Thecus N5500 User’s Manual
Copyright and Trademark Notice Thecus and other names of Thecus products are registered trademarks of Thecus Technology Corp. Microsoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple, iTunes and Apple OS X are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. All other trademarks and brand names are the property of their respective owners. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Copyright © 2009 Thecus Technology Corporation. All rights reserved.
Safety Warnings For your safety, please read and follow the following safety warnings: Read this manual thoroughly before attempting to set up your N5500. Your N5500 is a complicated electronic device. DO NOT attempt to repair it under any circumstances. In the case of malfunction, turn off the power immediately and have it repaired at a qualified service center. Contact your vendor for details.
Table of Contents Copyright and Trademark Notice ................................................... 2 About This Manual ......................................................................... 2 Limited Warranty........................................................................... 2 Safety Warnings ............................................................................ 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction .......
System Information.............................................................................26 Product Information ..................................................................... 26 System/Service Status ................................................................. 27 Logs .......................................................................................... 28 System Management ...........................................................................29 Time: Setting system time .........
Snapshot .................................................................................... 68 Snap (Snapshot configuration).................................................................. 68 Folder and sub-folders Access Control List (ACL) ......................................... 69 Stackable NAS............................................................................. 71 ISO Mount .................................................................................. 77 User and Group Authentication..
Part II - Enable DDNS on the Router............................................. 115 Part III - Setting up Virtual Servers (HTTPS).................................. 115 Firewall Software Configuration ........................................................ 115 Replacing Damaged Hard Drives........................................................ 116 Hard Drive Damage.................................................................... 116 Replacing a Hard Drive ...............................................
Stripe Size ......................................................................................... 140 Disk Usage......................................................................................... 141 Appendix D: Active Directory Basics .......................................... 142 Overview ........................................................................................... 142 What is Active Directory? .................................................................. 142 ADS Benefits....
Chapter 1: Introduction Overview Thank you for choosing the Thecus N5500 IP Storage Server. The Thecus N5500 is an easy-to-use storage server that allows a dedicated approach to storing and distributing data on a network. Data reliability is ensured with RAID features that provide data security and recovery—over six Terabyte of storage is available using RAID 5 and RAID 6.
Media Server With the built-in Media Server capability, the N5500 provides media streaming service to stand-alone networked home media adapters that support the UPnP AV protocol or are Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) standard compliant. To set up the Media Server, refer to Chapter 4: System Network >Media Server. Backup Server Don’t leave precious data to chance.
Package Contents Your N5500 package should contain the following items: z z z z z z z z z N5500 Unit x1 Power Cord x1 USB Cable x1 QIG (Quick Installation Guide) x1 CD-Title x2 (DriveClone5 Pro CD & Universal CD) Ethernet Cable x1 Screw Kit & Key-Luck x1 HDD Compatibility list Card x1 Multiple Languages Warranty Card x1 Please check to see if your package is complete. If you find that some items are missing, contact your dealer.
Front Panel The Thecus N5500’s front panel has the device’s controls, indicators, and hard disk trays: 1 14 2 3 4 5 7 8 13 6 9 10 11 12 Front Panel Item 1.System LED 2.WAN LED 3.LAN LED 4.USB Copy LED 5.Syetem Warning LED 6.Reset Button 7.
8.Power Button/ Power LED 9.Up Button ▲ 10.Down Button ▼ 11.Enter Button ↵ 12.Escape Button ESC 13.LCD Display 14.HDD Trays Note: For supported USB wireless dongles, please contact http://esupport.thecus.com/support • Power on/off N5500 and Power LED. • Solid blue: System is power on.
Rear Panel The N5500 rear panel features ports and connectors. 4 5 6 8 3 2 7 1 Back Panel Item Description 1.WAN Port • WAN port for connecting to an Ethernet network through a switch or router 2.LAN Port • LAN port for connecting to an Ethernet network through a switch or router 3.Serial Port • This port is for external UPS device 4.eSATA Port • eSATA port for high-speed storage expansion 5.USB Port • USB 2.0 port for compatible USB devices, such as USB disks, and USB printers 6.
Chapter 2: Hardware Installation Overview Your N5500 is designed for easy installation. To help you get started, the following chapter will help you quickly get your N5500 up and running. Please read it carefully to prevent damaging your unit during installation. Before You Begin Before you begin, be sure to take the following precautions: 1. Read and understand the Safety Warnings outlined in the beginning of the manual. 2.
3. Press the power button on the Front Panel to boot up the N5500. Checking System Status After making connections on the N5500 and powering up, check whether the system status is normal or has trouble by observing indicators on the front panel and hard disk trays. System Status Normal The system status is normal if: The WAN and LAN LEDs glow green (assuming both are connected). The Power LED on the Front Panel glows blue. The HDD Power LED on each HDD tray glows blue (assuming all disks are installed).
1 3 2 4 System Trouble The system has trouble if: 1. System LED always glows orange. If the system has trouble, please refer to Chapter 7: Troubleshooting. 1 WARNING There are no user serviceable parts inside the N5500. Please contact your distributor for service.
Chapter 3: First Time Setup Overview Once the hardware is installed, physically connected to your network, and powered on, you can configure the N5500 so that it is accessible to your network users. There are two ways to set up your N5500: using the Thecus Setup Wizard or the LCD display. Follow the steps below for initial software setup. Thecus Setup Wizard The handy Thecus Setup Wizard makes configuring N5500 a snap. To configure the N5500 using the Setup Wizard, perform the following steps: 1.
6. Name your N5500 and configure the network IP address. If your switch or router is configured as a DHCP Server, configuring the N5500 to automatically obtain an IP address is recommended. You may also use a static IP address and enter the DNS Server address manually. 7. Change the default administrator password. 8. Finished! Access the N5500 Web Administrator Interface by pressing the Start Browser button. You can also configure another N5500 at this point by clicking the Setup Other Device button.
NOTE The Thecus Setup Wizard is designed for installation on systems running Windows XP/2000 or Mac OSX or later. Users with other operating systems will need to install the Thecus Setup Wizard on a host machine with one of these operating systems before using the unit. LCD Operation The N5500 is equipped with an LCD on the front for easy status display and setup. There are four buttons on the front panel to control the LCD functions.
Disk Info RAID Current status of disk slot has been installed Current RAID status. The N5500 will rotate these messages every one-two seconds on the LCD display. USB Copy The USB Copy function enables you to copy files stored on USB devices such as USB disks and digital cameras to the N5500 by press button. To use USB copy, follow the steps below: 1. Plug your USB device into an available USB port on the Front end. 2. In Display Mode, press the Down Button (▼). 3. The LCD will display “USB Copy?” 4.
Step 1: Network Setup From the Web Administration Interface, you can configure the network settings of the N5500 for your network. You can access the Network menu from the menu bar. For details on how to configure your network settings, refer to Chapter 4: System Network . Step 2: RAID Creation Next, administrators can configure their preferred RAID setting and build their RAID volume.
Printer Server Photo Server 23
Chapter 4: System Administration Overview The N5500 provides an easily accessible Web Administration Interface. With it, you can configure and monitor the N5500 anywhere on the network. Web Administration Interface Make sure your network is connected to the Internet. To access the N5500 Web Administration Interface: 1. Type the N5500’s IP address into your browser. (Default IP address is http://192.168.1.100) NOTE Your computer’s network IP address must be on the same subnet as the N5500.
Menu Bar Item System Information System Management System Network Storage User and Group Authentication Application Server Module Management Backup Description Current system status of the N5500. Various N5500 system settings and information. Information and settings for network connections, as well as various services of the N5500. Information and settings for storage devices installed into the N5500. Allows configuration of users and groups. Printer Server and iTunes Server to set up of the N5500.
Temperature. Network. Green: Systematic temperature is normal. Red: Systematic temperature is unusual. Click to go to System Status page as short cut. Green: Connection to network is normal. Red: abnormal connection to the network Logout Click to logout Web Administration Interface.
Product Information Item Description Manufacturer Displays the name of the system manufacturer. Product No. Shows the model number of the system. Firmware version Shows the current firmware version. Up time Displays the total run time of the system. System/Service Status From the Status menu, choose the System item, System Status and Service Status screens appear. These screens provide basic system and service status information.
NFS Status SMB/CIFS Status FTP Status Media Server Nsync Status UPnP Status SNMP The The The The The The The status status status status status status status of of of of of of of the the the the the the the Network File Service Server. SMB/CIFS server. FTP server. Media Server Nsync server. UPnP service. SNMP service. Logs From the System Information menu, choose the Logs item and the System Logs screen appears.
Truncate All Log File The number of lines per page □ Sort Ascending Sort Descending |<< < > >>| Clear all log files. Specify desired number of lines to display per page. Shows logs by date in ascending order. Shows logs by date in descending order. Use the forward ( > >>| ) and backward ( |<< browse the log pages. Re-loading logs. <) buttons to System Management The System Management menu gives you a wealth of settings that you can use to configure your N5500’s system administration functions.
Notification configuration From the menu, choose the Notification item, and the Notification Configuration screen appears. This screen lets you have the N5500 notify you in case of any system malfunction. Press Apply to confirm all settings. See following table for a detailed description of each item. Notification Configuration Item Description Beep Notification Enable or disable the system beeper that beeps when a problem occurs. Email Notification Enable or disable email notifications of system problems.
Firmware Upgrade From the menu, choose the Firmware Upgrade item and the Firmware Upgrade screen appears. Follow the steps below to upgrade your firmware: 1. Use the Browse button to find the firmware file. 2. Press Apply. 3. The beeper beeps and the Busy LED blinks until the upgrade is complete. NOTE • The beeper only beeps if it is enabled in the System Notification menu. • Check Thecus website for the latest firmware release and release notes. • Downgrading firmware is not permitted.
See the following table for a detailed description of each item. UPS Setting Item UPS Monitoring Manufacturer Model Battery Status Power Seconds between power failure and first notification Seconds between subsequent power failure notifications Shutdown the system when the battery charge is less than Apply Description Enable or disable UPS monitoring. Choose the UPS manufacturer from the dropdowns. Choose the UPS model number from the dropdowns.
Example - Monday: On: 8:00; Off: 16:00 System will turn on at 8:00 AM on Monday, and off at 16:00 on Monday. System will turn on for the rest of the week. If you choose an on time, but do not assign an off time, the system will turn on and remain on until a scheduled off time is reached, or if the unit is shutdown manually. Example - Monday: On: 8:00 System will turn on at 8:00 AM on Monday, and will not shut down unless powered down manually.
From the menu, choose the WOL item, and the Wake-up On LAN screen appears. From here, you can Enable or Disable. Wake-up On LAN Configuration Item Description WOL Service Enable or Disable WOL service Apply Click Apply to save changes. SNMP Support From the menu, choose the SNMP item and the SNMP Support screen appears. You could enable the SNMP function and filled in the related information in each fields. With the SNMP management software could get system basic information.
See the following table for a detailed description of each item. Change Administrator and LCD Entry Password Item Description New Password Type in a new administrator password. Confirm Password Type the new password again to confirm. Apply Press this to save your changes. ˙ Config Mgmt From the menu, choose the Config Mgmt item and the System Configuration Download/Upload screen appears. From here, you can download or upload stored system configurations.
˙ Factory default From the menu, choose the Factory Default item and the Reset to Factory Default screen appears. Press Apply to reset the N5500 to factory default settings. WARNING Resetting to factory defaults will not erase the data stored in the hard disks, but WILL revert all the settings to the factory default values. ˙ Reboot & Shutdown From the menu, choose Reboot & Shutdown item, and the Shutdown/Reboot System screen appears. Press Reboot to restart the system or Shutdown to turn the system off.
To perform a file system check, click Apply. Once clicked, the following prompt will appear: Click Yes to reboot the system. Once the system has rebooted, you will be returned to the File System Check prompt. There you will see the available RAID volumes to run the file system check on except ZFS volume, ZFS has no need to perform file system check. Check the desired RAID volumes and click Next to proceed with the file system check. Click Reboot to reboot without running the check.
Click Start to begin the file system check. Click Reboot to reboot the system. When the file system check is run, the system will show 20 lines of information until it is complete. Once complete, the results will be shown at the bottom. NOTE The system must be rebooted before the N5500 can function normally after file system check complete.
System Network Use the System Network menu to make network configuration settings as well as service support settings. WAN Configuration From the System Network menu, choose WAN, and the WAN Configuration screen appears. This screen displays the network parameters of the WAN connection. You may change any of these items and press Apply to confirm your settings.
NOTE • Only use Jumbo Frame settings when operating in a Gigabit environment where all other clients have Jumbo Frame Setting enabled. • Enabling DHCP automatically turns on UPnP— see the Service Support Screen. • If you are only using the WAN port, we suggest that you disable IP Sharing Mode. This will result in higher throughput. • A correct DNS setting is vital to networks services, such as SMTP and NTP. • To use the Link Aggregation with “802.
DHCP Server Configuration A DHCP server can be configured to assign IP addresses to devices connected to the LAN port. To configure these ports, choose LAN from the System Network menu. DHCP Configuration Item Description DHCP Server Enable or disable the DHCP server to automatically assign IP address to PCs connected to the LAN interface. Start IP Specifies the starting IP address of the DHCP range. End IP Specifies the ending IP address of the DHCP range.
Samba Recycle Bin The N5500 is supported recycle bin via SMB/CIFS protocol. Simply enable it then all of deleted files/folders will reside in the “.recycle” folder with hidden attribution in each share. In general, Windows has default to invisible all of hidden folders/files. So please enable this option to view “.recycle” folder. Samba Anonymous Login Authentication To enable this option, no matter there is share folder has been created in public access.
NFS Setup From the System Network menu, choose the NFS item, and the NFS Support screen appears. The N5500 can act as an NFS server, enabling users to download and upload files with the favorite NFS clients. Press Apply to confirm your settings. A description of each item follows: NFS Apply NFS Server Setting Item Description Enable or Disable NFS support. Click Apply to save your changes. FTP N5500 can act as a FTP server, enabling users to download and upload files with their favorite FTP programs.
A description of each item follows: FTP Item FTP Security FTP Port FTP ENCODE Allow Anonymous FTP Access Auto Rename Upload Bandwidth Download Bandwidth Description Enable FTP Service on the N5500. Enable or disable Security FTP, be sure the client FTP software has also security FTP setting enabled. Specifies the port number of an incoming connection on a non-standard port. If your FTP client or operating system does not support Unicode (e.g.
A description of each field follows: Media Manager Settings Item Description Media Server Enable or disable the Media Server service. Shared Media Folders Select the folder(s) that contains media files to be shared. Rescan Click the Rescan button to have the N5500 for new contents in the selected media folder. Share Media Folders Once the Media Server software is installed, you can start adding folders that contain the media that you would like to share.
4. Setup the DMA (These steps will be different if you use a different DMA) a. From the Server List screen, select “N5500: Media Server” as the server. b. Go to My Media c. Click on the Up/Down Arrow buttons to select Music Jukebox, Photo Albums, or Video Clips d. Start enjoying the contents stored in your N5500. HTTP/ Web Disk From the System Network menu, choose the HTTP/ Web Disk item, and the Web Disk (HTTP) Support screen appears. This screen displays the service support parameters of the system.
UPnP This device supports UPnP Media server, which allows users to play media files with UPnP client (ex. DMA devices). Enable or disable Universal Plug and Play protocol. UPnP helps to find the IP address of the N5500. Nsync Target From the System Network menu, choose the Nsync Target item, and the Nsync Setting screen appears. Enable or Disable your Nsync Target Server. Press Apply to confirm your settings.
Storage Management The Storage menu displays the status of storage devices installed in the N5500, and includes storage configuration options such as RAID and disk settings, folder configuration, space allocation and ISO Mount. Disks Information From the Storage menu, choose the Disks item and the Disks Information screen appears. From here, you can see various items about installed SATA hard disks. Blank lines indicate that a SATA hard disk is not currently installed in that particular disk slot.
NOTE When the Status shows Warning, it usually means there are bad sectors on the hard disk. It is shown only as a precaution and you should consider changing the drives. S.M.A.R.T. Information On the Disks Information screen, the status of each disk will be displayed in the Status column. Clicking on an OK or Warning link will display the S.M.A.R.T Information window for that particular disk. You may also perform disk SMART test, simply to click “Test” to start with.
Test Type Test Result Test Time NOTE it to the reserved disk area (spare area), and mark this sector as remapped. If this attribute value remains at zero, it indicates that the quality of the corresponding surface area is low. Set short or long time to test. Result of the test. Total time of the test. If the Reallocated Sector Count > 32 or Current Pending Sector of a hard disk drive > 0 , the status of the disk will show “Warning”.
RAID Information Item Description Master RAID The RAID volume currently designated as the Master RAID volume. ID ID of the current RAID volume. NOTE: All RAID IDs must be unique. RAID Level Shows the current RAID configuration. Status Indicates status of the RAID. Can read either Healthy, Degraded, or Damaged. Disks Used Hard disks used to form the current RAID volume. Total Capacity Total capacity of the current RAID. Data Capacity Indicates the used capacity and total capacity used by user data.
NOTE In a multiple RAID configuration, one RAID volume must be designated as the Master RAID volume. The Master RAID volume will store all installed modules. If the Master RAID is changed to another location (i.e. assigning volume 2 to be the Master RAID volume after volume 1 had been previously assigned), then all modules must be reinstalled. In addition, all system folders that were contained on the Master RAID volume will be invisible.
NOTE Building a RAID volume may take time, depending on the size of hard drives and RAID mode. In general, while the RAID volume building process is up to “RAID Building” then the data volume is capable to be accessed. WARNING Creating RAID destroys all data in the current RAID volume. The data is unrecoverable. With a RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, or RAID 10 volume, you can also add a spare disk after the RAID is created. See Chapter 6: Tips and Tricks > Adding a Spare Disk for details.
RAID 6 RAID 10 WARNING RAID 5 requires a minimum of 3 disks. RAID 5 can sustain one failed disk. Two independent parity computations must be used in order to provide protection against double disk failure. Two different algorithms are employed to achieve this purpose. RAID 6 requires a minimum of 4 disks. RAID 6 can sustain two failed disks. RAID 10 has high reliability and high performance. RAID 10 is implemented as a striped array whose segments are RAID 1 arrays.
Remove RAID Click to remove the RAID volume. All user data, iSCSI and target USB data been created in selected RAID volume will be removed. To remove a RAID volume, follow the steps below: 1. On the RAID List screen, select the RAID volume by clicking on its radio button, and click RAID Information to open the RAID Configuration screen. 2. On the RAID Configuration screen, click Remove RAID. 3.
WARNING Remove RAID destroys all data in the current RAID volume. The data is unrecoverable. Expanding a RAID To expand a RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, or RAID 10 volume, follow the steps below: 1. Replace one of the hard drives in the RAID volume and allow it to automatically rebuild. 2. Once rebuilt, you can continue to replace any remaining disks in the RAID array. 3. When you are done replacing hard drives, log on to Web Management. Navigate to Storage> RAID to open the RAID Configuration screen. 4.
Migrating a RAID Once a RAID volume has been created, you may want to move it to other physical drives or change the RAID array all together. To migrate a RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5 or RAID 6 volume, follow the steps below: 1. From the RAID Configuration screen, click Migrate RAID. 2. A list of possible RAID migration configurations will be listed. Select the desired migration scheme and click Apply. 3. The system will begin migrating the RAID volume.
NOTE Migrating a RAID volume could take several hours to complete With RAID level migration function, it has two different type “On line” and “Off line” alone with limitation as listed below. 1. During RAID level migration, it is not allowed reboot or shutdown system. 2. Off line RAID level migration, all services will stop and data is inaccessible. 3.
RAID [OFFLINE] 1 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 0] HDDx2 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 5] HDDx3 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 6] HDDx4 [ONLINE] [ONLINE] [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 0] HDDx3 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 5] HDDx4 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 6] HDDx5 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 0] HDDx4 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 5] HDDx5 [RAID 1] HDDx3 to [RAID 6] HDDx4 [RAID 1] HDDx2 to [RAID 0] HDDx5 [RAID 1] HDDx3 to [RAID 5] HDDx4 [RAID 1] HDDx3 to [RAID 6] HDDx5 [RAID 1] HDDx3 to [RAID 0] HDDx4 [RAID 1] HDDx3 to [RAID 5] HDDx5 [RAID 1]
Allocating Space for iSCSI Volume To allocate space for an iSCSI volume on the current RAID volume, follow the steps below: 1. Under the Volume Allocation List, click iSCSI Target. The Create iSCSI Volume screen appears. Create iSCSI Volume Item Description RAID ID ID of current RAID volume. Allocation Percentage and amount of space allocated to iSCSI volume. Unused Percentage and amount of unused space on current RAID volume. iSCSI Target Volume Enable or Disable the iSCSI Target Volume.
Username Password Password Confirm Enter a username. Enter a password. Reenter the chosen password 2. Designate the percentage to be allocated from the Allocation drag bar. 3. Enable the iSCSI Target Service by selecting Enable. 4. Choose to enable CHAP authentication or choose None. 5. Enter a Target Name. This will be used by the Stackable NAS function to identify this export share. 6. Choose the current year from the Year dropdown. 7. Choose the current month from the Month dropdown. 8.
2. Modify your setting. Press ok to change. Delete Volume To delete volume on the current RAID volume, follow the steps below: 1. Under the Volume Allocation List, click Delete. The Space Allocation screen appears. 2. Press YES. All data in the volume will be removed.
Allocating Space for Target USB Volume 1. Under the Volume Allocation List, click Target USB. The Create Target Volume screen appears. 2. Designate the percentage to be allocated from the Allocation drag bar. 3. Click OK to create the USB volume. Create USB Volume Item Description RAID ID ID of current RAID volume. Unused Percentage and amount of unused space on current RAID volume. Allocation Percentage and amount of space allocated to USB volume.
iSCSI Block Size Select the block size with 4K while the iSCSI volume size is over 2TB. iSCSI CRC/Checksum To enable this option, the initiator can connect with “Data digest” and “Header digest” enabled. Share Folder From the Storage menu, choose Share Folder, and the Folder screen appears. This screen allows you to create and configure folders on the N5500 volume.
Adding Folders On the Folder screen, press the Add button and the Add Folder screen appears. This screen allows you to add a folder. After entering the information, press Apply to create new folder. Add Folder Item RAID ID Folder Name Description Browseable Public Share Folder Limit Apply NOTE Description RAID volume where the new folder will reside. Enter the name of the folder. Provide a description the folder. Enable or disable users from browsing the folder contents.
Modify Folders On the Folder screen, press the Edit button and the Modify Folder screen appears. This screen allows you to change folder information. After entering the information, press Apply to save your changes. Modify Folder Item RAID ID Folder Name Description Browseable Public Share Limit Description RAID volume where the folder will reside. Enter the name of the folder. Provide a description the folder. Enable or disable users from browsing the folder contents.
WARNING All the data stored in the folder will be deleted once the folder is deleted. The data will not be recoverable. NFS Share To allow NFS access to the share folder, enable the NFS Service, and then set up hosts with access rights by clicking Add. NFS Share Item Hostname Privilege Guest System Support Description Enter the name or IP address of the host Host has either read only or writeable access to the folder.
IO Mapping Apply There are three selections available: • Guest system root account will have full access to this share (root:root). • Guest system root account will be mapped to anonymous user (nobody:nogroup) on NAS. • All user on guest system will be mapped to anonymous user (nobody:nogroup) on NAS. Choose the one which best fits your needs. Click to save your changes. Snapshot The N5500 is capable for 16 snapshot version control.
The N5500 snapshot is supported total 16 versions. Once checked “Automatically remove oldest snapshot”, the oldest will be removed to let newest to added on top. Otherwise, if the check box is unchecked and snapshot versions are up to 16 then system will appear warning message and won’t execute the task till available version count. The snapshot schedule rules can be setup for monthly, weekly or daily hour.
ACL setting Item Deny Read Only Writable Recursive Description Denies access to users or groups who are displayed in this column. Provides Read Only access to users or groups who are displayed in this column. Provides Write access to users or groups who are displayed in this column. Enable to inherit the access right for all its sub-folders. To configure folder access, follow the steps below: 1. On the ACL screen, all network groups and users are listed in the left hand column.
NOTE The ACL can be set for share and sub-folders level, not for files. The ACL screen also allows you to search for a particular user. To do this, follow the steps below: 1. In the blank, enter the name of the user you would like to find. 2. From the drop down select the group you would like to search for the user in. 3. Click Search. NOTE The system will list up to 1,000 users from the chosen category. To narrow your search, enter a search term in the blank provided.
From the main menu, the stackable feature is located under “Storage”. Please refer the figure below for reference. A. Add a Stack Target Volume From the figure above, click Add to access the stackable target device configuration page. Please refer to the figure below: With the added stack target you could “Enable” or “Disable” now or later per usage needed. Next, input the target IP address of the stackable device and click the Discovery button.
Once IP with volume have been set, you may need to input a valid user name and password to validate your access rights. If there is no user name and password needed to access target volume, then leave it blank. Once IP with volume have been set, you may need to input a valid user name and password to validate your access rights. If there is no user name and password needed to access target volume, then leave it blank.
No Stack Target Stack target with export share name “pmmeeting” The Browseable setting will be same method of setting for system share folder. It designates whether or not this folder will be visible through web disk. You may refer the figures below for reference when Yes and No are selected. The Public setting will be set same as what the setting for the system share folder associated with the ACL permission setup.
Click Apply to save your changes. B. Activate a Stack Target After your settings have been applied, the system will bring you back to Stack Target List window as shown below. There is one stack target device has been attached into this stack master. With this newly attached stack target device, you will see the information displayed and also several options you can choose.
After the format is complete, the stack target volume will be created successfully. You will see the volume’s capacity and status in the Stack Target List screen. C. Edit a Stack Target To make any changes to stack targets, click Edit for the corresponding stack target, and system will bring up the following dialogue: After your changes have been made, click Apply to confirm any modifications. Once changes are applied, the associated information will be updated on the Stack Target List window. D.
E. Reconnect a Stack Target The enabled stack target devices may be disconnected by situations such as power outages or network disconnects. When this happens, the Reconnect button will available. To attempt to reconnect the stack target, click Reconnect. ISO Mount The ISO Mount feature is very useful tool from Thecus products. With it, users can mount an ISO file and having export name to display all details from mounted ISO file. From the main menu, the ISO Mount feature is located under “Storage”.
A. Add a ISO file From the figure above, select ISO file from drop down share list. After selection, system will bring up Mount table for further setting screen. To mount new ISO file, select from listed ISO file and input desired mounting name into “Mount as:” field. Click “ADD” with confirmation to complete mounting ISO file. Or without “Mount as” ISO file export name input, system will automatic to give the export name by ISO file name.
After you have completed to add ISO then the page will displayed all mounted ISO files, You could click “Unmount” to eliminate mounted ISO file.
B. Using ISO The mounted ISO file will be located same share folder with name giving. Please refer the screen shot below. ISO file “image” has mounted as folder “Image” you could see. The ISO file “Thecus 01” without assign mounting name, system automatically has folder “Thecus 01” created. User and Group Authentication The N5500 has built-in user database that allows administrators to manage user access using different group policies.
A description of each item follows: ADS/NT Support Item Description Work Group / Domain Specifies the SMB/CIFS Work Group / ADS Domain Name (e.g. Name N5500). ADS/NT Support Select Disable to disable authentication through Windows Active Directory Server or Windows NT. Authentication Method Select ADS for Windows Active Directory Server, or select NT for Windows NT ADS/NT Server Name Specifies the ADS/NT server name (e.g. adservername). ADS/NT Realm Specifies the ADS/NT realm (e.g. example.com).
NOTE • The DNS server specified in the WAN configuration page should be able to correctly resolve the ADS server name. • The time zone setting between N5500 and ADS should be identical. • The system time difference between N5500 and ADS should be less than five minutes. • The Administrator Password field is for the password of ADS (Active Directory Server) not N5500. Local User Configuration From the Accounts menu, choose the User item, and the Local User Configuration screen appears.
NOTE All users are automatically assigned to the ‘users’ group. Edit Users 1. Select an existing user from the Local User Configuration screen. 2. Click on the Edit button, and Local User Setting screen appears. 3. From here, you can enter a new password and re-enter to confirm, or use the << or >> buttons to have this user join or leave a group. Click the Apply button to save your changes.
Remove Users 1. Select an existing user from the Local User Configuration screen. 2. Click on Remove button and the user is deleted from the system. Local Group Configuration From the Accounts menu, choose the Group item, and the Local Group Configuration screen appears. This screen allows you to Add, Edit, and Remove local groups. Local Group Configuration Item Description Add Press the Add button to add a user to the list of local groups.
Add Groups 1. On the Local Group Configuration screen, click on the Add button. 2. The Local Group Setting screen appears. 3. Enter a Group Name. 4. Enter a Group ID number. If left blank, the system will automatically assign one. 5. Select users to be in this group from the Users List by adding them to the Members List using the << button. 6. Click the Apply button to save your changes. Edit Groups 1. On the Local Group Configuration screen, select a group name from the list. 2.
Remove Groups 1. On the Local Group Configuration screen, select a group name from the list. 2. Press Remove to delete the group from the system. Batch Create Users and Groups The N5500 can also add users and groups in batch mode. This enables you to conveniently add numerous users and groups automatically by importing a simple comma-separated plain text (*.txt) file. From the Accounts menu, click Batch Mgmt and the Batch Create Users and Groups dialogue will appear.
Application Server The N5500 supports printer server, and Tunes server. The integrated Print Server allows you to share a single USB printer will all users on the network. The N5500 provides activating the iTunes Server on the device. You will be able to play music files on this device with your iTunes client software directly. The following section shows you how. Printer Information From the Application Server menu, choose the Printer item, and the Printer Information screen appears.
If a corrupt print job is sent to a printer, printing may suddenly fail. If your print jobs seem to be locked up, pressing the Remove All Documents button to clear the print queue may resolve the issue. You can configure the N5500 to act as a printer server. That way, all PCs connected to the network can utilize the same printer. Windows XP SP2 To set up the Printer Server in Windows XP SP2, follow the steps below: 1.
Windows Vista To set up the Printer Server in Windows Vista, follow the steps below: 1. Open Printer Folder from the Control Panel. 2. Click the right mouse button in anywhere on the Printers folder and then select Add Printer. 3. Select Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
4. Select The printer that I want isn’t listed. You can press The printer that I want isn’t listed to go into next page without waiting for Searching for available printers to finish. 5. Click Select a shared printer by name. Type http://:631/printers/usb-printer in the box, where is the IP address of the N5500. Click Next. 6. Select or install a printer and then press OK.
If your printer model is not listed, please contact your printer manufacturer for help. 7. Windows will attempt to connect to the printer. 8. You can choose to set this printer as the default printer by checking the Set as the default printer box. Click Next to continue. 9. Done! Click Finish.
iTunes® Server With the built-in iTunes server capability, the N5500 enables digital music to be shared and played anywhere on the network! From the Network menu, choose the iTunes item, and the iTunes Configuration screen appears. You may enable or disable the iTunes Service from here. Once enabled, enter correct information for each field and press Apply to save your changes.
User Module The user module is reserved for Thecus fans to build up 3rd party functions in the future. Backup There are a number of ways to back up data with the N5500. Nsync You can backup a share folder to another N5500 (Nsync Target) or any FTP server for safe keeping as long as you have appropriate access right on that target. When using Nsync between two N5500s, you have the option to transmit files securely between two N5500s.
Add Nsync Task Item Description Task Name The name of your Nsync task. Target Server Select whether the target is a Thecus Product (e.g. N5500) or FTP Manufacturer server. Nsync Mode Synchronize mode or Incremental mode . Target Server IP The IP address of your target server. Address Source Folder The share folder you want to backup. Authorized Username The account name on the target server.
Password on Target Server Test Connection Schedule Time Type Add NOTE The password for the username on the target server. Click to check the connection to the Target Server. Enable or Disable schedule backup of your share folders. The time when the Nsync task will run. Select whether to run the Nsync task daily, weekly, or monthly. Daily: input the time of day to execute Nsync task. Weekly: input which day of the week to execute the task. Monthly: decide which day of the month to execute the task.
Thecus Backup Utility The Thecus Backup Utility is on your Installation CD. When you click on the CD, the Backup Utility will be installed under Program Groups > Thecus > Thecus Backup Utility. If it is not installed, you can copy the file (Thecus Backup Utility.exe) to a convenient location on your hard disk and double click to execute it. NOTE If you can not find Thecus Backup Utility on your CD, please download it from the Thecus website (http://www.thecus.com).
2. When the Welcome to Microsoft Windows XP screen appears, click Perform Additional Tasks. 3. Click Browse this CD. 4. In Windows Explorer, navigate to ValueAdd > Msft > Ntbackup. 5. Double-click Ntbackup.msi to install the backup utility. Once installed, you can use the Windows Backup Utility by following the steps below: 1. Click Start, and point to All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Backup to start the wizard. 2. Click Next to skip past the opening page.
Chapter 5: Using the N5500 Overview Once the N5500 is setup and operating, users on the network may manage all varieties of digital music, photos, or files by simply using their web browsers. To manage your personal files or access public files on the N5500, just enter its IP address into your browser (default IP address is http://192.168.1.100), and you will be taken to the N5500 Login page.
6. To create a new folder within the current folder, press the New folder button. When the screen appears enter a name for the folder. Press OK to create the folder. 7. To upload a file from your computer to the current folder, press the New file (upload) button. When the screen appears, press Browse and locate the file to upload. Press OK and the file is uploaded to the current folder. 8. To delete a file or folder, select the file or folder’s check box. Press the Delete selected items button.
(Admin) Change password and confirm new password. (logout) To logout of the web disk interface. Show the files and folders in the directory. Search files in the directory. (You can only input some word string.) Name Displays the names of folders and files. Size Shows the size of folders and files. Type Displays the type of folders and files. Modified Shows the time of most recent modification of folders and files. owner Owner of the file.
Windows XP Publishing Wizard There are many ways for a local user to upload pictures into their photo album. Users of Windows XP can upload their pictures using the Windows XP Publishing Wizard. 1. Click on the XP Publishing Wizard icon on top right corner. 2. The XP Web Publishing Wizard Client screen appears. Click on the link to install the Publishing Wizard. 3. Windows XP will ask whether you want to run or save this file. Click Save to save the register file.
4. Once the register file is installed, use the Windows file manager to browse the folder that contains the picture you want to publish. On the left pane, there will be an icon labeled “Publish this folder to the Web”. 5. Click on this icon and Web Publishing Wizard will start. 6. Select the pictures you want to publish to the Photo Web Server by placing a check mark on the top left hand corner of the picture. Click Next.
7. Your PC will start to connect to the Photo Web Server. 8. Select N5500 Photo Gallery Wizard to publish your pictures to the N5500. 9. Login into the N5500 with your local user name and password. 10. Create your album by entering an album name and clicking on the Create Album button.
11. Select the album you want to upload your pictures to. 12. Confirm the target album. 13. Windows will show you that the picture upload is in progress.
14. When the upload is finished, the Wizard will ask you whether if you want to go to the website. Click Finish to go to your Photo Web Server. 15. Click on the user’s icon to go to that user’s album. 16. You will see the user’s album list. Click on Album.
17. Finished! You will see the pictures just selected in the album. Managing Albums and Photos Icon Function Description Make Cover Make selected photo your cover picture. Back Return to the previous screen. Add Add a new album or photos. Modify Edit the name and description of the selected album or photo. Each name is limited to 20 characters and each description is limited to 255 characters. Delete NOTE Delete the selected albums or photos. • Only logged in users will see these icons.
Creating Albums To create a photo album, follow the steps below: 1. Click the Add button to create a new album. 2. Enter a name for the album, and enter a description if you wish. Then, click on the Create Album button. Password Protecting Albums If you would like to put a password on a particular album, follow these steps: 1. Select the album to be protected, click on the Edit button, and the Album Edit screen will appear. 2.
Slide Shows Slide shows are a great way to enjoy pictures stored on your N5500. You can click on the Start Slide Show icon on the top right hand corner to start the slide show. To stop the slide show, click on the Stop Slide Show icon on the top right hand corner. Mapping a Client PC to the N5500 You can map share folders on the N5500 so that you can access them as if they were drives on your computer. You can connect to the shared network folders on the N5500 as follows: Windows 1.
1. Choose Go > Connect to Server… 2. Enter the network address for the server in the Server Address text box. When connecting using SMB/CIFS protocol, type: smb://192.168.1.100/Folder1 When connecting using AFP protocol, type: afp://192.168.1.100/Folder1 Click Connect. 3. When MAC OS X is trying to connect N5500, it will ask for a User Name and Password which has access to the folder. 4.
3. You will now install the iSCSI Initiator using the Setup Wizard. Click Next to continue. 4. Leave the default selections and click Next. 5. Read the license agreement. To continue with the installation, click I Agree and then click Next. 6. The iSCSI Initiator will now install automatically. Click Finish once completed.
7. Start the iSCSI Initiator by double-clicking its icon on the desktop. The iSCSI Initiator properties window will appear. 8. Select the Discovery tab. Under Target Portals, click Add. 9. Enter the IP address of the N5500. Click OK. 10. On the iSCSI Initiator Properties window, select the Targets tab. With the iSCSI target highlighted, click Log On. The Log On to Target dialogue will appear.
11. If you have not enabled CHAP, click OK to continue. If you have enabled CHAP, click Advanced. Under Advanced Settings, check the CHAP login information checkbox and enter your username and password. Click OK. 12. Right click My Computer on the desktop and select Manage.
13. Click on Disk Management and you will see a new hard disk listed. 14. Initialize the new hard disk and you will then be able to use the iSCSI target as a local drive. Windows Vista Because Windows Vista has the Microsoft iSCSI Initiator pre-installed, you will not have to install this piece of software. Instead, start the iSCSI Initiator and follow steps 8-14 to map the N5500 as an iSCSI drive.
Chapter 6: Tips and Tricks USB and eSATA Storage Expansion The N5500 supports external USB hard disks through its five USB ports. Once a USB hard disk has successfully mounted, the entire volume will be linked automatically to the default USB HDD folder. The N5500 supports up to 5 USB external storage devices. All file names on the USB disk volume are case sensitive. The N5500 also supports eSATA hard disks with its eSATA port.
Part I - Setup a DynDNS Account 1. Go to http://www.dyndns.org from your home PC. 2. Click on the Sign Up Now link. 3. Check the Check boxes, select a user name (i.e.: N5500), enter your email address (i.e.: xxx@example.com), check Enable Wildcard, and create a password (i.e.: xxxx). 4. Wait for an email from www.dyndns.org. 5. Open the email and click on the link to activate your account Part II - Enable DDNS on the Router 1.
Replacing Damaged Hard Drives If you are using RAID 1, RAID 5, or RAID 6 you can easily replace a damaged hard drive in the Thecus N5500 while keeping your data secure with the system’s automatic data recovery. Hard Drive Damage When a hard drive is damaged and data in the RAID volume, the system LCD will display warning message also the system beeps. Replacing a Hard Drive To replace a hard disk drive in the N5500: 1. Remove the tray with the damaged hard disk. 2.
Chapter 7: Troubleshooting Forgot My Network IP Address If you forget your network IP address and have no physical access to the system, you can find out the IP address by either looking directly onto the N5500’s LCD panel, or by using the setup wizard to retrieve the IP of your N5500. 1. Start the Setup Wizard, and it will automatically detect all Thecus IP storage products on your network. 2. You should be able to find the IP address of the N5500 which you have forgotten in the Device Discovery screen.
4. Set the Date, Time, and Time Zone. 5. Click Apply. In addition, if the N5500 is able to access the Internet and you want to keep the NTP Server clock.isc.org by default, please make sure the DNS Server is correctly entered, thereby allowing the NTP Server name to correctly resolve. (See System Network > WAN > DNS Server) Dual DOM Supports for Dual Protection The most advance and useful of N5500 is Dual DOM implemented. In the normal circumstance, it has no need to have this feature involved.
Chapter 8: Revision Updates (FW 3.00.01 to 3.00.04) What’s New There are additional features implemented into the new 3.00.04 version firmware. RAID Expansion for iSCSI Target Volume First, the iSCSI volume is now able to expand its capacity from unused space. From the volume list, simply select the iSCSI volume you like to expand and click the Expand button: You will then see the dialog box displayed below. Drag the Expand Capacity bar to the size you want. Then press Expand to confirm the operation.
RAID Volume Encryption With firmware v3.00.04, you can protect your data by using RAID Volume Encryption function to prevent the risk of data exposure. To activate this function, the Encryption option needs to be enabled while the RAID is created and followed by password input for identification. Also, an external writable USB disk plugged into any USB port on the system is required to save the password you have entered while the RAID volume is being created. See the screenshot below for details.
NOTE 1. With RAID volume encryption enabled, the system performance will go down. 2. With RAID volume encryption enabled, RAID volume expansion will operate in off line mode. RAID volumes with encryption enabled will be displayed with a key lock symbol next to volume ID name.
iSCSI Thin-Provisioning An advanced thin-provisioning for iSCSI feature is available in this firmware release. With this function, the iSCSI capacity can be more flexible and more efficiently serve more users. The idea for iSCSI thin-provisioning is sharing the available physical capacity to a number of iSCSI target volumes and also setup virtual capacity to expand the physical size while it needed. To setup iSCSI thin-provisioning, go to Space Allocation under the Storage category.
Now you can start to create iSCSI targets to join the newly-created iSCSI thin-provision volume. Basically, the iSCSI target under iSCSI thin-provisioning has exactly same settings screen as the standard iSCSI target volume creation. The only difference is the “Virtual Size” of capacity. Unlike creating standard iSCSI target volumes, the capacity has been physically allocated. The iSCSI target volume creation under thin-provisioning can virtually be up to 16000GB (16TB). Let’s take the example below: 1.
The screen shot for iSCSI target volume creation under thin-provisioning; the physical capacity 333.8GB. The screen shot to setup an iSCSI target volume under thin-provisioning of 1700GB.
iSCSI target volume creation. The maximum virtual size is 14300GB (16000GB – 1700GB(1st iSCSI target volume)). This screenshot lists iSCSI target volumes created under thin-provisioning. The 2nd iSCSI target volume under thin-provisioning has been created with a capacity of 14300GB. This message appears if there is no more room for new iSCSI target creation. NOTE 1. Each RAID volume can only create one iSCSI thin-provision volume. 2. Each thin-provision volume can only create 5 iSCSI target volumes.
iSCSI LUN ID When iSCSI target volume has been created, there is a default LUN ID of 0 in previous firmware versions which was un-configurable. From v3.00.04, it is configurable from 1 to 254 with a default of the next available number in ascending numerical order. The LUN ID is unique and can not be duplicated except for LUN ID 0.
Chapter 9: Revision updated up to FW 3.00.08 What’s New There are additional features implemented into the new 3.00.08 version firmware. Updated Login User Interface There is a brand new design for the admin login UI. NOTE The previous chapters have screenshots of the original user interface. Please note that all changes are visual only. There are no functional changes.
Disclaimer Page Added The following disclaimer page has been added to this firmware release. Please click the check box if you do not want to have this page displayed during the next login.
Updated Main User Interface The look and icons of the main user interface have been updated. Add On-Line Register Service From main menu tree, there is a new “On-line Register” option added with this firmware release. This on-line register service can periodically update the user when new firmware and software modules are released by Thecus. To enable this service, simply check the “Enable” check box. By enabling this service, the items in bold will be sent to Thecus via the Internet.
Added Rsync Setting under Nsync Target The Thecus Nsync feature has added a third way to use Rsync to replicate data between two systems. For the target side to allow source cross data, the Rsync target server needs to first select “Enable” and then assign a username and password for authentication. NOTE The Rsync target server username and password is used for this replication feature only. It is not related to the standard local user.
enable the sync target server and input a valid username and password to grant access permission. Added 2nd Gateway for Clients of DHCP Server Route The adding of a 2nd gateway has been phased in to serve clients that use their Thecus NAS as a DHCP server to have another route to balance traffic bandwidth. NOTE If the IP sharing mode setting is set to “Enable” under WAN port, then this 2nd gateway cannot be configured.
Added Dual DOM for Auto Repair The unique Dual DOM feature can now perform “Auto Repair”. The Thecus NAS will backup up to five versions of the system configuration either by the default timing of 1:00am every day automatically or as scheduled by the user. This unique “Auto Repair” will be triggered if the primary DOM has a booting issue. In this instance, the 2nd DOM will take over the boot function.
Chapter 10: Version 3.01.00 Firmware Updates What’s New There are additional features implemented into the new 3.01.00 version firmware. Updated Login User Interface The design of the admin login UI has been completely updated. NOTE The previous chapters have screenshots of the original user interface. Please note that all changes are visual only. There are no functional changes. Updated Main User Interface The look and icons of the main user interface have been updated.
Administrators can add or remove favorite functions to My Favorites by right clicking the mouse on the menu tree. The other way administrators can add favorite functions is by clicking the “Add Favorite” icon in each function screen. Please refer figure below in red circuit icon. To return to the favorite screen, simply click “My Favorite” located at the left hand corner of the main screen.
Added Additional Mode Support for Link Aggregation Link Aggregation now has six supported modes. The administrator can choose the most suitable mode to fit the network environment. You may choose from the following options: z z z z z z z Disable Load Balance Failover Balance-XOR 802.3ad Balance-TLB Balance-ALB See the right diagram for details.
Appendix A: Product Specifications Hardware Specifications Product Model Network Interfaces WAN LAN Storage HDD Bays HDD Support eSATA I/O Interfaces USB Ports System Information LCD Control Panel System LED Display Physical Height Width Depth Power Supply Security Environment Temperature Humidity Certifications N5500 Gigabit RJ-45 connector Gigabit RJ-45 connector 5 x 3.
iSCSI Target Folder Management Quota Management Backup System Management Event Notification UPS Support Printer Server Supported USB Devices Setup Utility Auto rebuild Hot swappable Hot spare Disk roaming RAID level migration RAID expansion Supports: Microsoft iSCSI Initiator v2.0.4 StarPort Initiator V3.5.2 MAC OS: globalSAN iSCSI initiator version 3.0 (1150) Linux: open-iscsi 2.
Appendix B: Customer Support If your N5500 is not working properly, we encourage you to check out Chapter 7: Troubleshooting, located in this manual. You can also try to ensure that you are using the latest firmware version for your N5500. Thecus is committed to providing free firmware upgrades to our customers. Our newest firmware is available on our Download Center: http://www.thecus.com/download.
Appendix C: RAID Basics Overview A Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is an array of several hard disks that provide data security and high performance. A RAID system accesses several hard disks simultaneously, which improves I/O performance over a single hard disk. Data security is enhanced by a RAID, since data loss due to a hard disk failure is minimized by regenerating redundant data from the other RAID hard disks.
RAID 5 RAID 5 offers data security and it is best suited for networks that perform many small I/O transactions at the same time, as well as applications that require data security such as office automation and online customer service. Use it also for applications with high read requests but low write requests. RAID 5 includes disk striping at the byte level and parity information is written to several hard disk drives.
Disk Usage When all 5 disks are of the same size, and used in RAID, N5500 disk usage percentage is listed below: RAID Level Percentage Used RAID 0 100% RAID 1 1/n x 100% RAID 5 (n-1)/n x 100% RAID 6 (n-2)/n x 100% RAID 10 50% JBOD 100% n：HDD number 141
Appendix D: Active Directory Basics Overview With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced Active Directory (ADS), which is a large database/information store. Prior to Active Directory the Windows OS could not store additional information in its domain database. Active Directory also solved the problem of locating resources; which previously relied on Network Neighborhood, and was slow. Managing users and groups were among other issues Active Directory solved.
Appendix E: Licensing Information Overview This product included copyrighted third-party software licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License. Please see THE GNU General Public License for extra terms and conditions of this license. Source Code Availability Thecus Technology Corp. has exposed the full source code of the GPL licensed software. For more information on how you can obtain our source code, please visit our web site, http://www.thecus.com.
CGIC License Terms Basic License CGIC, copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 by Thomas Boutell and Boutell.Com, Inc. Permission is granted to use CGIC in any application, commercial or noncommercial, at no cost. HOWEVER, this copyright paragraph must appear on a "credits" page accessible in the public online and offline documentation of the program.
they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number.
