297-8103-903 Nortel Networks BroadBand STP Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual SSR3.0 Standard 1.
© 2000 Nortel All rights reserved Published in Canada NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL: The information contained in this document is the property of Nortel Networks.
REGULATORY INFORMATION Network Equiipment Building Systems (NEBS) This product has been tested and found to comply with the criteria of NEBS level 1, 2, and 3. FCC Part 15 Requirements In compliance with FCC Part 15 Rules, the following statement is provided: WARNING This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications.
Service Requirements In the event of equipment malfunction, Nortel Networks or an authorized distributor of Nortel Networks will perform all repairs. It is the responsibility of users requiring service to report the need for service to Nortel Networks or to one of their authorized distributors. Location of FCC Compliance Labels Labels stating the Centillion 1200N ATM Switch FCC registration number and compliance with FCC Part 15 and 68 are attached to the Base Chassis.
telephone company may request that you remove the equipment form the network until the problem is resolved. NO REPAIRS CAN BE DONE BY THE CUSTOMER. IC CS03 Certification (Canada) Certification number: 140 8642 Load Number of the equipment: N/A NOTICE: The Industry Canada label identifies certified equipment. The certification means that the equipment meets certain telecommunications network protective operational and safety requirements.
Table of Contents Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Precautions on Handling the Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Precautionary Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Safety Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents Hardware Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Principal Functions of the ATM Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Flow of ATM Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Line Cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents Inserting PCMCIA Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 Turning Power On and Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15 Connecting the Power Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15 Turning the Power On. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16 Turning the Power Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents Line Card Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 Inserting a Line Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 Removing a Line Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 Installing the Front Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 Removing the Front Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table of Contents This page is for your notes.
Table of Contents vi Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903
Precautions on Handling the Product 1 Precautionary Messages This document uses the following symbols to alert you to safety issues that you should observe to protect yourself and others from physical injury or property damage. The precautionary messages used in this manual have the following meanings. Be sure to understand them before using the product. When this sign is ignored and the product is used incorrectly, there is an imminent danger that the user will suffer either death or serious injury.
Safety Measures Precautions on Handling the Product Safety Measures Power Supply Installation ■ For safety, be sure to use a three-pin outlet for power supply with a grounding receptacle. Lack of grounding may cause electric shock. ■ To prevent electric shock, do not touch the equipment with wet hands when it is connected to a power supply. ■ Do not plug the power cable of this equipment into an outlet with excess load.
Precautions on Handling the Product Operating the Equipment User Responsibilities Safety Measures ■ It is dangerous to use the equipment when it is malfunctioning. If you detect an irregular condition (irregular noise, irregular odor, or smoke), immediately turn off the main power, remove the power plug from the outlet, and call for service. ■ To prevent electric shock or a failure, do not pour liquid such as water inside the equipment or touch the equipment with a wet hand.
Safety Measures Handling of Main Unit and Cables PCMCIA Cards 1-4 Precautions on Handling the Product ■ Do not open the equipment or disassemble it. ■ Do not block ventilation holes or air-cooling fans. ■ Do not expose the equipment to strong shock or vibration. ■ Do not place heavy objects on the equipment. ■ Keep water, chemicals, etc., from coming in contact the equipment. ■ Keep foreign objects from entering the inside of the equipment.
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? 2 The Centillion 1200N is a compact desktop 2.5 Gbps ATM Switch. At the core is an input/output buffer switch that realizes a 2.5 Gbps nonblocking throughput. The ATM Switch can accommodate up to four lines of 622 Mbps interface conforming to the ATM Forum and ITU-T recommendations and up to 16 lines of 155 Mbps interface.
Features What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? ■ Accommodates various ATM lines The ATM Switch can interface various ATM lines by accommodating both optical lines and metallic lines, different throughputs, and different protocols. Because the ATM Switch is equipped with interfaces for various ATM lines, it can be used for a wide range of multimedia applications depending on the need.
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? Outside View of the ATM Switch Outside View of the ATM Switch Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 show the external structure of the ATM Switch. The ATM Switch has the following dimensions: ■ 440 mm (17.3 in.) wide ■ 410 mm (16.1 in.) deep ■ 154 mm (6.1 in.
Centillion 1200NSample System Configuration What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? Centillion 1200NSample System Configuration Explained in Figure 2-3 are LAN-to-LAN connection and ATM-LAN, which are principal systems using the ATM Switch. Centillion Centillion Centillion Centillion Figure 2-3: Sample System Configuration LAN-to-LAN Connection ATM Switch is used as the backbone network of a router (IP45) or a switching hub (ATM Switch 3) for interworking such LANs as Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI.
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? What is ATM? Method of Expansion The number of lines accommodated can be increased by connecting a number of ATM Switch units. Line interface can be used to connect the ATM Switch units. An interface dedicated to connections between units is not necessary. When a number of the ATM Switch units are connected to increase the number of lines, the actual number of lines accommodated is the total number of lines less the number of lines between the units.
What is ATM? What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? Figure 2-5 illustrates the ATM cell format.
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? What is a Server Card? What is a Server Card? The Server Card is a CPU built-in card for realizing seamless connection with existing LAN in an ATM network environment. The card is mounted on ATM Switches, which serves as the core of an ATM network, to provide LANE server, ARP server, and NHRP server functions.
LAN Emulation What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? LAN Emulation LAN emulation refers to the technology of using the existing infrastructure of a LAN and connecting the LAN to an ATM network on a bridge level to emulate the connection. The specification of LAN emulation has been standardized by the ATM Forum in its “LAN Emulation Over ATM Specification Version 1.0.
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? LAN Emulation The server card provides the three server functions below to realize LAN emulation. ■ LES (LAN Emulation Server) LES provides the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) function for solving an ATM address from a MAC address. There is one LES for each ELAN (Emulated LAN). ■ LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) LECS manages LAN emulation configuration and provides LES addresses.
ARP What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? ARP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an address conversion protocol used to resolve the MAC address (or ATM address) of a terminal from its IP address in a subnet. ARP provides IPOA function which conforms to RFC 1577. The ARP function provided by the Server Card is to resolve the ATM addresses of terminals in ATM-LAN. This function, in particular, is referred to as ATM ARP. At least one ARP server is placed in a logical IP subnet (LIS).
What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? ARP 4. The transmission terminal, after receiving the ATM address of the destination terminal from the ARP server, uses the ATM address to establish a direct SVC connection to the destination terminal. This SVC connection is used until the data communication to the destination terminal is completed. When the communication is completed, this SVC is released.
ARP What is the Centillion 1200N Switch? This page is for your notes.
Nomenclature and Functions 3 This chapter describes the names and functions of each part of the ATM Switch. ■ Nomenclature ■ Description and function of components ■ Slot number of each package ■ Line number Nomenclature of the ATM Switch Front View Power Unit The power unit supplies power to the components of the ATM Switch. It draws DC -40 to -58V as the power input. The power unit is installed on the top right-hand side of the front of the ATM Switch. The power unit may be redundant.
Nomenclature of the ATM Switch Nomenclature and Functions Line Cards Depending on the type of lines accommodated, line cards are available in variations such as: OC-12c ■ OC-3c/STM-4 (single mode) ■ OC-3c/STM1 (single mode/ multi-mode/UTP-5/COAX) ■ TAXI ■ 6.3M-J2 ■ 45M-DS3 ■ 34M-E3 ■ 1.5M-DS1 ■ 2M-E1 ■ FR-DS1 ■ CE-DS1 ■ CE-E1 ■ The line cards provide line interfaces conforming to the ITU-T/ATM Forum. The line cards terminate physical and ATM layers.
Nomenclature and Functions Nomenclature of the ATM Switch RESET Button This is used to reset the switch/CPU card. ALARM OUT An external device for notifying the user of a problem with the ATM Switch (e.g., speaker or alarm lamp) is connected to this connector. Power LED The POWER LED lights green when power is on and turns off when power is off. Ready LED The READY LED turns on when the equipment is operating properly and turns off when an error occurs. It also flashes during diagnosis.
Nomenclature of the ATM Switch Back View Nomenclature and Functions Power Switch This switch is used to turn the ATM Switch on and off. DC Power Connector This connector is used to connect the power cable. Power Unit Fastening Screw This screw is used to fasten the power unit to the main unit and ground the ground wire inside the main unit for safety.
Nomenclature and Functions Description and Function of Components Description and Function of Components Switch/CPU Card Figure 3-3: Front View of the Switch/CPU Card Power/Ready/Alarm Indicator Lights These lamps indicate the status of the switch/CPU card. POWER READY ALARM Lighted Power on Off Power off Lighted Operating properly Flashing Undergoing diagnosis Off Error occurred Lighted Error occurred Off Operating properly RESET Button This button is used to reset the switch/CPU card.
Description and Function of Components Nomenclature and Functions PCMCIA Card Slot This slot is used to install a PCMCIA (ATA, LAN) card. ■ 622 Mbps single mode line card ■ 155 Mbps single mode (long) line card Figure 3-4: Front View of 622 Mbps Single Mode and 155 Mbps Single Mode (Long) Line Card RCV/INS Available for each line, these lamps indicate the status of that particular line.
Nomenclature and Functions Line Cards Description and Function of Components ■ 155 Mbps Multi-mode Line Card ■ 155 Mbps Single Mode (short) Line Card ■ 100 Mbps TAXI Line Card Figure 3-5: Front View of 155 Mbps Multi-Mode, 155 Mbps Single Mode (Short), and 100 Mbps TAXI Line Card RCV/INS Available for each line, these lamps indicate the status of that particular line.
Description and Function of Components Nomenclature and Functions 155 Mbps UTP5 Line Card Figure 3-6: Front View of 155 Mbps UTP5 Line Card RCV/INS Available for each line, these lamps indicate the status of that particular line.
Nomenclature and Functions Description and Function of Components 6.3 Mbps-J2 Line Card Figure 3-7: Front View of 6.3 Mbps-J2 Line Card RCV/INS Available for each line, these lamps indicate the status of that particular line. RCV (red) INS (green) Status Off Lighted Line status normal Lighted Off Line error (reception error) Off Flashing Line error (transmission error) Off Off Hardware error Rx/Tx These codes indicate the reception side and transmission side of the BNC connectors.
Description and Function of Components Nomenclature and Functions DS3 Line Card and E3 Line Card Figure 3-8: Front View of DS3 and E3 Line Card RCV/INS Available for each line, these lamps indicate the status of that particular line. RCV (red) INS (green) Status Off Lighted Line status normal Lighted Off Line error (reception error) Off Flashing Line error (transmission error) Off Off Hardware error Rx/Tx These codes indicate the reception side and transmission side of the BNC connectors.
Nomenclature and Functions Description and Function of Components Power Unit Figure 3-9: Outside View of Power Unit The power unit indicates an alarm and stops output under the following conditions: ■ When excessive load is imposed on the output side and the protective function of the power unit lowers the voltage. ■ When voltage of higher than the rating is output due to an error in the power unit. ■ When the temperature rises abnormally inside the power unit.
Description and Function of Components Nomenclature and Functions Fan Unit Figure 3-10: Outside View of Fan Unit Finger Guard Protects users from injury. Fastening Screws These screws are used to fasten the fan unit to the shell.
Nomenclature and Functions Slot Numbers Slot Numbers Slot numbers for each package of the ATM Switch are shown in Figure 3-11: Figure 3-11: Slot Numbers Power Unit Slot When viewed from the front of the ATM Switch, slot #0 is to the left and slot #1 is to the right. Line Card Slot When viewed from the front of the ATM Switch, slot #0 - 3 are from bottom to top. PCMCIA Card Slot When viewed from the front of the ATM Switch, slot #0 is at bottom and slot #1 is at top.
Line Numbers Nomenclature and Functions Line Numbers Line numbers of the ATM Switch are as shown in Figure 3-12. Figure 3-12: Line Numbers Each line number of the ATM Switch is composed of two digits. The left-most digit indicates the line slot number and the last digit the position number. Regardless of how many line ports are on a line card, the position numbers are, from the left, #0, #1, #2, and #3.
Hardware Specifications 4 This section describes overview of the flow of ATM cell and each functional block of the ATM Switch. Principal Functions of the ATM Switch „ Accommodates various ATM lines The ATM Switch can interface various ATM lines by accommodating both optical lines and metallic lines, different throughputs, and different protocols. The ATM Switch is equipped with interfaces for various ATM lines.
Flow of ATM Cells Hardware Specifications „ Network management system interface This unit exchanges maintenance information with the network management system. Flow of ATM Cells The flow of ATM cells is as follows: 1. Cells sent over lines are received by the line cards. 2. The line cards generate switching information from the VPI, VCI, and PT in the cell header. 3. The switch/CPU card outputs cells to the line cards corresponding to the destination lines. 4.
Hardware Specifications Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions The ATM switch accommodates up to 16 ATM lines per unit and performs nonblock switching of fixed-length data (53 bytes) called ATM cells. Shown below are the functional blocks that comprise the ATM Switch. Figure 4-2: Functional Block Diagram The principal processes performed in each functional block in the switch/CPU card are described below.
Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions ■ CPU is a card whose software operates to control the entire ATM Switch, and is composed of a 64-bit RISC processor, main memory, flash memory, etc.
Hardware Specifications Line Cards Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions A line card is composed of a line interface unit and a line buffer. Basically, the line interface unit physically terminates the lines. The line interface unit takes ATM cells from the ATM line signals and sends the cells to the line buffer. In addition, the line interface unit inserts the ATM cells from the line buffer into the ATM line signals and sends the cells to the opposing hardware.
Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions Hardware Specifications Types of Line Cards The line cards are available in several types, to suit the various lines accommodated. While the line cards differ in a number of ways, such as the shape of connectors, they basically function in the same way. OC-12c ■ OC-3c/STM-4 (single mode) ■ OC-3c/STM1 (single mode/ multi-mode/UTP-5/COAX) ■ TAXI ■ 6.3M-J2 ■ 45M-DS3 ■ 34M-E3 ■ 1.
Hardware Specifications Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions Functional Blocks A functional description of each functional block in the line card is shown in the following table. Hardware Block Line card PHY MUX ALT IXB OXB Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903 Description of Functions ■ Conversion of physical media (e.g.
Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions Interworking Cards Hardware Specifications The FR card and the CE card installed in the ATM Switch are equipped with a function for interworking between ATM network and other types of networks. The CE cards provide structured service and unstructured service in circuit emulation.
Hardware Specifications Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions The CE-DS1 card conforms to the following recommendations and specifications: Server Cards ■ ITU-T G356, G362, G702, G703, G704, G709, G823, G824 ■ ANSI T1.102, T1.107A, T1.403, T1.408, T1.630, T1.627 ■ Bellcore TR-NWT-000170 ■ ATM Forum Circuit Emulation Service Interoperability Spec, UNI Spec 3.1 A server card is composed of a server unit and an FR buffer. The server unit is a basic component of the Server Card.
Hardware Configuration and Overview of Functions Hardware Specifications This page is for your notes.
Software Specifications 5 This section briefly describes the functions of the ATM Switch. As a core entity in an ATM network, the ATM Switch provides a variety of functions to sustain and operate the network most efficiently and at high quality. Here, the following functions of the ATM Switch are explained.
Connection Management Software Specifications The number of connections per system is as follows: ■ Point-to-point (PVC): 8,000 connections ■ Point-to-multipoint (PVC): 1,000 connections ■ Point-to-point (SVC): ■ Point-to-multipoint (SVC): 1,000 end points 4,000 connections The ATM Switch also supports two connections, Soft PVC and tunneling, that take advantage of the characteristics of PVC and SVC mentioned above.
Software Specifications Signaling Control Signaling Control SVC connections provided by the ATM Switch are prepared by a protocol called signaling that establishes and releases SVCs. The signaling protocol is used by the calling terminal to notify the network of the destination of the established SVC, communication band, and traffic quality. The signaling protocols supported by the ATM Switch are as follows: ■ ITU-T recommendation draft Q.2931 at the May 1993 meeting of the ITU-T Study Group II.
Routing Software Specifications Routing The signaling for establishing SVC connections is transferred by referring to the routing table maintained by each switch in the network. There are two types of routing table: static routing table and dynamic routing table. the ATM Switch provides the ILMI (Integrated Local Management Interface) and PNNI (Private Network-Network Interface) functions for preparing and revising the dynamic routing tables. Static routing tables can also be revised manually.
Software Specifications PNNI Functions Routing PNNI is a function whereby switches in a network exchange information to automatically prepare a dynamic routing table and route cells by referring to that table. Such information is exchanged periodically or whenever there is a change. The information is used by each switch to prepare a dynamic routing table between PNNIs that reflects network status in a timely fashion.
Traffic Management Software Specifications Traffic Management The ATM Switch provides the following traffic management functions. ■ Call Admission Control ■ Usage Parameter Control ■ Congestion Control ■ Priority Control ■ Shaping ■ Monitoring Figure 5-5 shows how traffic is controlled and how each function fits into the process in the ATM Switch.
Software Specifications Congestion Control Traffic Management In the ATM Switch, congestion is controlled by applying a back pressure in the direction of line output unit » switch » line input unit and restricting the number of incoming cells. The ATM Switch also supports congestion control using Explicit Forward Congestion Indicator (EFCI) and RM (Resource Management) cell.
Hardware Management Monitoring Software Specifications Monitoring is a function that reads the cell counter of the hardware. It checks the total number of cells exchanged in the ATM Switch, the number of error cells, and the number of discarded cells, etc. NOTE When an overflow occurs (at 4 billion+ cells), the cell counter stops counting cells.
6 Hardware Interface This chapter describes the line interfaces that the ATM Switch supports. UNI and NNI As illustrated in Figure 6-1, there are two types of interfaces in an ATM network. One is the User Network Interface (UNI) that connects an end system (a router, for example) to an ATM switch. The other is the Network Node Interface (NNI) that connects two ATM switches.
Line Interface Hardware Interface Line Interface Provided below is an outline of the line interface specifications of the ATM Switch: SONET OC-12/SDH STM-4 Frame Format ■ For public network UNI and private network UNI/NNI ■ Physical layer: SONET PMD ■ Optical fiber (single mode) ■ Line coding: NRZ ■ Data rate/line rate: 622.08 Mbps ■ Cell rate: 622.08 × 1040/1080 = 599.
Hardware Interface Line Interface SONET OC3/SDH STM-1 Frame Format ■ For public network UNI and private network UNI/NNI ■ Physical layer: SONET PMD ■ Optical fiber (multi mode/single mode), UTP5 ■ Line coding: NRZ ■ Data rate/line rate: 155.52 Mbps ■ Cell rate: 155.52 × 260/270 = 149.
Line Interface Hardware Interface 100M TAXI Frame Format NOTE ■ For private network UNI/NNI ■ Physical layer: FDDI PMD ■ Optical fiber: multi mode ■ Line coding: 4B/5B ■ Data rate: 100 Mbps ■ Line rate: 125 Mbaud In 100M TAXI, there is no frame for existing STM. A field is established for aligning the cells.
Hardware Interface Line Interface 6.3M-J2 Frame Format ■ For public network UNI ■ Physical layer: TTC standard JT-G703-a ■ Coaxial cable ■ Line coding: NRZ ■ Data rate/line rate: 6.312 Mbps ■ Cell rate: 6.144 Mbps ■ Cell alignment: HEC is used Figure 6-5: Secondary Speed Interface (6.
Line Interface Hardware Interface DS3 Frame Format ■ For public network UNI and private network UNI/NNI ■ Physical layer: ❑ ITU-T G703 ❑ G804 ❑ I432 ❑ ANSI T1.102-1933 ❑ T1.107a-1990 ❑ T1.404-1994 ❑ T1.646-1995 ❑ Bellcore TR-NWT-001112 ❑ TR-NWT-000499 ■ Coaxial cable ■ Line coding: B3ZS ■ Data rate/line rate: 44.736 Mbps ■ Cell rate: 44.21 Mbps (Direct Mapping), 40.70 Mbps (PLCP) Figure 6-6 and Figure 6-7 illustrate DS3 frame format and DS3 PLACP frame format.
Hardware Interface Line Interface 16-bit 84-bit S ubfram e 680-bit X IN F O .P Y LD . F 1 IN F O .P Y LD . C IN F O .P Y LD . F 0 C F0 C IN F O .P Y LD . X IN F O .P Y LD . F 1 IN F O .P Y LD . C IN F O .P Y LD . F 0 C F0 C IN F O .P Y LD . P IN F O .P Y LD . F 1 IN F O .P Y LD . C IN F O .P Y LD . F 0 C F0 C IN F O .P Y LD . P IN F O .P Y LD . F 1 IN F O .P Y LD . C IN F O .P Y LD . F 0 C F0 C IN F O .P Y LD . M 0 IN F O .P Y LD . F 1 IN F O .P Y LD . C IN F O .P Y LD .
Line Interface Hardware Interface E3 Frame Format ■ For public network UNI and private network UNI/NNI ■ Physical layer ❑ ITU-T G703 ❑ G751 ❑ G804 ❑ G832 ❑ I432 ❑ ETSI T/NA (91)18 ■ Coaxial cable ■ Line coding: HDB3 ■ Data rate/line rate: 34.368 Mbps +/-20ppm ■ Cell rate: 33.92 Mbps (G832), 34.01 Mbps (G751 Direct Mapping) 59 octets FA 1 FA 2 EM TR MA NR GC 53 0 octe ts pa yload 9 ro w s Figure 6-8: G.
Hardware Interface Line Interface J FA S : F ram e align m e nt sig nal R A I : A la rm indica tio n to the rem o te d igita l m ultiplex eq uipm e nt N .U : B it reserved for na tio nal use JS B : Justification se rvice bits B TA J : B its from trib utaire a va ilable fo r justification Figure 6-9: G.
Hardware Interface p aylo ad 4 8 B yte ce ll 5 3 B yte he ad e r 5 B yte Line Interface G FC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NNI UNI MSB LS B MSB LS B V P I(8) G F C (4) V P I(4) V P I(4) V C I(4) V P I(4) V C I(4) V C I(8) V C I(8) CLP V C I(4) P T (3) (1) V C I(4) P T (3) (1) H E C (8) H E C (8) U se r Inform a tion VPI 0 x x x x x x x VCI 0 1 2 3 4 5 16 an y value othe r than 0 U se r Inform a tion PT x 0,2 0-3 0,2 0,2 0-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CLP 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 1 CLP U N I: U ser-N e tw or
7 Installation This section describes procedures for installing the ATM Switch. Move to installation site Check the contents of the package and move the ATM Switch to installation site or mount on optional chassis. Connect the cables Connect the cables (communications power cable and RS 2320 cable) to the ATM Switch. Connect MAT to the other end of the RS-232C cable. Turn on the power Insert the PCMCIA card into the ATM Switch. Turn on the power. Set data Set the system configuration data.
Installation Conditions Installation Installation Conditions This section provides precautions on the installation area of the ATM Switch. Be sure to install the ATM Switch in an environment that meets the conditions described in this chapter. For more information, refer to "Precautionary Messages" on Page 1-1.
Installation Installation Space Installation Conditions The air flows from the right to left as shown in Figure 7-2. Figure 7-2: Air Flow To allow the ATM Switch to radiate heat, be sure to install it sufficiently away from walls and other equipment. Allow adequate distance away from areas prone to heavy foot traffic and from doors. Installation area necessary when installing the ATM Switch is as follows.
Installation Conditions Installation Chassis Space Requirements Centillion Figure 7-4: Chassis Space Requirements Cable Space Requirements Centillion Figure 7-5: Cable Space Requirements 7-4 Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903
Installation Areas Suitable for Installation Installation Conditions ■ Areas safe from exposure to water or chemicals. ■ Areas that are isolated from shocks and vibration. ■ Horizontal areas. ■ Areas where there is little dust. ■ Areas shielded from direct sunlight. ■ Areas isolated from equipment generating strong magnetism (for example, television set, speakers).
Checking the Package Contents and Preparation for Setting Installation Checking the Package Contents and Preparation for Setting This section describes the contents of the package and preparation for setting.
Installation Checking the Package Contents and Preparation for Setting Tools and Equipment Necessary for Installation ■ Tools Use Phillips screwdrivers. ■ MAT MAT is a terminal for setting the configuration data of the ATM Switch and performing routine management of the equipment. Some of the terminals that may be used as a MAT are a personal computer (PC), workstation (WS), or dumb terminal with an RS-232C port and communications capability.
Checking the Package Contents and Preparation for Setting Transfer Installation Once you have checked the contents of the packages, move the ATM Switch to the new installation site. Before moving the ATM Switch, though, make sure the installation area meets the conditions of the installation environment described above. In addition, when carrying the ATM Switch, be sure to support the bottom of the ATM Switch with both hands.
Installation Mounting of Switch on Chassis Mounting of Switch on Chassis This section explains how to mount the ATM Switch on the chassis. The ATM Switch chassis is optional. Refer to the preceding section on “Installation Environmental Conditions” for the space necessary for chassis installation. Recommended Chassis Figure 7-7: Recommended Chassis From the left: ■ E176 JEB SPL Chassis (depth: 23.7 in. / 600 mm) ■ E178 JEB SPL Chassis (depth: 31.5 in. / 800 mm) ■ E116 JEB SPL Chassis (depth: 23.
Mounting of Switch on Chassis Installing the Chassis Brackets Installation 1. Install chassis brackets on the left and right sides of the ATM Switch. The chassis brackets are designed to be installed on a 19-inch chassis whose depth is either 23.7 inches (600 mm) or 31.5 inches (800 mm), depending on which chassis is used. 2. Securely fasten the chassis brackets to the main unit with two screws on the left and right.
Installation ATM Switch Installation Mounting of Switch on Chassis 1. Install the assembly of the ATM Switch and chassis brackets above the shelf installed on the chassis. 2. Securely fasten the ATM Switch to the chassis with the two screws to the left and right on the front of the chassis brackets.
Connecting Communication Cables Installation Connecting Communication Cables This section describes the various communication cables connected to the line cards installed in the ATM Switch and how to connect them.
Installation Connecting Communication Cables Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables The ATM Switch uses UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) category 5 cables for OC3c/STM1-UTP-5. The UTP-5 cables are connected with RJ-45 modular connectors. The pin assignment of the RJ-45 modular jacks conform to that of ATM Network Equipment of ATM Forum UNI standard Ver 3.1. Maximum transmission distance is 328 ft. (100 m). Pin No.
Inserting PCMCIA Cards MAT Connection Installation Connect the MAT to the ATM Switch. Refer to "Physical Connection of MAT" on page 9-3. Inserting PCMCIA Cards Insert a PCMCIA ATA card into the PCMCIA card slot in the front of the switch/ CPU card.
Installation Turning Power On and Off Turning Power On and Off This section describes the procedures for connecting the power cable to the ATM Switch and the procedures for turning the power on and off. Connecting the Power Cable Make sure the power unit fastening screw on the back of the ATM Switch is properly screwed. Connect the power cable to the power connector and the other end of the cable to power supply, for example, the power outlet.
Turning Power On and Off Turning the Power On Installation Procedures for turning on the ATM Switch's power are shown below. 1. Turn on the power switch on the back of the equipment by raising the switch up. If the power unit is redundant, turn on both power switches. 2. Confirm that the POWER LED and the READY LED in the lower right area of the front of the ATM Switch are lighted green. The ATM Switch's self-diagnosis function is activated every time its power is turned on and every time it is reset.
Installation Turning the Power Off Turning Power On and Off Procedures for turning off the ATM Switch's power are shown below. 1. Turn off the power switch on the back of the equipment. If the power unit is redundant, turn off both power switches. 2. Confirm that the POWER LED and the READY LED in the lower right area of the front of the ATM Switch are off. All communications will be severed when the power is turned off. All unsaved setting data will also be lost.
Setting System Configuration Data Installation Setting System Configuration Data Set system configuration data of the newly installed ATM Switch from the MAT connected to it. Refer to the Command Manual for the commands from the MAT. Operation Check Before performing an operation test, make sure that no error response has been output after setting configuration data (see above). This section describes the procedures for performing an operation test after the ATM Switch is installed.
Installation Setting System Configuration Data Line Interface Test Test the line interface of the line cards installed in the ATM Switch by entering a command from the MAT. 1. Enter the command for performing the line operation test. The command should be entered as follows: DISPLAY line[RETURN] 2. After entering the command, response of the lines for which line cards are installed is displayed. 3. Make sure that “GOOD” is the response for all lines for which line cards are installed.
Setting System Configuration Data NOTE Installation Follow the instructions below when using the equipment in a country or region where it must conform to EMI EN55022 Class B. ■ Coaxial cable Install near the connector a ferrite core so the cable makes a loop. (See Figure number 7-14.) ■ UTP cable Install near the connector a ferrite core so the cable makes a loop. (See Figure number 7-14.) ■ AC power cable Install near the connector a ferrite core so the cable makes a loop. (See Figure number 7-14.
Basic Configuration and Setup 8 This chapter explains the software setup and configuration of the ATM Switch. Hardware Installation and Connection Install and connect the hardware for the ATM Switch in the following order: 1. Install line interface cards. 2. Install blank line interface panels (if necessary). 3. Install power supply(ies). 4. Connect the MAT terminal cable. 5. Install the Ethernet PCMCIA card (optional). 6. Connect the Ethernet cable (optional). 7.
Hardware Installation and Connection Setting Configuration Data Basic Configuration and Setup Before performing the initial switch configuration, you should obtain the following information: „ Name of the switch (hostname) „ ATM address (NSAP address) „ Switch IP address (ATM management network) „ Switch IP netmask „ Clock source (network clocking structure) „ Enable password „ Telnet password „ Ethernet IP address (optional) (Ethernet management network) „ Ethernet IP netmask (optional)
Basic Configuration and Setup Hardware Installation and Connection 5. Enter a new enable password and press [RETURN]. Enter the password again to verify. 6. Enter Telnet password and press [RETURN]. Enter the password again to verify. NOTE Do not lose these passwords. Once in privileged mode, the prompt changes from > to #. All commands are available in privileged mode. The next steps set the basic configuration parameters for the switch. 7. Set the clock source. SET clock master 8.
Software Upgrading Basic Configuration and Setup Optional Commands SET iproute - Configures an IP route within the switch, usually for remote hosts for network management, etc. Use this command when the network that you want to connect to is either connected to an ATM port or an Ethernet port. For more information, see the “SET iproute (Privileged Command)” section of the ATM Switch Command Manual. SET nms - If an NMS system is installed, this command allows up to 4 remote NMS systems to be installed.
Basic Configuration and Setup Ongoing Configuration Ongoing Configuration Interface, ILMI, and SVC Signaling This section describes how to configure different interface types and PVCs. Interface Configuration The SET INTERFACE command sets the type of interface, such as Private UNI, Private NNI, or Public UNI. Each interface complies with ATM Forum specifications and has its own unique applications. If you want to keep the default interface configuration, you can skip this section. 1.
Ongoing Configuration Basic Configuration and Setup 4. Delete the SVC signaling PVC connection. DELETE signaling [slot number][port number] [vpi number] This command deletes the PVC connection signaling VCI for the specified port. The default VPI/VCI is 0/5. Example: DELETE sig 23 0 Because of intelligent traffic being sent between ATM switches, sometimes the port configures itself with a PNNI signaling channel. If the interface needs to be modified, this PVC connection will also need to be deleted.
Basic Configuration and Setup Ongoing Configuration 9. Use the SET ATMSIG command to change the parameters of the signaling. SET atmsig [slot number][port number] [vpi number] This command will enter a configuration sub-routine which will prompt you for 12 different parameters, including the UNI version (3.0, 3.1 or 4.0) and the location of the port (logical network side or user side). It is not recommended that the timer values be changed unless the user is fully aware of the consequences. 10.
Ongoing Configuration PVC Setup and Installation Basic Configuration and Setup The first part of any PVC setup is the definition of a profile. There are 16 available profiles that can be defined and configured. These profiles determine characteristics for shaping and managing traffic. When establishing a PVC, the traffic class (such as CBR, UBR, etc.), the QoS parameters, traffic shaping parameters, and UPC parameters can be set.
Basic Configuration and Setup Ongoing Configuration 3. Define a PVC.
Setting up LAN Emulation Basic Configuration and Setup Setting up LAN Emulation The following shows an example of LAN emulation with two ATM switches interconnected and a LAN emulation client attached to each switch. LAN emulation, as its name suggests, emulates an Ethernet LAN environment and is also known as MAC over ATM. Various protocols such as TCP/IP, Netware IPX, and Appletalk can be transported over the Ethernet.
Basic Configuration and Setup Setting up LAN Emulation Use the following steps to set up shaded area of the diagram. All data in this section, including addresses, are examples: 1. Connect cables as in the diagram above and power on all the equipment. 2. Adjust the clock mode of the switch (#2) to SLAVE. The LES is set to provide a MASTER clock. 3. Check the switch’s local information. DISPLAY network 4. Set the line interface card parameters, ILMI parameters and ATM signaling parameters.
Setting up LAN Emulation Basic Configuration and Setup Adjust ILMI timing parameters. This is specific to a connection to an ATMNIC. Use the following values: Timer value = 5, Times of retry = 60 (default) and Keepalive = 20. 8. Before svcline can be turned on, you must: SET signaling 00 0 5 Re-set the signaling connection deleted previously. A signaling connection is set with VPI/VCI=0/5 SET signaling 03 0 5 9.
Basic Configuration and Setup Setting up LAN Emulation 11. For the PNNI interface port 00, set a PNNI connection. Use values, VPI=0 and VCI=18. SET pnni 00 0 18 12. Manually register an address of LECS to the switch. Upon an ILMI query of the LECS address from a prospective LE client, the switch will inform the LECS address registered with this command. SET configserver 0 4700790000000000000000000077777777777700 LECS ATM address LECS index (Up to 4 LECS can be registered.) 13.
SVC Tunneling Basic Configuration and Setup SVC Tunneling This section describes how to interconnect two ATM Switches (1 & 2) configured for LAN Emulation with an LE client attached to each, over a PVC connection using a SVC tunneling technique. 470079-11111111111111111111 ATM Switch (1) 00.n 470079-22222222222222222222 001 000 00.u ATM Switch (3) ATM Switch (2) (PVC) VPI = 1 Clock: PC LES/LEC PC LES/MAT 133.205.8.54 133.205.8.39 Figure 8-1: SVC Tunneling 1.
Maintenance and Operations 9 This section describes how the ATM Switch is operated, maintained, and managed. Overview The ATM Switch is primarily maintained and operated using a dedicated terminal called MAT that is connected to the ATM Switch via RS-232C. Some of the functions may also be performed from an NMS connected via the ATM or Ether network. SNMP, the standard protocol for Internet hardware, is used over UDP/IP/ SNAP/LLC/AAL5 for communications between the NMS and the ATM Switch.
MAT and NMS Maintenance and Operations MAT and NMS The primary functions that can be used from a MAT and NMS are as listed below.
Maintenance and Operations Physical Connection of MAT MAT and NMS In connecting the ATM Switch and MAT, use a RS-232C cross cable fitted on one end with a D-SUB 9 pin (male) connector for the ATM Switch and on the other end with a connector meeting the shape of the MAT side connector. There are two types of RS-232C cables used, straight cable and cross cable, depending on the difference in the connection conditions of signal lines. Use the RS-232C cross cable for connecting the ATM Switch and MAT.
MAT and NMS Maintenance and Operations Specifications of the ATM Switch RS-232C connector are shown below.
Maintenance and Operations MAT and NMS 1 (D C D ) 2 R xD 1 (D C D ) 2 R xD 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 T xD DTR SG DSR RTS 8 CTS 9 (R I) IB M -P C T xD DTR SG DSR RTS 8 CTS 9 (R I) N E T N E X 85 50 Figure 9-5: Connection with IBM-PC Connection The ATM Switch is equipped with a RS-232C connector on the front of the switch/ CPU card. The RS-232C cable may be inserted or removed whether or not power is supplied to the ATM Switch.
MAT and NMS Communications Software Maintenance and Operations A dumb terminal may be used as MAT, but when using a personal computer or workstation as MAT, it is recommended that you use communication software compatible to the hardware model you are using. Setting the MAT Turn on the power switch of the MAT. Set the communications parameters of the MAT as follows. For instructions on setting the parameters, refer to the manual on the installed communications software.
Maintenance and Operations NMS NMS The ATM Switch may be operated and managed from personal computers and workstations called MATs as well as from the NMS that is connected to the ATM Switch via ATM or ether network. SNMP, the standard protocol for Internet hardware, is used over UDP/IP/SNAP/ LLC/AAL5 for communications between the NMS and the ATM Switch. To realize this function, the ATM Switch maintains Management information base MIB-II stipulated by RFC1213. Q .
NMS NMS Interface (via ATM) Maintenance and Operations The CPU can exchange data with the NMS via ATM lines. To realize this function GWPAD assembles ATM cells into data and disassembles data into ATM cells. The CPU monitors errors in the hardware and sends to the NMS error information. Figure 9-8 shows how data is transferred from the NMS to CPU.
Maintenance and Operations Periodic Maintenance Periodic Maintenance This section describes the periodic maintenance that must be performed after the ATM Switch is put into operation. In general, the following two tasks are required for the operation, maintenance, and management of the ATM Switch: ■ Check to make sure that the ATM Switch is operating properly. ■ Take action when a fault is found.
Periodic Maintenance Backing up Configuration Data Maintenance and Operations It is recommended that configuration data be backed up any time there have been changes made to the switch configuration that are intended to be permanent. Ethernet Interface 1. Connect the TFTP server and the switch Ethernet port to a common Ethernet network. They may be directly connected to each other if an ethernet crossconnect cable is used. 2. Set the Ethernet IP address of the switch using the SET ether command. 3.
Maintenance and Operations Periodic Maintenance Flash Memory Card 1. Power off the ATM Switch. 2. Insert a spare flash memory card (with an on-line program) into the PCMCIA slot #0 (bottom slot). 3. Insert the flash memory card with configuration data into the PCMCIA slot #1 (upper slot). 4. Power up the ATM Switch while simultaneously pressing (and hold down) the “Esc” key on the MAT console. The 8550 will enter the boot program. 5. At the BOOT# prompt, type the following: SET boot flash_up_save 6.
Periodic Maintenance Cleaning 9-12 Maintenance and Operations ■ Wipe the main unit with dry cloth. ■ Do not allow water drops in the main unit. ■ Do not let the cleaning cloth catch on a connector while cleaning. ■ Do not use chemically-treated cloths as they may harm the paint. ■ Do not place any foreign objects in the main unit.
Modifications 10 This chapter describes the procedures for moving the ATM Switch to another location, replacing mounted packages, upgrading software, and adding hardware. Moving the Equipment This section describes the procedures for moving the ATM Switch to another location. 1. Turn off the power switch of the ATM Switch and remove the power cable. NOTE If the power unit is redundant, be sure to remove both cables. 2. Remove the communication cable connector from the ATM Switch. 3.
Moving the Equipment Modifications When carrying the main unit, be sure to securely hold the bottom of the main unit as shown in Figure 10-1. Figure 10-1: Carrying the ATM Switch NOTE Be sure to hold the specified positions. Holding positions other than the specified positions may cause a failure. 4. Connect the power cable and the communication cable. Refer to "Connecting the Power Cable" on page 7-15. 5. Connect the MAT to ATM Switch with RS-232C cable. Refer to "MAT Connection" on page 7-14. 6.
Modifications General Precautions on Handling Packages General Precautions on Handling Packages This section provides the procedures for installing units and packages on the ATM Switch. Pay attention to the following precautions when handling packages.
Power Unit Installation Modifications Power Unit Installation This section describes the procedures for installing the power unit. Inserting the Power Unit 1. Make sure the power switch of the power unit that is inserted is turned off. 2. Remove the front cover from the front of the main unit. Refer to "Removing the Front Cover" on page 10-15. Figure 10-5: Removing the Front Cover 3. Insert the power unit into the power unit slot.
Modifications Power Unit Installation Figure 10-6: Inserting the Power Unit Make sure you use both hands and insert the power unit slowly. Inserting the power unit quickly may cause damage to the connector or a failure. An injury may result if you hold the power unit with only one hand. 4. Tighten the screw on the back of the main unit to fix the power unit. 5. Install power unit cover and securely fasten with the screws on both ends. Make sure the right side is up when installing the power unit cover.
Power Unit Installation Removing the Power Unit Modifications 1. Turn off the power switch on the back of the main unit (if redundant, only the power switch of the power unit to be removed). 2. Remove the power cable from the connector and remove the fastening screws. 3. Remove the front cover. 4. Turn the screws on both ends of the power unit cover and remove the cover. 5. Hold the power unit securely with both hands as shown in Figure 10-7 and remove it slowly.
Modifications Switch/CPU Card Installation Switch/CPU Card Installation This section describes the procedures for installing the switch/CPU card. Inserting the Switch/CPU Card 1. Clean the connector with cleaner before inserting the switch/CPU card. 2. Turn off the power switch on the back of the main unit. Turn off both switches if the power unit is redundant. 3. Remove the front cover from the front of the main unit 4.
Switch/CPU Card Installation Removing the Switch/CPU Card Modifications 1. Turn off the power switch on the back of the main unit. Turn off both switches if the power unit is redundant. 2. Remove the front coverf from the front of the main unit. 3. Remove the two screws on the left and right ends of the front plate of the switch/ CPU card. 4. Slowly remove the switch/CPU card with both hands.
Modifications Line Card Installation Line Card Installation This section describes the procedures for installing a line card. It also describes the procedures for installing a front plate over an idle line card slot. Several types of line cards are available (listed below). They are all installed the same way. OC-12c-SMF(622 Mbps) (from November 1996) „ OC-3c/STM-1 -MMF „ SMF, -UTP-5 (155 Mbps) „ TAXI-MMF(100 Mbps) „ J2 (6.
Line Card Installation Modifications hold the ejectors with both hands to insert the card. Figure 10-11: Inserting the Line Card Figure 10-12: When pushing the line card in, do not apply excess pressure on the left and right edges of the front of the plate. The plate may become deformed. Make sure the line card is fitted into both right and left guide rails before inserting it. If the line card is slid outside of the guide rails, it may cause a short-circuit.
Modifications Removing a Line Card Line Card Installation 1. Remove the communication cable. 2. Remove the screws to the left and right sides of the ejectors. 3. Draw the ejectors outward to open position. Figure 10-13: Line Card Ejectors - Open Position 4. Hold the line card with both hands and remove it slowly. Figure 10-14: Removing the Line Card Be sure to allow at least 3 seconds of interval when repeating line card removal or insertion. Failure may result if an adequate interval is not given.
Line Card Installation Installing the Front Plate Modifications Be sure to install a front plate in slots without a line card to improve the air-cooling efficiency of the main unit and to suppress the radiation of noise. 1. Install the front plate into the line card slot. 2. Tighten the screws on the left and right of the front plate to fix the front plate in place. Figure 10-15: Inserting the Front Plate Do not insert a hand into an idle slot to prevent injury from sharp guide rail corners, etc.
Modifications Installing the Fan Unit Installing the Fan Unit This section describes the procedures for installing the fan unit. Inserting the Fan Unit 1. Clean the connector with cleaner before inserting the fan units. 2. Remove the front cover from the front of the main unit. 3. Insert the fan unit into the fan unit slot. When inserting the fan unit, securely hold it with both hands (as shown in Figure 10-16) and insert it evenly on the left and right sides and on top and bottom.
Installing the Fan Unit Removing the Fan Unit Modifications 1. Remove the front cover from the front of the main unit. 2. Remove the screw on the top of the front plate of the fan unit. 3. Securely hold the fan unit with both hands, as shown in Figure 10-17, and remove it straight out of the slot. Figure 10-17: Removing the Fan Unit The fan unit can be inserted or removed while the main unit is in operation. However, avoid running the main unit for an extended period of time without the fan unit.
Modifications Installing the Front Cover Installing the Front Cover This section explains the procedure for installing the front cover. Installing the Front Cover 1. The front cover fit on the front of the main unit. Figure 10-18: Installing the Front Cover 2. Tighten the six screws of the front cover to securely fasten the front cover to the main unit. Removing the Front Cover 1. Remove the six screws of the front cover. 2. Remove the front cover slowly.
Upgrading Software Modifications Upgrading Software This section explains the procedure for upgrading the ATM Switch software. Inserting PCMCIA Cards There are two types of PCMCIA cards used for upgrading the software of the ATM Switch. „ ATA (flash disk) card „ LAN card (optional) Figure 10-20: PCMCIA Card - (Left: ATA Card; Right: LAN Card) Inserting and Removing an ATA Card ATA cards are handled in the same manner as normal PCMCIA cards.
Modifications Upgrading Software Insertion Procedure 1. Before inserting the LAN card into the ATM Switch, connect the cable and relay connector as shown in Figure 10-21. Figure 10-21: LAN Card, Cable, and Relay Connector Connections Be sure to hold the connector when connecting or removing the cable. Pulling on the cable may cause the cable to break or the card to fail. 2. Turn off the power switch of the ATM Switch. 3.
Upgrading Software Upgrading Modifications The following software upgrade mode settings are available for the ATM Switch. „ FLASH „ FLASH_UP „ FLASH_UP_SAVE „ INITIALIZE „ INITIALIZE_SAVE „ NETWORK „ NETWORK_SAVE Use the boot monitor to set the upgrade mode. The boot monitor is started by pressing ESC from the MAT while the booting message is displayed when the power is turned on or the unit is reset. Once in the boot monitor, the display will show the “BOOT” prompt.
Modifications Upgrading Software FLASH Mode Load the software from the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot to start the software. The office data will return to the initial setting status. This is the default value of the boot mode. Figure 10-23: FLASH Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2. Replace the old ATA card with the new version ATA card. 3. Turn on the power of the ATM Switch.
Upgrading Software Modifications FLASH_UP Mode Load the software from the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #0. The office data is loaded from the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #1. Office data is not saved. Figure 10-24: FLASH_UP Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2. Insert the new version ATA card in PCMCIA slot #0 and the ATA card containing the office data you wish to continue to use in PCMCIA slot #1. 3. Turn on the power of the ATM Switch and start the boot monitor. 4.
Modifications Upgrading Software FLASH_UP_SAVE Mode Load the software from the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #0. The office data is loaded from the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #1. After loading, the office data is saved to the ATA card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #0. Figure 10-25: FLASH_UP_SAVE Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2. Insert the new version ATA card in PCMCIA slot #0 and the ATA card containing the office data you wish to continue to use in PCMCIA slot #1.
Upgrading Software Modifications INITIALIZE Mode Load the software from the Ether network server connected via the LAN card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #1. The office data is included in the software in the initial setting status. The software and office data are not saved. Figure 10-26: INITIALIZE Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2. Insert into PCMCIA slot #1 the LAN card connected to the Ether network. 3. Turn on the power of the ATM Switch and start the boot monitor. 4.
Modifications Upgrading Software INITIALIZE_SAVE Mode Load the software from the Ether network server connected via the LAN card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #1. The office data is included in the software in the initial setting status. After loading, the software and office data are saved to the ATA card mounted in PCMCIA slot #0 and reloaded in the main memory. Figure 10-27: INITIALIZE_SAVE Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2.
Upgrading Software Modifications NETWORK Mode Load the software from the Ether network server connected via the LAN card mounted in the PCMCIA slot #1. The office data is loaded from the ATA cad mounted in PCMCIA slot #0. Software is not saved. Figure 10-28: NETWORK Mode Procedure 1. Turn off the power of the ATM Switch. 2. Insert into PCMCIA slot #0 the ATA card containing the office data you wish to continue to use and into PCMCIA slot #1 the LAN card connected to the Ether network. 3.
Modifications Adding Line Cards Adding Line Cards This section describes the procedures for adding line cards to the line slots of the ATM Switch. Preparation Hardware Work Before adding line cards, have the following equipment ready.
Adding Hardware Modifications Adding Hardware This section describes the procedures for increasing the number of input-output lines by connecting a number of ATM Switch units or an ATM Switch unit with other hardware.
Modifications Hardware Work Adding Hardware When connecting two or more ATM Switch units or an ATM Switch unit with other hardware, it is necessary to synchronize the units by designating them as a master or slave. In addition, it is possible to set designated lines to transmit data according to the clock received by the line (loop time).
Adding Hardware Modifications Centillion 1200N Centillion 1200N Figure 10-30: Example of Adding Hardware (ATM Switch: Slave) Centillion 1200N Figure 10-31: Example of Adding Hardware (When Looptime is Specified) Setting Configuration Data To set the clock mode of the ATM Switch, refer to the SET clock command in the Command Manual. To set the loop time, refer the SET looptime command in the Command Manual. For other hardware, refer to the appropriate manual(s) for the other hardware.
Troubleshooting 11 This chapter describes error detection and troubleshooting of the ATM Switch. Error Detection This section describes how the ATM Switch detects errors. When a problem occurs, it is automatically detected. Problems are automatically detected in the blocks shown below: „ Switch/CPU card „ Line cards „ Fan unit „ Power unit When a problem occurs in ATM Switch, error information is sent from the hardware to software.
Error Detection Detection by LED Troubleshooting Hardware alarms and line interface alarms are indicated by the LED on the main unit. The status of the hardware and the status of the lines are also indicated. Each LED is described in Figure 11-1. Figure 11-1: ATM Switch LED Locations POWER LED The POWER LED lights green when power is on and turns off when power is off. READY LED The READY LED turns on when the equipment is operating properly and turns off when an error occurs.
Troubleshooting Error Detection ALARM LED The ALARM LED lights red when an error occurs in the equipment. The ALARM lamp flashes if an error occurs when the equipment is being booted. In this case, the cause of the fault may be determined by the number of times the lamp flashes.
Error Detection Detection by Diagnosis Troubleshooting The diagnosis program can be started by the following processes: „ Power on reset „ Switch/CPU card reset „ Diagnosis command When the diagnosis is no good, the error information can be verified by executing the DISPLAY status or DISPLAY alarm commands.
Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Procedures Troubleshooting Procedures When ALARM LED is Lighted (Hardware Error) When the ALARM LED lights red while operating the ATM Switch, follow the instructions below: 1. Connect the MAT to the ATM Switch. (See "Physical Connection of MAT" on page 9-3.) 1. Turn on the MAT's power and set its communication parameters. (See "Setting the MAT" on page 9-6.) 2. Enter the DISPLAY alarm command from the MAT.
Troubleshooting Procedures Alarm Error Numbers Troubleshooting Alarm Error Number (Environment) Alarm No.
Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Procedures Alarm Error Number (Line Buffer) Alarm Type, Number Part Nature of Error Control Alarm 000001 BUFF Illegal interruption Path Alarm 040001 BUFF Received cell parity error Control Alarm 040007 BUFF Illegal cell transmission error Path Alarm 050001 BUFF HT SGRAM test error Path Alarm 050002 BUFF RIRO SGRAM test error Path Alarm 050003 BUFF RIRO SRAM test error Diagnosis NG 040008 IBC IBC diagnosis NG Diagnosis NG 040009 IBC IBC RIRO
Troubleshooting Procedures Troubleshooting Alarm Error Number (Line Card: OC-3c/STM-1) Alarm Type, Number Part Nature of Error Path Alarm 010001 PHY PHY0 reception FIFO overflow Path Alarm 010101 PHY PHY1 reception FIFO overflow Path Alarm 010201 PHY PHY2 reception FIFO overflow Path Alarm 010301 PHY PHY3 reception FIFO overflow Clock Alarm 020002 MUX 50 MHz clock interruption Path Alarm 030001 MUX UTOPIA parity error Diagnosis NG 640000 MUX MUX diagnosis NG Diagnosis NG 01
Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Procedures Alarm Error Number (Line Card: 6.
Troubleshooting Procedures When RCV/INS is Lighted (Line Error) Troubleshooting The RCV/INS LED is available for each line to indicate the status of that line. Refer to "Line Error Definition" on page 11-12 for lighting patterns. When the RCV/INS LED indicates an alarm for that line during the operation of the ATM Switch, follow the instructions below: 1. Connect the MAT to the ATM Switch. (See "Physical Connection of MAT" on page 9-3.) 2. Turn on the MAT's power and set its communication parameters.
Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Procedures Error Messages Message Meaning GOOD Functioning properly Loss of Signal Signal interruption occurred Loss of Frame Frame is out of sync Out of Frame Frame end can not be detected AIS_Section Section layer AIS received AIS_Path Path layer AIS received Yellow_Section Section layer remote alarm received Yellow_Path Path layer remote alarm received Loss of Cell Delineation Cell is out of sync Loss of Pointer STS frame pointer error Alarm Indicat
Troubleshooting Procedures Line Error Definition 11-12 Troubleshooting Line Type Nature of Error LED Pattern OC3 Loss of Signal INS off, RCV on OC3 Loss of Frame INS off, RCV on OC3 Section AIS INS off, RCV on OC3 Path AIS INS off, RCV on OC3 Loss of Pointer INS off, RCV on OC3 Loss of Cell Delineation INS off, RCV on OC3 Yellow Section INS flashing, RCV off OC3 Yellow Path INS flashing, RCV off TAXI Loss of Signal INS off, RCV on TAXI Loss of Cell Delineation INS off, RC
Specifications and Standards A Specifications The Centillion 1200N is a 2.5 Gbps Switch. Item Description Switch Switch Configuration „ Input-output buffer type Switch Capacity „ 2.
Specifications Specifications and Standards Simultaneously Established Channels „ P-to-P PVC: 8K connection (including multipoint PVC)/hardware „ Multipoint PVC: 1K endpoint/hardware „ P-to-P SVC: 1K connection (including multipoint SVC)/hardware „ Multipoint SVC: 1K endpoint/hardware PVC Setting Method „ Established according to the fixed path information in the PCMCIA ATA card (or downloaded from external source) SVC Signaling Method „ ATM Forum UNI 3.0, 3.1, 4.0, Ver. 1.
Specifications and Standards Line Specifications Maximum Line Speed „ 622 Mbps/line Number of ATM Line Slots „ 4 slots (hot-swappable; can be inserted or removed live) Types of Lines Accommodated „ 622M OC-12c STM4 (SMF) ‰ „ SC connector 4 lines/card BNC connector 1 line/card BNC connector 2 lines/card BNC connector 2 lines/card RJ connector 1 line/card RJ connector 4 lines/card 2M E1 ‰ „ 2 lines/card 1.5M DS1 ‰ „ BNC connector 1.
Specifications Specifications and Standards Server „ Mounting External Dimensions (width × depth × height) LANE/ARP „ 17.3 in. (440 mm) × 16.1 in. (410 mm) × 6.1 in. (154 mm, including rubber footing „ Can be mounted on a standard 19-inch rack Weight „ 44.2 lb. (20 Kg) Power Supply „ Input: DC -40 to -58V Power Consumption „ Maximum 6.
Specifications and Standards Standards - Operational Standards - Operational Safety Standards UL1950 (United States) CSA-C22.2 No.
Standards - Functional Specifications and Standards Standards - Functional The Centillion 1200N is a 2.5 Gbps Switch. It conforms to the standards and recommendations listed below: (ATM Forum “ATM User-Network Interface Specification” Version3.0/3.1/4.0.) A-6 ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Broadband ISDN-related Recommendations G.703a Physical layer / electrical interface characteristics G.707 SDH Speed G.708 Basic Structure of SDH Frame G.709 Detailed Structure of SDH Frame G.
B Glossary A AAC Actual Allocated Capacity AAL ATM Adaptation Layer: The standards layer that allows multiple applications to have data converted to and from the ATM cell. A protocol used that translates higher layer services into the size and format of an ATM cell. AAL Connection Association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities. AAL-1 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 1: AAL functions in support of constant bit rate, timedependent traffic such as voice and video.
Glossary AAL-5 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 5: AAL functions in support of variable bit rate, delaytolerant connection-oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or error detection support. AALP Audible Alarm Panel ABR Available Bit Rate: ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment.
Glossary ACR Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio: One of the factors that limits the distance a signal may be sent through a given media. ACR is the ratio of the power of the received signal, attenuated by the media, over the power of the NEXT crosstalk from the local transmitter, usually expressed in decibels (db). To achieve a desired bit error rate, the received signal power must usually be several times larger than the NEXT power or plus several db. Increasing a marginal ACR may decrease the bit error rate.
Glossary ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation: A reduced bit rate variant of PCM audio encoding (see also PCM). This algorithm encodes the difference between an actual audio sample amplitude and a predicted amplitude and adapts the resolution based on recent differential values. ADTF ACR Decrease Time Factor: This is the time permitted between sending RM-cells before the rate is decreased to ICR (Initial Cell Rate). The ADTF range is 0.01 to 10.23 sec. with granularity of 10 ms.
Glossary AIMUX ATM Inverse Multiplexing: A device that allows multiple T1 or E1 communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells. AIR Additive Increase Rate: An ABR service parameter, AIR controls the rate at which the cell transmission rate increases. It is signaled as AIRF, where AIRF = AIR*Nrm/PCR. AIRF Additive Increase Rate Factor: Refer to AIR.
Glossary ANM Answer Message: A BISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to the sending exchange indicating answer and that a through connection should be completed in both directions. ANSI American National Standards Institute: A U.S. standards body. API Application Program Interface: A programming interface used for interprogram communications or for interfacing between protocol layers.
Glossary ARPANet Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork: A Department of Defense data network, developed by ARPA, which ties together many users and computers in universities, government, and businesses. ARPANET has been the forerunner of many developments in commercial data communications, including packet switching, which was first tested on a large scale on the network. ARPANET is a predcessor of the Internet.
Glossary ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats, each having 20 bytes in length including country, area and end-system identifiers. ATM Layer Link A section of an ATM Layer connection between two adjacent active ATM Layer entities (ATM-entities). ATM Link A virtual path link (VPL) or a virtual channel link (VCL). ATM-NIC ATM Network Interface Card: Electronic circuitry connecting a workstation to a network.
Glossary B ATS Abstract Test Suite: A set of abstract test cases for testing a particular protocol. An "executable" test suite may be derived from an abstract test suite. Attenuation The process of the reduction of the power of a signal as it passes through most media. Usually proportional to distance, attenuation is sometimes the factor that limits the distance a signal may be transmitted through a media before it can no longer be received.
B Glossary BCOB-A Bearer Class A: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connectionoriented, constant bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE). BCOB-C Bearer Class C: Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connectionoriented, variable bit rate service. The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element (IE).
Glossary B B-ICI SAAL B-ICI Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: A signaling layer that permits the transfer of connection control signaling and ensures reliable delivery of the protocol message. The SAAL is divided into a Service Specific part and a Common part (AAL5). BIP Bit Interleaved Parity: A method used at the PHY layer to monitor the error performance of the link. A check bit or word is sent in the link overhead covering the previous block or frame.
B Glossary BNC Bayonet-Neill-Concelman: A bayonet-locking connector for slim coaxial cables, like those used with Ethernet. BOM Beginning of Message: An indicator contained in the first cell of an ATM segmented packet. Border Node A logical node that is in a specified peer group, and has at least one link that crosses the peer group boundary. BP Back Pressure: Propagation effects in a communications network of hop-by-hop flow control to upstream nodes.
Glossary C Btag Beginning Tag: A one octet field of the CPCS_PDU used in conjunction with the Etag octet to form an association between the beginning of message and end of message. B-TE Broadband Terminal Equipment: An equipment category for B-ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals.
C Glossary CBR Constant Bit Rate: An ATM service category which supports a constant or guaranteed rate to transport services such as video or voice as well as circuit emulation which requires rigorous timing control and performance parameters. CCITT Comite Consutarif International Telegraphique at Telephonique: The Consultive Committee on International Telegraph and Telephony.
Glossary C CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance-ATM layer functions may alter the traffic characteristics of ATM connections by introducing Cell Delay Variation. When cells from two or more ATM connections are multiplexed, cells of a given ATM connection may be delayed while cells of another ATM connection are being inserted at the output of the multiplexer. Similarly, some cells may be delayed while physical layer overhead or OAM cells are inserted.
C Glossary Child Node A node at the next lower level of the hierarchy which is contained in the peer group represented by the logical group node currently referenced. This could be a logical group node, or a physical node. Child Peer Group A child peer group of a peer group is any one containing a child node of a logical group node in that peer group. A child peer group of a logical group node is the one containing the child node of that logical group node.
Glossary C CLP Cell Loss Priority: This bit in the ATM cell header indicates two levels of priority for ATM cells. CLP=0 cells are higher priority than CLP=1 cells. CLP=1 cells may be discarded during periods of congestion to preserve the CLR of CLP=0 cells. CLR Cell Loss Ratio: CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific. The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end-system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics.
C Glossary Communication endpoint An object associated with a set of attributes which are specified at the communication creation time. Concatenation Joining several fibers together end-to-end. Configuration The phase in which the LE Client discovers the LE Service. Connection An ATM connection consists of concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end-to-end information transfer capability to access points.
Glossary C CPCS-SDU Common Part Convergence Sublayer-Service Data Unit: Protocol data unit to be delivered to the receiving AAL layer by the destination CP convergence sublayer. CPE Customer Premises Equipment: End user equipment that resides on the customer's premise which may not be owned by the local exchange carrier. CPN Calling Party Number: A parameter of the initial address message that identifies the calling number and is sent to the destination carrier.
C Glossary CRM Cell Rate Margin: This is a measure of the difference between the effective bandwidth allocation and the allocation for sustainable rate in cells per second. CRS Cell Relay Service: A carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with ATM standards and implementation specifications. CS Convergence Sublayer: The general procedures and functions that convert between ATM and non-ATM formats.
Glossary D D DA Destination Address: Information sent in the forward direction indicating the address of the called station or customer. DA Destination MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an endpoint and which is sent in IEEE LAN frame headers to indicate frame destination. Data Connections Data VCCs connect the LECs to each other and to the Broadcast and Unknown Server. These carry Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 or IEEE 802.5 data frames as well as flush messages.
D Glossary Dijkstra's Algorithm An algorithm that is sometimes used to calculate routes given a link and nodal state topology database. DIR This is a field in an RM-cell which indicates the direction of the RM- cell with respect to the data flow with which it is associated. The source sets DIR=0 and the destination sets DIR=1. Direct Set A set of host interfaces which can establish direct layer two communications for unicast (not needed in MPOA).
Glossary D DS-2 Digital Signal, Level 2: The North American Digital Hierarchy signaling standard for transmission of 6.312 Mbps that is used by T2 carrier which supports 96 calls. DS-3 Digital Signal, Level 3: The North American Digital Hierarchy signaling standard for transmission at 44.736 Mbps that is used by T3 carrier. DS-3 supports 28 DS1s plus overhead. DS3 PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol: An alternate method used by older T carrier equipment to locate ATM cell boundaries.
E Glossary DTL Terminator The last switching system within the entire PNNI routing domain to process the connection and thus the connection's DTL. DXI Data Exchange Interface: A variable length frame-based ATM interface between a DTE and a special ATM CSU/DSU. The ATM CSU/DSU converts between the variable-length DXI frames and the fixed-length ATM cells. E E.164 A public network addressing standard utilizing up to a maximum of 15 digits. ATM uses E.164 addressing for public network addressing.
Glossary E EFS Error Free Seconds: A unit used to specify the error performance of T carrier systems, usually expressed as EFS per hour, day, or week. This method gives a better indication of the distribution of bit errors than a simple bit error rate (BER). Also refer to SES. ELAN Emulated Local Area Network: A logical network initiated by using the mechanisms defined by LAN Emulation. This could include ATM and legacy attached end stations.
E Glossary EN European Norm End Station These devices (e.g., hosts or PCs) enable the communication between ATM end stations and end stations on "legacy" LAN or among ATM end stations. Entry Border Node The node which receives a call over an outside link. This is the first node within a peer group to see this call. EPD Early Packet Discard: A congestion control technique that selectively drops all but the last ATM cell in a Classical IP over ATM packet.
Glossary F ESI End System Identifier: This identifier distinguishes multiple nodes at the same level in case the lower level peer group is partitioned. ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute: The primary telecommunications standards organization. Exception A connectivity advertisement in a PNNI complex node representation that represents something other than the default node representation. Exit Border Node The node that will progress a call over an outside link.
F Glossary FC Feedback Control: Feedback controls are defined as the set of actions taken by the network and by the end-systems to regulate the traffic submitted on ATM connections according to the state of network elements. FCC Federal Communications Commission: The federal organization in Washington D.C. set up by the Communications Act of 1934. It has the authority to regulate all interstate (but not intrastate) communications originating in the United States. The FCC is the U.S.
Glossary F FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification: This bit notifies the user that congestion-avoidance procedures should be initiated were applicable for traffic in the same direction as the received frame. This bit notifies the user that congestionavoidance procedures should be initiated were applicable for traffic in the same direction as the received frame. It indicates that this frame, on this logical connection, has encountered congested resources.
G Glossary FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array: A specialized microprocessor manufactured without physical connections between its logic gates, but with potential connections that can be firmed up in the field. (paraphrased from Newton) FRS Frame-Relay Service: A connection oriented service that is capable of carrying up to 4096 bytes per frame. FRTT Fixed Round-Trip Time: This is the sum of the fixed and propagation delays from the source to the furthest destination and back. G G.
Glossary H GFC Generic Flow Control: GFC is a field in the ATM header which can be used to provide local functions (e.g., flow control). It has local significance only and the value encoded in the field is not carried end-to-end. GWPAD GateWay Packet Assembler and Disassembler : A functional unit that interconnects two computer networks with different network architectures and enables data terminal equipment (DTE) not equipped for packet switching to access a packet switched network.
I Glossary HBFG Host Behavior Functional Group: The group of functions performed by an ATMattached host that is participating in the MPOA service. HDLC High Level Data Link Control: An ITU-TSS link layer protocol standard for pointto-point and multi-point communications. Header Protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit. HEC Header Error Control: Using the fifth octet in the ATM cell header, ATM equipment may check for an error and corrects the contents of the header.
Glossary I ICD International Code Designator: This identifies an international organization. The registration authority for the International Code Designator is maintained by the British Standards Institute. The length of this field is two octets. ICR Initial Cell Rate: An ABR service parameter, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which a source should send initially and after an idle period.
I Glossary IEEE 802.5 A Local Area Network protocol suite commonly known as Token Ring. A standard originated by IBM for a token passing ring network that can be configured in a star topology. Versions supported are 4 Mbps and 16 Mbps. IEEE 802.6 A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) standard, using DQDN (Dual Bus Distributed Queue) technology. Provides up to 45 Mbit/s data rate on each bus today (and may provide up to 150 Mbit/son each bus in the future), for distances up to about 100 km.
Glossary I Interior Denotes that an item (e.g., link, node, or reachable address) is inside of a PNNI routing domain. Internal Reachable Address An address of a destination that is directly attached to the logical node advertising the address. IOP Interoperability: The ability of equipment from different manufacturers (or different implementations) to operate together.
I Glossary ISO International Standards Organization: An international organization for standardization, based in Geneva, Switzerland, that establishes voluntary standards and promotes global trade of 90 member countries. ITU-T Specifications for Traffic Measurement. I.361 B-ISDN ATM Layer Specification. I.362 B-ISDN ATM Layer (AAL) Functional Description. I.363 B-ISDN ATM Layer (AAL) Specification. I.432 ITU-T Recommendation for B-ISDN User-network Interface.
Glossary J,K ITU Q.2931 The signaling standard for ATM to support Switched Virtual Connections. This is based on the signaling standard for ISDN. ITU Q.931 The signaling standard for ISDN to support SVCs. The basis for the signaling standard developed for Frame Relay and ATM. ITU Q.933 The signaling standard for Frame Relay to support SVCs. This is based on the signaling standard for ISDN. IUT Implementation Under Test: The particular portion of equipment which is to be studied for testing.
L Glossary LANE LAN Emulation: The set of services, functional groups and protocols which provide for the emulation of LANs utilizing ATM as a backbone to allow connectivity among LAN and ATM attached end stations. LAPD Link Access Procedure D: A layer 2 protocol defined by CCITT (original name of ITU-T). This protocol reliably transfers blocks of information across a single Layer 1 link and supports multiplexing of different connections at Layer 2. Layer Entity An active element within a layer.
Glossary L Leadership Priority The priority with which a logical node wishes to be elected peer group leader of its peer group. Generally, of all nodes in a peer group, the one with the highest leadership priority will be elected as peer group leader. Leaf Node Any node in a tree structure that is at the farthest distance from the root (primary node), no matter which path is followed. In any tree, a leaf is a node at the end of the branch, one that has no descendants.
L Glossary LES LAN Emulation Server: This implements the control coordination function for the Emulated LAN, examples are enabling a LEC to join an ELAN, resolving MAC to ATM addresses. LGN Logical Group Node: LGN is a single node that represents the lowest level peer groups in the respective higher level peer group. LIJP Leaf Initiated Joint Parameter: Root screening options and Information Element (IE) instructions carried in SETUP message.
Glossary L Link Constraint A restriction on the use of links for path selection for a specific connection. Link Metric A link parameter that requires the values of the parameter for all links along a given path to be combined to determine whether the path is acceptable and/or desirable for carrying a given connection. Link State Parameter Information that captures an aspect or property of a link. LLC Logic Link Control: A protocol developed by the IEEE 802.
L Glossary Logical Node An abstract representation of a peer group or a switching system as a single point. Logical Node ID A string of bits that unambiguously identifies a logical node within a routing domain. LOP Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.
Glossary M LTE SONET Lite Terminating Equipment: ATM equipment terminating a communications facility using a SONET Lite Transmission Convergence (TC) layer. This is usually reserved for end user or LAN equipment. The SONET Lite TC does not implement some of the maintenance functions used in long haul networks such as termination of path, line and section overhead. LUNI LANE UNI: The standardized interface between a LE client and a LE Server (LES,LECS and BUS).
M Glossary MAN Metropolitan Area Network: A network designed to carry data over an area larger than a campus such as an entire city and its outlying area. Managed System An entity that is managed by one or more management systems, which can be either Element Management Systems, Subnetwork or Network Management Systems, or any other management systems. Management Domain An entity used here to define the scope of naming.
Glossary M MCLR Maximum Cell Loss Ratio: This is the maximum ratio of the number of cells that do not make it across the link or node to the total number of cells arriving at the link or node. MCR Minimum Cell Rate: An ABR service traffic descriptor, in cells/sec, that is the rate at which the source is always allowed to send. MCTD Maximum Cell Transfer Delay: This is the sum of the fixed delay component across the link or node and MCDV.
M Glossary MID Message Identifier: The message identifer is used to associate ATM cells that carry segments from the same higher layer packet. MIR Maximum Information Rate: Refer to PCR. Mrm An ABR service parameter that controls allocation of bandwidth between forward RM-cells, backward RM-cells, and data cells. MMF Multimode Fiberoptic Cable: Fiberoptic cable in which the signal or light propagates in multiple modes or paths.
Glossary M MPOA Target A set of protocol address, path attributes, (e.g., internetwork layer QoS, other information derivable from received packet) describing the intended destination and its path attributes that MPOA devices may use as lookup keys. MSB Most Significant Bit: The highest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value. MT Message Type: The field containing the bit flags of a RM-cell.
N Glossary Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection A Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection is a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links, and their associated nodes, with the following properties: • All Nodes in the connection, called endpoints, serve as a Root Node in a Point-to-Multipoint connection to all of the (N-1) remaining endpoints.
Glossary N NEF Network Element Function: A function within an ATM entity that supports the ATM based network transport services, (e.g., multiplexing, cross-connection). Neighbor Node A node that is directly connected to a particular node via a logical link. NEL Network Element Layer: An abstraction of functions related specifically to the technology, vendor, and the network resources or network elements that provide basic communications services.
N Glossary NMS Network Management System: The system responsible for managing a portion of a network. The NMS talks to network management agents, which reside in the managed nodes, via a network management protocol. The NMS is the entity that implements functions at the Network Management Layer. It may also include Element Management Layer functions. A Network Management System may manage one or more other Network Management Systems.
Glossary N Node Synonymous with logical node. Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange Netware’s native LAN communications protocol, used to move data between server and/or workstation programs, running on different network nodes. IPX packets are encapsulated and carried by the packets used in Ethernet and the similiar frames used in Token-Ring networks. IPX supports packet sizes up to 64 bytes.
O Glossary NT Network Termination: Network Termination represents the termination point of a Virtual Channel, Virtual Path, or Virtual Path/Virtual Channel at the UNI. NTSC National Television System Committee: An industry group that defines how television signals are encoded and transmitted in the US. Nucleus The interior reference point of a logical node in the PNNI complex node representation.
Glossary O OSC Oscillator: A device for generating an analog test signal or an electronic circuit that creates a single frequency signal. OSI Open Systems Interconnection: A seven (7) layer architecture model for communications systems developed by the ISO for the interconnection of data communications systems. Each layer uses and builds on the services provided by those below it. OSI Physical Layer Usually taken to be SONET/SDH (which itself has 4 layers...) but can be other things as well.
P Glossary OXB Output eXpandable Buffer P Packet A device for generating an analog test signal or an electronic circuit that creates a single frequency signal. Packet Switch A device that routes and forwards structured messages (packets). Packet Switching A data transmission method used in a network where user information is segmented and routed in discreet data envelopes called packets, each with its own appended control information for routing, sequencing, and error checking.
Glossary P PBX Private Branch eXchange: PBX is the term given to a device which provides private local voice switching and voice-related services within the private network. A PBX could have an ATM API to utilize ATM services, for example Circuit Emulation Service. PC Protocol Control: Protocol Control is a mechanism which a given application protocol may employ to determine or control the performance and health of the application.
P Glossary PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy: PDH (plesiochronous means nearly synchronous), was developed to carry digitized voice over twisted pair cabling more efficiently. This evolved into the North American, European, and Japanese Digital Hierarchies where only a discrete set of fixed rates is available, namely, nxDS0 (DS0 is a 64 kbps rate) and then the next levels in the respective multiplex hierarchies.
Glossary P PHY OSI Physical Layer: The physical layer provides for transmission of cells over a physical medium connecting two ATM devices. This physical layer is comprised of two sublayers: the PMD Physical Medium Dependent sublayer, and the TC Transmission Convergence sublayer. Refer PMD and TC. Physical Layer (PHY) Connection An association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities.
P Glossary PLL Phase Lock Loop: Phase Lock Loop is a mechanism whereby timing information is transferred within a data stream and the receiver derives the signal element timing by locking its local clock source to the received timing information. PLO Phase Locked Oscillator PM Physical Medium: Physical Medium refers to the actual physical interfaces. Several interfaces are defined including STS-1, STS-3c, STS-12c, STM-1, STM-4, DS1, E1, DS2, E3, DS3, E4, FDDI-based, Fiber Channel-based, and STP.
Glossary P PNNI Routing Hierarchy The hierarchy of peer groups used for PNNI routing. PNNI Topology State Packet A type of PNNI Routing packet that is used for flooding PTSEs among logical nodes within a peer group. POH Path Overhead: A maintenance channel transmitted in the SONET overhead following the path from the beginning multiplexer to the ending demultiplexer. This is not implemented in SONET Lite.
P Glossary PRI Primary Rate Interface: An ISDN standard for provisioning of 1.544 Mbps (DS1) ISDN services. The standard supports 23 "B" channels of 64 kbps each and one "D" channel of 64 kbps. Primitive An abstract, implementation independent, interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provider. Private ATM Address A twenty-byte address used to identify an ATM connection termination point.
Glossary Q PTSE PNNI Topology State Element: A collection of PNNI information that is flooded among all logical nodes within a peer group. PTSP PNNI Topology State Packet: A type of PNNI Routing packet that is used for flooding PTSEs among logical nodes within a peer group. PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit: This is a link with static route defined in advance, usually by manual setup.
R Glossary R RBOC Regional Bell Operating Company: Seven companies formed to manage the local exchanges originally owned by AT&T. These companies were created as a result of an agreement between AT&T and the United States Department of Justice. RD Routing Domain: A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of routing. RDF Rate Decrease Factor: An ABR service parameter, RDF controls the decrease in the cell transmission rate. RDF is a power of 2 from 1/32,768 to 1.
Glossary R RIF Rate Increase Factor: This controls the amount by which the cell transmission rate may increase upon receipt of an RM-cell. The additive increase rate AIR=PCR*RIF. RIF is a power of 2, ranging from 1/32768 to 1. RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing: A computer processing technology in which a microprocessor understands a few simple instructions thereby providing fast, predictable instruction flow.
R Glossary Route Server A physical device that runs one or more network layer routing protocols, and which uses a route query protocol in order to provide network layer routing forwarding descriptions to clients. Router A physical device that is capable of forwarding packets based on network layer information and that also participates in running one or more network layer routing protocols. Routing Computation The process of applying a mathematical algorithm to a topology database to compute routes.
Glossary R RS-232C A set of standards specifying various electrical and mechanical characteristics for interfaces between computers, terminals and modems.The RS-232-C standard, which was developed by the EIA (Electrical Industries Association), defines the mechanical and electrical characteristics for connecting DTE and DCE data communications devices. It defines what the interface does, circuit functions and their corresponding connector pin assignments.
S Glossary S SA Source Address: The address from which the message or data originated. SA Source MAC Address: A six octet value uniquely identifying an end point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame. SAAL Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer: This resides between the ATM layer and the Q.2931 function. The SAAL provides reliable transport of Q.2931 messages between Q.2931 entities (e.g.
Glossary S SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part: A SS7 protocol that provides additional functions to the Message Transfer Part (MTP). It typically supports Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP). Scope Defines the level of advertisement for an address. The level is a level of a peer group in the PNNI routing hierarchy. SCP Service Control Point: A computer and database system which executes service logic programs to provide customer services through a switching system.
S Glossary Segment A single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection. SEL Selector: A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part (DSP) defined by ISO 10589, not used for ATM network routing, used by ATM end systems only. Semipermanent Connection A connection established via a service order or via network management. SES Severely Errored Seconds: A unit used to specify the error performance of T carrier systems.
Glossary S SMDS Switched Multi-Megabit Data Services: A connectionless service used to connect LANs, MANs and WANs to exchange data. SMF Single Mode Fiber: Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path. Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance, a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses. SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation. Refer to MMF.
S Glossary SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: Originally designed for the Department of Defense network to support TCP/IP network management. It has been widely implemented to support the management of a broad range of network products and functions. SNMP is the IETF standard management protocol for TCP/IP networks. Start of Header A transmission control character used as the first character in the heading of an information message.
Glossary S Split System A switching system which implements the functions of more than one logical node. SPTS Single Program Transport Stream: An MPEG-2 Transport Stream that consists of only one program. SR Source Routing: A bridged method whereby the source at a data exchange determines the route that subsequent frames will use. SRF Specifically Routed Frame: A Source Routing Bridging Frame which uses a specific route between the source and destination.
S Glossary SS7 Signal System Number 7: A family of signaling protocols originating from narrowband telephony. They are used to set-up, manage and tear down connections as well as to exchange non-connection associated information. Refer to BISUP, MTP, SCCP and TCAP. STC System Time Clock: The master clock in an MPEG-2 encoder or decoder system. STE Spanning Tree Explorer: A Source Route Bridging frame which uses the Spanning Tree algorithm in determining a route.
Glossary S STP Signaling Transfer Point: A high speed, reliable, special purpose packet switch for signaling messages in the SS7 network. STP Shielded Twisted Pair: A cable containing one or more twisted pair wires with each pair having a shield of foil wrap. STS Start Synchronous STS-1 Synchronous Transport Signal 1: SONET standard for transmission over OC-1 optical fiber at 51.84 Mbps.
S Glossary subNMS Subnetwork Management System: A Network Management System that is managing one or more subnetworks and that is managed by one or more Network Management Systems. Summary Address An address prefix that tells a node how to summarize reachability information. SUT System Under Test: The real open system in which the Implementation Under Test (IUT) resides. SVC Switched Virtual Circuit: A connection established via signaling. The user defines the endpoints when the call is initiated.
Glossary T SVPC Switched Virtual Path Connection: A Switched Virtual Path Connection is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling. A Virtual Path Connection (VPC) is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell. Switched Connection A connection established via signaling. Switching System A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing.
T Glossary T1Q1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with performance. T1S1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with services, architecture and signaling. T1X1 An ANSI standards sub-committee dealing with digital hierarchy and synchronization. TB Transparent Bridging: An IETF bridging standard where bridge behavior is transparent to the data traffic. To avoid ambiguous routes or loops, a Spanning Tree algorithm is utilized.
Glossary T TCP Transmission Control Protocol: Originally developed by the Department of Defense to support interworking of dissimilar computers across a network. A protocol which provides end-to-end, connection-oriented, reliable transport layer (layer 4) functions over IP controlled networks. TCP performs the following functions: flow control between two systems, acknowledgements of packets received and end-to-end sequencing of packets.
T Glossary TFTPserver Trivial File Transfer Protocol: A simplified version of FTP that transfers files but does not provide password protection or user-directory capability.It is associated with the TCP/IP family of protocols.TFTP depends on the connectionless datagram delivery service, UDP. TLV Type / Length / Value: A coding methodology which provides a flexible and extensible means of coding parameters within a frame. Type indicates parameter type. Length indicates parameter's value length.
Glossary T TOF Time Out Factor: An ABR service parameter, TOF controls the maximum time permitted between sending forward RM-cells before a rate decrease is required. It is signaled as TOFF where TOF=TOFF+1. TOFF is a power of 2 in the range: 1/8 to 4,096. TOFF Time Out Factor: Refer to TOF. Topology Aggregation The process of summarizing and compressing topology information at a hierarchical level to be advertised at the level above.
T Glossary Trail An entity that transfers information provided by a client layer network between access points in a server layer network. The transported information is monitored at the termination points. Trailer Protocol control information located at the end of a PDU. Transit Delay The time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary and the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a second designated boundary.
Glossary U TSI Telecommunications Standards Institute: The primary telecommunications standards organization TTC Telecommunications Technology Council: A Japanese standards committee. TTCN Tree and Tabular Combined Notation: The internationally standardized test script notation for specifying abstract test suites. TTCN provides a notation which is independent of test methods, layers and protocol.
U Glossary UME UNI Management Entity: The software residing in the ATM devices at each end of the UNI circuit that implements the management interface to the ATM network. Unassigned Cells A cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier (VPI) and virtual channel identifier (VCI) value, which has been generated and does not carry information from an application using the ATM Layer service.
Glossary V UTOPIA Universal Test & Operations Interface for ATM: Refers to an electrical interface between the TC and PMD sublayers of the PHY layer. UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair: A cable having one or more twisted pairs, but with no shield per pair. V VBR Variable Bit Rate: An ATM Forum defined service category which supports variable bit rate data traffic with average and peak traffic parameters.
V Glossary VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator: An oscillator whose clock frequency is determined by the magnitude of the voltage presented at its input. The frequency changes when the voltage changes. VD Virtual Destination. Refer to VS/VD. VF Variance Factor: VF is a relative measure of cell rate margin normalized by the variance of the aggregate cell rate on the link Virtual Channel Switch A network element that connects VCLs. It terminates VPCs and translates VCI values.
Glossary W VPI Virtual Path Identifier: An eight bit field in the ATM cell header which indicates the virtual path over which the cell should be routed. VPL Virtual Path Link: A means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed. VPT Virtual Path Terminator: A system that unbundles the VCS of a VP for independent processing of each VC.
X, Y, Z Glossary X, Y, Z XATOM Expandable ATM Output Modular Switch XDF Xrm Decrease Factor: An ABR service parameter, XDF controls the decrease in ACR associated with Xrm. It is a power of two in range: [0, 1]. Xrm An ABR service parameter, Xrm limits the number of forward RM-cells which may be sent in the absence of received backward RM-cells. The range is 0-255.
C Worksheets 2.5 Gbps Switch Configuration Worksheet The Centillion 1200N is a 2.5 Gbps Switch. Each ATM switch has unique and definitive configuration requirements that must be met prior to activation. Items such as Hostname, IP Address, and ATM address are required for each switch. The configuration worksheets in this section are intended to provide a template for these switch requirements.
2.5 Gbps Switch Configuration Worksheet Slot Configuration Slot Worksheets Interface Type (OC-12, OC-3, TAXI, DS-3, etc.) Serial # 0 1 2 3 PNNI Version 1.
Worksheets Port Configuration Worksheet Port Configuration Worksheet Port Configurations Parameter Port 00 Port 01 Port 02 Port 03 Port 10 Port 11 Port 12 Port 13 Interface Type (MMF, SMF, UTP5, TAXI) Port Name UNI or NNI Network or User VPI - # of bits VCI - # of bits UNI Version (3.0/3.1/4.
Port Configuration Worksheet Parameter Worksheets Port 20 Port 21 Port 22 Port 23 Port 30 Port 31 Port 32 Port 33 Interface Type (MMF, SMF,UTP5, TAXI) Port Name UNI or NNI Network or User VPI - # of bits VCI - # of bits UNI Version (3.0/3.1/4.
Worksheets Port Configuration Worksheet ELAN Configurations ELAN Name LECS Address Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903 LES Address # of Clients C-5
PVC Configuration Worksheet Worksheets PVC Configuration Worksheet Profile Configurations Profile Name Traffic Type PCR SCR MBS Traffic Type PCR SCR MBS Shaper Configurations Port C-6 Shaper Number (1-8) Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903
Worksheets PVC Configuration Worksheet PVC Configurations Profile Name Bi or Uni Directional Input Port Input VPI Input VCI Centillion 1200N ATM Switch User Manual NTP 297-8103-903 Output Port Output VPI Output VCI Early Packet Discard (Y/N) UPC Mode (Y/N) (1-5) C-7
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