < Return >, if you wish to automatically boot that system in the future.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Table 3-3.
Booting Your Series 400 Workstation Selected System The Selected System mode provides you with the opportunity to select a mass storage device to boot from. A list of mass storage devices appears in the upper-right of your screen. You enter the two or three character sequence to the left of the mass storage definition and press < Return > to select the operating system you wish to boot. For example, type 1H < Return >.
Chapter 4 Partitions and Filesets This chapter introduces partitions and filesets, since you need to answer questions about them while you install HP-UX. Partitions HP-UX is divided into twelve logical areas. Each of these areas provides a task that you may wish to perform, such as networking. These areas are called partitions. HPUX logical partitions should not be confused with the physical partitions on a disk. Figure 4-1 shows the partitions that can be selected to create HP-UX.
Partitions and Filesets Figure 4-1.
Partitions and Filesets Filesets Partitions are divided into logical areas known as filesets. Filesets are the tools you select to perform the task. Partitions can be considered the “whats” and the filesets the “hows.” For example, within the networking partition there are filesets, or tools, called ARPA.38 and NFS_INCL.38 which provide ARPA and NFS functionality, respectively. Both provide networking capability; the “what.” However, each tool provides networking differently, the “how.
Chapter 5 Getting Started with HP-UX You should have already installed your new Series 400 workstation following the instructions in your HP Apollo Model 400t, 400dl, 425t Installation Guide or your HP Apollo Model 400s and 433s Installation Guide and booted it following the instructions in Chapter 4.
Getting Started with HP-UX Logging In Logging in allows you to start working with the computer; for example, you can run an application such as a computer-aided design program. Once you log in, you see a command line prompt which is a special symbol or word that indicates HPUX is running and waiting for your next command. You see a prompt when HPUX completes executing any command you enter. During the login sequence the prompts will indicate what you need to enter.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-1.
Getting Started with HP-UX Login Respond to the “login:” prompt by entering your username. If you type in the username alice, you see a screen similar to Figure 5-2. You must identify yourself to HP-UX by entering your username at the login prompt. Ask your system administrator to assign you a username. If you are the system administrator, you already have a username, root. But you should also create a new user account for yourself to use when you are not doing system administrative tasks.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-2.
Getting Started with HP-UX Password HP-UX prompts you for a password if your site requires one. Respond to the password prompt by entering your password. If you enter the correct password, you will see a screen similar to Figure 5-3. If this is the first time you have logged in and you do not see a screen similar to Figure 5-3, refer to “Creating, Changing or Setting Your Password.” NOTICE: Your password is not displayed on the screen in order to ensure its secrecy.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-3.
Getting Started with HP-UX TERM = (hp) Respond to this prompt by entering the terminal type. Every monitor has a terminal type by which HP-UX identifies it. The “TERM = (hp) “ prompt appears after the “login:” prompt, or after the “Password:” prompt if you need to use a password. See Table 5-1 to find the correct response to use for your terminal type.
Getting Started with HP-UX Table 5-1.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-4 demonstrates an example that assumes an HP A1416A video card. In this example, the response to “TERM = (hp)” is 98550. If your monitor does not appear to be functioning properly, make sure that you have one of the configurations described in Table 5-1. If you do, then call your local representative. If you have successfully completed all of the previous steps, HP-UX recognizes you as a valid user and you are logged in.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-4.
Getting Started with HP-UX Logging Out This section steps through the logout sequence. Logging out ends a working session with HP-UX. Perform the logout sequence when you want to stop working with the computer. When you are logged out the screen displays a “login:” prompt to show that your HP-UX session is over. There are two commands used to log out: • exit < Return > (shown in Figure 5-5) • CTRL/D CTRL/D does not work on all systems.
Getting Started with HP-UX Figure 5-5. Logging Out Figure 5-6.
Chapter 6 Introducing the File System This chapter introduces files, directories, file systems, HP-UX reference manuals, and some basic file system commands. A file is a logical grouping of text and data, such as a memo or a program. A directory is a collection of files. How directories and files are stored and organized defines a file system.
Introducing the File System How to Read and Use HP-UX Reference Manuals This section outlines the various sections of HP-UX reference manuals and manual pages. After reading this section you should understand the content and organization of the manual set and how to interpret a manual page.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-1.
Introducing the File System Interpreting a Manual Page All manual entries follow an established topic format, but not all topics are included in each entry. This section introduces the following topics: • • • • • NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES WARNINGS NAME gives the name(s) of the command and briefly tells you what it does. SYNOPSIS shows you the format of what to type to execute the command. DESCRIPTION discusses what the command does in detail and introduces the options associated with the command.
Introducing the File System LS(1) NAME ls - list contents of directories LS(1) SYNOPSIS ls [-abcdfgilmnopqrstuxACFHLRl][ names ] DESCRIPTION For each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the directory ... Options There are numerous options: -a List all entries; usually entries whose names begin with a period (.) are not listed. -b Force printing of non-graphic characters to be in the octal \ddd notation. . . .
Introducing the File System Pathnames A pathname locates a file or directory within a file system. For example, the pathname /budget/fy1990/march/capital refers to a file or directory in the directory march, which is in the directory fy1990, which is in the directory budget. Root is the first directory created within a file system and all files and directories originate from it. The file system has a tree structure as shown in Figure 6-2.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-2.
Introducing the File System Creating New Directories The mkdir command creates a new directory. The parent directory should already exist prior to executing the mkdir command. You need to have write permission on the parent directory to use the mkdir command. If you need to change file access permissions on the directory refer to chmod(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1 for more information about changing permissions. Refer to mkdir(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1 for more information about mkdir.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-3.
Introducing the File System Changing Current Directories The cd command changes your current directory. You can specify the destination pathname as an argument to cd. If you use a relative pathname you must account for all directories in the path. If you don’t specify a destination, then your home directory becomes your current directory. Your home directory is the directory you log in to.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-4.
Introducing the File System Listing the Files in a Directory The ls command lists the contents of a directory. If you don’t specify a directory name, it lists the contents of the current directory. The output shows both files and subdirectories intermixed in a single alphabetical list. Refer to ls(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1 for a complete list of the options for the ls command.
Introducing the File System Viewing a File The more command allows you to view an existing file one screen at a time. At the bottom of each screen more displays the percentage of the file that has been displayed. Press the spacebar to advance to the next screen. Enter q when you want to stop reading the file. Refer to more(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1 for a complete list of the options associated with more.
Introducing the File System Removing Files and Directories The rm command deletes one or more entries from a directory. The rmdir command deletes an empty directory. Figure 6-5 demonstrates how to remove all entries in a directory and the directory itself. If you try to delete a file or directory and get the message “Permission denied,” you do not have the proper file access permission to delete the file or directory. Try to change the file permissions; refer to chmod(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-5.
Introducing the File System Copying and Renaming Files The cp command copies an existing file into a new one. The command cp takes two arguments, both are either filenames or pathnames to files. First, give the name of the file you want to copy, followed by the name of the new file, cp oldfile newfile. For example, cp games/bridge hobbies/bridge. The mv command moves an existing file into a new one. The command mv takes two arguments, both are either filenames or pathnames to files.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-6.
Introducing the File System Printing Files Use the lp command to send files to a printer. After you enter the lp command, you see a request ID displayed. You use this ID to identify your request if you need to cancel your lp request with the cancel req_id command as shown in Figure 6-7. Refer to lp(1) in HP-UX Reference Vol. 1 for a complete list of the options associated with lp and cancel(1) for information on cancel.
Introducing the File System Figure 6-7.
Chapter 7 Using a Text Editor This chapter introduces you to a text editor called vi. Vi is an interactive text editor which enables you to view and alter text files within your file system. It allows you to create, delete, and edit files.
Using a Text Editor Starting vi Start vi by entering the command vi filename at the prompt, where filename is the name of the file that you wish to either create, view, or alter. If a file called filename already exists, the first screen of the file will be displayed, as shown in Figure 7-1. If the file does not exist, it is created and you see a screen like Figure 7-2.
Using a Text Editor Figure 7-1. Displaying an Existing File Figure 7-2.
Using a Text Editor Selecting Editing Functions You select all editing functions from command mode. Your selection determines what you can do to the text. The basic editing functions you need to know to use vi are shown in Table 7-1 and explained in “Performing Editing Functions.
Using a Text Editor Table 7-1. Basic Editing Functions To... In command mode enter... Insert text. i Append text. a Delete a character.
Using a Text Editor Performing Editing Functions Once you start vi, you are either in command or text mode. Press the < ESC > key to ensure that your file is in command mode so that can execute any of the following commands: • The insert command: Places your file in text mode and enters whatever you type preceding the cursor. Everything after the cursor will be moved to the right. • The append command: Places your file in text mode and enters whatever you type after the cursor.
Using a Text Editor Figure 7-3.
Using a Text Editor Positioning the Cursor You may have noticed that the editing functions are performed relative to cursor position. For example, you can make text changes before, after, or at the cursor location. Many commands exist within vi that provide cursor movement and placement. This section introduces the basic cursor commands. Some keyboards have arrow keys labeled < Prev > and < Next >.
Using a Text Editor Figure 7-4.
Using a Text Editor Leaving Text Mode Press the < ESC > key to leave text mode and enter command mode. Figure 7-5.
Using a Text Editor Saving Your Work You can save your work with or without quitting vi. Your document must be in command mode for you to be able to use the following commands to save your work. Press the < ESC > key to ensure that your document is in command mode. • ZZ • :wq • :w! filename Both the ZZ and :wq commands save your file and leave vi. You execute fewer keystrokes by using the ZZ command. Use the :w! filename command to save your work without leaving vi.
Using a Text Editor Leaving vi You can quit vi and save your work. You can also quit vi without saving your work. Your document must be in command mode for you to be able to use the following commands to leave vi. Press the < ESC > key to ensure that your document is in command mode. • ZZ • :wq • :q! Both the ZZ and :wq commands save your file and leave vi. You execute fewer keystrokes by using the ZZ command. The q! command causes your document to leave vi without saving your changes.
Part 3 — Administrative Tasks
Chapter 8 Administrative Tasks This chapter is primarily intended for system administrators, but experienced users who have root privileges may also find this information useful. This chapter introduces the following administrative tasks: • Creating new user accounts • Creating, changing, or setting new passwords • Modifying your environment • Shutting down • Troubleshooting Creating New User Accounts You can create new user accounts via command line or menu driven processes.
Administrative Tasks Creating, Changing, or Setting Your Password This section shows you how to develop a valid password and how to change an existing password or set a new password. Creating a New Password Passwords must meet the following criteria: • • • The password must contain 6 to 8 characters, inclusive. At least two of the characters must be letters. At least one character must either a numeral or special character.
Administrative Tasks Figure 8-1. Changing Your Password Figure 8-2.
Administrative Tasks Modifying Your Environment Your environment consists of the various options and features that affect how HPUX and your programs respond to you. As you become familiar with your environment, you may wish to customize it. A Beginner’s Guide to Using Shells provides extensive information on how to customize your environment. It explains the various environment variables that you can modify and provides shell specific information.
Administrative Tasks Figure 8-3. Shut down CAUTION: Do not shut down a workstation by turning it off until the message “halted” appears on the screen. Improperly shutting down the workstation can corrupt the filesystem.
Administrative Tasks Perform the following to shut down your workstation: 1. Log in as root user. 2. Change to the root directory as shown in Figure 8-4. 3. Enter the command: shutdown -h XX as shown in Figure 8-5. XX is the grace period, in seconds, until active processes are terminated. Usually, 30 seconds to a minute is sufficient.
Administrative Tasks Figure 8-4. Change to Root Directory Figure 8-5.
Administrative Tasks Figure 8-6 shows an example where active processes will shut down in 30 seconds. Figure 8-6.
Administrative Tasks If you answer y (yes) to the prompt in Figure 8-6, then you will see a screen similar to Figure 8-7. The login sequence starts. This login allows root to perform the shutdown. If you answer n (no) to the prompt in Figure 8-6, you see a prompt. Figure 8-7.
Administrative Tasks The shutdown process is complete when the message “halted” appears on the screen as shown in Figure 8-8. Refer to the HP-UX System Administration Tasks for more details. Figure 8-8.
Administrative Tasks Troubleshooting HP-UX The Troubleshooting HP-UX Systems Error Diagnosis and Recovery provides methods for defining and isolating problems and possible solutions for the following categories of problems: • • • • • • Line printer spooling File system Disk space Terminals Boot-up HP-UX cluster 8-11
Chapter 9 Recovering from a System Panic Most problems are dealt with by implementing some combination of avoidance, detection, prevention, and recovery. If you are reading this chapter, it is because any avoidance or prevention measures have failed and a problem has been detected. This chapter introduces recovery techniques and suggests efforts to minimize the effects of a panic. Panics A panic means that the computer halted because HP-UX was asked to do something that it did not understand.
Recovering from a System Panic Record the Panic Message Write down the message that is displayed on the screen. You may need to refer to it later. Categorize the Panic A panic can be categorized into one of the following: • • • • Hardware failure File system problem LAN communication problem Other The wording of the panic message that you wrote down directs you to the appropriate category. Corrective Process Once you have categorized the panic, you are ready to begin correcting the problem.
Recovering from a System Panic Table 9-1. Correcting a Panic Category Hardware Corrective Process If the failure appears to be associated with the peripheral: Check the integrity of the cable connections. Ensure that the peripheral is online. If the failure appears to be associated with the System Processing Unit or the above did not correct the problem, call your designated service representative. You may refer to Troubleshooting HP-UX Systems Error Diagnosis and Recovery for more information.
Recovering from a System Panic Minimizing the Effects of a Panic Performing timely and adequate backups and implementing a good restore process will minimize the effects of a panic. The worst scenario for recovery is reinstalling HP-UX and restoring any lost files. Therefore, a meaningful backup would minimize the adverse affects of even the worst panic. How frequently you backup your system and the type of backup you perform depends on how much and what type of data you can afford to lose.
Recovering from a System Panic Commands Since the features of commands vary, you need to understand them in detail. Refer to the entries for the commands in the HP-UX Reference manuals. You have the option of performing backups either manually or automatically. However, once again, you need to understand the ramifications in detail. Automatic backups may prove to be more restrictive.
Glossary application A program used to perform a particular task, usually interactively, such as computer-aided design, text editing, or accounting. backup A copy of all or part of the file system. boot The process of running the program in ROM that brings in the operating system and runs it. See also boot ROM. boot ROM A program residing in ROM (Read-Only Memory) that executes each time the computer is powered up. It is designed to bring the operating system into the computer and start it.
Glossary cluster server The cluster node which acts as a file system server for all the cluster nodes in an HP-UX cluster. command interpreter A program which reads lines of text from standard input (typed at the keyboard or read from a file), and interprets them as requests to execute other programs. An HP-UX command interpreter is called a shell. cpu The part of a computer that interprets and executes instructions.
Glossary shutdown The process of taking the system from multi-user state to system administration state. system call Invocation of a kernel process by a user program. working directory This is the directory in which relative path name searches begin. It is also called the current directory, or the current working directory.
Index Numbers 16-inch color monitor, controls, indicators, and connectors, 2-32 802.
Index video, 2-27 through 2-32 controls 16-inch color monitor, 2-32 19-inch color monitor, 2-30 19-inch monochrome monitor, 2-31 monitor, 2-29 through 2-32 copying a file, 6-16 through 6-17 crash.
Index L LEDs 16-inch color monitor, 2-32 19-inch color monitor, 2-30 19-inch monochrome monitor, 2-31 listing directories, 6-12 logging in, 5-2 through 5-11 from a shell, 5-2 through 5-3 logging out, 5-12 through 5-13 from a shell, 5-12 through 5-13 login prompt, how to respond from a shell, 5-4 M monitor ac connectors, 2-25 through 2-26 P panic cause, 9-1 corrective process, 9-2 through 9-4 minimizing the effects, 9-4 recovery steps, 9-1 types, 9-2 parallel I/O connectors, 2-13 partition, 4-1 password
Index S troubleshooting HP-UX, 8-12 saving your work, 7-11 schedule, determing backup, 9-4 SCSI connectors, 2-14 through 2-17 selecting a boot mode, 3-4 through 3-7 selecting an operating system to boot, 3-10 through 3-11 serial I/O connectors, 2-20 through 2-21 setting your password, 8-2 shutting down, how to, 8-4 through 8-11 starting vi, 7-2 through 7-3 U user accounts, creating, 8-1 using a text editor leaving text mode, 7-10 leaving vi, 7-12 performing editing functions, 7-6 through 7-7 positioning
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