Includes Teacher's Notes and Typical Experiment Results 012-04695D Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model TD-8553/8554A/8555 03/99 THERMAL RADIATION SYSTEM TD-8554A Radiation Cube (Leslie's Cube) TD-8555 STEFAN-BOLTZMAN LAMP CAUTION 13 VDC MAX LAMP VOLTAGE R TO MIS ER TH 100W BULB MAX. CAUTION: HOT! 4 3 ON 2 1 OFF LOW 5 6 N IO 54A UTT! -85 TD CAHO del Mo FOR MAXIMUM ACCURACY, MEASURE VOLTAGE AT BINDING POSTS USE NO.
Thermal Radiation 012-04695D CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN The lightning flash with arrowhead, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user of the presence of uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the product’s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons. CAUTION: TO PREVENT THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE BACK COVER. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Table of Contents Section ...................................................................................................... Page Copyright and Warranty, Equipment Return .................................................. ii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Radiation Sensor ..............................................................................................
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Copyright, Warranty, and Equipment Return Please—Feel free to duplicate this manual subject to the copyright restrictions below. Copyright Notice Equipment Return The PASCO scientific Model TD 8553/ Should the product have to be returned to PASCO scientific for any reason, notify PASCO scientific by letter, phone, or fax BEFORE returning the product. Upon notification, the return authorization and shipping instructions will be promptly issued.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Introduction The PASCO Thermal Radiation System includes three items: the TD-8553 Radiation Sensor, the TD-8554A Radiation Cube (Leslie's Cube), and the TD-8555 Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp.
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Thermal Radiation Cube (Leslie’s Cube) The TD-8554A Radiation Cube (Figure 2) provides four different radiating surfaces that can be heated from room temperature to approximately 120 °C. The cube is heated by a 100 watt light bulb. Just plug in the power cord, flip the toggle switch to “ON”, then turn the knob clockwise to vary the power.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp IMPORTANT: The voltage into the lamp should NEVER exceed 13 V. Higher voltages will burn out the filament. Banana Connectors: Connect to Power Supply – 13 V MAX, (2 A min, 3 A max) The TD-8555 Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp (Figure 3) is a high temperature source of thermal radiation. The lamp can be used for high temperature investigations of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Table 2 Temperature and Resistivity for Tungsten R/R 300K 1.0 1.43 1.87 2.34 2.85 3.36 3.88 4.41 4.95 Temp Resistivity °K µΩ cm 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 5.65 8.06 10.56 13.23 16.09 19.00 21.94 24.93 27.94 R/R 300K 5.48 6.03 6.58 7.14 7.71 8.28 8.86 9.44 10.03 Temp Resistivity °K µΩ cm 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 R/R 300K 30.98 34.08 37.19 40.36 43.55 46.78 50.05 53.35 56.67 10.63 11.24 11.84 12.46 13.08 13.72 14.34 14.99 15.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Experiment 1: Introduction to Thermal Radiation EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Radiation Sensor, Thermal Radiation Cube — Millivoltmeter ä — Window glass — Ohmmeter. NOTES: ① If lab time is short, it's helpful to preheat the cube at a setting of 5.0 for 20 minutes before the laboratory period begins. (A very quick method is to preheat the cube at full power for 45 minutes, then use a small fan to reduce the temperature quickly as you lower the power input.
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Part 2 Use the Radiation Sensor to examine the relative magnitudes of the radiation emitted from various objects around the room. On a separate sheet of paper, make a table summarizing your observations. Make measurements that will help you to answer the questions listed below. Absorption and Transmission of Thermal Radiation ① Place the Sensor approximately 5 cm from the black surface of the Radiation Cube and record the reading.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Questions (Part 1) ① List the surfaces of the Radiation Cube in order of the amount of radiation emitted. Is the order independent of temperature? ② It is a general rule that good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters. Are your measurements consistent with this rule? Explain.
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012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Experiment 2: Inverse Square Law EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Radiation Sensor — Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp, Millivoltmeter — Power Supply (12 VDC; 3 A), meter stick. Align axes of filament and Sensor Top View X Power Supply (13 V MAX!) Millivoltmeter Meter Stick Align zero-point of meter stick with center of filament Figure 2.1 Equipment Setup ① Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 2.1. a. Tape a meter stick to the table. b.
Thermal Radiation System ä 012-04695D IMPORTANT: Do not let the voltage to the lamp exceed 13 V. ④ Adjust the distance between the Sensor and the lamp to each of the settings listed in Table 2.2. At each setting, record the reading on the millivoltmeter. ä X (cm) IMPORTANT: Make each reading quickly. Between readings, move the Sensor away from the lamp, or place the reflective heat shield between the lamp and the Sensor, so that the temperature of the Sensor stays relatively constant.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Calculations ① For each value of X, calculate 1/X2. Enter your results in Table 2.2. ② Subtract the Average Ambient Radiation Level from each of your Rad measurements in Table 2.2. Enter your results in the table. ③ On a separate sheet of paper, make a graph of Radiation Level versus Distance from Source, using columns one and four from Table 2.2. Let the radiation level be the dependent (y) axis.
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012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Experiment 3: Stefan-Boltzmann Law (high temperature) EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Radiation Sensor — Ohmmeter — Voltmeter (0-12 V) — Ohmmeter — Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp — Ammeter (0-3 A) — Millivoltmeter — Thermometer. Introduction The Stefan-Boltzmann Law relates R, the power per unit area radiated by an object, to T, the absolute temperature of the object. The equation is: R=σ T 4 ; σ =5.
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Procedure ä IMPORTANT: The voltage into the lamp should NEVER exceed 13 V. Higher voltages will burn out the filament. ① BEFORE TURNING ON THE LAMP, measure Tref , the room temperature in degrees Kelvin, (K=°C + 273) and Rref , the resistance of the filament of the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp at room temperature. Enter your results in the spaces on the following page. ② Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3.1.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Data and Calculations ① Calculate R, the resistance of the filament at each of the voltage settings used (R = V/I). Enter your results in Table 3.1. ② Use the procedure on pages 3 and 4 of this manual to determine T, the temperature of the lamp filament at each voltage setting. Enter your results in the table. ③*Calculate T4 for each value of T and enter your results in the table. ④*On a separate sheet of paper, construct a graph of Rad versus T4.
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012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Experiment 4: Stefan-Boltzmann Law (low temperature) EQUIPMENT NEEDED: — Radiation Sensor — Millivoltmeter — Thermal Radiation Cube — Ohmmeter. Introduction In experiment 3, you investigated the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (Rrad = sT4) for the high temperatures attained by an incandescent filament. At those high temperatures (approximately 1,000 to 3,000 K), the ambient temperature is small enough that it can be neglected in the analysis.
Thermal Radiation System ä 012-04695D IMPORTANT: Make each reading quickly, removing the heat shield only as long as it takes to make the measurement. Take care that the position of the sensor with respect to the cube is the same for all measurements. ⑥ Replace the heat shield, and turn the cube power to 10. When the temperature has risen an additional 12-15 C°, repeat the measurements of step 5. Repeat this procedure at about 12-15° intervals until the maximum temperature of the cube is reached.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Teacher’s Guide Experiment 1: Introduction to Thermal Radiation Notes on Questions Notes on Questions Part 1 Part 2 ① In order of decreasing emissivity, the surfaces are Black, White, Dull Aluminum, and Polished Aluminum. This order is independent of temperature; and within the temperature range tested, the ratio of emissions between sides is almost constant. The normalized percentages are as follows: (Black is defined as 100%) ① Yes.
Thermal Radiation System 012-04695D Notes on Questions Suggestion: ① The graph of Radiation versus 1/x2 is more linear, but not over the entire range. There is a distinct falloff in intensity at the nearer distances, due to the non-point characteristics of the lamp. (A graph of Radiation versus 1/x2 using only data points from 10cm or more is nearly linear.) The largest part of the error in this lab is due to the non-point nature of the Stefan-Boltzmann Lamp.
012-04695D Thermal Radiation System ② The lamp filament is not a true black body. If it were, it would be completely and totally black at room temperature. It is a fairly good approximation, though, as long as the temperature is high enough that the emitted light is much greater than the incident light. ③ Any other thermal source in the room would influence the results, including the warm body of the experimenter and the room itself.
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012-04695D Thermal Radiation System Technical Support Feed-Back Contacting Technical Support If you have any comments about this product or this manual please let us know. If you have any suggestions on alternate experiments or find a problem in the manual please tell us. PASCO appreciates any customer feed-back. Your input helps us evaluate and improve our product.
