HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 Owner's Guide for HP-UX Users HP 9000 Series 700 Computers ABCDE HP Part No.
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c copyright 1979, 80, 83, 85-90 Regents of the University of California This software is based in part on the Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution under license from the Regents of the University of California.
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Warnings and Cautions Removing device cover may expose sharp edges in equipment chassis. To avoid injury, use care when installing customer add-on devices. WARNUNG: Das Entfernen der Gerateabdeckung legt die scharfen Kanten im Inneren des Gerates frei. Um Verietzungen zu vermeiden, seien Sie vorsichtig beim Einbau von zusatzlichen Bauteilen, die vom Kunden selber eingebaut werden konnen.
Disconnect power plug from wall outlet or source power before moving or removing the device, or installing add-on components. WARNUNG: Entfernen Sie die Stromzufuhrung von der Steckdose oder der Stromquelle bevor Sie das Gerat bewegen, abbauen, oder zusatzliche Bauteile installieren. D ebrancher la che de las prise de courant ou de la source ADVERTISSEMENT: d'alimentation electrique avant de d eplacer ou de retirer l'unit e, ou avant d'installer des modules suppl ementaires.
System power cord must be plugged into an accessible dedicated ac mains receptacle. VORSICHT: Das System-Netzanschlu kabel mu an eine zugangliche spezielle Wechselstrom-Hauptzufuhrungssteckdose angeschlossen werden. ATTENTION: Le l d'alimentation electrique du syst eme doit ^etre branch e dans une prise de courant c.a. sp ecialis ee accessible. CAUTION: Monitor screen damage will occur if the monitor is left on for extended periods of time with the same image on the screen at high intensity.
Laser Safety Statement (For U.S.A. Only) (For computers with a CD ROM disk drive installed.) The CD ROM mass storage system is certi ed as a Class 1 laser product under the U.S. Department of Health and Human services (DHHS) Radiation Performance Standard according to the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. This means that the mass storage system does not produce hazardous laser radiation.
Related Learning Products Many of Table 0-1 HP-UX learning products are referred to in this book. Others in this list may be useful in helping you to make better use of your system. Table 0-1.
Welcome! Welcome to the worldwide community of HP Apollo workstation users. The HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 Owner's Guide describes your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer. It also refers to other documents that you have received with your computer and its system software or which you may order separately. In this section you will nd information about the organization of this guide and the audience for which it is intended.
How This Guide Is Organized Each chapter contains speci c information about your system. Read Chapter 1 to learn about your computer's parts, connectors, switches, controls and indicators. Read Chapter 2 to learn how to turn on the power, log in, log out and turn o the power safely. Read Chapter 3 to learn about the human interfaces that come with your system. This chapter will help you decide if you wish to use the HP Visual User Environment or an HP-UX shell to control your computer.
Audience This guide is intended for use by service personnel and owners of HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computers. Read Me Documents Please refer to the release documents you received with your system. These documents have titles that begin with the phrase \Read Me ." In these documents you will nd information that may not have been included in this guide at the time of its publication. Problems, Questions, and Suggestions We appreciate comments from the people who use our computer systems.
Typeface Conventions Unless otherwise noted in the text, this guide uses the following typeface conventions. term Marks the rst appearance of a word and phrase that is used as terminology. Terms are explained immediately or de ned further in a glossary. Example: The practice of copying les onto other media for safe storage is called backup. Menu Item The label of a menu item. Example: Select Network Con guration Tasks to continue.
Emissions Regulations Federal Communications Commission (FCC) The Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. government regulates the radio frequency energy emanated by computing devices through published regulations. These regulations specify the limits of radio frequency emission to protect radio and television reception. All HP Apollo nodes and peripherals have been tested and comply with these limits. The FCC regulations also require that computing devices used in the U.S.
Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE) Herstellerbescheinigung Hiermit wird bescheinigt, da dieses Gerat in Ubereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der Postverfugung 1046/84 funkentstort ist. Der Deutschen Bundespost wurde das Inverkehrbringen dieses Gerates angezeigt und die Berechtigung zur Uberpr ufung der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeraumt. Die Einhaltung dieser Grenzwerte schreibt den Gebrauch abgeschirmter Kabel vor.
Emissions Regulations Compliance Any third-party I/O device installed in HP Apollo system(s) must be in accordance with the requirements set forth in the preceding Emissions Regulations statements. In the event that a third-party noncompliant I/O device is installed, the customer assumes all responsibility and liability arising therefrom. Compliance to these regulations requires the use of shielded cables.
1 Your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 Computer This chapter provides an introduction to your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer and its components.
The System Unit The system unit is contains the computer system itself. The front of the central section contains the disk drive bays. The rear of the central section holds the system card and graphic device cards. The \shoulder" section to the right of the central section contains the EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) card bay and the cooling fans. At the bottom of the entire unit is the power supply. The system unit is intended for deskside placement. Figure 1-1.
The Power On/Standby Switch The switch that you use to turn on your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 is located on the in the front of the system unit's right \shoulder." (See Figure 1-2.) This switch is actually a power on/standby switch. It is not the same as a power switch. When you attach the power cable to the connector on the power supply and plug that cable into a power source, electric power is available from the power supply.
Understanding the LEDs In the front of the system unit's center section is a hinged cover. When the cover is closed, ve LEDs can be viewed through small \windows". Beside each window is a symbol indicating the meaning associated with the activity of each LED. Table 1-1 describes the activity of the lights when the HP-UX operating system is running on your computer. Table 1-1.
Figure 1-3. LED Windows Note It takes a substantial amount of time (2|5 minutes) for your computer to start the HP-UX operating system. During this time, the behavior of these LED indicators (and the others hidden behind the cover) is not controlled by HP-UX. Do not interpret the behavior of the LEDS as illustrated by Table 1-1 until after HP-UX has nished booting.
The Back of the System Unit In back of the system unit are connectors you can use to attach peripherals to your computer. The connectors are mounted on bulkheads: metal panels that cover portions of the rear of the computer. You can get access to most of the internal parts of your computer by removing some of these bulkheads. You will nd descriptions of these internal parts in Chapter 5. Figure 1-4.
The System Bulkhead The system bulkhead is the rightmost and tallest of the bulkheads in the back of the system. (See Figure 1-4.) The I/O connectors and switches on this bulkhead are listed in Table 1-2 and illustrated in Figure 1-5. Table 1-2. I/O Connector or Switch Use SCSI Used to attach external devices to the builtin SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) controller. HP-HIL Used to connect HP-HIL (Human Interface Link) devices to the system. The keyboard is an HP-HIL device.
Figure 1-5.
The Power Supply Bulkhead This covers the power supply. It has a plug connector for the power cord. The power supply bulkhead is below the other bulkheads at the bottom of the system unit as you view it from the rear. See Figure 1-6. Figure 1-6.
Graphic Device Bulkheads If your computer system includes a bitmapped display, you will nd the bulkhead for a graphic device to the left of the system bulkhead in the upper portion of the system unit. Your system may be equipped with two graphic display devices; if so, there may be two graphic device bulkheads. If your system is a server, it will probably not have any graphic devices at this location.
Figure 1-7.
Figure 1-8.
Figure 1-9.
Access to the EISA Card Faceplates Your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 includes four slots for EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) circuit cards. These slots are in the EISA card bay above the power supply on the left side of the system unit (as viewed from the back). See Figure 1-10. An EISA card has a faceplate upon which one or more connectors may be mounted. There are four vertical openings in the rear panel of the EISA card bay. These openings allow access to the faceplates of the cards.
The Monitor and Its Controls The monitor is the bitmapped video display device for your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer. It may be attached directly to a graphic card in your computer, or it may be attached to an external graphic processor. If your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 is con gured as a server, it will probably not have a monitor; see \Console Terminal", below. Before using your monitor, you should become familiar with the controls and indicators.
2 Starting Up Your Computer This chapter tells you how to boot HP-UX and get started with the HP Visual User Environment.
You know where your system unit's power on/standby switch is. Refer to Figure 1-2. You should also be able to locate the power switches for the monitor and the external graphic processor, if your system includes these components. The HP-UX system software is installed and ready to boot. This will be true in either of the following cases: Your computer was delivered with the following software preinstalled on its disks: The HP-UX Operating System, Release 8.
Booting HP-UX When you turn on the power to your computer, it will boot the HP-UX operating system. The expression \boot" is short for \bootstrap;" the computer loads a sequence of programs, each enabling more of the system than the previous program. Thus the computer \pulls itself up by its own bootstraps." A computer's operating system is a set of programs that controls the execution of other programs.
Logging In 1 After your computer has booted HP-UX, the login screen shown below appears. This means your hardware installation was successful and HP-UX has booted. Your HP VUE has also loaded and started. If this screen does not appear, see Chapter 6, or contact your designated service representative.
2 You must rst login as root. To login as root, type: root 4Return5 If you have given your computer a hostname other than unknown, skip to step 4. Otherwise, go on to step 3.
3 If a window appears over your login screen cautioning you about your computer's hostname being unknown, you may continue and start HP VUE. Move your mouse to put the pointer on the Start HP VUE screen button, then click the left mouse button once. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Caution Later, you should use the /etc/setparms program to enter a host name for your system.
4 The copyright screen shown below appears. Your HP VUE workspace (the screen environment in which you interact with HP-UX) appears in about one minute. The windows displayed on your screen may not be exactly like those shown in this manual.
5 A screen similar to this one appears, with a console icon, two le manager windows, a window entitled \Fasten Your Seatbelt," and the workspace manager. The workspace manager is also known as the control panel. Move the mouse pointer into the le manager window for the /usr/demos/bin directory. It contains the icons (small pictures) for the demonstrations. To run a demonstration, move the mouse pointer over an icon, and press and release the left mouse button twice quickly. This is called \double-clicking.
6 The console icon disappears and is replaced by the console window. This is a terminal window. It behaves just like any text terminal. You may type a command into it, and it will print the results of the command's execution. For the moment, though, you will use another feature of the HP Visual User Environment: the Help System. Through interaction with the Help System, you may learn about HP VUE. Move the pointer to the help screen button.
7 The Help Index window shown below appears. Move the mouse pointer into the window and onto the line A Tutorial for New Users and click the left mouse button once to bring the next index into the window. Then click the left mouse button once on the Viewer screen button to see the help information.
8 The rst part of A Tutorial for New Users is displayed in the Help Viewer window. To see more of the text, you must use the scroll bar. You need not read all the information now. See HP Visual Environment User's Guide for information on using the scroll bar. Close the Help Viewer window by moving the mouse pointer over the window menu button in the upper left-hand corner of the window and double-clicking the left mouse button. Close the Help Index window in the same way.
Logging Out 1 To logout, move your pointer onto the control panel's lower right-hand bar. This bar is called the logout button. Click the left mouse button once. Notice that the progress light on the logout button begins to blink. This indicates that the logout process has begun.
2 This con rmation box will appear. To con rm your logout, click on the screen button marked \OK." A short time later, the login screen will reappear. d a c b Caution Do not turn o the power to your computer without rst performing the shutdown procedures described in \Shutting Down Your Computer". If you do not shut down your computer properly, you may damage the programs and data on your disk.
Creating a New User Account 1 To create a new user account that you will normally use, you must rst login as root. Caution 2-14 root is a user account with special privileges and dangers. Only the system administrator should regularly login as root.
2 Activate the Help System by moving the pointer to the control panel's help screen button (on the bottom, marked with a \?") and clicking the left mouse button once.
3 2-16 When the Help Index window appears, click on the down arrow in the scroll bar to move the text so that you can see the System Administration Tasks entry. Move your pointer onto this entry. Then click the left mouse button once.
4 When the System Administration Tasks Help Topic window appears, select and click on d Creating a New User Account a c b Starting Up Your Computer 2-17
5 Read the instructions for creating a new user account. Click on the down arrow and up arrow in the scroll bar to scroll through the instructions. When you have nished reading the instructions, click on the control panel's application button. That button has a few sheets of paper pictured on it.
6 You will see a le manager window similar to this one. To open the system_apps folder, move the pointer onto the system_apps folder icon, then double-click the left mouse button.
7 You will see a system applications window similar to this one. Open the sys_admin folder by putting the pointer on it and double-clicking the left mouse button.
8 This system administration window appears. Move your pointer onto the System Administration Manager (SAM) icon and double-click the left mouse button.
9 The System Administration Manager (SAM) is a application that is designed to run on text terminals. If you wish to move the highlight bar to another item, you must use the cursor keys. To press a softkey, you may either use the function keys on your keyboard or use the mouse to click on the softkeys in SAM's terminal window. With this item highlighted, Users -> NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN move the mouse pointer over the Select Item softkey and click the left mouse button once.
10 When this window appears, this line will be highlighted: Add a New User Account to the System NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Move the mouse pointer over the Select Item softkey and click the left mouse button once.
11 Type the login name you want to use for normal work, for example: wizard Note that some items are set to their default values. Normally, these need not be changed. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Click on the Perform Task softkey.
12 Type in the password for your new login account. For example: 123four NNNNNNNNNNNNN then press the 4Return5 key or click on the Done softkey. Caution Remember your password! If you forget your password for the system, you won't be able to log back in under the login name you have chosen.
NNNNNNNNNNNNN 13 Reenter the password, then press 4Return5 or click on the Done softkey. The new user will be added to the system while this message is displayed: Adding user user name... You should also create a password for root. Refer to Appendix A of the HP Visual User Environment User's Guide .
14 After the new user has been added to the system, press the keyboard space bar to get a blank form.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 15 2-28 Click on the Main Menu softkey.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 16 Click on the Exit SAM softkey. To close the Permanent Terminal Window, move the mouse pointer over the window menu button in its upper left-hand corner and double-click the left mouse button.
Setting a New Password In addition to setting a password when you set up a regular user account, you will want to change your password from time to time as a matter of good security practice. A password must meet four criteria to be valid: Contain at least six characters. At least two characters must be alphabetic. At least one character must be a number (0-9) or a special character (/, ?, !, or other punctuation mark). Di er from your previous password by at least three characters.
Shutting Down Your Computer Caution Do not turn o the power to your computer without rst doing these shutdown procedures. If you do not shut down your computer properly, you may damage the programs and data on your disk. When you need to shut down your computer so it can be powered o , you should follow these steps. Doing this will ensure that your le system remains intact and that you can power-up and login correctly. 1 You must be logged in as root. If you are not, logout, then login as root.
2 2-32 Click on the control panel's application button. That's the one with the pages on it.
3 When this window appears, move your pointer onto the system_apps folder and double-click the left mouse button.
4 2-34 When this window appears, move your pointer onto the sys_admin folder, then double-click the left mouse button.
5 When this window appears, double-click on the HALTSYS icon.
6 When the Halt System window appears, click on the screen button marked \OK, Halt System." Any other users who are logged onto your computer will get a warning that the computer will soon be unavailable. In one minute, the system will begin its shutdown process. If you do not want to shut down your system, click on the screen button marked \No, Cancel.
7 The shutdown process takes about one minute. These lines appear at the lower left-hand corner of your screen: c Halted (in a tight loop) -- OK To Hit Reset Button b You may now turn o your computer.
8 The next time you turn on your computer, its HP VUE login screen should appear within ve minutes. d a c b For More Information . . . To learn more about the HP-UX window environments, refer to HP Visual User Environment User's Guide , The HP Visual User Environment System Administration Manual and Using the X Window System .
3 Using Your Computer This chapter will help you decide how to interact with your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer. It describes the following: System software interfaces The two types of HP-UX user interfaces you may use: HP Visual User Environment (HP VUE) HP-UX shells Sample interactions in each HP-UX user interface Further resources for learning more about the HP-UX user interfaces Note If you purchased your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer with pre-loaded system software, it will start up in HP VUE.
About HP VUE The HP Visual User Environment (HP VUE) is a graphical interface through which you can communicate with your computer. It is similar to the windowing systems that are used on many personal computers. However, since the underlying operating system is HP-UX, you will be able to do much more with this system than you could with a machine equipped with less capable system software. This added power does not mean that your computer must be di cult to use.
Working with HP VUE The following examples are typical of tasks to be accomplished with HP VUE. The details of the display appearance will di er from that of your computer; these examples are only for the purpose of illustrating how you can interact with HP VUE and to help you to decide whether you prefer to work with the HP Visual User Environment or one of the shells. Like other graphical user interfaces, HP VUE provides windows for various applications that run on your computer.
About Directories and HP VUE File Managers Manage the information you store in your computer with the le manager. Your computer uses les to hold data. Directories are \folders" that hold les and other directory folders. 1. Move the mouse pointer over the le manager icon and press the left mouse button to open the le manager. Note Your computer shows di erent les than those pictured. The le manager illustrated here displays the home directory of the user patti.
Example 1: Moving a File 1. If your two le manager views overlap, move the overlapping view below the underlying view by moving the mouse pointer onto the title bar (marked File Manager) of the overlapping window, pressing and holding down the left mouse button , dragging the window away from the underlying window so you can see the display areas of both, and releasing the mouse button. 2. Press and hold down the middle mouse button on the le to be moved from one of the le managers. 3.
Example 2: Copying a File 1. 2. 3. 4. Move the pointer over the le to be copied. Press and hold down 4CTRL5. Press and hold down the middle mouse button . Drag the le over an empty area in the display area of the le manager window into which it is to be copied. 5. While still holding down 4CTRL5, drop the le (release the mouse button). If you release 4CTRL5 before the mouse button, the le is moved instead of copied. 6. Release 4CTRL5.
Learning More about HP VUE To learn more about the HP Visual User Environment, read the HP Visual User Environment User's Guide . This book explains many of the features of the di erent HP VUE managers and provides examples of how they may be used.
About Shells In systems equipped only with text terminals, HP-UX usually communicates with the user through a shell. A shell is a program that captures text typed on the terminal's keyboard, interprets the text into commands and data, transmits the commands to the operating system, and prints the results of the commands' execution (and any resulting messages) on the terminal's screen. A shell is sometimes also called a command interpreter or command processor.
Table 3-1. HP-UX Shells Shell Features Bourne Shell The default shell for HP-UX. It is compatible with most of the shell programs provided with your system. Korn Shell An upwardly-compatible extension of the Bourne Shell, with many new features: A command history bu er Command aliases Pathname completion Job control Interactive command-line editing Key Shell An upwardly-compatible extension of the Korn Shell.
The command name is the name of an HP-UX command. The argument is the data that the command will act upon. There may be more than one argument . In the following examples, all of the arguments are le names. About Directories You will understand the following examples better if you know something about directories. In HP-UX, a le is a \container" for data. A directory is a \container," too, but it contains les. A directory may also contain other directories.
If /users/terry contains a le called myfile, this is how it is designated: /users/terry/myfile Because this describes the \path" one must follow from the root directory to locate myfile, /users/terry/myfile is a path name. Example 1: Moving Files Use the mv command to move les from one directory to another. For example, to move myfile into the projects directory, type: $ cd $ mv myfile projects Move to your home directory rst. Now verify that it worked: List your current working directory.
Example 2: Copying Files To copy a le into a di erent directory, use the cp command. For example, to make a copy of myfile named myfile2 in the projects directory, type: $ cp myfile projects/myfile2 $ lsf myfile projects/ The le myfile still exists. $ lsf projects myfile2 new/ old/ The copy (myfile2) is in the projects directory.
Changing Your Login Shell If your system was installed for you, the installer may have chosen a shell for you. If you prefer to use another shell, you may change your shell permanently by using the chsh (change shell) command: chsh username full shell name where username is your user name and full shell name is the full path name of the shell you want as your login shell. After you use the chsh command, you must log out and log in again for the change to take e ect.
The Boot Console User Interface There will be time when you will want to interact directly with the hardware of your computer before it boots the operating system. Your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 provides a boot console user interface to allow you to perform special tasks, display information, and set certain system parameters even if the operating system is unavailable. These are the special tasks you can perform: Boot your computer from any speci ed hardware device.
The real-time clock's time and date The operating system selected The Autoboot and Autosearch \ ags" The status (on or o ) of the secure boot mode The primary boot path The alternate boot path The console path The keyboard path Using the Boot Console User Interface To use the boot console user interface, follow these steps: 1. Shut down your computer. To do this, follow the steps listed in \Shutting Down Your Computer" in Chapter 2.
This process may take several minutes. When the search ends, this list of actions appears: b) s) a) x) ?) Boot from specified device Search for bootable devices Enter boot administration mode Exit and continue boot sequence Help Select from menu: This is the boot console user interface menu. If no devices are listed, take these actions: Check for loose connections. Check to make sure that all the SCSI bus addresses are unique for each SCSI bus.
This prompt is displayed: BOOT_ADMIN> Exiting the Boot Administration Mode To exit the boot administration mode, take any of the following actions: Type exit at the BOOT_ADMIN> prompt. This will return you to the boot console user interface menu. Type reset. This will restart the computer. Issue a boot command. See \Booting the Computer" for details. Turn o the computer.
Booting the Computer Usually, you will start your computer by turning it on and waiting for HP-UX to boot automatically. However, you may not wish for the usual sequence to occur. For example, you may wish to start your computer from an operating system that is stored on a device that is di erent from your usual boot device.
BOOT_ADMIN> boot device isl This will cause the ISL to be loaded from the speci ed device. After a short time, this prompt will appear on your screen: ISL> ISL is the program that actually controls the loading of the operating system. By interacting with ISL, you can choose to load an alternate version of the HP-UX operating system. For example, if the usual kernel (/hp-ux) on your root disk (scsi.6.
3. EISA cards The search may turn up more devices than there are lines on your display. If you are using a text terminal, you may control the progress of the search from your terminal's keyboard: To hold the display temporarily, press 4Control5-4S5. To continue the display, press 4Control5-4Q5. To halt the search, press 4Escape5. These ow-control commands do not work with a bitmapped display, but such a display can show more than forty lines of text, so you are unlikely to need them.
Select from menu: s device type where device type is the type of device (scsi, lan, or eisa) for which you wish to search. Redisplaying the Results of a Search The list of bootable devices is stored until you conduct another search or you reboot your system. To see the list of devices again, type: BOOT_ADMIN> show It is much faster to redisplay the list with show than it is to conduct the search again.
Table 3-3. Mnemonic Style Notation Speci cation Format I/O Type EISA SCSI eisa.slot .scsi address .logical unit number Other EISA/ISA eisa.slot .other info 1 Builtin SCSI scsi.scsi address .logical unit number Builtin LAN lan.server address .init timeout .io timeout Builtin HIL hil RS-232 Port A rs232_a.baud rate .word length .parity option RS-232 Port B rs232_b.baud rate .word length .
Table 3-3. For example, to set the console path to RS-232 Port A with a baud rate of 4800, a word length of 7, and even parity, type: BOOT_ADMIN> path console rs232_a.4800.7.even For help in using the path command, type: BOOT_ADMIN> help path or BOOT_ADMIN> help path type where path type is one of the path types listed in Table 3-2. The help screens o er complete descriptions of all path options.
Resetting the Computer The act of resetting your computer causes it to restart completely. It's similar to turning the computer o and then back on again. To reset your computer, type: BOOT_ADMIN> reset Displaying and Setting the Real-time Clock It is usually a good idea to set the real-time clock in your computer with the HP-UX date command, since that command contains special safeguards that can help you to avoid disruption of time-related processes (like those controlled by the cron command).
Displaying and Setting the Autoboot and Autosearch Flags Autoboot and Autosearch are ags (variables) stored in your computer's non-volatile memory. (Non-volatile memory retains its contents even after power is turned o .) If you reset these ags to new values, the change will take e ect the next time you reboot the computer.
Displaying and Setting the Secure Boot Mode There may be circumstances in which you would not wish to allow anyone to attempt to boot your computer from a device other than the device you have speci ed, nor to control the system from any console other than the one you have designated. This can be an important consideration in secure installations.
6. Turn o your computer. 7. Reconnect the boot device(s). 8. Turn your system back on. Displaying the LAN Station Address The LAN station address of your computer is the label that uniquely identi es the LAN connection for your computer at the link level (the hardware level). It is sometimes necessary for you to supply this address to others.
4 Protecting Your File System The programs and data on your disks are of great value, and you should have procedures in place to make periodic copies of them on another medium, such as DDS tape. Such a copy of your le system is called a backup. You may use a backup for several purposes: to restore individual les you may have deleted accidentally to restore all les in the event of a disk failure A backup need not contain all the les on your system, and les may be copied to or from it one at a time.
Protecting Your System from the Effects of a System Crash The most important use of a backup is to recover from a system crash. In the most serious type of system crash, it is impossible to reboot your system from the root disk because the data on the disk has been corrupted, or the disk itself may have been damaged. In this situation, you must boot your computer from an alternate device, such as a DDS tape drive. You cannot boot your system from a backup.
and close the \recognition hole" in the cassette. If the hole is open, the cassette is write-protected; if it is closed, data may be written on the tape. If necessary, slide the tab to close the recognition hole. 3. Create the recovery system by using the mkrs command.
A series of messages follows, reporting the progress of the creation of the recovery system. The process takes less than ten minutes. When the recovery system is completed, the DDS-format tape drive will eject the cassette. If mkrs doesn't exist on your system (you'll receive a message file not found), use the information on adding lesets in Chapter 5, \Updating HP-UX", in Installing and Updating HP-UX , to add the aconfig leset to your system. 7. Boot the recovery system to verify that it works.
Using the mkrs Script The mkrs command has the form: mkrs [-v] [-q] [-s] [-f rcdev] [-r rootdev] [-m series] where: rcdev is the name of the device le for the cartridge tape drive on which you will create your recovery system. The mkrs command will, by default, look for the following device les: /dev/update.src if it exits as a character device le, else /dev/rct/c0 if it exits as a character device le, else /dev/rct if it exits as a character device le, else the device le must be speci ed.
rootdev series is the name of the device le for the root device. The mkrs command will, by default, look for the following root device les: /dev/dsk/0s0 if it exists as a block device le, else /dev/root if it exists as a block device le, else /dev/hd if it exists as a block device le, else the device le must be speci ed. If none of the above defaults exists on your system, you must either create one of them or specify the root device le using the -r option. The root device le must be a block device le.
Backing Up Your Programs and Data Your data is precious. Back it up often. Consult System Administration Tasks for backup strategies. There are two types of backups: Backup tape A tape that contains copies of some or all the les on your system. Disk image A bit-for-bit copy of your disk(s). Such an image is usually made on some other medium (a DDS-format tape, for example), but it may also be made on another disk. Backup tapes and disk images di er from one another in one important way.
$ fbackup -f /dev/rmt/0m -0 -v -i / 5. If fbackup requires more than one medium to complete the backup, it will prompt you to insert one in the backup device. You can use fbackup in many di erent ways to provide complete and e cient backup of your le system. See System Administration Tasks for more information. Creating a Disk Image You need some knowledge of device les to create a disk image. The DDS tape drive and the disks inside your system use device les to receive and transmit data.
lename of=DDS tape device lename If you want to copy the disk located at /dev/rdsk/6s0, type: $ dd if=disk $ dd if=/dev/rdsk/6s0 of=/dev/rmt/0m bs=10k This will cause the image of the disk to be copied to the DDS tape cassette. The length of time it takes to copy a disk image varies with the characteristics of di erent types of disks, but the copy could take up to an hour to complete. 5. Copy any other disks in a similar fashion. Use a separate tape for each disk image.
5 Expanding Your Computer and Replacing Its Parts Your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 computer can be expanded and modi ed in many ways: additional memory additional mass storage devices di erent graphic display systems This chapter contains descriptions and illustrations of how to add these options to the system unit. It also contains the procedures for removing and replacing your computer's internal components, should that ever be necessary.
Procedure Terminology Pay special attention to the rst word in each procedure's title. This keyword informs you of the type of operation you are about to undertake: Terms De nition Removing Permanent removal of a component. Example: removing a mass storage device. Replacing Removing a component and installing another component of the same type. Example: replacing a bad component to resolve a hardware problem. Changing Changing the functionality of the component. Example: changing 802.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can result from the buildup of static electricity on or around the components you handle. You can even carry a charge on you own body, and the discharge of this energy through a component or your computer can cause damage to the system.
Replaceable Parts List Table 5-1. Major Components Part Name System card Part Number A1095-69510 SIMM card (16 Megabyte) A1470-69521 Lithium battery 1420-0314 Table 5-2. Optional Components Part Name Part Number 660 megabyte disk assembly A1095-69001 1.
Getting Ready Perform the following steps to safely power down your computer: 1. Log in as root and give the superuser password for your system. 2. Shut down your system as described in \Shutting Down Your Computer" in Chapter 2. 3. Wait for these words to appear at the bottom of the screen: Halted (in a tight loop) -- OK To Hit Reset Button 4. Turn o the power to all of the computer's components and remove the power cord before replacing components or adding options to the system unit cabinet.
Replacing the System Card Perform the following steps in the order given to replace the system card: 1. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 2. Power down the computer and all its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit. 3. Disconnect all the cables connected to the system card. 4. Remove the system card from the back of the system: a. Remove the ve screws that hold the system bulkhead in place.
b. Pull out the lever near the center of the system bulkhead. This will pull the card free of the internal connector. (See Figure 5-2.) Figure 5-2.
c. Pull the system card from the back of the system unit. (See Figure 5-3.) Figure 5-3.
5. Remove all of the SIMM cards from the original system card and re-install them on the replacement system card. Follow the instructions in \Replacing or Adding SIMM Cards". 6. Remove the EEPROM in socket U87 on the original system card and install it on the replacement system card. This EEPROM contains boot path and LAN identi cation information that must remain with the computer. 7. Con gure the LAN type jumper settings on another system card with those on the original system card.
Replacing or Adding SIMM Cards The system card must be removed to gain access to the SIMM cards. Perform the following steps in the order given to update, replace, or add SIMM cards plugged into the system card: 1. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 2. Power down the computer and all its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit. 3.
Figure 5-4.
Replacing the Lithium Battery The lithium battery provides power for the system clock and stable storage. It is located on the system card. Caution There is danger of explosion if this battery is not replaced correctly. Replace this battery only with Panasonic BR-2325 or equivalent. Discard the used battery according to the battery manufacturer's instruction. Perform the following steps in the order given to replace the lithium battery: 1.
Figure 5-5.
Changing 802.3 LAN Types Your computer accepts two di erent types of LAN connectors. Only one of the connectors on the I/O bulkhead may be used. To change connector types, you must reset some jumpers on the system card. Perform the following steps in the order given to change the 802.3 LAN type jumpers on the system card: 1. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 2. Power down the computer and all its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit. 3.
Figure 5-6.
Replacing a Graphics Card A graphics card connects your computer to video display monitor or to an external graphics processor. Perform the following steps in the order given to replace a graphics card: 1. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 2. Power down the computer and all its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit 3. Disconnect any cables connected to the graphics card. 4.
Figure 5-7.
Adding, Replacing, or Removing EISA or ISA Cards You must refer to E/ISA Con guration Guide for HP-UX: HP 9000 Series 700 Computers to complete the installation of EISA or ISA cards. There may be special requirements for con guration of ISA cards. To add or replace an EISA or ISA card: 1. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 2. Power down the computer and all its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit. 3.
4. Remove the top cover and the EISA card bay's outer cover as shown in Figure 5-8. Figure 5-8.
5. Remove the EISA card bay's RFI (radio frequency interference) shield as shown in Figure 5-9. Figure 5-9.
6. Remove the retaining screw from the blank faceplate (if you are adding a card) or the existing card (if you are replacing or removing a card). See Figure 5-10. Save the screw. Figure 5-10.
7. Remove the blank faceplate or existing card. 8. If you are removing an EISA or ISA card and not replacing it with another card, attach a blank faceplate to the power supply bulkhead with the screw you saved earlier. Proceed to Step 12. 9. If you are adding or replacing a card that has jumpers, switches, or other con gurable parts, set the jumpers, switches or other hardware. Refer to the card's documentation for instructions. 10.
Removing an Internal Mass Storage Device Your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 has three bays for mass storage devices. The lower and middle bays may contain one full-height device each. Supported full-height devices include hard disks and a DDS-format tape drive. The top bay may contain one full-height device or either one or two half-height devices. Supported half-height devices include a micro oppy disk and a CDROM drive.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN d. Return to the initial SAM menu by pressing the Previous Menu softkeys. e. Exit SAM by pressing the Exit SAM softkey. NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3. Shut down the system as described in \Getting Ready" earlier in this chapter. 4. Power down the computer and its peripherals, and disconnect the power cord from the system unit. 5. Disconnect from the system bulkhead the cables to any external SCSI devices.
6. Remove the thumbscrew from the back of the system unit's top cover. Remove the top cover. If you intend to remove a mass storage unit from either of the lower bays, remove the left side cover as well. (See Figure 5-11.) Figure 5-11.
7. If you intend to remove a mass storage unit from either of the lower bays, remove the small cover on the lower right side of the central section of the system unit. (See Figure 5-12.) Figure 5-12.
8. Remove the screws that hold in place the mounting bracket which contains the mass storage unit you are going to remove. (See Figure 5-13.) Figure 5-13.
9. Locate the access plate for the mass storage unit you are going to remove. Remove the retaining screw from the access plate. Remove the access plate. (See Figure 5-14.) Figure 5-14.
10. Open the front door of the system unit. Remove the trim above and/or below the mass storage unit you are going to remove. (See Figure 5-15.) Figure 5-15. Removing the Trim 11. Slide the mounting bracket a short distance forward. Working through the access opening, detach the SCSI and power cables from the mass storage unit. Pull gently on the connectors, not on the cables. Attach the cables to the clip in the back of the bay.
12. Slide the mounting bracket completely out of the bay. (See Figure 5-16.) Figure 5-16.
13. Remove the mass storage unit from the mounting bracket. (See Figure 5-17.) Figure 5-17. Removing the Mass Storage Unit from the Mounting Bracket Caution Handle the mass storage unit carefully! It may be sensitive to static electricity or mechanical shock. Follow all ESD precautions listed in \Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Precautions" earlier in this chapter.
14. Install the mounting bracket back into the system unit cabinet and reconnect the SCSI cables/terminator to the system bulkhead. Note One SCSI terminator must always be installed at the end of the last external device. The internal SCSI cable already has a terminator builtin. 15. Reconnect the power cable. Removing a Half-height Device The top bay may hold one or two half-height mass storage devices. It may also hold one full-height device, or it may remain empty.
The mounting bracket for half-height devices di ers in appearance from the bracket for full-height devices. (See Figure 5-18.) Figure 5-18.
Replacing the Power Supply You cannot replace the power supply on your HP Apollo 9000 Model 750 yourself. Contact your designated service representative for assistance.
6 Troubleshooting This chapter contains information that will help you determine what's wrong with your system when you have problems. Your system comes with many tools to help you understand operating faults: Front panel LEDs Power-on selftests Boot Administration commands System Acceptance Test You will learn how and when to use these resources in this chapter. Troubleshooting Strategies This is an outline of what you should do in the event of trouble. 1.
diagnostic tools and replacement of a hardware component which you cannot access. 5. If your computer cannot be turned o , call your designated service representative. This requires replacement of a hardware component which you cannot access. System Unresponsive Try the actions listed in Table 6-1 if your system does nothing in response to turning on the power. Table 6-1. Problems with Powering Up the System Problem The power LED doesn't come on.
Operating System Will Not Load Try the actions listed in Table 6-2 if the operating system will not begin loading. Table 6-2. Problems with Loading the Operating System Problem Action The green-colored power LED is on, but the screen is blank or is ickering. If your system is equipped with an external graphics unit, make sure that its power switch is set in the ON position. Use the Brightness control on the monitor to increase the brightness level.
System Loses Network Communications If the program you have been running uses resources from a local area network, and it stops unexpectedly, see Table 6-3. Table 6-3. Problems with the 802.3 Network Problem 6-4 Action No systems respond to the /etc/ping command. Check the network connection at the back of your computer. Make sure that the cable is securely fastened to the appropriate connector. Your system does not respond to /etc/ping from another system on the network.
System Works Intermittently If your system works intermittently, see Table 6-4. Table 6-4. Intermittent Failures Problem Action Parts of the system seem to work, but others do not. Run the SAX tests to verify that the system's hardware is functioning properly. (See the section \Running the SAX (System Acceptance Executive) Tests" in this chapter.) The hardware passes the SAX tests, but operation is still intermittent. Call your designated service representative.
Dealing with a Boot Failure If you have reached this section, your usual boot device (typically a disk) is not responding as it should. You must attempt to boot from the disk (or another boot device) by selecting it manually. To boot a device manually, follow these steps: 1. Turn o the power to the computer, wait a few seconds, then turn the power back on. 2. Press the 4Escape5 key. In a few seconds, this message appears: Terminating selection process.
If no disk devices are listed, then your computer is failing to communicate with its disks. Recheck the SCSI connections and try again. 3. If the search locates the disk that contains your root le system, attempt to boot from it. Enter the boot command (b) with your choice from among the listed devices. For example, if a SCSI disk is listed as item P0 (as in the example list above), type: Select from menu: b P0 It may be several seconds before the boot messages begin to appear on the screen.
Your Disk(s)" to restore your basic le system, then consult HP-UX System Administration Tasks and the frecover (1M) manual page in HP-UX Reference to restore the rest of your les. If you have not created a recovery system, but you have a backup created by means of the fbackup utility, use the copy of frecover on the Support Medium to recover your le system.
Booting the Recovery System To boot the recovery system: 1. Turn on the power to the mass storage device (a DDS-format tape drive, for example) that will hold the recovery system. 2. Insert the recovery system in the mass storage device. 3. Boot the system from the recovery system (see \Dealing with a Boot Failure") using a command in this form: Select from menu: b device path where device path is a designator for the path to the device that contains the recovery system.
date 6. The system will attempt to run the le-system checking command fsck with the -p (\preening") option. If fsck runs successfully, you may not have to proceed further, since the le system will be in a bootable state. If fsck does not succeed in repairing your le system, you receive a message to that e ect. HP-UX Recovery System 2.0 Using the Recovery System This menu is on your screen: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Remove the root password.
Using a Support Medium to Recover Your File System The Support Media come in two forms: DDS-format tape CD ROM The basic operations and procedures described in this section are correct for either form of the Support Media. The CD ROM has some additional features which are due to the random-access nature of this medium. The Support Media provide the opportunity to diagnose and x system problems when the operating system won't boot.
is to follow the backup strategy described in Systems Administration Tasks . Resource Considerations The Support Media contain a special version of the HP-UX operating system called the Support Kernel. The Support Kernel contains a memory-based le system and functions independently of the system disk. Prior to using one of the Support Media, you should understand these things: The Support Kernel requires a minimum hardware con guration to properly function.
Select from menu: b device path isl where device path is a designator for the path to the device that contains the Support Medium. For example, to boot from a DDS-format Support Medium in a tape drive located at scsi.4.0, type: Select from menu: b scsi.4.0 isl You can also use the Device Selection identi er. For example, if the device containing the Support Medium is designated as P2, type: Select from menu: b P2 isl This command boots the Initial System Loader (ISL); sometimes referred to as the IPL. 4.
Using the Support Kernel After you boot the Support Kernel, the following menu appears: SUPPORT TAPE MAIN MENU s. l. d. h. b. r. x. Search for a file Load a file Diagnostic Menu Help Menu Backup System Disk(s) Reboot System Exit to shell Select one of the above: Execute a menu option by entering the associated letter and pressing 4Return5. For example, exit to a shell as follows: Select one of the above: x 4Return5 Main Menu Option Definitions s l d h b 6-14 Speci es a le.
Exits the menu system to the Bourne shell. To return to main menu from Bourne shell prompt, simply type \menu" followed by 4Return5. x Support Tape Help Menu Option Definitions SUPPORT TAPE HELP MENU i. a. m. r. x. Display Support Tape manual Display an annotated index of the files on the tape. Display a manual page for a command Return to main menu Exit to shell Select one of the above: Help Menu Options. i a m r x Displays this manual at the terminal using the more command.
Obtain a DDS tape which may be written on without destroying needed data. Make sure that the tape is not write-protected. To do this, check the rear of the cassette. You will see a sliding tab in one corner. This tab is used to open and close the \recognition hole" in the cassette. If the hole is open, the cassette is write-protected; if it is closed, data may be written on the tape. If necessary, slide the tab to close the recognition hole.
Press "c" then & to continue, or press "a" then & to abort backup process. If you receive this message, remove the tape and close its write-protect tab. Put it back in the tape drive, and press 4C5 4return5. If you choose to abort the backup process (by pressing 4A5 4Return5), you see a prompt that allows you to return to the Main Menu. 3. If you chose to continue the backup, you now see the following: Legal tape drive paths : SCSI.0.0, SCSI.1.0, SCSI.2.0, SCSI.3.0, SCSI.4.0, SCSI.5.
les /dev/rdsk/6s0 and /dev/rdsk/5s0 correspond to the / (root) and /usr disk drives, respectively. You must choose a device le of the \no-rewind" type for the DDS drive for this procedure to work properly. The /dev/rmt/0mn device le is of this type. The /dev/rmt/0m device le is not. Load the backup tape into the tape drive.
Note Three mount points are provided in the Support kernel memory-based le system for mounting disk-based le systems. Mount points are simply empty directories that can be used for mounting le systems. These mount points are : /mnt1, /mnt2, and /mnt3. For example, to mount a le system pointed at by a device le /dev/dsk/6s0, type the following command at the shell prompt: # /etc/mount /dev/dsk/6s0 /mnt1 A le system may have to be xed by /etc/fsck before it can be mounted.
Default Memory-based Root File System These les are distributed on the Support Media. They are loaded into the memory-based le system from the Support Media automatically. The list of les that are automatically loaded may change. You may verify that a particular le is memory resident by using the s option from the main menu. ./.profile .bin ./bin/cat ./bin/cp ./bin/cpio ./bin/dd ./bin/expr ./bin/ls ./bin/mt ./bin/mt ./bin/rm ./bin/sh ./bin/stty ./bin/su ./bin/tar ./dev ./etc .
These les are distributed on the Support Media. They can be loaded into the memory-based le system from the Support Media using the l option from the main menu. The list of les that are provided on the Support Media may change. You may verify that a particular le is on the media by using the s option from the main menu. HP-UX Directory Files. ./usr/diag/bin/CDUIF000 ./usr/diag/bin/CSERV000 ./usr/diag/bin/DIAGINIT ./usr/diag/bin/DIAGMON ./usr/diag/bin/DUI ./usr/diag/bin/DUIDIR ./usr/diag/bin/DUIIOH .
6-22 ./bin/sync ./bin/touch ./bin/true ./bin/uname ./bin/wc ./bin/nm ./bin/sum ./bin/xd ./bin/tty ./bin/tar ./bin/sh ./bin/dd ./bin/mt ./bin/expr ./etc/fsck ./etc/chroot ./etc/mkfs ./etc/mknod ./etc/mount ./etc/reboot ./etc/umount ./etc/init ./etc/swapon ./etc/clri ./etc/devnm ./etc/dmesg ./etc/fbackup ./etc/dump ./etc/frecover ./etc/fsclean ./etc/fsdb ./etc/getty ./etc/link ./etc/mvdir ./etc/ncheck ./etc/newfs ./etc/restore ./etc/savecore ./etc/setmnt .
Troubleshooting Hints This section outlines frequent types of situations that won't allow a system to successfully boot. The les discussed in the following sections have path that are relative to your root volume (/). They must be mounted at one of the mount points provided, and any absolute path names in which they appear must include the mount point.
Problems with /etc/inittab HP-UX requires a good /etc/inittab le in order to boot. This le can be removed or corrupted. If this is the case, HP-UX cannot boot. Following is a copy of a good /etc/inittab le. You may wish to create this le to boot your system. You may wish to use the following steps: 1. Type these two commands: $ /etc/mv /etc/inittab /etc/inittab.old $ vi /etc/inittab 2.
Dealing with Hardware Faults If your system still fails to boot, match the LED pattern that you had noted in the list of steps in Table 6-2 earlier in this chapter against those listed in Table 6-5 and take the recommended action. If the action has no e ect, contact your designated service representative for assistance. LED Error Codes This section contains information about the error codes displayed by the LEDs that are located behind the fold-away corner bezel (see Figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1.
Component Error Codes Table 6-5 lists some of the LED display patterns generated by the selftests that your computer runs on its processor, memory, input/output, and graphic interface cards. Usually, these patterns will ash by quickly. However, if your computer cannot complete its booting process, and one of these patterns is displayed on the LEDs, it may be necessary to take some corrective action.
Table 6-5.
Running the SAX (System Acceptance Executive) Tests SAX is an online system-level exerciser. You will use SAX in its CIT (Customer Installation Test) mode to verify that your system is correctly installed and con gured. You must have permission to access the /etc/diag directory. If you receive a message that you do not have access rights to this directory, change them. If you have superuser login privileges on your computer, log in as root and use the/bin/chmod command to allow access to the directory.
elapsed run time of the tests current time (by the system clock) the time at which the tests were started system loading information The last item, system loading, is measured in terms of the number of microseconds it takes to do a unit of work. The system load has a threshold value, and whenever this value is exceeded, a system overload occurs, and an overload indicator appears in the Tracker window.
Calling for Service If you have a problem that is not dealt with in this manual, contact your designated service representative for assistance. When calling for service, always have your system's model and serial number ready.
Index A address, station, 2-2 B battery, lithium replacement, 5-12{13 boot administration commands, 6-1 boot device, 6-6 boot failure, 6-6{7 booting the computer, 2-1, 2-3 buttons minimize, 2-8 window menu, 2-8 C clicking the mouse, 2-8 cluster, connection to an HP-UX, 2-1 color graphic card bulkhead, 1-10 color monitor, 1-15 command mkrs, 4-2{6 commands cp, 3-11, 3-12 `fsck'', 6-8, 6-10 mv, 3-11, 3-12 commands, boot administration, 6-1 component replacement, 5-1 computer installing options, 5-10{15 conn
external disk drives, 2-3 external peripherals, 2-3 F faceplates of EISA cards, 1-14 le manager opening, 3-4 les copying, 3-6 copying between directories, 3-11, 3-12 moving, 3-5 moving between directories, 3-11, 3-12 le system failures, 6-7 fsck command, 6-8, 6-10 G graphic interface bulkhead, 1-10 graphics card replacement, 5-16{17 grayscale graphic card bulkhead, 1-10 grayscale monitor, 1-15 H \heartbeat" LED, 1-4 host name, 2-2, 2-6 HP-UX le system, protecting, 4-1{9 HP-UX operating system, 2-3 HP Vis
station address, 2-2 system name, 2-2 O operating system, HP-UX, 2-3 P password setting, 2-30 setting with VUE, 2-30 peripherals, external, 2-3 powering up the computer, 2-1 power LED, 1-4 power on/standby switch, 2-2 power supply bulkhead, 1-9 power switch, 1-7 R \receiving from LAN" LED, 1-4 recovering data creating a recovery system, 4-2{6 recovery system, 6-8 booting, 6-9 creating, 4-2{6 device les, 4-5, 4-6 security, 4-4 using, 6-10 replacement of components, 5-1 reset switch, 1-7 restoring a damage
restoring a damaged le system, 6-8{10 strategies, 6-1 system unresponsive, 6-1 turning on the computer, 2-1 V video display, 1-15 VUE setting password, 2-30 W U Using the X Window System , 2-38 utility mkrs, 4-2{6 Index-4 window menu button, 2-8 window objects console icon, 2-8 control panel, 2-8 terminal window, 2-9 workspace manager, 2-8 workspace manager, 2-8
