Training Guide Publication Number E2433-97034 First Edition, November 1997 For Safety information, Warranties, and Regulatory information, see the pages behind the Index.
Ready, Set, Run: Easy Steps to Logic Analysis with the HP 1660/70 Series Start Here READY With the power off, connect Pod 1 of the analyzer to J1 on the Training Board. For the HP 1660s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the left-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer. For the HP 1670s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the right-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer.
Introduction RUN Press the Run key, near the upper right corner of the front panel. You will see the output of an 8-bit ripple counter like this: Output of the 8-bit Ripple Counter Next Please read the short introduction and chapter 1 before doing the exercises.
Logic Analysis made easy: a self-paced training guide This training kit will quickly teach you how to use the HP 1660 and HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzers to get your work done. The exercises in this book will teach you how to perform basic timing and state analysis measurements and how to make more complex measurements, such as comparing two state listings, setting up complex state triggers, and making state and timing measurements simultaneously.
Introduction Using a Mouse You can perform all of the exercises in this training kit using a mouse. When an instruction tells you to highlight an item and press the Select key, you can simply point to that item with the mouse pointer and press the left mouse button. When you want to scroll up or down a list, you can press and hold down the right mouse button and move the mouse forward and backward. Remember, to scroll a field, the field must be highlighted and have the knob icon at the top of the field.
In This Book This book will teach you how to set up and make measurements with the HP 1660 Series and HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzers. You can use this book in two ways: you can start at the beginning and progress chapter by chapter in a building block approach, or you can randomly access the exercises you want to do with minimum setup. Chapter 1 contains an overview of how to use the analyzer and how to make a measurement.
Contents 1 Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Using the Analyzer 1–3 Understanding the Measurement Process 1–4 2 Introduction to Timing Analysis Before You Begin 2–3 Put the Analyzer into Timing Mode 2–4 Change a Label Name 2–5 Modify Channel Assignments 2–6 Define a Term for the Timing Trigger 2–7 Set Up the Trigger Specification 2–8 Trigger on the Term and Examine the Waveform 2–9 3 Introduction to State Analysis Before You Begin 3–3 Put the Analyzer into State Mode 3–4 Set Up
Contents Change the Jumper to Acquire a Different State Listing 4–8 Run the Analyzer and Find the Errors 4–9 5 Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Before You Begin 5–3 Connect the Timing Analyzer 5–4 Put the Analyzer into State and Timing Modes 5–5 Change a Label Name and Modify Channel Assignments 5–6 Turn on the TCOUNT Label in the Waveform Menu 5–6 Clear the Timing Analyzer Trigger 5–7 Set Up the State Trigger Specification 5–7 Enable Time Correlation between the Timing and State Analyzer
Contents Measure the Clock Period Manually 7–8 Measure the Clock Period with Auto Measure 7–9 Read Voltage with the Markers 7–10 8 Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Before You Begin 8–3 Set the Jumpers 8–4 Connect the Oscilloscope Probe 8–5 Get the Waveform on the Display 8–6 Change the Oscilloscope Trigger 8–7 Turn On the Timing Analyzer 8–8 Set Up the Timing Format Menu 8–9 Define the Timing Trigger Term "Edge 1" 8–10 Set Up the Timing Trigger Specification 8–11 Arm the Oscilloscope w
Contents 10 Introduction to Inverse Assembly Load the Inverse Assembler and Sample Listing 10–3 View the Address, Data, and Status Labels 10–4 View the Assembly Listing 10–5 Filter the Captured Data 10–6 11 Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations To Set the Jumpers 11–3 To Load a Configuration File 11–5 12 All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board Power Source 12–2 Circuit Description 12–2 Jumpers 12–3 Schematic 12–4 x
1 Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process This chapter teaches you how to use the HP benchtop analyzer to complete the exercises in this training kit. You will also learn the general process of making a measurement. You can refer back to this chapter whenever you have problems moving around in the interface or following the measurement process.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Using the Analyzer Using the Analyzer Front Panel To Highlight a Field Use the movement keys (⇐, ⇑, ⇒, ⇓) to move the cursor within and between fields on the display. When the cursor is in a field, the field becomes highlighted. To Select a Field Use the the movement keys (⇐, ⇑, ⇒, ⇓) to highlight the field you want to select, then press the Select key.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process Whenever you make a basic measurement, there is a sequence of events that you will go through. Referring back to this measurement process will help you to better understand the exercises as you complete them.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process 2 Set up analyzers Set modes and clocks Set the state and timing analyzer modes using the Analyzer Format menu. In general, these modes trade channel count for speed or storage. If your state clock is set incorrectly, the data gathered by the logic analyzer might indicate an error where none exists. Group bits under labels The Analyzer Format menu indicates active pod bits.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process 3 Set up trigger Define terms In the Analyzer Trigger menu, define trigger variables called terms to match specific conditions in your target system. Terms can match patterns, ranges, or edges across multiple labels.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process 4 Run Measurement Select single or repetitive From any Analyzer or Scope menu, select the field labeled Run in the upper right corner to start the measurement, or press the Run key. A "single" run will run once, until memory is full; a "repetitive run" will run until you select Stop or until a stop measurement condition is fulfilled, which you set in the markers menu.
Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process Understanding the Measurement Process 5 View data Search for patterns In both the Waveform and Listing menus you can use symbols and markers to search for patterns in your data. In the Analyzer Waveform or Analyzer Listing menu, toggle the Markers field to turn the pattern markers on and then specify the pattern. When you switch views, the markers keep their settings.
2 Introduction to Timing Analysis
Introduction to Timing Analysis Timing analysis in its simplest form means acquiring and storing data at equal time intervals. When doing timing analysis you must put the logic analyzer into timing mode. An analyzer in timing mode is referred to as a timing analyzer. The timing analyzer’s time interval is controlled by a clock inside the analyzer, just like the clock in a digitizing oscilloscope. However, there are key differences between a timing analyzer and a digitizing oscilloscope.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed "Ready, Set, Run", go to "Change a Label Name" on page 2-5. If you have not just completed "Ready, Set, Run" go to step 2. 2 Turn off the analyzer by pressing the power switch. Wait at least five seconds, then press the power switch again to turn on the logic analyzer. Cycling the power defaults all system settings. This sets up the analyzer so you can perform the remaining exercises.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Put the Analyzer into Timing Mode Put the Analyzer into Timing Mode When you first turn on the analyzer, the Configuration Menu is displayed with Analyzer 1 set to Timing mode. This is the mode the analyzer needs to be in to do timing analysis. Timing analysis uses the clock inside the analyzer to sample data at consistent time intervals. Note If the analyzer is in Timing mode, continue on to "Change a Label Name" on the next page.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Change a Label Name Change a Label Name Labels group channels together. You can rename a label to make it more meaningful. For example, you could use the label name DATA for all of the channels that are connected to the data bus of a microprocessor. In this exercise, you will change a label name to TCOUNT to represent the timing count data captured from the 8-bit ripple counter on the training board. The counter counts from 0 to 255 (0 to FF in hex) repetitively.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Modify Channel Assignments Modify Channel Assignments In this exercise, you will assign the active bits of pod A1 to the label TCOUNT. 1 Using the arrow keys, highlight the field showing the 16 channels of Pod A1, to the far right of the TCOUNT label. Press the Select key. 2 Press the Clear Entry key to clear the default bit assignments. 3 Use the knob to move the cursor to channel 7 in the pop-up menu.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Define a Term for the Timing Trigger Define a Term for the Timing Trigger 1 2 3 4 For the analyzer to capture the data you want, you need to tell it what to trigger on by defining a term. Trigger terms are variables that you can use to tell the analyzer when to start recording data, what to store, and when to stop. In this exercise, you will set up the analyzer to trigger when the counter on the training board reaches its maximum value of 255, or FF (hex).
Introduction to Timing Analysis Set Up the Trigger Specification Set Up the Trigger Specification 1 2 3 4 Using the pattern term FF that you set in the previous exercise, you will now set up the analyzer to record the data after FF occurs on the eight channel bus. Highlight the 1 field in the Timing Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu, and press the Select key. Highlight the field to the right of Trigger On, and press the Select key. Highlight term a and press the Done key.
Introduction to Timing Analysis Trigger on the Term and Examine the Waveform Trigger on the Term and Examine the Waveform When you press the Run key, the analyzer triggers on the term you set up in the previous exercise, captures the data, and then switches to the Waveform menu where the data is displayed. 1 Press the Run key. 2 Use the table below to examine the waveform.
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3 Introduction to State Analysis
Introduction to State Analysis State analysis in its simplest form means acquiring data and storing it when it is valid for a system under test. When doing state analysis, you must put the analyzer into state mode. The differences between state mode and timing mode are the source of the sample clock and the way the data is displayed.
Introduction to State Analysis Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed the exercises in chapter 2, go to "Put the Analyzer Into State Mode" on the next page. Otherwise, continue to step 2. 2 If you are using an HP 1660 series analyzer, load the Analyzer with the configuration file, CH03_60._A. If you are using an HP 1670 series analyzer, load the Analyzer with the configuration file, CH03_70._A.
Introduction to State Analysis Put the Analyzer into State Mode Put the Analyzer into State Mode To make a state measurement, you must set the analyzer to state mode. The state mode uses the clock supplied by the system under test to control when data is sampled. 1 Press the Config MENU key. 2 In the Analyzer 1 box, highlight the field to the right of Type, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight State in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key.
Introduction to State Analysis Set Up the State Clock Set Up the State Clock The state clock is a signal from the system under test that clocks the analyzer, causing the analyzer to sample and store data. 1 Press the Format MENU key. 2 Highlight the Master Clock field in the upper center of the display. Press the Select key. Your display will look different from the one shown in the figure below if you are using an HP 1662, 1663, 1664, or an HP 1672 analyzer.
Introduction to State Analysis Change a Label Name Change a Label Name Labels group channels together. You can rename a label to make it more meaningful. For example, you could use the label name DATA for all of the channels that are connected to the data bus of a microprocessor. In this exercise, you will change Lab2 to SCOUNT to represent the state count data. The label is named SCOUNT so that you can keep track of the counter output acquired by the state analyzer.
Introduction to State Analysis Modify Channel Assignments Modify Channel Assignments In this exercise, you will assign the lower eight channels of pod A1 to the label SCOUNT. 1 Highlight the field showing the 16 channels of Pod A1 to the far right of the SCOUNT label. Press the Select key. 2 Using the knob, move the cursor to channel 7 in the pop-up menu. Then, press the ⇑ (up-arrow) key to put asterisks in the lower eight channel positions. 3 Press the Done key.
Introduction to State Analysis Define a Term for the State Trigger Define a Term for the State Trigger For the state analyzer to capture the data you want, you need to tell it what to trigger on by defining a term. Trigger terms are used in the trigger specification to tell the analyzer when to start recording data, what to store, and when to stop. 1 Press the Trigger MENU key. 2 Highlight the base field under SCOUNT, and press the Select key. Highlight Hex in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key.
Introduction to State Analysis Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification In the next two exercises, you will set up the sequence of events that you want the logic analyzer to follow when triggering and storing data. In this exercise you will set Level 1 to store all data occurring before the trigger pattern is found. 1 Highlight the 1 field in the State Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu. Press the Select key.
Introduction to State Analysis Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification In sequence level 1 the analyzer stores data before the trigger point. For sequence level 2, you will tell the analyzer to store any data once the trigger pattern is found. This will fill the rest of the acquisition memory. 1 Highlight the 2 field in the State Sequence Levels box. Press the Select key. 2 Highlight the field to the right of Store, and press the Select key.
Introduction to State Analysis Run the State Analyzer and View and Change the State Listing Run the State Analyzer and View and Change the State Listing 1 Press the Run key. 2 Observe the State Listing. The trigger pattern 00 is centered around the zero line number, which corresponds to the trigger point you specified in the Trigger menu. The negative line numbers indicate the states stored prior to the trigger point. The line numbers show the locations of the data in the logic analyzer’s memory.
Introduction to State Analysis Create Symbols to Display State Data Create Symbols to Display State Data 1 2 3 4 Symbols are used to display state data in easily understandable terms, which you define. This can make the state listing much easier to interpret. In the following exercises, you will define and display some symbols. Press the Format MENU key. Highlight the Symbols field, and press the Select key. Highlight the New Symbol field below Symbol. Type "ONE" using the keypad.
Introduction to State Analysis Create Additional Symbols Create Additional Symbols You can create as many symbols as you want. In this exercise, you will create symbols TWO and THREE for the hex values 02 and 03. 1 If the Symbol Table pop-up menu is now displayed, go to step 2. If this is not the case, highlight the Symbols field in the Format Menu, and press the Select key. 2 Highlight the ONE field below Symbol, and press the Select key.
Introduction to State Analysis Select and View Symbols in the State Listing Select and View Symbols in the State Listing Symbols are helpful when viewing more complex state listings. For example, you might monitor a microprocessor’s status lines which have specific patterns for read and write cycles. You can define symbols for these patterns. Then, wherever a read or write cycle occurs in the state listing, you will see "READ" or "WRITE," instead of a numerical representation of the patterns.
4 Comparing State Traces
Comparing State Traces The State Compare feature allows you to compare two state listings. You can check if your system is executing correct states by acquiring a state listing from the system under test and comparing it to a listing that is known to be good. If there are differences between the two listings, you can use the Difference Listing feature to see where the differences occur. In these exercises, you will run a test and store the state listing as the reference listing.
Comparing State Traces Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed the exercises in chapters 2 and 3, go to "Check the Configuration" on the next page. If you have not just completed the exercises in chapters 2 and 3, go to step 2. 2 Load the Analyzer with the configuration file, CH04._A. The file defaults all system settings and sets up the analyzer as if you just completed the exercises in chapters 2 and 3.
Comparing State Traces Check the Configuration Check the Configuration Either you have just completed chapter 3, "Introduction to State Analysis", or you have loaded the configuration file CH_04. 1 If you are using an HP 1660 series analyzer go to step 2. If you are using an HP 1670 series analyzer, put the analyzer into State Compare mode before checking the configurations. To do this, press the Config MENU key.
Comparing State Traces Set Up the State Trigger Specification Set Up the State Trigger Specification When comparing two state listings, it is best to only sample the data you are interested in comparing. This will ensure that the errors you find are errors in the data you are interested in, rather than in the pretrigger data. Setting the analyzer to store "no state" before the trigger, tells the analyzer to begin capturing data after the trigger is found.
Comparing State Traces Run the Analyzer and View the State Listing Run the Analyzer and View the State Listing 1 Press the Run key. 2 Observe the listing. The State Listing is now displaying the output of the ripple counter in hexadecimal with FF (hex) at the top of the listing under the SCOUNT label. FF is at the beginning of the listing and to the right of a field in which 0 is displayed. The zero line number always displays the trigger point specified in the Trigger menu.
Comparing State Traces Copy the State Listing to the Compare Reference Listing Copy the State Listing to the Compare Reference Listing In this exercise, you will copy the state listing you acquired in the previous exercise to the reference listing so you can compare it with other listings. This feature can be used in a test environment to check that your system is executing correctly. You can acquire a state listing from the system under test and compare it to a listing that is known to be good.
Comparing State Traces Change the Jumper to Acquire a Different State Listing Change the Jumper to Acquire a Different State Listing Changing the glitch jumper changes channel 7 of the counter so that some of the acquired states will not match the original listing. After you change the jumper, you will acquire the data again in the next exercise, then compare it to the data you copied to the Reference Listing. 1 Pull the glitch jumper from the pins labeled GLITCH OFF.
Comparing State Traces Run the Analyzer and Find the Errors Run the Analyzer and Find the Errors Now that you have changed the jumper, you are ready to acquire a different state listing and compare it to the previous listing. In this exercise, you will switch to the Difference Listing, press the Run key to acquire the new state listing, and use the knob to scroll through the differences between the two listings.
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5 Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Mixed mode allows you to analyze a system in both state and timing modes simultaneously. A common example is using the state analyzer to capture a problem that occurs infrequently and then using the timing analyzer to analyze the problem in detail. The Mixed Mode exercises will show you how to use the mixed mode capabilities of the timing and state analyzers. These exercises are built on the timing and state exercises in chapters 2 and 3.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Before You Begin Before You Begin Note If your logic analyzer is an HP 1663 or HP 1664 you cannot perform these exercises. The HP 1663 and HP 1664 have 32 data acquisition channels on two pods. All 32 channels may be assigned to either state or timing analysis, but they cannot be separated to perform mixed-mode measurements. 1 Set the jumpers as shown below.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Connect the Timing Analyzer Connect the Timing Analyzer Note If you have a termination adapter, HP part number 01650-63203, connect the adapter between Pod 3 of the logic analyzer and J2 of the training board, then go to the next page to put the analyzer into state and timing modes. 1 Connect the Pod 3 connector to the probe assembly.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Put the Analyzer into State and Timing Modes Put the Analyzer into State and Timing Modes In this exercise you will use both the timing analyzer mode and the state analyzer mode to correlate the state and timing measurements. Pod 1 will be capturing the state measurement and Pod 3 will be capturing the timing measurement. All other pods will be unassigned. 1 Press the Config MENU key.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Change a Label Name and Modify Channel Assignments Change a Label Name and Modify Channel Assignments 1 Press the Format MENU key twice. 2 Highlight Format MACHINE 2 in the pop-up menu, and press the Select 3 4 4 5 Result key. Highlight the top field under Labels, then type TCOUNT using the keypad. Press the Done key when you are finished typing. Highlight the field showing the 16 channels of Pod A3, to the far right of the TCOUNT label.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Clear the Timing Analyzer Trigger Clear the Timing Analyzer Trigger Clearing the timing analyzer trigger sets the specification to "don’t care". By doing this, the timing analyzer will trigger as soon as it is armed by the state analyzer. 1 Press the Trigger MENU key. 2 Highlight the Modify Trigger field on the right side of the screen, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the Clear Trigger field, press the Select key, and choose All from the pop-up menu.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Enable Time Correlation between the Timing and State Analyzers Enable Time Correlation between the Timing and State Analyzers Setting the Count to Time causes the state analyzer to store a time value, called a time stamp, for each data point that is stored in memory. When the mixed display is selected, the time stamp information is used to display the data in both the timing and state displays with the proper time relationship (correlation).
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data Arm the Timing Analyzer with the State Analyzer Arm the Timing Analyzer with the State Analyzer 1 2 3 4 Arming control sets up the order of triggering for complicated measurements that involve more than one mode, such as state and timing. Although state and timing modes involve a single analyzer, they are often referred to as the timing analyzer and the state analyzer.
Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data View the Mixed-Mode Display with Time-Correlated Markers View the Mixed-Mode Display with Time-Correlated Markers When you press the Run key, the state analyzer triggers on the pattern FF (when all eight lines are high) and arms the timing trigger. Mixed Display displays trigger points for both the timing analyzer and the state analyzer with the state data displayed in a state listing and the timing data displayed in a timing waveform. 1 Press the Run key.
6 Advanced State Triggering
Advanced State Triggering The power of the state analyzer is in its wide range of trigger capabilities. These exercises step you through the process of using the multi-level triggering capabilities of the state analyzer.
Advanced State Triggering Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed all of the exercises in Chapters 2 through 5, go to "Put the Analyzer into State Mode" on the next page. If you have not just completed all of the exercises in Chapters 2 through 5, go to step 2. 2 Load the Analyzer with the configuration file, CH06._A. The file defaults all system settings and sets up the analyzer as if you just completed all of the exercises in Chapters 2 through 5.
Advanced State Triggering Put the Analyzer into State Mode Put the Analyzer into State Mode 1 Press the Config MENU key. 2 In the Analyzer 2 box, highlight the field to the right of Type, and press the Select key. Highlight Off in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 3 In the Analyzer 1 box, highlight the field to the right of Type, and press the Select key. Highlight State in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. Result The analyzer is now in state mode.
Advanced State Triggering Define State Trigger Terms "a" through "d" Define State Trigger Terms "a" through "d" 1 2 3 4 5 In the following exercises, you will set up the analyzer to check for and store a complex sequence of states before it triggers. While the analyzer checks for these states, it will store only selected states that you define. As in chapter 3, you will define your trigger terms first, then use these terms to define a sequence of events.
Advanced State Triggering Define State Trigger Term "e" and Range1 Define State Trigger Term "e" and Range1 The trigger term "e" stores one value. The Range1 term, however, can store a range of values. Storing a range of values is useful when you are looking to store the data of a subroutine or procedure. 1 Turn the knob clockwise to display the e term in the bottom left corner of the display. Under SCOUNT, highlight the field to the right of e. Enter 059 using the keypad. Press the Done key.
Advanced State Triggering Add State Trigger Sequence Levels Add State Trigger Sequence Levels You tell the analyzer what data to capture by setting the sequence specification. In this exercise, your sequence specification will have five sequence levels. 1 Highlight the 1 field in the State Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu. Press the Select key. 2 Highlight the Insert Level field, and press the Select key. Highlight Before in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key.
Advanced State Triggering Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification 1 2 3 4 The first term you will look for and store before triggering is term "a", which stores the value 011. Because you are only interested in 011, you will set the "While Storing" field to "no state" so that no other data is stored. Highlight the 1 field in the State Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu. Press the Select key.
Advanced State Triggering Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification 1 2 3 4 The second term you will look for is the range of values 050 through 058, which you defined as "In range1". While you are storing these values, you also want to find and store term "e" with the value 059. Highlight the 2 field in the State Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu. Press the Select key.
Advanced State Triggering Set Up Level 3 of the State Trigger Specification Set Up Level 3 of the State Trigger Specification 1 2 3 4 The third term you want to find and store is term "b" with the value 022. Because you only want to store this value, you set the "While Storing" field to "no state". Highlight the 3 field in the State Sequence Levels box of the Trigger menu. Press the Select key. Highlight the field to the right of While storing, and press the Select key.
Advanced State Triggering Set Up Level 4 of the State Trigger Specification and Define a Combination Trigger Term Set Up Level 4 of the State Trigger Specification and Define a Combination Trigger Term In Sequence Level 4 you will store a combination of values while looking for the trigger term "e". A combination term, is a logical combination of other terms, using boolean logic operators like AND and OR. In this exercise, you will define the combination of terms "c" or "In_Range1" or "d".
Advanced State Triggering Set Up Level 4 of the State Trigger Specification and Define a Combination Trigger Term 7 Press the Done key once to close the Combination Term pop-up menu. 8 Highlight the field to the right of the TRIGGER on field, and press the Select key. Highlight e in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 9 Press the Done key to close the Sequence Level 4 pop-up menu. The analyzer stores one, two, or all three of these terms while looking for term "e".
Advanced State Triggering Check the Trigger Specification Check the Trigger Specification Now you can check the trigger specification by scrolling through the five sequence levels. You did not have to set up Level 5 because you want the analyzer to trigger and store "anystate". The last level of a trigger specification has this as the default. 1 Highlight the "State Sequence Levels" field centered above the sequence specification. 2 Turn the knob clockwise to scroll down through the sequence levels.
Advanced State Triggering Run the State Analyzer and View the Data Run the State Analyzer and View the Data 1 Press the Run key. 2 Highlight the base field below the SCOUNT label, and press the Select key. Highlight Decimal in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the line number field on the left side of the display. Scroll the listing to the beginning by turning the knob counter clockwise. Result Your listing now matches the data under the SCOUNT label in the figure below.
Advanced State Triggering Run the State Analyzer and View the Data Counter Output Logic analyzer storage sequence Ripple Counter Output and Stored States The figure above shows you the output of the ripple counter (the circle) and the sequence of qualification and storage that the state analyzer performed. The asterisks indicate when the state analyzer found and stored valid terms in this example. All states were initially excluded, using the "no state" term. First the "a" term was stored.
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7 Using the Oscilloscope
Using the Oscilloscope These exercises show you how to use the oscilloscope inside the analyzer. If you are using an HP 1660CS, HP 1661CS, HP 1662CS, or an HP 1663CS analyzer, you have a built in oscilloscope. You will start by using the Autoscale feature to set up the oscilloscope. You will also use the Auto Measure feature to measure the period of the training board clock signal.
Using the Oscilloscope Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed the exercises in chapters 2 through 6, go to "Connect the Channel 1 Oscilloscope Probe" on the next page. If you have not just completed the exercises in chapters 2 through 6, go to step 2. 2 Load the configuration files CH07._A and CH07._B. When loading these files, you must set the analyzer to load All, because you are loading two types of files for this exercise.
Using the Oscilloscope Connect the Channel 1 Oscilloscope Probe Connect the Channel 1 Oscilloscope Probe 1 Connect the oscilloscope probe to channel 1 on the front panel of the analyzer. 2 Connect the probe tip to the test point labeled "CLK 1" on the Logic Analyzer Training Board. 3 Connect the probe ground lead to the test point labeled "GND" on the Logic Analyzer Training Board. Note Connect pod 1 to J1 of the training board. Pod 1 must be connected to supply the +5 V power for the training board.
Using the Oscilloscope Get the Waveform on the Display Get the Waveform on the Display The Autoscale feature automatically scales the vertical sensitivity and the horizontal time base of the oscilloscope to provide a display of the waveform. This simplifies the setup of the oscilloscope and is very helpful when the amplitude and period of a signal are unknown. 1 Press the Config key. 2 Highlight the field in the top, left corner of the display and press the Select key.
Using the Oscilloscope Delete Channel 2 from the Display Delete Channel 2 from the Display You can delete the unused channels to get more display space. 1 Highlight the bar on the left side of the waveform area. 2 Using the knob, place the cursor on the channel 2 designator (C2), then press the Select key. 3 Select Delete from the pop-up menu. This is channel 1 with the waveform of the training board clock signal displayed. This is channel 2, and it does not contain data.
Using the Oscilloscope Zoom and Scroll Through the Clock Waveform Zoom and Scroll Through the Clock Waveform You can use the s/Div field to set the time scale on the horizontal axis of the display from 1 ns/div to 5 s/div, and you can use the Delay field to scroll through the waveform. 1 Highlight the s/Div field. 2 Rotate the knob clockwise to expand the clock waveform. Rotate the knob counter clockwise to compress the waveform. 3 Highlight the Delay field.
Using the Oscilloscope Measure the Clock Period Manually Measure the Clock Period Manually Time and voltage measurements can be made manually by turning the T Markers field on. 1 Press the Marker MENU key. Marker is printed in white on the MENU key. 2 Highlight the T Markers Off field and press the Select key. Highlight On in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the Trig to X field. Using the knob, move the X Marker to the lowest point on the negative pulse.
Using the Oscilloscope Measure the Clock Period with Auto Measure Measure the Clock Period with Auto Measure The Auto Measure function allows you to automatically measure many signal parameters. 1 Press the Meas MENU key. Meas is printed in white on the MENU key. 2 Read the clock period in the box below the top row of fields. The clock period is displayed in this field.
Using the Oscilloscope Read Voltage with the Markers Read Voltage with the Markers You can use the time and voltage markers to make time and voltage measurements at specific points on the waveform. 1 Press the Marker MENU key. 2 Highlight the V Markers Off field, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the Va Volts field. Rotate the knob and watch the Va marker scroll up and down the screen across the displayed waveform. Notice the changing voltage value in the Va Volts field.
8 Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer You can use the oscilloscope and the timing analyzers together so that the data and trigger points can be time-correlated. To perform these exercises, you need an analyzer with an oscilloscope. These exercises show you how to make the timing analyzer trigger the oscilloscope inside the analyzer to find a glitch on the training board. To do these exercises you need an HP 1660CS, HP 1661CS, HP 1662CS, or an HP 1663CS analyzer.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Decide what to do next. If you have just completed all of the exercises in Chapters 2 through 7, go to the "Set the Jumpers" exercise, on the next page. If you have not just completed all of the exercises in Chapters 2 through 7, go to step 2. 2 Load the configuration files CH08._A, and CH08._B.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Set the Jumpers Set the Jumpers You will create the glitch on bit 7 of the counter on the training board by setting the glitch jumper to ON. • Set the jumpers as shown below. For more information about setting the jumpers, refer to chapter 11, "To Set the Jumpers." CLK2 CLK1 GLITCH P. G. OSC P. G. CLK2 OFF ON J1 Setting the Jumpers Result The glitch on bit 7 is turned on.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Connect the Oscilloscope Probe Connect the Oscilloscope Probe 1 Connect the oscilloscope probe to channel 1 on the front panel. 2 Connect the probe tip to the test point labeled "Glitch" on the Logic Analyzer Training Board. Note that this is a different test point than the "CLK 1" test point that was used in Chapter 7. 3 Connect the probe ground lead to the test point labeled "Ground" on the training board. Note Leave Pod 1 connected to J1.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Get the Waveform on the Display Get the Waveform on the Display The first step when using an oscilloscope is to get the waveform on the display. Autoscale is an algorithm that automatically optimizes the display of one or more waveforms. The oscilloscope triggers at an arbitrary point until you set up the trigger conditions. 1 Press the Config key. 2 Highlight the field in the top, left corner of the display, and press the Select key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Change the Oscilloscope Trigger Change the Oscilloscope Trigger You will be using the timing analyzer to find the glitch and then the oscilloscope to display it. This correlation of timing and scope is done by arming the scope with the timing analyzer. To capture the glitch on the scope, you want it to capture data immediately after the glitch is captured by the timing analyzer. 1 Press the Trigger MENU key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Turn On the Timing Analyzer Turn On the Timing Analyzer Now you will begin to set up the timing analyzer to capture the glitch. 1 Highlight the Scope field and press the Select key. Highlight Analyzer in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 2 Press the Config MENU key. If the Configuration menu is already displayed when you press the Config key, then a pop-up menu will appear. Choose Configuration from the pop-up menu.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Set Up the Timing Format Menu Set Up the Timing Format Menu 1 2 3 4 Because you will be making a timing measurement, you will use the TCOUNT label that represents timing count. You will also set the timing acquisition mode to capture the glitch. Press the Format MENU key. Highlight the SCOUNT label, and press the Select key. Highlight Turn Label Off in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. Highlight the TCOUNT label, and press the Select key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Define the Timing Trigger Term "Edge 1" Define the Timing Trigger Term "Edge 1" 1 2 3 The timing analyzer can be configured to trigger on edges, or a glitch. In this exercise, you will set the trigger term to glitch on bit 7. Press the Trigger MENU key. Highlight the Modify Trigger field, and press the Select key. Highlight Clear Trigger, press the Select key, then highlight All, and press the Select key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Set Up the Timing Trigger Specification Set Up the Timing Trigger Specification You will now tell the analyzer to trigger on the glitch the first time it occurs. 1 Highlight the 1 field in the Timing Sequence Levels box, and press the Select key. 2 Highlight the ">" field, and press the Select key. Highlight Occurs in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the field next to Trigger on, and press the Select key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Arm the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Arm the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer The timing analyzer and the oscilloscope can be configured so that the timing analyzer’s glitch triggering capability will capture the glitch, and then arm the oscilloscope so that it, too, captures the glitch. 1 Highlight the Arming Control field at the far right side of the screen, and press the Select key.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Add Oscilloscope Waveform to the Timing Waveforms Add Oscilloscope Waveform to the Timing Waveforms To see the correlation between the timing analyzer and the oscilloscope, you must insert the scope display into the timing waveform display. 1 Press the Wform MENU key to display the Waveform Machine1 menu. 2 Highlight the large field at the left side of the display. The TCOUNT label should be displayed in the large field.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Capture the Glitch with the Timing Analyzer and Oscilloscope Capture the Glitch with the Timing Analyzer and Oscilloscope The timing analyzer runs, triggers, and then arms the oscilloscope. Notice the slight delay between the glitch displayed by the timing analyzer and the oscilloscope. This is caused by the intermodule bus when one instrument arms another. In the following exercise, you will align the glitch in the two displays.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Align the Glitch Displayed by the Oscilloscope and Analyzer Align the Glitch Displayed by the Oscilloscope and Analyzer You can align the glitch displayed by the analyzer and scope by measuring the distance between the falling edge on the timing display with the falling edge of the scope display. Then you use the skew feature to move the timing waveform over so that the two displays are aligned.
Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer Align the Glitch Displayed by the Oscilloscope and Analyzer Press the Trigger MENU key. Highlight the Arming Control field and press the Select key. With the Skew field highlighted, press the Select key. With the Analyzer field highlighted, press the Select key. Use the knob to change the units to ns, and type in the time delay you measured with the Trig to O marker. 9 Press the Done key until you return to the Trigger Menu.
9 Using the Pattern Generator
Using the Pattern Generator The pattern generator provides programmable digital output that can be used to stimulate and control a system under test. These exercises will show you how to program the pattern generator so that it provides a pattern of "walking ones." Because the pattern generator is an output module, the timing analyzer will be used to view the pattern generator’s output. These exercises also show you a simple process that represents basic stimulus/response testing.
Using the Pattern Generator Before You Begin Before You Begin 1 Load the configuration file for chapter 3, CH03_60._A. If you need instructions to load the configuration files, refer to chapter 11, "To Load a Configuration File." 2 Connect Pod 1. Connect Pod 1 of the analyzer to J1 on the Training Board. For the HP 1660s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the left-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer.
Using the Pattern Generator Connect the Pattern Generator Connect the Pattern Generator • Connect the pattern generator output Pod 4 to the TTL Data Pod. Then connect the TTL Data Pod to J4 (labeled PATTERN GENERATOR) on the training board. For more information about setting the jumpers, refer to chapter 11, "To Set the Jumpers." Note Pod 1 of State/Timing is not only used to acquire the pattern generator’s output pattern, it also provides the needed + 5V for the training board.
Using the Pattern Generator Turn On the Timing Analyzer Turn On the Timing Analyzer 1 Press the Config MENU key. If the Configuration menu is already displayed when you press the Config key, then a pop-up menu will appear. Choose Configuration from the pop-up menu. 2 Highlight the field to the right of Type in the Analyzer 1 box and press the Select key. Highlight Timing in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. Result Analyzer 1 is set to timing mode.
Using the Pattern Generator Change a Label Name Change a Label Name In this exercise, you will change a label name to PATGEN to represent the pattern generator data captured by the timing analyzer. 1 Press the Format MENU key. 2 Highlight the label Lab2 and type PATGEN. Press the Done key. 3 Highlight the field labeled TCOUNT, and press the Select key. Highlight Turn Label Off, and press the Select key. Note Turning the labels off rather than modifying them saves them for later use.
Using the Pattern Generator Modify Channel Assignments Modify Channel Assignments In this exercise you will assign channels 8 through 11 to Pod A1, which is attached to J1 of the training board. The analyzer will then use these channels to capture the output of the pattern generator. 1 Highlight the field showing the 16 channels of Pod A1 to the far right of the PATGEN label. Press the Select key. 2 Using the knob, move the cursor to channel 11 in the pop-up menu.
Using the Pattern Generator Set Up the Timing Analyzer Trigger Term Set Up the Timing Analyzer Trigger Term The trigger term ’a’ is set to 1 so that the analyzer will trigger on the "walking ones" provided by the pattern generator. 1 Press the Trigger MENU key. 2 Highlight the field to the right of term "a", and type a 1 into the field. 3 Press the Done key. 4 Highlight the 1 field in the Timing Sequence Levels box, and press the Select key.
Using the Pattern Generator Add a Pattern Generator Label to the Timing Waveform Display Add a Pattern Generator Label to the Timing Waveform Display The new label PATGEN must be added to the Waveform display for the captured data to be displayed. 1 Press the Waveform menu key. 2 Highlight the field under Labels on the left side of the screen, and press the Select key twice. 3 Press the Select key to select Insert. 4 Press the Select key to select PATGEN. 5 Choose Sequential from the pop-up menu.
Using the Pattern Generator Set Up the Pattern Generator Format Menu Set Up the Pattern Generator Format Menu For the pattern generator to output the "walking ones" to the logic analyzer, the lower four bits of Pod 4, which is connected to the training board through the TTL Data Pod, must be assigned to PATGEN. 1 Highlight the Analyzer field in the top-left corner of the screen, and press the Select key. Highlight Patt Gen, and press the Select key.
Using the Pattern Generator Set Up the Pattern Generator Format Menu 7 Using the knob, move the cursor to channel 3 in the pop-up menu. 8 8 9 10 11 Result Then, press the ⇑ (up-arrow) key to put asterisks in channels positions 0 through 3. Press the Done key. Highlight the field showing the Pod B3 to the left of the field you just modified, and press the Select key. Press the Clear Entry key. Press the Done key. Highlight the field showing the Pod B1, and press the Select key. Press the Clear Entry key.
Using the Pattern Generator Program the Pattern Generator Output Program the Pattern Generator Output The Sequence window is used to program the pattern generator output. In this exercise, you will change the base field to binary and program the first "walking one." 1 Highlight the Pat Gen Format field, and press the Select key. 2 Highlight Pat Gen Sequence field in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight the base field below the PATGEN field, and press the Select key.
Using the Pattern Generator Add Program Lines Add Program Lines You will need four lines for the "walking ones" program. In this exercise, you will insert two lines after 0001 and complete the walking ones program. 1 Highlight the Insert field, and press the Select key two times to add two 2 3 4 5 additional program lines to the listing. Using the knob, scroll to the next program line for the next "walking one." Highlight the far-right, and press the Select key.
Using the Pattern Generator Start the Pattern Generator and View the Walking Ones Pattern Start the Pattern Generator and View the Walking Ones Pattern When you select Run and Repetitive, the Pattern Generator begins to run in repetitive mode. The output is the repeating "walking ones" pattern. You will not see this output until you switch to the timing analyzer waveform display. The pattern generator will run independently until you stop it by pressing the Stop key.
Using the Pattern Generator Stop the Pattern Generator Stop the Pattern Generator 1 Highlight the Analyzer field, and press the Select key. Highlight Patt Gen in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key. 2 Highlight the Stop field, and press the Select key. The pattern generator requires CPU time when it is running independently in the repetitive mode. Stopping the pattern generator now will prevent other exercises that do not use it from running slower than normal.
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10 Introduction to Inverse Assembly
Introduction to Inverse Assembly An inverse assembler translates the captured data into microprocessor instructions. To perform inverse assembly, you must probe a microprocessor and load the correct configuration and inverse assembler. The training board does not have a microprocessor. Therefore, for these exercises you will load a sample listing to simulate the captured microprocessor instructions.
Introduction to Inverse Assembly Load the Inverse Assembler and Sample Listing Load the Inverse Assembler and Sample Listing In this exercise you will load a configuration file and the inverse assembler to translate the binary data. You will not be making the measurement because the training board does not have a microprocessor. 1 Place the flexible disk labeled "Logic Analyzer Training Kit 2 3 4 5 6 Configurations" in the disk drive. Press the Config MENU key.
Introduction to Inverse Assembly View the Address, Data, and Status Labels View the Address, Data, and Status Labels The labels, pods and bit assignments were configured when you loaded the sample listing. Often, you will load a configuration file you built or one supplied with the preprocessor. There are three labels the inverse assembler needs to translate the binary data correctly: ADDR (address bus), DATA (data bus), and STAT (status).
Introduction to Inverse Assembly View the Assembly Listing View the Assembly Listing You can view the captured data in the mnemonic form just as you can view data in the Hex, Decimal, or Binary forms. 1 Press the List MENU key. If you are using a 1670 series analyzer, your listing will be different than the one in the graphic below. This is because you are using a different sample listing and inverse assembler.
Introduction to Inverse Assembly Filter the Captured Data Filter the Captured Data Note This exercise can only be done with the HP 1660C, HP 1660CS, HP 1661C, or the HP 1661CS analyzer. If the program you are running is large or you are not interested in looking at all of the code, you can suppress the types of instructions you are not interested in. In this exercise you will look at the general flow of the code by showing only the jumps and suppressing all other types of instructions.
11 Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations
Setting the Jumpers The jumpers on J5 of the training board are used to control the source of the state clock and to turn the glitch on or off. Before you start each chapter, you should check the jumpers to make sure they are properly set. The "To Set the Jumpers" exercise, on the next page, gives you the information you need to change the jumpers. Table 1 shows you the jumper settings for the chapters . Table 1 Jumper Settings Jumper Glitch CLK1 CLK2 Chapter 4 (change during exercises) ON OSC P.G.
Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations To Set the Jumpers To Set the Jumpers 1 Pull the appropriate jumper off of the pins of J5. 2 Push the jumper onto the correct pins of J5. You only need to change jumpers that differ from the settings in table 1. Set the jumpers at their default settings for all chapters. Table 1 shows you the default settings and the settings for each chapter.
Loading the Configurations If you are not performing the exercises in order, you may need to load configuration files to set up your system so that you can complete the exercises. The "To Load a Configuration File" exercise on the next two pages gives you the information you need to load configuration files. The flexible disk labeled "Logic Analyzer Training Kit Configurations," which you received in this training kit, contains the configuration files. The files are listed in Table 2, below.
Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations To Load a Configuration File To Load a Configuration File There are two configuration files you will be loading. One for the analyzer CH0X._A, and one for the oscilloscope CH0X._B. For exercises that only use the analyzer, you will only load the CH0X._A file. For exercises using the scope, you will load both the CH0X._A and the CH0X._B files. 1 Place the flexible disk labeled "Logic Analyzer Training Kit Configurations" in the disk drive.
Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations To Load a Configuration File 7 Highlight the Execute field, then press the Select key. Note If you are using a logic analyzer model other than an HP 1661, a message may appear, telling you that some pod information has been changed or truncated, or needs to be connected in a particular way. This is not an error.
12 All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board
All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board The training board helps you learn the basics of HP Logic Analyzers. The following reference information is provided for those who want to know more about how the training board works. Power Source The training board is powered by the +5 V supplied by the logic analyzer pods, so a logic analyzer pod must be connected to either J1 or J2 of the training board in order for the training board to work.
All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board Jumpers The glitch is generated using the delay between the falling edge of D4 and rising edge of D5 of the ripple counter, and the delay using R2 with the input capacitance of the 74F02N. The ripple counter is a 74HC393. A 74F02 is used to generate the pulse (glitch) and combine it with D7 of the ripple counter. Because the 74F02 is a fast CMOS gate, it boosts the amplitude of the glitch it receives from the 74HC393 counter.
All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board Schematic Schematic Logic Analyzer Training Board Schematic 12-4
Index A a thru j fields, 2-7, 3-8 activity indicators, 3-4 adding sequence levels, 6-7 adding symbols, 3-13 ADDR, DATA, STAT labels, 10-4 analysis state, 3-2 timing, 2-2 analyzer mode set, 1-4 arming control, 5-9 configuring, 1-6 oscilloscope, 8-12 arming the oscilloscope, 8-12 arming the timing analyzer, 5-9 arrow keys, 1-3 arrows setting the state clock edge, 3-5 showing activity in the pods, 3-4 assembly code, 10-2 filter, 10-6 listing, 10-5 assigning channels in the state analyzer, 3-7 in the timing an
Index S s/Div field, 2-9 s/Dive field expanding the waveform, 7-7 sample clock, 3-2 scrolling, 1-3 timing waveform, 2-9 selecting a field, 1-2 to 1-3 Sequence Level 1 pop-up setting up state trigger, 3-9 sequence levels, 3-9 adding, 6-7 configuring, 6-8 to 6-12 timing analyzer, 8-11 setting up the state clock, 3-5 O setting up the trigger specification, 2-8 O-Marker, 7-8 show instructions, 10-6 oscilloscope state analysis, 3-2 connecting the probe, 7-2, 7-4 state analyzer, 3-2 exercises, 7-2 running, 3-11
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