Software Reference for Scanners
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Software Reference for Scanners
Table of Contents 4-4 Acknowledgments Nikon Inc. acknowledges with gratitude the contributions of the Planning and Design Sections, and the Electronic Imaging Department Software Engineering Section. These manuals were written, designed and produced by the Electronic Imaging Department Development & Marketing Group in collaboration with the Technical Support Section and the 4th Designing Section of Nikon Corporation. Nikon would also like to thank all those who helped test the LS-3510AF and its software.
4-5 Table of Contents Table of Contents Read This First ....................................................................................................... i About This Manual....................................................... i The Package Contents .................................................. i User Registration .......................................................... i Minimum Macintosh System Requirements ................ i Minimum PC System Requirements ............................
Table of Contents 4-6 Scanning a Preview Image ............................................................................... 3-2 Final Scan......................................................................................................... 3-3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 3-4 Getting Started on the IBM ....................................................................................
4-7 Table of Contents Scanning Speed ............................................................ 5-10 Grayscale/Color Preview.............................................. 5-11 Interface Buttons .......................................................... 5-11 Digital and Analog Controls......................................... 5-11 Digital Mode................................................................. 5-12 Analog Mode ................................................................
Table of Contents 4-8 Scanning Speed ............................................................ 6-7 Color Adjustment Controls .......................................... 6-7 Film Types ................................................................... 6-10 Autoexposure ............................................................... 6-11 Autofocus ..................................................................... 6-11 Manual Focus ...............................................................
Software Reference for Scanners
Read This First i Read This First About This Manual This reference and disk set contains material for either Apple Macintosh computers or PC compatibles running MS Windows. Where possible, we have tried to make both versions of software as similar as possible in feature set and interface design. There may be occasions, because of operating system dissimilarities, where the two versions may not match exactly. The explanations in the respective platform sections may also differ for that reason.
ii Read This First • SCSI II cable adapter when using the LS-3510AF SCSI interface • 8-bit display (24-bit true-color display highly recommended) Minimum PC and Compatibles Scanning System Requirements • Windows 3.
Software Installation - Macintosh 1-1 Software Installation Installing the Plugin Modules on the Macintosh If you have not already done so, install Photoshop following Adobe's installation procedure. If you are using ColorStudio, then follow the installation routine specified by Letraset. After you have installed and tested your image processing application, you are ready to install the Nikon Plugin modules. If you are using Photoshop v 2.
1-2 Software Installation - Macintosh If you are using a GPIB interface, select the NB Handler Init in the folder labeled Drag to System Folder and drag it onto the System Folder on your hard disk. It will be copied into the Control Panels folder if you are using System 7. >Caution If you already have a file called NB-Handler INIT installed in your system folder, move it to another folder before you copy the new file in.
Software Installation - Macintosh Fig. 2 1-3 NB Handler control panel Check to see that the addresses are correctly entered and conform to the factory default settings of the device DIP switches. If so, proceed to the next section, Using The Macintosh Plugin Scanning Module. If you wish to change the configuration, use the rename button to change any devx setting to the appropriate name of the device. Set the address in the text-edit box labeled Primary.
Software Installation - IBM 2-1 Installing the Plugin Modules under Windows 3.1 If you have not already done so, install PhotoStyler following Aldus’ installation procedure. If you are using another application, then follow the installation routine specified by the manufacturer. After you have installed and tested your image processing application, you are ready to install the Nikon Plugin modules. If you are using PhotoStyler they should be placed in the PhotoStyler directory.
2-2 Software Installation - IBM Type A:PSSETUP and press enter. Press any key or click the mouse to skip the startup screen. Fig. 5 PhotoStyler Directories Enter your source and target directories. To install only the Scanner Plugin or the Nikon CP-3000 printer export, check the Update box before pressing the OK button. Choosing Setup All will install all the plugins on the disk. Fig 6 Installing the scanner If you are updating the scanner, choose the Install Scanner selection.
Software Installation - IBM Fig. 7 2-3 Selecting the active scanner for PhotoStyler You must choose which scanner driver to make active in PhotoStyler. Since only one driver is available, click OK. Your drivers are now installed and you can proceed on to the Getting Started section for the Windows plugins. Interface Hardware for PC Compatibles For complete information on installation of GPIB hardware consult your GPIB installation manual which comes with your GPIB board.
Getting Started On The Macintosh 3-1 Getting Started on the Macintosh Launching the Application Launch Photoshop or ColorStudio by double clicking the appropriate icon. Pull down the File menu to reach the Acquire... menu item and select Nikon Scanner... from the hierarchical menu. The main scanning dialog will appear as below and the Device: and Address: lines should indicate that there is a scanner connected.
3-2 Getting Started Scanning a Preview Image Take out the sample slide included in the disk holder. You will be using the Standard Slide Holder for this scan. Hold the mount as in the diagram in Fig. 9 below. Insert the slide so that the emulsion side of the film faces the front of the scanner. When viewing the slide orient the picture so the text is readable. The emulsion side is the surface furthest away from you.
Getting Started On The Macintosh 3-3 The quickest way to capture this image is to click the Preview button. Fig. 11 Previewing an Image In order to scan the slide under optimal conditions, the LS-3510AF will first perform an autoexposure and autofocus sequence to determine information about the nature of the image in the holder. You should see the green Busy LED light up on the scanner and a message appear in a small dialog. The message should read Performing an autoexposure...
3-4 Getting Started The resolution setting under the preview window can be left at the default setting of 72DPI. The approximate size of the output image should be 6 x 8 inches. You are now ready to complete the final scan. Click on the scan button at the lower right of the Main dialog. The scanner will begin the scanning cycle, making three successive passes for red, green and blue.
Getting Started On The IBM 4-1 Getting Started on the IBM Launching the Application Launch PhotoStyler by double clicking the appropriate icon. Pull down the File menu to reach the Scan... menu item and select Nikon Scanner Control... from the hierarchical menu. The main scanning dialog will appear as below and the Device: and Address: lines should indicate that there is a scanner connected. If the dialog appears as below, you are ready to start scanning and can proceed to Scanning a Preview Image. Fig.
4-2 Getting Started On The IBM Scanning a Preview Image Take out the sample slide included in the disk holder. You will be using the Standard Slide Holder for this scan. Hold the mount as in the diagram in Fig. 15 below. Insert the slide so that the emulsion side of the film faces the front of the scanner. When viewing the slide orient the picture so the text is readable. The emulsion side is the surface furthest away from you.
Getting Started On The IBM 4-3 The quickest way to capture this image is to click the Preview button. Fig. 17 Previewing an Image In order to scan the slide under optimal conditions the LS-3510AF will first perform an autoexposure and autofocus sequence to set up information about the nature of the image in the holder. You should see the green Busy LED light up on the scanner and a message appear in a small dialog. The message should read Performing an autoexposure...
4-4 Getting Started On The IBM The resolution setting under the preview window can be left at the default setting of 100DPI. The approximate size of the output image should be 10 x 15 inches. You are now ready to complete the final scan. Click on the scan button at the lower right of the Main dialog. The scanner will begin the scanning cycle, making three successive passes for red, green and blue.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-1 Using the Macintosh Scanner Plugin Let’s begin with a full description of the main and auxiliary dialogs. All of the plugin controls follow the standard Macintosh interface design. If you are unfamiliar with the operation of the Macintosh interface, please consult your owner’s manual. The examples in this reference were used with the LS-3510AF in mind.
5-2 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin Controls and Indicators The purpose of each control and dialog item is discussed below. Status Line Fig. 21 Status Line A status and information line is displayed when an action is begun. Messages include the current scanner condition and routine being performed. For example, when the Autoexposure button is pressed, the message will read Performing an autoexposure... Film Type Fig.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-3 This pop-up menu also specifies color and density processing for negative or positive film types. Since color negative film is not simply the inverse of color positive film (because of the orange mask used in negative film types), accurate color and density balance can only be achieved by using analog processing of gamma and exposure.
5-4 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin Fig. 24 Photo of Gray Step Wedge Orientation Portrait/Landscape Fig. 25 Portrait/Landscape Orientation Switch This button specifies orientation of the resulting scan from a normally mounted original. If the original is placed in the scanner in a normal orientation as viewed from the front, then the landscape button will produce the same orientation on output to the screen.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-5 Sizing and Resolution Fig. 28 Resolution and Size Controls The scanner's total scan area is a 5000 pixel by 5000 pixel scan covering 40 x 40 millimeters. This makes for a direct-reading scan resolution of 3175 pixels per inch, or 125 pixels per millimeter. All lower resolution scans are substituted from this. A standard 35mm frame has a scannable area of approximately 36mm by 24mm; or 4500 pixels by 3000 pixels at highest resolution.
5-6 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin Fig. 30 Resolution and Size Controls These text edit boxes allow you to enter sizes directly in inches, centimeters or pixels for either dimension. The numbers can be entered before or after a crop has been drawn around the subject. One method is to type in the exact numbers for the final size and resolution, and then lock the File Size and draw the crop box which will now be constrained.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin > Note 5-7 Although the ratio of scanned pixels to output halftone dots is traditionally 2:1, ratios as low as 1:1 can be acceptable in certain applications. We recommend 1.5:1 for most medium to high resolution four color offset reproduction. Fig. 31 Resolution and Size Controls The crop will automatically resize itself as you do this, and you will end up with the following display: Fig.
5-8 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin First, you should select the crop with the mouse: Fig. 33 Mouse Selected Crop The resolution specification items may now look like this for the above crop: Fig. 34 Specifications for Mouse Selected Crop Now, check the Proportions checkbox. This will allow you to enter a height or width value without changing the aspect ratio. Type 8 into the width edit field. The resolution specification items will look like this: Fig.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-9 Since you don't want the width to change, unlock the proportions and type 10 into the height field. The crop's length will change, and you will have an 8" x 10" crop area in the main crop selection area. Type 300 into the resolution field, and you have the following: Fig. 36 Changing Resolution The crop in the main preview area will look like this: Fig.
5-10 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin The Smooth Scaling checkbox sets a pixel averaging interpolator to produce smoother pixel transitions in low resolution (Pitch 5 to 50) scans. Fig. 36 Smooth Scaling Checkbox The Highest Quality checkbox will cause the scanner to take the scan in a special slow-speed mode to improve the registration accuracy in low resolution scans (from pitch 5 to pitch 50). In almost all cases, the difference from the normally high-quality fast scans will be negligible. Fig.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-11 The Highest Quality checkbox will significantly slow scans. Make sure that you absolutely need the advantages that it provides for low resolution scans. Finally, different images will have varying scan times dependent upon their density. When the scanner makes an autoexposure, it decides upon some baseline parameters to optimize the image to be scanned. One of these parameters is exposure time for each color. Higher densities require longer scan times.
5-12 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin analog controls is that they minimize data loss for large changes, such as compensating for dense images or heavy color casts. In most cases, the digital controls will afford plenty of control for the kind of minor adjustments that are usually made. The two figures above show how the two types of control sets will appear, dependent upon the state of the Digital/Analog radio button pair. Adjusting these numbers will produce a change in the preview image on screen.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-13 The same rules apply to Exposure. Changing the exposure values here will affect Red, Green and Blue settings by an equal amount. This is a simple way to increase the brightness of a dark original transparency, without affecting the color balance of the resulting image. Again, the useful range of values typically falls between 40 and 120. The Black Level ranges from -15 to +15. This setting determines the clamping level of the CCD for the maximum black in the image.
5-14 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin now become active), or the focus stage position text edit box. The focus stage will move from 0 to 48. Most focus positions are in the area of 24 for slides mounted in plastic. The Settings Buttons Fig. 43 Settings To save the complete scanner plugin configuration so that the same initial or default settings are loaded every time the plugin is opened, use the Set Defaults button.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-15 The Command: text edit box allows you to enter scanner commands from the Technical & Programmer's Reference to test various combinations of scanner operating conditions that are not included in the standard operating software. Fig. 46 Command Line If you are developing your own software, this utility is especially helpful to determine the effect of certain scanner functions that work ‘behind the scenes’ in the plugin.
5-16 Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin > Caution Be sure not to choose IDs already in use by disk drives connected to your CPU! You may cause directory damage if the plugin attempts to write to your disk When you are using the GPIB, you can choose the other icon and bring up the following dialog: Fig. 49 GPIB Address Selection Again, you may choose a specific address, as in the SCSI Search dialog box.
Using The Macintosh Scanner Plugin 5-17 Just above, is a Reset button for the scanner. This issues the same INT command that is displayed in the highlighted command line of Fig. 47. The TSO button sends a short interface test routine which returns several bytes of data. Clear Display removes all characters from the scrolling data window. Calibrating the Lamp Fig. 52 > Note Calibrate Lamp button The lamp should be calibrated when the scanner is first unpacked from the shipping carton.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-1 Using the Windows 3.1 Scanner Plugin Let's begin with a full description of the main and auxiliary dialogs. All the plugin controls follow the standard Windows interface design. If you are unfamiliar with the operation of the Windows interface, please consult your owner's manual. The examples in this reference were used with the LS-3510AF in mind.
6-2 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Interface Fig. 54 The Interface Buttons Communication with the scanner can be through GPIB or SCSI. Selecting and setting up an interface is only a matter of clicking on the appropriate button. In order for the SCSI button to be enabled, there must be a SCSI board installed that has an ASPI (Advanced SCSI Programming Interface) driver available and loaded.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-3 LS-3500 is set to address 15 by default and the LS-3510AF is set to address 10 by default. For either interface, the Test Interface button will try to initiate contact with the scanner. If this is successful, the plugin will display the scanner's type and ROM version. Scanner Tools Fig. 57 The Scanner Tools Button The Scanner Tools can be used to communicate directly with the scanner and to calibrate the lamp.
6-4 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Commands sent to the scanner will be preceded by a ">" symbol and data received from the scanner will be preceded by a "<" symbol. Calibration The lamp should be calibrated when the scanner is first unpacked from the shipping carton. Thereafter, you can calibrate whenever you change the lamp, or if you move the scanner to a new location. The bulb may change position in transit and the distribution of light must be adjusted to.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-5 shown as a gray square with the film area shown in white. The corner coordinates are the actual pixel coordinates of the scanner's pixel array given in (x, y) form. Fig. 60 The Image Orientation Controls The tall/wide scan orientation and the horizontal and vertical "flips" will allow you to view the image in any way you like. Fig. 61 Rotate Option PhotoStyler can only accept data as rows, but both the LS-3500 and the LS-3510AF only scan columns.
6-6 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Although the ratio of scanned pixels to output halftone dots is traditionally 2:1, ratios as low as 1:1 can be acceptable in certain applications. We recommend 1.5:1 for most medium to high resolution four color offset reproduction. The final image size and resolution are specified through a combination of selecting a crop in the preview area and typing scan parameters into the editable text items.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-7 By Image Size: To produce a 8 x 10 inch image suitable for 150 line screen output, set the height and width units to Inches and the resolution units to DPI, type 8 for the width, 10 for the height and 300 for the resolution. The crop will automatically size itself as you do this and the scan pitch will automatically adjust to allow for the scan size requested. Check the File Size checkbox to lock in this file size.
6-8 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Color Adjustment Controls Fig. 63 Digital Controls In Digital mode, the controls are brightness, contrast and red, green and blue tint. These controls are superseded by the tools in PhotoStyler for the LS-3500 and eight bit LS-3510AF scanners. For twelve bit LS-3510AF scanners, however, these controls offer a range of manipulation not available once the data is brought into PhotoStyler.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-9 overall green cast is to increase the Blue and Red exposures by equal amounts. Equal amounts of Blue and Red are equivalent to the same amount of Magenta, which is the complimentary or opposite color to Green and will neutralize it. > Note When increasing the analog exposure for a Positive scan, the resulting image or color will be lighter than before. When increasing the analog exposure for a Negative scan, the resulting image or color will become darker.
6-10 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Film Types Fig. 67 The Film Types Control The first four film types will always be present and are the standard types. These types set how the slide will be scanned. With the LS-3510AF, other color negative film types may be registered and these will appear underneath the standard types. To edit these custom types, press the Add/Remove Film Types button. Fig.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-11 Autoexposure Fig. 70 The Autoexposure Button When this button is pressed, the scanner will scan the film to determine the best exposure time. This should be done for every slide. The information is retained until the scanner is turned off or another autoexposure is done. When the Auto checkbox is checked, the plugin will automatically perform an autoexposure the first time a preview is done or before the final scan.
6-12 Using the Windows Scanner Plugin Fig. 73 The Manual Focus Controls in Manual Focus Mode Press the left mouse button over an area of the preview to zoom in. A scan will be done at maximum resolution. Use the scroll bar or text edit field to change the focus position. Press the left mouse button over the preview to zoom out again. You can zoom in and out as you wish. Press the End Focus button to return to the normal operating mode. Densitometer Readout Fig. 74 The RGB Densitometer Readout Fig.
Using the Windows Scanner Plugin 6-13 Defaults Fig. 78 The Default Buttons The Set Defaults button will save all the current dialog settings in the PSTYLER.INI file to be used as the default for all following PhotoStyler sessions. The Use Defaults button will revert all the dialog settings to those saved in the PSTYLER.INI file. Status Indicator Fig. 79 Status Indicator This dialog appears when a lengthy process is in progress.
Scanning for Reproduction 7-1 Scanning for Reproduction Two areas of great concern in image input and output are density and color balance. What follows is a description of the problems the imaging system may have to deal with and how we manipulate the controls to achieve the best corrections. Gamma There are eight bits available in the scanner output LUT for assigning tonal values or shades. (in the 12-bit version of the LS-3510AF, there are 12 in and 8 out of the 12x8 LUT, or 12 raw bits out).
7-2 Scanning for Reproduction up the highlights, would make the shadows overly green. The two extremes must be corrected separately, so we use the gamma curve controls of our image processing application to neutralize (or add magenta to) the greenish shadows and remove or subtract the magenta in the highlights. If the highlights are already too bright, we can add green to them (making them darker and neutralizing the magenta at the same time).
Scanning for Reproduction 7-3 For all E-6 or similar process slide films such as Agfachrome, Ektachrome, Fujichrome, etc., (the “chrome” stands for color coupler names such as mydochrome and tolochrome) the couplers are incorporated in the manufactured film. The K-14 Kodachrome process is rather special in that it starts out as a monochrome film with no color couplers and they are added when the film is processed.
7-4 Scanning for Reproduction developed with a tanning agent so the gelatin becomes hard and attracts water. The unexposed areas wash off and the remaining metal surface does not attract water. The plate is wrapped around a printing cylinder and it dips into a water bath. The dark areas of the plate (metal) do not attract water, but the light, gelatin coated areas become water-saturated.
Scanning for Reproduction 7-5 transferred to the paper or film. This method yields the highest possible resolution and image quality, however the runs are limited to roughly 5,000 copies, as compared to 500,000 for offset plates and 2-3 million for gravure plates. There are many other forms of printing from Flexography (using rubber plates) for packaging, to wood and stone cut artists plates.
7-6 Scanning for Reproduction overly neutral halftone of medium-percentage black dots., a rainbow effect will appear where the colored dot midtones break above the gray replacement point. Also, in dark areas, where a large percentage of common color YMC inks have been replaced with black, the depth of the ink (the richness) goes flat because there is low ink surface volume on the page.
Scanning for Reproduction 7-7 If the terminology is beginning to sound confusing, this is because it is confusing and it is now time to turn to the Glossary for some relief.
Glossary 8-1 Glossary of Computer Imaging Terms A/D Conversion analog to digital signal conversion. absolute address the x and y pixel coordinates in a pixel map using global coordinates in a locally cropped area of a larger image . analog gamma function a non-linear function used in analog signal processing. aspect ratio the ratio of width to height in an image.
8-2 Glossary Baud rate see bps. binary a number system which uses a base of two. Used for the majority of computing systems, since electrical logic circuits are easily constructed with a small positive (+) voltage to signify On, or True, and a lower voltage used to represent Off or False. binary output the Nikon scanner can generate what are known as binary, or bi-level, bit-mapped or high-contrast black and white images with simply two tones, black or white, and a pixel being either on or off.
Glossary 8-3 calibrate to measure the results of the imaging process on a known color/gray scale target and real life subjects. This quantitative measurement is called sensitometry, where we measure the values of the input and output. We can then define a function for the changes that are introduced by the imaging system. This transfer function can then be used to “calibrate” the imaging system. CCD charge-coupled device.
8-4 Glossary 1) Luminance (brightness, lightness, darkness, or value): the pixel's shade from dark to light. 2) Hue : the color’s name and relative position in the visible spectrum. 3) Saturation (purity, degree of gray contamination): the color’s strength or intensity resulting from the quantity of neutral that is mixed with the color. Some common color spaces are: RGB, YMC, YMCK, HSV, HSL, HSI, YUV, YIR, YIQ, YCC, CIE L*a*b, CIE L*U*V* etc.
Glossary 8-5 dither to make use of different tonal values or shades together in a pattern to smooth the transition between two different tonal areas. To create the appearance of more gradations by blending small components of different densities alternately together. dither pattern a two-dimensional matrix used in the dithering process. This commonly measures from 2x2 up to 8x8 cells, with different values in each cell.
8-6 Glossary four-color process the use of four subtractive pigment-based primaries, Yellow, Magenta Cyan, and blacK, to reproduce the full spectrum in print. Can also be achieved with three color process, Yellow, Magenta, and Cyan, which are theoretically the compliment (opposite) to the three additive primaries, Blue, Green, and Red. exposure shift a change in a lighter or darker direction. GCR gray component replacement is the use of black ink to substitute for common quantities of colored inks.
Glossary 8-7 by different descriptors depending on the color model being used. handshaking the process of acknowledging transmission and reception of data through hardware or software. interleaved refers to a color pixel storage structure where the RGB elements of the pixel are all present in consecutive order at one memory location for that pixel. Non-interleaved or planar means that the red, green and blue pixels are stored in different planes or files.
8-8 Glossary low-key describes an image where most if not all of the subject matter has a density range from midtones to shadows. A predominantly dark picture. LUT look-up-table — used to transpose one value into another via some predetermined scheme. LSB least significant bit — the right-most bit in a binary code. palette mapping assigning colors to particular areas of an image based on shade or some other description.
Glossary 8-9 parallel interface an interface where bits are transmitted side by side on multiple conductors. Transmission speed is much greater than that of serial interfaces but transmission line lengths are extremely limited without considerable amplification. Compare to parallel interface. photoelectric conversion the process of converting photons (particles of light energy) into an electrical signal representation. photometry the process of reading densities through photoelectric conversion.
8-10 Glossary are taped in register in a sandwich so they can be viewed together or separately. More common are Matchprints®, Chromalins®, etc., where the four layers are reproduced in register on one sheet which is then laminated. The above proofs are all photographic in nature and produce a hard dot structure unlike ink, which bleeds. The final proof type is a press proof, which requires expensive setup and prep time. It does, however, simulate the press run very accurately.
Glossary refractive index 8-11 the factor by which a material, such as glass or water, causes light wave/particles to change velocity. This change in velocity is a change in direction rather than speed since the speed of light is constant. The result is that light waves change direction when they pass through a boundary from one material, such as air, to another, such as glass or water.
8-12 Glossary bleached away, leaving a positive silver layer for black and white, or three silver layers with color couplers for a color image. For color, the silver is bleached away, leaving the color couplers which are then developed out to become color dyes. RGB gain the Red, Green and Blue exposure settings on a Nikon scanner. RGB sequential separation the process of separating the red, green and blue layers into three fields. RS-232C a serial interface used on most computers.
Glossary 8-13 stage the moving platform used to mount the slide mount holder for the Nikon scanner. subsampling the process of reducing the number of discrete pixels in an image by throwing certain ones away or averaging several together to form a single one. tone wedge jump posterization caused by having too few bits to represent the number of tones needed in an image. vector conversion the conversion of information from scalar to vector.
Notes Software Reference for Scanners