CI-132 Series User’s Manual Industrial 2-port RS-422/485 Serial Board Third Edition, June 2008 www.moxa.com/product © 2008 Moxa Inc., all rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is prohibited.
CI-132 Series User’s Manual Technical Reference CI-132 Series User’s Manual The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement. Copyright Notice Copyright © 2008 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is prohibited. Trademarks MOXA is a registered trademark of Moxa Inc. All other trademarks or registered marks in this manual belong to their respective manufacturers.
About this Manual This manual is composed of six chapters and one appendix. This manual is written for installers, system administrators and software programmers. If you are a first-time installer and system administrator, we recommend you to go through the whole manual except chapter 4. If you are a software programmer, you may refer to chapter 4, “Serial Programming Tools”. If you need cable wiring information, please see the “Connection Cable and Cable Wiring” chapter.
Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................... 1-1 Overview ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 1-1 Features ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 1-3 Check List................................ ................................ ................................ .................
Installing API-232 .....................................................................................................................4-5 DOS API-232 Library ................................................................................................................4-5 Utilities......................................................................................................................................4-5 RS-485 Programming ................................ ................................ ....
1 1 Introduction Overview Industio - The Industrial Multiport Async Solution The term Industio stands for smart multiport serial I/O solution for industrial applications. The Industio CI-132 Series boards, including CI-132, CI-132I and CI-132IS, are designed for 16-bit ISA/EISA bus. They offer 2 independent RS422/RS-485 serial ports for connecting data acquisition equipment and many other serial devices to the PC and its compatible systems.
To prevent the boards from damage caused by lighting or high potential voltage, TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor) technology is introduced in some models to protect the board. This is critical to harsh environment such as factory. ASIC Design, Compact Size The CI-132 Series is equipped with MOXA customer-designed ASIC chip, which replaces lots of conventional IC and hence reduces the board to half-size, increase the operation performance, and lower the failure rate of the board.
Introduction detailed in chapter, “Hardware Installation”. Quick Installation To ease the hardware configuration, users who install only one Industio CI-132 Series board under Windows NT and 95/98 are recommended to adopt quick installation described in chapter 2, “Hardware Installation”. Operating System Support The family is operational under most popular operating systems such as Windows NT, Windows 95/98, Windows 3.1, DOS, SCO UNIX/XENIX/OpenServer, Linux, QNX, FreeBSD, OS/2, etc.
The Industio CI-132 Series consists of members as follows, CI-132 2 RS-422/RS-485 ports, TI550C UART CI-132I 2 RS-422/RS-485 ports, isolation protection, TI550C UART CI-132IS 2 RS-422/RS-485 ports, surge and isolation protection, TI550C UART The following are the outstanding features of Industio CI-132 Series v v v v v v v v v v v v v v Support 2 independent RS-422 or RS-485 serial ports Standard COM port compatible High circuit integration with state-of-the-art ASIC design, compact half-size No I/O switch
Introduction Check List Upon unpacking the Industio CI-132 Series package, you should find the following items: v v v Industio CI-132 Series 2 port serial board Device driver diskettes: l Windows NT and Windows 95/98¡Ñ 1 l PComm Lite¡Ñ 1 l DOS¡Ñ 1 Industio CI-132 Series User’s Manual (This manual) Installation Guide This section gives a brief summary of how to install the Industio CI-132 Series under each supported operating system.
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2 Hardware Installation 2 The installation of the Industio CI-132 Series consists of hardware and software installation. The hardware installation is detailed in this chapter. The next chapter deals with the software installation for various operating systems.
If the default settings above are what you desired and good for the system without conflicts, you may simply install the board in the system and go directly to the next chapter, “Software Installation”. Otherwise, follow the instructions below.
Hardware Installation Quick Hardware Installation To fully utilize the superior feature of flexible hardware configuration design of the Industio CI-132 Series, a quick and easy method of installation is designed, which absolutely saves you from hardware configuration effort, i.e., installation WITHOUT running configuration program: Io-irq.exe. Simply always short the jumper JP1.
configuration program will automatically update the hardware settings of the board while updating the software settings. This saves the trouble doing hardware configuration. However, remember to cold start the system every time the configuration changed. Hardware Installation with IO-IRQ Utility This section is for users in the following cases, who can not use quick hardware installation: u Install two or more Industio CI-132 Series boards in a system.
Hardware Installation + If you are installing multiple boards, insert one board at a time and configure it using the Io-irq program before inserting the next board. This is to prevent conflict between two boards with same default hardware settings. The Industio CI-132 Series has the following default (factory) settings, I/O address : 0x180 (1st port), 0x188 (2nd port) IRQ : 10 INT Vector : 0x1C0 Configuration Access Port (CAP) : 0x180 4. Power on the PC and enter into DOS system. 5.
2. Select “Smartio/Industio ISA Family” and press ENTER key.
Hardware Installation 3. Enter the CAP address of the Industio CI-132 Series board to be configured. 4. Configure the following parameters as necessary. Port Index Indicate the port index for each port. I/O address Enter the base I/O address for each port, either sequentially or not. Avoid to conflicting with any other devices. IRQ Enter the IRQ, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12 or 15, for each port, independently or not. Speed This field specifies the use of normal or high speed capability.
Note that, currently, port that uses MOXA Windows NT and 95/98 driver will run at the displayed speed. To be clear, when Industio CI-132 Series board is configured as High Speed Spectrum, any port driven by the Moxa-provided Windows NT and 95/98 driver will display the exact working speed. For example, the displayed speed 38.4 Kbps is equal to the working speed 38.4 Kbps.
Hardware Installation The following is the 8 times speed mapping list for quick reference purpose, particularly for DOS driver. Normal Speed Spectrum 50 (bps) 75 110 134.5 150 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 7200 9600 19.2K 38.4K 57.6K 115.2K INT Vector High Speed Spectrum 400 (bps) 600 880 1076 1200 2400 4800 9600 14.4K 19.2K 38.4K 57.6K 76.8K 153.6K 307.2K 460.8K 921.6K Enter the interrupt vector I/O address for all ports. I/O address for interrupt vector is from 00000H to 0FFFFH.
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3 3 Software Installation In this chapter, the software driver installation, configuration and driver update/removal procedures are described for various operating systems, including Windows NT, Windows 95/98 and DOS. Before proceeding with the software installation, complete the hardware installation, detailed in previous chapter, “Hardware Installation”. If it is necessary for you to develop your own applications, please also refer to the next chapter, “Serial Programming Tools”, for programming issues.
Installing Driver Following is the procedure for installing the Industio CI-132 Series driver for the first time under Windows NT 4.0. Note ! Make sure the board has already been plugged in the system slot if you are doing quick installation. 1. Please log in NT as Administrator. 2. Open the [Control Panel], click on the [Network] icon and select the [Adapters] tab. 3. Click on the [Add] button, then the [Have Disk...] button in “Select Network Adapter”. 4.
Software Installation 5. Select “MOXA Smartio/Industio Family multiport board” in the “Select OEM Option” dialog box, and then click [OK] to enter the “MOXA Configuration Panel” dialog box to start the installation. 6. In the “MOXA Configuration Panel” dialog box, click [Add] to enter “Property” dialog box to add the Industio CI-132 Series board. Select the “CI132 Series” in the “Board Type” field.
“Interrupt No.” field, which should match settings that are physically set on the board and conflict with no other devices. Note ! You may go directly to the step 8 if you need not change any setting. 7. In the “Property” dialog box, select the desired port in the port list and click [Port Setting] to enter the individual “Port #” setting dialog box to change the port COM number mappings or FIFO settings.
Software Installation l Port Number You have to set up all the ports of the board with the desired “COM number”, which should not conflict with other COM number in use. In this “Individual Port Setting” dialog box, you may have two ways to map the physical ports to COM numbers depending on the check box “Auto Enumerating COM Number”. If “Auto Enumerating COM Number” is checked and specify the COM number of the first port, subsequent ports are mapped to continuous COM numbers.
9. When configuration is done, click on [Close] button in the “Network Settings” dialog box. 10. Restart Windows NT system. The latest configuration will not take effect unless the system restarts. Note ! The latest configuration will not take effect unless the system restarts. 11. Once the system restarts, you may check the event log issued by the MOXA driver to see if the ports of the board are initialized successfully.
Software Installation Note ! Once the board and the driver are installed and the driver restarts successfully, you can start to develop applications with the PComm library (See “Serial Programming Tools” chapter) or the Microsoft Win32 API. You can also execute any ready-made applications, such as PComm utility Terminal emulator (See “Serial Programming Tools” chapter) or HyperTerminal to transmit/receive data, as well as Remote Access Service to provide dial-up networking capabilities.
3. Click on the [Property] button to open the “MOXA Configuration Panel” dialog box. Please see steps 6-10 in the previous section, “Installing Driver”, for more details. In this configuration panel, you may: l Click [Property] to enter “Property” dialog box to configure the selected board with the correct “COM Number”, “INT Vector”, “Interrupt No” and “Base I/O Port Address”.
Software Installation Updating Driver To update the driver for the Industio CI-132 Series board, simply remove the driver, as described in the next section, and reinstall it as detailed in section, “Installing Driver”. Removing Driver To remove the driver for the Industio CI-132 Series board, 1. Open the [Control Panel], click on the [Network] icon, and select the [Adapters] tab. 2.
Windows 95/98 Windows 95/98 supports up to 128 serial ports, from COM1 to COM128. To fully integrate the advanced features of Windows 95/98, multi-process and multi-thread, pure 32-bit Windows 95/98 virtual device port drivers (VxD) compliant with communication drivers (VCOMM) are developed for the Industio CI-132 Series and other MOXA multiport boards. The drivers conform to the Win32 COMM API standard.
Software Installation 5. In the “MOXA Configuration Panel” dialog box, click [Add] to enter “Property” dialog box to add the Industio CI-132 Series board. Select the “CI132 Series” in the “Board Type” field. If necessary, type the desired interrupt vector address in the “INT Vector” field, and the desired I/O port address in the "Base I/O Port Address" field. Then select the desired interrupt number in the “Interrupt No.
Note ! 6. You may go directly to the step 7 if you need not change any setting. In the “Property” dialog box, select the desired port in the port list and click [Port Setting] to enter the individual “Port #” setting dialog box to change the port COM number mappings or FIFO settings. l Port Number You have to set up all the ports of the board with the desired “COM number”, which should not conflict with other COM number in use.
Software Installation l Rx FIFO Trigger Rx FIFO trigger levels, at 1, 4, 8 or 14 bytes, are available, and the default value is 14 bytes. l Tx FIFO Size Tx FIFO sizes from 1 to 16 bytes are available, and the default value is 16 bytes. 7. Click [OK] in the “Port #” and the “Property” dialog boxes to go back to the “MOXA Configuration Panel” dialog box. Note ! If you need to install more than one board, click [Add] and repeat steps 5 to 7 to configure another board.
Note ! The latest configuration will not take effect unless the system restarts. 9. When system restarts, all the error conditions of the board will be popped up onto the screen if any. Otherwise, everything should be fine. If error message like “CI-132 Series (CAP=0x0180, port 1=COM3): Board is not found” appears, refer to chapter, “Troubleshooting”, for solutions.
Software Installation In this configuration panel, you may: l l l l l Click [Property] to enter “Property” dialog box to configure the selected board with the correct “COM Number”, “INT Vector”, “Interrupt No” and “Base I/O Port Address”. Please see steps 5 to 7 in the previous section, “Installing Driver”, for more details, except that the “Board Type” field is not supposed to be changed. Click [Add] to add one more board that is not yet configured in the system.
Removing Driver Open [Control Panel] icon, and then [Add/Remove Programs] icon, and then select [Install/Uninstall] tab. Then select and open the “MOXA Smartio/Industio Driver” option and then enter [OK] to remove the driver.
Software Installation DOS MOXA DOS API-232 is a software package that assists users to develop and/or debug programs for serial communications. This section will show you how to install the package, how to setup up the driver, and how to load or unload driver. For details of the serial programming (API-232 Library) and utilities, please refer to the next chapter, “Serial Programming Tools”. Installing Driver Run the installation program, DOSINST.EXE, in the DOS driver diskette.
After installation is complete, you will be prompted to proceed running setup program. It is strongly recommended to do so. Driver Setup The following are steps for setting up the Industio CI-132 Series driver. Note that it is not intended to illustrate all the convenient functions of the setup programs when configuring the boards. Please refer to the F1 on-line help instructions as running setup program. 1. Run the setup program, BIN\SETUP.EXE, in the API-232 directory.
Software Installation 2. Press Enter to pop up the SETUP dialog box. In the SETUP dialog box, Press F8 to specify the CAP Address and press ENTER and then type Y (YES) to load the configuration of the board to be setup.
3. Now the configuration of the desired Industio CI-132 Series board will be shown along with other default settings, such as port number, buffer size, etc. Note ! Up to now you have completed the setup for Industio CI-132 Series board. You may skip this step and go directly to the next step 5 if you need not change any setting or configure any board.
Software Installation You may now enter/modify each port’s configuration. These displayed values are the port initial values as driver is loaded. Legend: Some noticeable fields and functions are explained below. Port number: This is actually the port ID of each port. The application software will refer to the port by its port number (ID). Duplicated port number is not allowed. That is, each MOXA serial port is referred to as port number in terms of serial programming.
F6: INT vector: This is to set interrupt vector for each port. You can set this feature to “Yes” (default) and gain best performance for the board. 4. To setup more boards, please follow the same instructions 2 to 3 described above. 5. Press F10 to save the latest configuration and exit the SETUP program. Loading Driver Having completed the setup, you can load the driver, "BIN\SER-DRV.EXE", at the DOS prompt. The driver will detect the Industio CI-132 Series board automatically.
Software Installation If something went wrong, for instance, the board does not match the configuration or the board is missing, the screen will show a message like: API-232 Version 3.5 Universal 2/4/8 serial ports Communication Driver Setup driver … None serial port found!! It means the Industio CI-132 Series driver is not installed properly. Please refer to chapter, “Troubleshooting”, for possible reasons and solutions.
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4 4 Serial Programming Tools Moxa supports easy but powerful serial programming library and communication troubleshooting utilities under Windows NT, Windows 95/98 and DOS. You will save a lot of developing time with the MOXA Serial Programming Tools. The following sections will details the installation, the library and the utilities for various platforms.
PComm Programming Library The serial communication library helps you to develop programs for serial communications for any COM port complying with Microsoft Win32 API. It facilitates the implementation of multi-process and multi-thread serial communication programs and hence greatly reduces developing time. For a complete library function description and sample programs for Visual C++, Visual Basic and Delphi, please check the help file and the sample programs in the PComm directory.
Serial Programming Tools Monitor (for MOXA boards under Windows NT Only) A useful port status monitoring program that allows you to watch the selected MOXA COM ports’ data transmitting/receiving throughput and communication line status which are updated and displayed on the screen at time intervals. You can also click on one of the specific displayed port in order to visualize the current communication parameters and status of that port.
Terminal Emulator The Terminal Emulator features multi-windows and supports terminal types of VT100 and ANSI. You can transfer data interactively, send pattern periodically or transfer file using ASCII, XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM and KERMIT protocols.
Serial Programming Tools DOS Installing API-232 API-232 Library is the professional serial programming tool for DOS. It is installed automatically along with the MOXA DOS drivers. The installation is detailed in Chapter "Software Installation". DOS API-232 Library DOS API-232 library supports languages like Microsoft C, Turbo C, Macro Assembly, QuickBasic, Turbo Pascal, Clipper, etc. Sample programs for each supported language are included, and placed in the subdirectory, ..
There are three major functions in Data Scope utility: 1. The Data Scope utility offers transparent monitoring of serial communication lines and allows data to be streamed to disk storage for later analysis. 2. The TTY terminal emulation utility allows user to view the signal status and transfer data interactively or files using ASCII, XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM and KERMIT protocols. 3. The Diagnostic test utility provides port connection test with two MOXA ports connected via a properly wired cable.
Serial Programming Tools Diagnose The Diagnose, BIN\DIAGNOSE.EXE, is a utility that can help users to diagnose the hardware condition of each port of the selected board. See on-line help for more details.
RS-485 Programming If you intend to do RS-485 communication with Industio CI-132 Series, please follow the RS-485 programming guide below and also refer to the chapter, “Connection Cable and Cable Wiring”, for more RS-485 operation details. The Industio CI-132 Series supports only 2-wire half-duplex RS-485 communication. Data+/- pins are served for both data transmitting and receiving, depending on the mode selected: either Automatic Data Direction Control or By RTS.
Serial Programming Tools There are 2 solutions to control RS-485 2-wire transmission. Solution 1 The following model is common in RS-485 2-wire transmission. sio_SetWriteTimeouts(port, 0); sio_RTS(port, 1); sio_write(port, buff, 10); sio_RTS(port, 0); sio_read(port, buff, 10); /* Set sio_write() into block mode if for Windows NT and Windows 95/98 */ /* Turn on RTS signal. The RS-485 port is ready for transmitting data. */ /* Write 10 byte characters in "buff".
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5 5 Connection Cable and Cable Wiring In serial data communications, the term DTE is for Data Terminal Equipment, like PC COM1/2, serial printers and terminals. The term DCE is for Data Communication Equipment, like modems. RS-422 Cable Wiring The RS-422 standard uses a balanced voltage digital interface to allow 9600 bps communications over cables of up to 4000 ft (1.2 km) in length. Ten receivers can be connected to any one driver for broadcasting systems.
RS-422 Point-to-point CI-132 2 TxD+(B) 1 TxD-(A) 3 RxD+(B) 4 RxD-(A) 5 GND RS-422 Device RxD+(B) RxD-(A) TxD+(B) TxD-(A) GND RS-422 Broadcasting CI-132 2 TxD+(B) 3 RxD+(B) 1 TxD-(A) 4 RxD-(A) 5 GND RS-422 Device 1 RxD+(B) TxD+(B) RxD-(A) TxD-(A) GND RS-422 Device N RxD+(B) TxD+(B) RxD-(A) TxD-(A) GND CI-132 with Handshaking CI-132 2 TxD+(B) 1 TxD-(A) 3 RxD+(B) 4 RxD-(A) 5 GND 7 RTS+(B) 6 RTS-(A) 8 CTS+(B) 9 CTS-(A) 5-2 Industio CI-132 Series User’s Manual RS-422 Device RxD+(B) RxD-(A) TxD+(B) TxD-(A)
Connection Cable and Cable Wiring RS-485 Cable Wiring The RS-485 standard is an enhanced version of the RS-422 balanced line standard. It allows multiple drivers and receivers in a multidrop systems. As many as 32 drivers and 32 receivers can be put on any multidrop system. The CI-132 Series supports only 2-wire half-duplex RS-485 communication. Data+/- pins are served for both data transmitting and receiving, depending on the RTS signal.
Impedance Matching and Termination Resistors For RS-422/485 serial communications, when an electrical signal travels through two different resistance junctions in a transmission line, the impedance mismatch will sometimes cause signal reflection. Signal reflection causes signal distortion, which in turn will contribute communication errors. The solution to this problem is to establish the same impedance at the line ends as in the line itself by terminating them with resistors.
6 6 Troubleshooting Common Industio CI-132 Series problems and possible solutions are listed below. If you still have problems, contact your dealer or Moxa for help. Or use the “Problem Report Form” at the end of this manual to report problems to your dealer at once for faster technical support. General Troubleshooting 1. The MOXA driver, while installing the driver, cannot detect the MOXA board. Hardware causes and solutions: a. The board is not installed or missing (absent). Please install it. b.
Software Causes and Solutions: a. For RS-422 mode, Industio CI-132 Series checks the line status (CTS) before it sends data out if the RTS/CTS flow control feature is set to “Enable” in the configuration or application program. Please refer to the “Connection Cable and Cable Wiring” chapter for proper wiring. b. Perhaps the application controlling the board is not correctly written according to the corresponding API of the operating system.
Troubleshooting The following procedure instructs user to recover once the CAP is unknown. Step 1. Power off the PC. OFF Step 2. Install jumper onto the JP1 of the board. Install jumper JP1 Step 3. Power on the PC. Now the CAP address of the board will be 0xA700. ON Step 4. Execute Io-irq under DOS environment. Step 5. A:> Io-irq Enter CAP address 0xA700 to access the board. Step 6. Enter the “Configuration Access Port” in HEX: A700 The previous hardware configuration will be shown. Step 7.
Step 9. Remove the jumper on position JP1. Remove jumper JP1 Step 10. Power on the PC. ON Windows NT This section is specific for troubleshooting under Windows NT. For general problems and solutions, please see the previous section, “General Troubleshooting”. 1. After the system reboots, the error message “Another driver in the system, which did not report its resources, has already claimed the interrupt used by xxx.” appears in the Event Log.
Troubleshooting firmly in the expansion slot. e. The slot for plugging the board is defective. In this case, please try other slots until you find a good one. f. The board might be defective. 3. The COM number of the Industio CI-132 Series conflicts with others. The COM numbers of different boards happen to be the same. Try to change the COM number mappings. 4. Windows NT system panic (blue screen).
DOS This section is specific for troubleshooting under DOS. For general problems and solutions, please see previous Section "General Troubleshooting". 1. After executing SER-DRV.EXE, error message "None serial port found!" appears. a. Make sure you’re using the right driver. b. Check if the board is properly plugged into ISA/EISA bus slot. c. Check if the I/O address and IRQ settings in SETUP program are same as the settings on board.
Appendix A Technical Reference Specifications v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v Bus interface: Number of ports: Max. boards: I/O addr.: IRQ: Comm. controller: Speed (bps): Data bits: Stop bits: Parity: Data signals: 16-bit ISA (EISA compatible) 2 4 0x0000 ~ 0xFFFF 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15 TI550C 50 ~ 921.6K 5, 6, 7, 8 1, 1.5, 2 none, even, odd, space, mark RS-422¡Ð TxD+/-, RxD+/-, RTS+/-, CTS+/-, GND RS-485¡Ð Data+/-, GND Connectors: 2¡Ñ DB9 male (DTE) Opto-isolation: max.
CI-132 Series Windows NT Windows 95/98 DOS SCO UNIX/OpenServer SCO XENIX QNX Linux FreeBSD Windows 3.x OS/2 3 3 3 C C C C C C C 3: Driver supported by Moxa and shipped with product C : Driver supported by OS Note: MOXA FTP service is available for newest driver download UART TI550C The UART chip, TI550C, is an intelligent asynchronous controller capable of supporting one full duplex channel that simultaneously transfers data at 921.6 Kbps.
Technical Reference 0F0-0FF Math coprocessor 100-1EF not usable 1F0-1F8 Fixed disk 200-207 Game I/O 278-27F Parallel printer port 2 ( LP2: ) 2F8-2FF Serial Port 2 ( COM2: ) 300-31F Prototype card 360-36F Reserved 378-37F Parallel printer port 1 ( LP1: ) 3B0-3BF Monochrome display 3C0-3CF Reserved 3D0-3DF Color graphics display 3F0-3F7 Diskette controller 3F8-3FF Serial port 1 ( COM 1: ) Installing CI-132 Series under Compatible Systems SCO UNIX/XENIX Because the SCO UNIX/OpenSer
Enter number 2 to choose "2 port card". The screen then shows: The card is configured as: 1. COM1 2. COM2 3. COM3 4. COM4 Choose either 1 (COM1 with IRQ 4) or 2 (COM2 with IRQ 3). Then the screen shows: Which card do you have? 1. Arnet base address 0xaaa 2. Arnet base address 0xbbb 3. Hostess base address 0xccc 4. ...... Select the compatible such as Arnet or Digi. However, Hostess, AST and CTC are designed to use the eighth byte of the UART as the interrupt vector and those are not compatible with MOXA.
Problem Report Form Industio CI-132 Series Customer name: Company: Tel: Email: Fax: Date: 1. Moxa Product: CI-132 Series Model : oCI-132 oCI-132I oCI-132IS Serial Number: ____________ 2. Moxa Driver Version: ________________ 3. Moxa hardware settings: 3.1 Please check the hardware configuration by IO-IRQ.EXE from DOS or Windows 95/98 DOS Prompt. PORT I/O IRQ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Interrupt Vector: ________ Speed: ________________(High/Normal) 3.2 Jumper JP1 on the board: o open o short 3.
Return Procedure For product repair, exchange or refund, you must: v Provide evidence of original purchase. v Fill out the Problem Report Form (PRF) as detailed as possible for shorter product repair time. v Obtain a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number from the sales representative or dealer. v Carefully pack the product in an anti-static package, and send it, pre-paid, to the dealer.
