Part No.
Copyright © 2002 Nortel Networks All rights reserved. January 2002. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. The statements, configurations, technical data, and recommendations in this document are believed to be accurate and reliable, but are presented without express or implied warranty. Users must take full responsibility for their applications of any products specified in this document. The information in this document is proprietary to Nortel Networks Inc.
Japan/Nippon requirements only Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) statement Taiwan requirements Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) Statement Canada requirements only Canadian Department of Communications Radio Interference Regulations This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio-noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.
Warning: Fiber optic equipment can emit laser or infrared light that can injure your eyes. Never look into an optical fiber or connector port. Always assume that fiber optic cables are connected to a light source. Warning: Vorsicht: Glasfaserkomponenten können Laserlicht bzw. Infrarotlicht abstrahlen, wodurch Ihre Augen geschädigt werden können. Schauen Sie niemals in einen Glasfaser-LWL oder ein Anschlußteil. Gehen Sie stets davon aus, daß das Glasfaserkabel an eine Lichtquelle angeschlossen ist.
to any third party the Software, or any information about the operation, design, performance, or implementation of the Software and user manuals that is confidential to Nortel Networks and its licensors; however, Licensee may grant permission to its consultants, subcontractors, and agents to use the Software at Licensee’s facility, provided they have agreed to use the Software only in accordance with the terms of this license. 3. Limited warranty.
Licensee fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions of the license. Upon termination for any reason, Licensee will immediately destroy or return to Nortel Networks the Software, user manuals, and all copies. Nortel Networks is not liable to Licensee for damages in any form solely by reason of the termination of this license. 8. Export and re-export.
Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Before you begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Hard-copy technical manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 How to get help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Preparing for installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Exceeding class 1 power level warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Environmental and physical requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Electrostatic discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figures Figure 1 Wavelength division multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 2 CWDM GBIC transceiver and label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 3 CWDM OADM network and equipment side connections . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 4 CWDM OADM Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 5 CWDM OADM ring configuration example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figures 212257-B
Tables Table 1 Parts of the optical routing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Table 2 Assumptions used in calculating maximum transmission distance . . . . . 28 Table 3 Point-to-point signal loss values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 4 Point-to-point maximum transmission distance calculations . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 5 Mesh ring signal loss values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables 212257-B
Preface Nortel Networks* optical routing system supports high-speed data communications in metropolitan area networks (MANs) by: • • Connecting Gigabit Ethernet ports with fiber optic networks. Combining multiple wavelengths on a single fiber to expand available bandwidth. The system components include: Component Function CWDM Gigabit interface converters (GBICs) Convert signals in a switch to laser light for connection to a fiber optic network.
Preface Before you begin This guide is intended for network administrators who have the following background: • • • Basic knowledge of networks, and network hardware Familiarity with networking concepts and terminology Familiarity with Ethernet network administration and Fiber Channel networking Hard-copy technical manuals You can print selected technical manuals and release notes free, directly from the Internet. Go to the www.nortelnetworks.com/documentation URL.
Preface 15 How to get help If you purchased a service contract for your Nortel Networks product from a distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff for that distributor or reseller for assistance.
Preface 212257-B
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system Nortel Networks* optical routing system uses coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) in a grid of eight optical wavelengths. CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs) in the switch transmit optical signals from Gigabit Ethernet ports to multiplexers in a passive optical shelf. Multiplexers combine multiple wavelengths traveling on different fibers onto a single fiber (Figure 1).
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system Parts of the optical routing system The optical routing system includes the following parts: • • • • Gigabit interface converters (CWDM GBICs) Optical add/drop multiplexers (CWDM OADMs) Optical multiplexer/demultiplexers (CWDM OMUXs) Optical shelf to house the multiplexers Table 1 shows the parts of the optical routing system, and the color matching used to distinguish the eight wavelengths.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 19 Figure 2 CWDM GBIC transceiver and label Wavelength color code Model number Serial number 10292FA Bar code Interface type Fiber mode Wavelength 10396EA For more information about CWDM GBICs, including specifications, see Installing CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters, part number 212256-B.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system Figure 3 CWDM OADM network and equipment side connections RX TX TX RX RX TX To CWDM GBIC To Network To Network Single-wavelength OADM RX TX To CWDM GBIC Equipment side The CWDM OADM (Figure 4) is installed in a 19-inch, rack-mounted 1RU optical shelf (Figure 15). Figure 4 CWDM OADM Front Panel For information about installing a CWDM OADM, see “Inserting a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX” on page 38.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 21 Figure 5 shows an example of two separate fiber paths in a ring configuration traveling in opposite or east/west directions into the network.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system Figure 6 Four-channel CWDM OMUX front panel Connectors with color-coded labels (Table 1) simplify connection to color-coded CWDM GBICs in the switch. CWDM OMUX-4 Figure 7 shows the CWDM OMUX-4 version, with four CWDM GBIC equipment side connections.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 23 To Network Figure 8 CWDM OMUX-8 network and equipment side connections RX CWDM OMUX-8 TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX TX To Equipment side CWDM GBICs For information about installing a CWDM OMUX, see “Inserting a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX” on page 38. For specifications, see “CWDM OMUX specifications” on page 47.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system Figure 9 CWDM OMUX point-to-point configuration example CARRIER HOTEL SITE A PP 8600 OMUX PP 8600 OMUX CARRIER HOTEL SITE B PP 8600 OMUX PP 8600 OMUX 10325EA For information about calculating network transmission distance, see Chapter 2, “Calculating transmission distance,” on page 27. CWDM OMUX in a ring application CWDM OMUXs are also used as the hub site in CWDM OMUX-based ring applications (Figure 10).
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 25 Figure 10 CWDM OMUX ring configuration example PP 8600 PP 8600 CARRIER HOTEL SITE PP 8600 PP 8600 OFFICE BUILDING A OFFICE BUILDING B OADM OADM OMUX OMUX PP 8600 OADM OFFICE BUILDING C 10326EA For information about calculating network transmission distance, see Chapter 2, “Calculating transmission distance,” on page 27.
Chapter 1 Describing the optical routing system 212257-B
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance This chapter will help you determine the maximum transmission distance for your CWDM network configuration.
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance How to calculate expected loss budget To calculate the expected loss budget for a proposed network configuration: 1 Identify all points where signal strength will be lost. 2 Calculate the expected loss for each point. 3 Add the expected losses together.
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance 29 Procedure To calculate the maximum transmission distance for a proposed network configuration: 1 Identify all points where signal strength will be lost. 2 Calculate the expected loss for each point. 3 Find total passive loss by adding the expected losses together. 4 Find remaining signal strength by subtracting passive loss, and system margin from total system budget.
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance Table 3 shows typical loss values that can be used to calculate the transmission distance for the point-to-point network in Figure 11. Table 3 Point-to-point signal loss values Signal loss element value (dB) Loss budget 30 dB CWDM OMUX-8 mux loss 3.5 dB CWDM OMUX-8 demux loss 4.5 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation .
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance 31 As it passes from point A to point B (the most remote points in the mesh ring network example in Figure 12), the signal is expected to lose strength in the fiber optic cable, and in each connection between the individual CWDM OADMs and CWDM GBICs.
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance Table 5 shows typical loss values that can be used to calculate the transmission distance for the mesh ring network example in Figure 12. Table 5 Mesh ring signal loss values Signal loss element value Loss budget 30 dB CWDM OADM insertion add loss 1.9 dB CWDM OADM insertion passthrough loss 2.0 dB CWDM OADM insertion drop loss 2.3 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation .
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance 33 Hub and spoke transmission distance Hub and Spoke topologies are the most complex. The characteristics of all components designed into the network must be considered in calculating transmission distance. The following factors determine maximum transmission distance for the hub and spoke configuration in Figure 13: • • • • CWDM OADM insertion add loss CWDM OADM insertion drop loss Passthrough insertion loss for intermediate nodes Fiber attenuation of 0.
Chapter 2 Calculating transmission distance Table 7 shows typical loss values that can be used to calculate the transmission distance for the hub and spoke network in Figure 13. Table 7 Hub and spoke signal loss values Signal loss element value Loss budget 30 dB CWDM OADM insertion add loss 1.9 dB CWDM OADM passthrough loss 2.0 dB CWDM OMUX8 demux loss 4.5 dB System margin 3 dB Fiber attenuation .
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX The shelf and multiplexers are passive equipment and require no power or electronic This chapter describes how to install optical routing components, and includes the following topics.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX Figure 14 Class 1M laser warning LASER RADIATION DO NOT VIEW DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS (MAGNIFIERS) CLASS 1M LASER PRODUCT TOTAL RADIANT POWER LEVEL 30 MILLIWATTS WAVELENGTH RANGE 1450 TO 1650 NM Warning: Never look directly at the output of a fiber which contains muxed CWDM GBICs, especially with a magnifier. Fiber optic equipment can emit laser light that can injure your eyes.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX • 37 Clear the area of synthetic materials such as polyester, plastic, vinyl, or styrofoam because these materials carry static electricity that damages the equipment. Installing the shelf To install the optical shelf (Figure 15) in a standard 19-inch equipment rack: 1 Support the chassis so that all of the mounting holes in the optical shelf are aligned with the corresponding holes in the rack. 2 Attach two rack mounting bolts to each side of the rack.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX Figure 15 Shelf with plug-in module in 19-inch rack l Fai ss Pa Optical shelf 10334FA Inserting a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX CWDM OADMs and CWDM OMUXs are passive devices that require no power for their operation. You can insert them in the optical shelf (Figure 15) and then connect them into your network.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX 39 To insert a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX in the optical shelf: 1 Align the plug-in module with the optical shelf. 2 Gently push the plug-in module into the shelf cavity. 3 Tighten the captive screws. The module is installed. To cable equipment and network connections, see “Cabling a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX” on page 39.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX 2 Insert the wavelength-specific CWDM GBICs into their respective network device(s). To install a CWDM GBIC, see Installing CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters, part number 212256-B. 3 Clean all fiber optic connectors on the cabling (see “Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment” on page 49). 4 Connect the fiber optic cables from the CWDM GBIC transmit (TX) and receive (RX) connectors to the OADM Equipment RX and TX equipment connectors (Figure 16).
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX 41 Cabling a four-channel CWDM OMUX This section describes how to cable the following: • • CWDM GBIC to a CWDM OMUX-4 (Figure 17) CWDM OMUX-4 to west and east network backbone interfaces (Figure 17) To connect fiber optic cables to a CWDM OMUX-4: 1 Insert the wavelength-specific CWDM GBICs into their respective network device(s). To install a CWDM GBIC, see Installing CWDM Gigabit Interface Converters, part number 212256-B.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX Note: The CWDM GBIC wavelength must match the CWDM OMUX-4 equipment connector wavelength. The TX of one device must always connect to the RX of the next device. 4 Make the following network backbone connections (Figure 17): • • Connect the network backbone east fiber optic cables to the east (left) CWDM OMUX-4. Connect the network backbone west fiber optic cables to the west (right) CWDM OMUX-4.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX 4 43 Make the following network backbone connections (Figure 18): • • Connect the network backbone east fiber optic cables to the east (left) CWDM OMUX-8. Connect the network backbone west fiber optic cables to the west (right) CWDM OMUX-8.
Chapter 3 Installing the shelf, OADM, and OMUX Removing a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX CWDM OADMs and CWDM OMUXs are passive devices that require no power for their operation. You can remove them from the optical shelf (Figure 15) after disconnecting them from your network. To remove a CWDM OADM or a CWDM OMUX plug-in module from the optical shelf: 212257-B 1 Disconnect the network cabling from the multiplexer. 2 Loosen the captive screws on both sides of the module.
Appendix A CWDM OADM specifications Table 9 CWDM OADM specifications Item Specification Physical Dimensions Plug-in Module Size Rack Mount 8.35” x 1.7" x 10.4" 1RU Connectors Network Side Equipment Side 2 dual SC/PC 2 dual SC/PC Cabling SMF, 9 µm Environment Operating Storage Wavelength Usage Uni-directional Typical insertion loss* TX Equipment to RX Network (add) RX Equipment to TX Network (drop) Passthrough (Network to Network) 1.2 dB 1.6 dB 1.
Appendix A CWDM OADM specifications 212257-B
Appendix B CWDM OMUX specifications Table 10 CWDM OMUX specifications Item Specification Physical Dimensions Plug-in Module Size Rack Mount 8.35” x 1.75" x 8.7" 1RU Connectors Network Side Equipment Side OMUX-4 1 dual SC/PC 4 dual SC/PC Cabling SMF, 9 µm Environment Operating Storage 0 to 600C 40 to 850C Typical insertion loss* TX Equipment to RX Network (Mux) RX Equipment to TX Network (Demux) OMUX-4 1.4 dB 2.4 dB OMUX-8 2.5 dB 3.
Appendix B CWDM OMUX specifications 212257-B
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment Precautions Danger: Do not look into the end of fiber optic cable. The light source used in fiber optic cables can damage your eyes. Warning: To prevent damage to the glass fiber, make sure you know how to handle fiber optic cable correctly. Warning: Do not crush fiber optic cable. If fiber optic cable is in the same tray or duct with large, heavy electrical cables, it can be damaged by the weight of the electrical cable.
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment Frequent overstressing of fiber optic cable causes progressive degeneration that leads to failure. If you suspect damage to a fiber optic cable, either due to mishandling or an abnormally high error rate observed in one direction, reverse the cable pairs. If the high error rate appears in the other direction, replace the cable. Tools and Materials You need the following tools and materials to clean fiber optic connectors.
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 51 Danger: To avoid eye irritation on contact, wear safety glasses when working with isopropyl alcohol. Caution: To prevent further contamination, clean fiber optic equipment only when there is evidence of contamination. Caution: To prevent contamination, make sure the optical ports of all active devices are covered with a dust cap or optical connector.
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 4 Dry the connector surfaces by applying canned air or letting them air dry. Caution: To prevent contamination, do not touch the connector surfaces after cleaning; and cover them with dust caps if you are not going to use them right away. Cleaning Duplex SC Connectors To clean duplex connectors: 1 To remove or retract the shroud, do one of the following.
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 53 Cleaning Receptacle or Duplex Devices Note: To avoid contamination, optical ports should only be cleaned when there is evidence of contamination or reduced performance, or during their initial installation. To clean receptacle or duplex devices: Warning: To prevent oil contamination, do not use commercial compressed air. Warning: Do not allow the tube to touch the bottom of the optical port.
Appendix C Handling and cleaning fiber optic equipment 212257-B
Glossary attenuation The decrease in signal strength in an optical fiber caused by absorption and scattering. Attenuation can be calculated to express • • signal loss between two points total signal loss of a telecommunications system or segment attenuator A device inserted into the electrical or optical path to lessen or weaken the signal. bandwidth The range of frequencies within which a fiber-optic medium or terminal device can transmit data or information.
Glossary CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory A compact disc with pre-recorded data, normally used in large database-type applications such as directory, reference, or data retrieval. channel A communications path or the signal sent over that path. By multiplexing several channels, voice channels can be transmitted over one optical channel. CO central office A major equipment center designed to serve the communication traffic of a specific geographical area.
Glossary 57 demultiplexing The separating of different wavelengths in a wavelength-division multiplexing system. The opposite of multiplexing. dispersion The broadening of input pulses as they travel the length of an optical fiber.
Glossary fiber See optical fiber. fiber loss Also optical fiber loss. The attenuation of the light signal in optical-fiber transmission. fiber-optic link A combination of transmitter, receiver, and fiber-optic cable capable of transmitting data. FO fiber optics The branch of optical technology dedicated to transmitting light through fibers made of transparent materials such as glass and plastic. GBIC Gigabit interface converter Allows Gigabit Ethernet ports to link with fiber optic networks.
Glossary 59 hub A group of circuits connected at one point on a network. insertion loss In an optical fiber system, the total optical power loss caused by insertion of an optical component, such as a connector, splice, or coupler. Usually given in dB. kbps thousands of bits per second A measure of the bandwidth on a data transmission medium. One kbps equals 1000 bps. lambda See wavelength.
Glossary loss budget The amount of optical power launched into a system that will be lost through various mechanisms, such as insertion losses and fiber attenuation. Usually given in dB. MAN metropolitan area network A MAN consists of LANs interconnected within a radius of approximately 80 km (50 miles). MANs typically use fiber-optic cable to connect LANs. margin The amount of loss, beyond the link budget amount, that can be tolerated in a link.
Glossary 61 NDSF non-dispersion-shifted fiber A type of optical fiber optimized for the 1310 nm transmission window. nanometer See nm. nm nanometer One billionth of a meter (10-9 meter). A unit of measure commonly used to express the wavelengths of light. node A point in an optical network where optical signals can be processed and switched among various links.
Glossary each signal level thereafter operates at a speed divisible by that number. For example, OC-3 operates at 155.52 Mbit/s. OC-1 optical carrier - level 1 An optical SONET signal at 51.84 Mbit/s. OC-3 optical carrier - level 3 An optical SONET signal at 155.52 Mbit/s. OC-12 optical carrier - level 12 An optical SONET signal at 622.08 Mbit/s.
Glossary 63 optical waveguide See optical fiber. passive device A device that does not require a source of energy to function. passthrough A signal bypass mechanism that allows the signal to pass through a device with little or no signal processing. point-to-point transmission Carrying a signal between two endpoints without branching to other points.
Glossary single-mode fiber See SMF. SMF A mode is one of the various light waves that can be transmitted in an optical fiber. Each optical signal generates many different modes, but in single-mode fiber the aim is to only have one of them transmitted. This is achieved through having a core of a very small diameter (usually around 10 micrometers), with a cladding that is usually ten times the core diameter. These fibers have a potential bandwidth of 50 to 100 GHz per kilometer.
Glossary 65 WDM wavelength division multiplexing Transmitting many different colors (wavelengths) of laser light down the same optical fiber at the same time in order to increase the amount of information that can be transferred.
Glossary 212257-B
Index A add/drop mux connecting cables 39 description 19 insert in shelf 38 remove from shelf 44 ring application 20 specifications 45 application point-to-point, mux/demux 23 ring, add/drop mux 20 ring, mux/demux 24 attenuation 27 connections, block diagram add/drop mux 20 eight-channel mux/demux 23 four-channel mux/demux 22 connectors, specification add/drop mux 45 mux/demux 47 customer support 15 CWDM OADM cabling 39 description 19 insert, remove from shelf 38 physical dimensions 45 specifications 4
Index equipment side connections add/drop mux 39 eight-channel mux/demux 42 four-channel mux/demux 41 M F multiplexer add/drop, description 19 mux/demux, description 21 FC connectors, cleaning 51 fiber optic cable attenuation and transmission 27 cleaning connectors for 50 precautions with 49 mesh ring application calculating transmission distance for 30 network configuration example 31 front panel add/drop mux 20 four-channel mux/demux 22 mux/demux connecting cables, eight-channel 42 connecting
Index optical routing system description 17 shelf, installing 37 P transmission distance about 27 hub and spoke example 33 mesh ring example 30 point-to-point example 29 passband, specification add/drop mux 45 W physical dimensions, specification add/drop mux 45 mux/demux 47 wavelength specification add/drop mux 45 mux/demux 47 usage specification add/drop mux 45 point-to-point application calculating transmission distance for 29 mux/demux 23 network configuration example 29 69 product support 15 p
Index 212257-B
