INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL ETHERNET BRIDGE SPREAD SPRECTRUM RADIOS (2.4 AND 5.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Installation and Maintenance Manual Copyright © 1999 by Glenayre Western Multiplex. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced without prior written permission from Glenayre Western Multiplex. The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Regulatory Notice This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 WARRANTY (e) Glenayre Western Multiplex shall at its cost, ship the repaired item or replacement to any destination within the United States of America by carrier and method of delivery chosen by Glenayre Western Multiplex. If the Customer has requested some other form of conveyance, such as express shipping, or is located beyond the USA borders, then the Customer shall pay to the cost of return shipment. 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 LIMITATIONS ON DAMAGES (North America) 6.1 THE WARRANTY STATED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS THE CUSTOMER'S EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY FOR THE EQUIPMENT; GLENAYRE WESTERN MULTIPLEX SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND OF MERCHANTABILITY. 6.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 CONDITIONS OF SALE 4.1 Glenayre Western Multiplex shall arrange shipping and insurance when requested by the Customer, and shall bill the Customer for the Equipment with the shipping and any insurance costs as separate items, on an invoice (the "Invoice"). 4.2 Delivery dates quoted by Glenayre Western Multiplex are to be considered estimates only.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED TO THOSE LIMITATIONS. SHORTAGES 9.1 The customer shall not make any claim for shortages (which are items that the Invoice does not show are on back-order) after twenty-one (21) days after the date of the Invoice. DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF AGREEMENT 15.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Table of Contents 1. HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 1.2 2. MANUAL ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................................................ 1-1 ICONS.........................................................................................
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.7.1 DC Power Wiring............................................................................................................................. 3-15 3.7.2 AC Power Connection...................................................................................................................... 3-17 3.8 ANTENNA CONNECTION ..................................................................................................
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figures FIGURE 2-1: FRONT PANEL, 2.4 GHZ W/O T/E1 ...................................................................................................... 2-12 FIGURE 2-2: FRONT PANEL, 5.8 GHZ W/O T/E1 ...................................................................................................... 2-12 FIGURE 2-3: REAR PANEL ...........................................................................................
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 1. How to Use This Manual 1.1 Manual Organization The Installation and Maintenance Manual provides information required to install and maintain Tsunami and to use its many features to the fullest advantage. This manual is divided into the following sections: Section 1 Provides instructions on how to most effectively utilize the information in this manual.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 1.2 Icons Throughout this manual, the following icons are used to highlight areas of special interest and importance.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2. Product Description 2.1 General Description The Tsunami Spread Spectrum radios provide a new level of control and convenience in a digital communications network. The Tsunami radios provide 10BaseT intelligent bridging between two locations without the delay and expense of installing cable or traditional microwave. Because each owner controls the operation of the link, there is no reliance on any outside services.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2 Specifications All specifications are subject to change without notice. 2.2.1 Transmitter All Models Frequency Selection Rear Panel DIP switches; 7-cavity RF filter assembly Modulation OQPSK Coding Direct Sequence Number of Codes 4 (Rear Panel DIP switch selectable) Output Power (typ.) Output Power (max.) Control Range 2.4 GHz +27 dBm +30 dBm 16 dB min. Frequency Range Output Power (typ.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.2 Antenna / Antenna Coupling Unit All Models Mechanics External antenna Antenna Connection N-type female Impedance 50 ohms Recommended Antenna (not included) 2.4 GHz 4, 6, or 8 foot parabolic 5.8 GHz 2, 4, 6, or 8 foot parabolic & flat panel Gain & Beamwidth (3 dB) 2 ft Antenna 4 ft Antenna 6 ft Antenna 8 ft Antenna N/A 27 dB / 7° 31 dB / 5° 33.5 dB / 3.5° 29 dB / 6° 35 dB / 3° 38 dB / 2° 41 dB / 1.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.4 System (Single Hop Performance) All Models -11 Error Floor Dispersive Fade Margin 10 58 dB, typical Transmission delay (radio only) (10 mile path) 250 µsec, maximum 300 µsec, maximum System Gain* --USA-2.4 GHz** --------NO EIRP LIMIT ------2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz 0.6m Antennas N/A N/A 158 dB 1.2m Antennas 166 dB 169 dB 170 dB 1.8m Antennas 174 dB 181 dB 182 dB 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 System (Single Hop Performance) Transmit Frequencies 2.4 GHz (~2 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~2 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~4 Mbps) A1 channel 2410 MHz 5735 MHz 5741 MHz A2 channel 2453 MHz 5800 MHz 5803 MHz B1 channel 2430 MHz 5755 MHz 5772 MHz B2 channel 2473 MHz 5820 MHz 5834 MHz C1 channel N/A 5775 MHz N/A C2 channel N/A 5840 MHz N/A 2.4 GHz (~2 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~2 Mbps) 5.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 System (Single Hop Performance) - continued Transmit Frequencies 2.4 GHz (~8 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~8 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~12 Mbps) 5.8 GHz (~25 Mbps) A1 channel 2420 MHz 5735 MHz 5741MHz 5750 MHz A2 channel 2443 MHz 5800 MHz 5803 MHz 5825 MHz B1 channel N/A 5755 MHz 5772 MHz N/A B2 channel N/A 5820 MHz 5834 MHz N/A C1 channel N/A 5775 MHz N/A N/A C2 channel N/A 5840 MHz N/A N/A 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.5 Digital Line Interface All Models Data Interface 10BaseT (fully compatible with IEEE 802.3/Ethernet V.2)(100BaseT for 5.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.5.1 T1 Interface Models T1 Models Data Rate 1.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.6 Auxiliary Connections All Models Orderwire Interface 2-wire, 4-pin modular jack, female (RJ-11) REN (Ringer Equivalency Number) 1.0 B DTMF tones within ±1.5% of nominal freq.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.7 Temperature and Environment All Models Operating Temperature Range -30 to +65°C Humidity 95% non-condensing Altitude 4,500 meters, maximum 2.2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.2.9 Regulatory Information 2.4 GHz FCC Identifier HZB-LYNX42 FCC Rule Parts 15.247 Industry Canada ID 522 102 415A IC Rule Parts RSS 210 ETSI ETS 300-328 & -826 5.8 GHz FCC Identifier HZB-LYNX66 or HZB-LYNX96 FCC Rule Parts 15.247 Industry Canada ID 522 102 426 IC Rule Parts RSS 210 * Approved and/or Certified in many other countries (consult factory) 2.2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.3 2.3.1 Front Panel Description General The Tsunami radio front panels, as shown in Figure 2-1 through 2-2, have LED indicators, test points, controls and connections that are used for installation, maintenance, operation and troubleshooting. Prior to installation, it is best to be familiar with the front panel of your particular model. Sections 2.3.2 through 2.3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.3.2 ON Test Points / Power Indicator This is an LED indication. When lit GREEN, Tsunami is powered. The Tsunami radio products do not have an on/off switch. GND This is a test point referenced to chassis ground. This is used in conjunction with the next two test points to measure voltages related to radio performance. RSL This is a test point which relates to the Received Signal Level (RSL).
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.3.3 Alarm and Status Indicators TXD When lit GREEN, indicates transmitted data into the wireless link. RXD When lit GREEN, indicates received data from the far end of the wireless link. COLL This is an alarm. When lit RED, indicates that Ethernet collisions are occurring.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.3.4 Controls Link test transmits either an internal signal and re-transmits this signal back at the far-end radio. The near end then receives the signal. This is very useful for testing because the test signal can be monitored at the near-end and the quality of the entire link can be determined without anyone going to the far-end radio location.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.3.5 Connections ORDERWIRE This connection is used to access the orderwire function. This is a facility for "telephone" style service from one radio to another. A standard electronic telephone [one with a handset and DTMF (pushbutton tone) dialing] plugs into this connector.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.4 Rear Panel Description The Tsunami radio rear panel, as shown in Figure 2-3, has connections and DIP switches that are used for installation, maintenance, operation and trouble-shooting. Prior to installation, you should familiarize yourself with the rear panel.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.4.1 RF Connection The RF port of the Tsunami radio is an N-type female connector that is an integral part of the filter assembly. The filter assembly occupies nearly the entire top half of the rear panel. The N-Type connector is used to connect the antenna, typically using coaxial transmission line.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.4.2 DATA Connections The connection for the Ethernet interface that carries the signals in and out of the radio is a RJ45 10BaseT connection. 2.4.3 Auxiliary Data Connections There are 5 auxiliary data connections for Tsunami as shown in Figure 2-3. VF This connector is used to link two Tsunami radios at a repeater site for Orderwire operation.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.4.4 Switches There are three sets of 8-segment DIP switches (SW1, SW2 & SW3) and two rotary switches (Address TENS and ONES), as shown in Figure 2-3 on the rear panel of the Tsunami radio. These switches provide user configuration of several radio parameters. A brief explanation for each function follows. Refer to the switch setting detail in Appendix B.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 SW2 Ethernet Bridge Address These switch segments allow the user to select a unique address for a particular link between two LANs. This feature provides a level of security to prevent another radio in the communication path to pick up the transmitted data unless it is set to the exact same address (1 out of 256 unique addresses). Be sure each point-to-point link is set to the same address.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 2.5 Installation Accessories The Tsunami radio is shipped with several accessories commonly required for the radio as described below: AC Power Supply If ordered as an option, this power supply provides AC to DC conversion for use with AC powered locations. AC Power Cord This power cord connects the AC Power Supply, if ordered, to a standard 115V U.S. AC outlet.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio SECTION 2: PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PAGE 2-23
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3. Installation & Adjustments 3.1 Shipping Container The equipment is shipped in boxes unless ordered as an integrated system and configured at the factory, in which case the equipment may be racked and shipped in a crate. The equipment is packaged so as to prevent damage in transit. The boxes should be left intact and sheltered until arrival at the installation site.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.2 Packing Items Identification The primary shipping container houses the radio and an additional box. The box contains several related items inside including: PAGE 3-2 ❖ This manual ❖ Installation accessory kit (see Section 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3 Before Installation Task List There are several tasks that should be accomplished prior to installing the Tsunami radio system.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.2 Line-of-Sight and Path Clearance Guidelines The Tsunami radios will not operate properly unless they have line-of-sight between their corresponding antennas. The Tsunami radio transmission will not pass through trees or other obstacles.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.4 Fade Margin Calculation The fade margin is the difference between the actual received signal and the radio’s threshold. Using the formula provided in Section 3.3.3, the anticipated RSL can be calculated. Compare this RSL to the specified threshold of the Tsunami radio, which is shown in Section 2.2, and calculate the fade margin as the difference between the two signal levels.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.5 Availability Calculation Availability of the microwave path is a measure of the percent of the time that the link will operate without producing an excessive BER due to multipath fading. In the absence of direct interference, availability is affected by the following: - Path length - Fade margin - Frequency (2.4 GHz or 5.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.6 Frequency Plan Determination When configuring radios in a hub or repeater configuration, careful engineering of the Tsunami radio frequency plans and antenna locations should be performed in order to minimize potential interference between the nearby radios. As a rule of thumb, do not place identical frequency plan radios (e.g. two “A” channel radios) at the same site.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.7 Power Supply Planning The Tsunami radio must have access to a supply of appropriate power, either DC or AC (if the AC adapter option has been ordered). The Tsunami can be powered from a DC battery system, or from a solar or generator power plant, usually with battery reserves. Typically either a positive or negative ground 24 or 48 volt supply is used.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.3.8 Antenna Planning Using the path planning tools, proper antenna size can be determined which will yield the desired path performance. In general, the larger the antenna that is used with the Tsunami radio, the better the link will perform.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.5 Frequency Channel Plans The Tsunami system offers several non-overlapping channel plans for the different models of radio. This channel plan arrangement allows users to implement Tsunami systems in the proximity of other Tsunami radios (planned or unplanned), hub and repeater applications, and can be used to mitigate interference. The channel plans are illustrated below in Figures 3-1 through 32Section 4.2 and 4.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 5725 5750 5825 5850 Frequency (MHz) Channel Pairs A1 Tx Rx 5750 5825 A2 5825 5750 Figure 3-3: Channel Plan, 5.8 GHz (25 Mbps) 3.6 Mounting the Tsunami The Tsunami radio can be mounted at any height in a standard 19-inch rack. Blank rack-mounting spaces above and below the Tsunami are recommended, especially if the surrounding equipment dissipates a considerable amount of heat (over 40W).
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.7 Power Connection and Wiring There is no ON/OFF switch on the Tsunami. As soon as power is applied, the equipment will be operational. This means that there can be up to 1W of RF power present at the antenna port. The antenna port should be terminated before power is applied. Power is connected using the DC power plug contained in the Accessory Kit.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.7.1 DC Power Wiring Connect the power cable with adequate current rating (minimum of 20 AWG) to the terminals shown on the removed (not plugged into the radio) DC power plug using the screw connections. The recommended minimum current rating of external fuses and cables is 3 Amps. The Tsunami radios consume less than 1 Amp at ±48V and less than 2 Amps at ±24V. Be sure the DC power cable is less than 3 meters (9.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figure 3-3: Negative Voltage DC Connection Figure 3-4: Positive Voltage DC Connection Make sure that when connecting the mating plug that it is properly oriented (terminal screws pointing up) and securely fastened.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.7.2 AC Power Connection The optional AC power supply operates from any AC voltage 100V - 250V and 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The AC supply is equipped with a mating connector that plugs directly into the Tsunami radio and an AC cord with a 3-pin AC plug.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.8 Antenna Connection The Tsunami radio is equipped with an N-type female connector at the antenna port located on the rear panel. A short length (~6 feet) jumper cable such as RG-214 coax (or “pigtail”) fitted with two N-type male connectors can be used to connect the antenna port to the antenna transmission line (see Section 3.9). The recommended cable type for a jumper is RG-214.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.9 Transmission Line Connection The transmission line feeder (such as LDF4-50 1/2 inch coax cable or EW-52 elliptical waveguide) should be prepared first by cutting to the approximate length (allowing some excess) and installing the appropriate connector on the antenna end.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.10 Antenna Installation & Alignment Due to the possibility of exposure to RF radiation above the recommended levels, do not stand within five (5) meters of the antenna for prolonged periods during system operation.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 If a heading marker cannot be set sufficiently far away (for example when on a city building roof or looking through a window) then a rough azimuth setting can be obtained by sighting along the antenna feed. It should be verified that both antennas are on the same polarization by using the manufacturer’s instructions. Otherwise the RSL will be approximately 25 to 30 dB below the calculated level.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Antenna alignment should enable the RSL to be peaked to the level calculated in the link budget. If the RSL is peaked but is approximately 20 dB below the calculated level, then it is likely that the antennas are aligned on a sidelobe of the antenna's radiated signal. In this case, the antennas should be rotated in a wide arc until the main lobe is located.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.11 Ethernet Interface Connection The 10BaseT interface connection to the Tsunami radio is on the rear panel. Additional external lightning protection devices are recommended for the connections if the radio is installed in an area prone to lightning. The 10BaseT connection to the Tsunami is at the data interface on the rear of the shelf.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.12 DIP Switch Settings A quick reference guide to all DIP switches is provided in Appendix B. DIP switch settings are noted by their position, either up (1), or down (0), not by on/off as may be printed on the DIP switch assembly. 3.12.1 Channel Selection The Tsunami radio offers several frequencies of operation for the 2.4 GHz and the 5.8 GHz models (see Section 3.5).
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.12.2 Spreading Code Selection The spreading code is the pseudo-random chip sequence that is mixed with the data to produce the spread spectrum signal. The spreading code is generated by the Tsunami radio internally. Different codes can be selected using the DIP switches on the Tsunami radio rear panel. The spreading code must be the same for both ends of a radio link.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.13 1. System Turn-up to Service Prior to installing the system, it may be desirable to perform a back-to-back test of the Tsunami radio pair. Consult Section 4.9 for further details. Back-to-back testing is a simple way to verify that the Tsunami radios are fully operational before they are installed. Installation adds several variables (such as antenna alignment) which can lead to system turn-up delays.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 accordance with Section 3.7. Verify the polarity and the absolute voltage on all pins. Verify ground connection for power. 7. Connect power to the Tsunami radio. Verify that the Front Panel “ON” LED indication is illuminated. This confirms that power has been properly applied. Ensure that the RF Antenna port connection is properly terminated before applying power to the Tsunami terminal, as in step 3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figure 3-8: Typical RF Output Power versus PWR Voltage, 2.4 GHz Models Use the Tsunami Factory Test Data sheet to determine more precisely the voltage corresponding to the RF output power.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figure 3-9: Typical RF Output Power versus PWR Voltage, 5.8 GHz Models Use the Tsunami Factory Test Data sheet to determine more precisely the voltage corresponding to the RF output power.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 For precision measurement of transmit output power, it is best to connect an RF power meter to the antenna port. The PWR port voltage may not provide enough precision. This is especially important where EIRP limits apply to the installation.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 - Weather (inversion layers, ducting and multipath) - Antenna feed (coaxial/connector) problem The Tsunami radio requires professional installation. Don’t forget that the transmitter output power adjustment on the Tsunami radio effects the RSL. Depending on EIRP limits (if any), path distance, and antenna gain, you may need to adjust the output transmit power to the proper level before putting the radios in service.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 . . TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) Feeder Feeder 2.4 GHz, 1/2" Coax 2.4 GHz, 7/8" Coax 5.8 GHz, 1/2" Coax 5.8 GHz, EW52 Waveguide Length Length 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish 2' Dish 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish 2' Dish 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish Meters Feet 9.4 4.9 3.4 9.2 4.7 3.2 7.7 1.7 -1.3 -4.3 7.1 1.1 -1.9 -4.9 3.0 10 9.8 5.3 3.8 9.4 4.9 3.4 8.3 2.3 -0.7 -3.7 7.3 1.3 -1.7 -4.7 6.1 20 10.1 5.6 4.1 9.7 5.2 3.7 9.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Feeder Feeder Length Length TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) Meters Feet 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish 4' Dish 6' Dish 8' Dish 3.0 10 23.4 22.0 21.2 23.2 21.9 21.1 6.1 20 23.8 22.4 21.6 23.5 22.1 21.3 9.1 30 24.1 22.8 22.0 23.7 22.4 21.5 12.2 40 24.5 23.2 22.4 23.9 22.6 21.8 15.2 50 24.9 23.6 22.7 24.2 22.8 22.0 18.3 60 25.3 23.9 23.1 24.4 23.0 22.2 21.3 70 25.7 24.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.13.1 Output Power Adjustment The Tsunami radio requires professional installation. In certain cases, it is necessary to adjust the output power from the factory setting, for example: ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ to meet EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) limits, such as +6 dBW in Canada. to meet transmitter output limits in the 2.4 GHz band for USA installations. to avoid exceeding the maximum far-end RSL of 0 dBm.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.13.2 Link Testing When a pair of Tsunami radios are installed and communicating with each other, a link test can be performed to evaluate the bridge performance. The Tsunami uses an internal test signal for link test. To test the link including the far-end radio, press ENABLE and hold for approximately 3 seconds. then release the ENABLE button on the front panel of the near-end radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.13.3 Error LED Mode Selection The ERROR LED illuminates if any errors are present in the data stream during link test. The default mode for this LED is “latched.” That is, when a single error occurs, the LED illuminates and stays lit until link test is turned off. This mode is especially useful for long term (overnight) testing, or any time that an operator is not watching the radio during testing.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14 Additional Connections There are additional customer connections which are optional and are not required to make the Tsunami operational but may prove useful. 3.14.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figure 3-11: RJ-11 Orderwire Telephone Connection 2. Using a standard RJ-11 telephone cable, connect a standard electronic telephone (a touch tone phone, complete with dialer; a handset by itself will not work) to the Orderwire connector on the Tsunami front panel. This connector is wired identically to a standard two-wire telephone jack, see Figure 3-11 for details. 3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4. If the Tsunami radios are connected in a repeater configuration, Orderwire services can be established to all Tsunami terminals in the network by implementing a connection of their rear-panel connectors between repeater terminals. At the repeater site, a cable can be connected to the two Tsunami terminals between their rear panel VF 25-pin connectors as shown in Figure 3-12.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.2 Alarm Connections External alarm outputs are provided at the 25-pin, D-type subminiature ALARM connector. There are two Form C summary alarm relays capable of switching 30 VDC at 1 A. Also, individual alarm logic outputs capable of sourcing and sinking 1mA are provided. These individual alarms interface to a single standard TTL load. When the unit is IN ALARM = “0”, the TTL output is 0 V to ±0.5 V.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 PIN 2 Not used PIN 16 NC, SUMMARY ALARM, FORM C - normally closed connection on summary alarm relay. PIN 4 Not used PIN 17 NO, OUT OF SERVICE SUMMARY ALARM, FORM C - normally open connection on outof-service summary alarm relay. Closed when in alarm. PIN 6 BER - in alarm when the received signal is degraded to an high error rate.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.3 Diagnostics Port Operation The Diagnostics Port is used to retrieve diagnostic about the Tsunami radios by means of a computer connection. This port is normally used only by Glenayre Western Multiplex. The diagnostics port allows connection of either EIA standard RS-232 or RS-422 devices to poll and receive status of the Tsunami radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.3.1 Diagnostics Port using RS-232 For RS-232 diagnostics connection to the Tsunami radio, connect the serial device (modem, computer, terminal) to the male 9-pin subminiature connector in accordance with Figure 3-15. Figure 3-15: RS-232 Diagnostic Port Connections Pins 6 through 9 must not be connected for RS-232 communications to operate properly.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.3.2 Diagnostics Port using RS-422 For RS-422 Diagnostics connection to the Tsunami radio, connect to the serial device (modem, computer, terminal) to the male 9-pin subminiature connector in accordance with Figure 3-16. Figure 3-16: RS-422 Diagnostic Port Connections Do not connect devices to both the RS-232 and RS-422 connections of the Diagnostics Port.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.4 AUX DATA (Digital Service Channel) Connection The AUX DATA port is a separate wayside serial port which can be configured to allow the connection of any user serial data (to 9600 baud) through the radio network. Connection to the AUX DATA port is an RS-232 or RS-422 serial interface, identical to the diagnostics port (see Section 3.14.3). This port does not affect the Ethernet traffic on the Tsunami radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 3.14.5 Fail-over option There is a separate fail-over switch available as an option (please consult the factory for a data sheet, pricing and availability). This protection switch option will switch from one radio to another radio set up similarly at a radio site with each radio being monitored in order to provide an even higher reliability for the radio link.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio SECTION 3: INSTALLATION & ADJUSTMENTS PAGE 3-47
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4. Troubleshooting 4.1 Regular Maintenance The Tsunami radios do not require any regular maintenance, however, it is prudent to monitor the radio link at regular intervals to assure that the link conditions are not changing.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.2 Changing Frequency Plans The Tsunami RF frequency selections are listed in Section 3.5. The near-end radio and the farend radio must be corresponding (e.g. A1 / A2). The frequency of a given Tsunami terminal is set by the specific filter, the physical orientation of this assembly, and the setting of corresponding DIP Switches. (See Section 3.12.1 for more details.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.3 Using a Spare Terminal One spare Tsunami terminal of a given model type will service any other radio in that same model type, independent of frequency channel plan. For example, a similar model 5.8 GHz channel A2 can be used as a spare for any A, B or C channel radio at 5.8 GHz. See Section 4.2 for changing frequencies of a spare radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.4 Technical Support Glenayre Western Multiplex provides 24-hour telephone technical support for installed Tsunami radios. Customers are encouraged to troubleshoot the radio and link in accordance with the latter part of this section in this manual before contacting Glenayre Western Multiplex.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.5 Repair Policy The Tsunami terminal includes comprehensive alarm indicators designed to diagnose potential faults. Should a fault occur, it often may be resolved by operator adjustment. Should a fault occur that cannot be resolved by operator adjustment and has been confirmed by looping terminals together on the bench (See Section 4.9), then the equipment should be returned to the factory for repair.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6 Front Panel Status LEDs There are several front panel status LEDs on the Tsunami radio. These LEDs indicate conditions where either a hardware failure has occurred or the radio link is not optimum. In many cases, a combination of LEDs may be illuminated. The following sections describe the necessary troubleshooting procedures should any LED(s) indicate a problem during or after installation.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.1 BER (Bit Error Rate) Alarm Function: This LED indicates that the traffic being received from the far-end radio is exceeding the bit error -6 rate threshold of the radio (approximately 1 x 10 ). This indicates that radio traffic currently has errors on it which may exceed acceptable levels. This LED will stay ON as long as the BER threshold is being exceeded.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Recommended Actions: An internal loopback test should be performed to verify that errors are occurring over the link: ❖ Verify that the near-end radio is set for internal Link Test mode and Latched Error LED (both default settings of rear panel DIP switch positions, as described in Sections 3.12.2 and 3.13.3).
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 If one terminal (or both) has high RSL, this could be caused by a very short path or interference. To verify the possible presence of interference, remove DC power to the radio which is opposite to the one that is reading high RSL. Once power is removed, measure RSL on the remaining radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.2 MUTE Alarm Function: This LED indicates an alarm condition for one or both of the following: 1) The security address setting for switch 2 on the back of the radio does not match the radio bridge on the other end of the link. 2) There is an excessive number of data errors on the 10BaseT connection that the radio will not transmit so it MUTEs the data from being sent.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.3 RX SYNC (Receiver Synchronization) Alarm Function: This LED indicates that the demodulator function is not synchronizing with the intended received signal.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.4 FAN Alarm Function: This alarm activates only when one or both of the internal fans are faulty. Possible Cause: ❖ Faulty fan inside the radio. Recommended Actions: 1. Check environmental conditions of the radio. Assure that the ambient temperature at the radio location is within specification of the radio.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.5 RADIO FAIL Alarm Function: The RADIO FAIL alarm indicates a known problem with the radio hardware. Possible Causes: ❖ Internal synthesizers are unlocked ❖ Internal digital circuits have failed Recommended Actions: 1. Remove power from the unit. 2. Check to make sure power supply voltages are within specification. 3. Even if the voltages were within specification, reapply power to the unit. 4.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.6.6 FAR END Alarm Function: This LED indicates that there is an alarm condition present on the far-end radio. When the DISPLAY FAR END button is pressed (and held), the status LEDs indicate the alarm conditions of the far-end radio. Possible Cause: ❖ One or more alarm condition(s) exist on the far-end radio Recommended Actions: 1. Press and hold the DISPLAY FAR END button and observe the LED status. 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.7 Errors in the Data Stream When the radio is in service, errors in the data stream may occur. This is usually known to the operator by either faulty data indications of downstream equipment, or ERROR LED indications during internal link testing. During internal test mode link testing, if an error is detected, the ERROR LED will illuminate.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.8 Interference Countermeasures The recommended interference countermeasures available to the Tsunami operator are as follows: 1. Short Paths The single most effective countermeasure against interference is to maintain "short path" length. This may be achieved by dividing long paths into multiple small paths by cascading hops.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4. Antenna Polarization Cross-polarized antennas can provide approximately 20 to 30 dB discrimination of unwanted signals. The actual discrimination will depend upon the antenna design and any rotation of polarization along the path, for example, due to reflections. Discrimination only exists between two orthogonal polarizations: - vertical vs. horizontal or - left-hand circular vs.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.8.1 Use of a Spectrum Analyzer to Evaluate Potential Interference Connecting to the antenna and using "peak hold" on a spectrum analyzer, the spectrum between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz (for 2.4 GHz radios) or 5.7 GHz and 5.9 GHz (for 5.8 GHz radios) can be swept and any signals being received at levels above the radio’s specified threshold identified.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.9 Back-to-Back Testing Back-to-back testing, as shown in Figure 4-1, is an ideal method of testing the Tsunami radios. This testing eliminates link problems caused by auxiliary equipment, installation, or the radio path and isolates potential radio hardware problems. Back-to-back testing must be performed with both radios at the same location.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Tsunami Tsunami Figure 4-1: Back-to-Back Test Configuration The Tsunami radios will be damaged if appropriate attenuation is not supplied between radios. You must provide a minimum of 40 dB and no more than 80 dB attenuation between the two radios.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 4.10 LINK Testing Link testing is the preferred way to evaluate a radio link’s performance. It can be performed from end-to-end or in link test mode (which tests both directions of the radio path). Figure 4-2 illustrates a typical test configuration (which may include the radio’s path instead of in-line attenuators). Figure 4-2 illustrates a typical test configuration for end-to-end testing.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio PAGE 4-22 SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 5. Appendices Appendix A - Digital Interface Specifications 1. General Characteristics 10baseT (IEEE 802.3) Fully compliant to Ethernet V.2 2.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Appendix B - Rear Panel DIP Switches The Tsunami radio has three separate eight-segment rear panel DIP switches, labeled SW1, SW2 and SW3.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Shaded switch positions are factory default 1 SW1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bridge Operation Half Duplex Full Duplex 2 0 1 Bridge Filter Enabled Disabled 4 0 1 Radio Link Test Enable Latch Disable (Flash) 5 0 1 Bridge Data Mute Disable Diagnostics Port TBOS (OpenLYNX) Craft 7 0 1 AUX Data Port Bridged (TBOS) Enabled (clear) SW2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Shaded switch positions are factory default 1 SW1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bridge Operation Half Duplex Full Duplex 2 0 1 Bridge Filter Enabled Disabled 4 0 1 Radio Link Test Enable Latch Disable (Flash) 5 0 1 Bridge Data Mute Disable Diagnostics Port TBOS (OpenLYNX) Craft 7 0 1 AUX Data Port Bridged (TBOS) Enabled (clear) SW2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Point Bit Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 S S S S N/A S S S A A A A A A A A A N/A N/A N/A S S N/A N/A S S S/C Scan Point Definition Full Duplex Enabled Filter Disabled SW3 pos 6 00=A, 01=B, 10=C SW3 pos 7 SW3 pos 8 (1 =
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Appendix C - Rear Panel Data Connectors The following figures illustrate the pin structure for all rear panel data connections. All figures are oriented as a customer would view them, facing the rear panel. DC power connection information is found in Section 3.7 of the manual.
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Figure C-3: Diagnostic Port 9-Pin D-Style Connector Do NOT use both the RS-232 and RS-422 connections at the same time! Figure C-4: AUX DATA Port 9-Pin D-Style Connector Do NOT use both the RS-232 and RS-422 connections at the same time! SECTION 5: APPENDICES PAGE 5-7
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL Tsunami FAMILY SPREAD SPECTRUM RADIOS SEPTEMBER 1999 Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio PAGE 5-8 SECTION 5: APPENDICES
Index A AC..............................................................................................................................................................3-17 Accessories ................................................................................................................................................2-20 Alarm connections .....................................................................................................................................3-40 Alarm interface ......
Frequency plan.............................................................................................................................................3-8 Fresnel..........................................................................................................................................................3-4 Front panel .................................................................................................................................................2-10 G Grounding ..............
S Shipping ..............................................................................................................................................2-20, 3-1 Spares...........................................................................................................................................................4-3 Spreading code...........................................................................................................................................3-25 Switches .................
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