KAIROS User Manual Version 1.8 Radio Activity S.r.l. Via privata Cascia, 11 - 20128 Milano- Italy – email: comm@radioactivity-tlc.it - www.radioactivity-tlc.com Tel. +39.02.36514205 - FAX/Voicebox +39.1782.242408 - CCIAA Milano N° 1728248 - VAT Id.
Summary 1 2 3 FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 LOCAL LAWS RESTRICTIONS........................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 DOCUMENT COPYRIGHTS .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 DISCLAIMER ...............................
4 5 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................... 27 4.1 IMPROPER USE ...................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 THERMAL DISSIPATION............................................................................................................................ 27 4.3 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM ...........................................
6.3.1 6.4 FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................................ 39 6.5 BRANCHING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................... 40 6.5.1 TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power ........................................... 40 6.5.2 Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals ..............................
KAIROS – User manual Thank you for your purchase of this product. KAIROS comes out from the best Italian tradition, where all details, also the invisible ones, are important and need a care. Designing a mobile radio infrastructure is an art, that needs a complete knowledge of all the possible aspects to avoid unexpected situations.
Max tolerable IP delay 960ms (round trip) Alarm & control I/O 1xInput + 7xOutput Auxiliary I/O Radio Activity S.r.l.
1 Foreword This manual is intended for use by experienced technicians familiar with RF and IP technology. It contains information required for installation, setup and maintenance of a KAIROS based radio infrastructure. 1.1 Local laws restrictions The use of this product is subjected to the local laws and in most cases requires a specific license. As example, it may be prohibited in some RF bands or part of them, or may be limited in the RF power.
2 Product Safety 2.1 RF Exposure Compliance FCC Guidelines described in the OET Bulletin 65, state limits for maximum permissible exposure (MPE) and specify the maximum power density for “General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure”. This limit is: • In USA, according to FCC rules, 2 W/m² for VHF band (30-300 MHz); • In Canada, according to IC rules, 1.291 W/m² for VHF band (30-300 MHz); • and f/1500 mW/cm² for UHF band (300-1500 MHz).
2.2 Improper use It is recommended to install the equipment in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipment and to avoid accidental contact with hot surfaces. 2.3 Power supply The equipment requires a 13.2Vdc/5A, negative grounded, power supply. It is recommended to insert a 10A fuse in the power supply cable near the power supply source (e.g.
3 Radio description KAIROS is a very sophisticated digital transceiver, target for high performance professional use. Its architecture provides the capability of supporting a number of features resulting in a extremely flexible two-way radio communications solution. Due to its flexibility, the complete parameters programming is not an easy task. To perform a perfect programming to match the desired application, it is required a very skilled and expert technician.
a black out. At equipment switched off, pressing this button for at least 4 sec, the equipment goes in “IP discover status”. See the related chapter for additional information. ∞ LAN Activity led; the LINK led green indicates the Ethernet signal presence, the ACT/SPEED led indicates the LAN traffic and the Ethernet speed (green = 100Mb/s, red=10Mb/s). ∞ Supply led; when green it indicates that the equipment is correctly supplied.
slow flashing green => the PPS signal is present and locked (for 1 sec every 9 sec) slow flashing orange => the PPS signal is present but not locked slow flashing red => warning: the PPS signal is not present fast flashing red => fail: the RX main is not functioning ALL LED orange for 1 sec every 9 sec => The TRX is not active (in a 1+1 assembly only) These led report also the equipment status during the boot/startup phase; see the paragraph below for a detailed explanation. 3.
Slow green flashing DPS clock is ok Fast green flashing DPS clock is present but unlocked fast red flashing DPS clock is absent TX1: it reports the 20MHz LINUX clock status as follow: Slow green flashing LINUX clock is ok Fast green flashing LINUX clock is present but unlocked fast red flashing LINUX clock is absent TX2: it reports the 12,8MHz Reference clock status as follow: Slow green flashing Reference clock is ok fast red flashing Reference clock is absent Finally, a correct equipment s
3. The DSP programs and checks IF peripherals. If the result is ok, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes green and the DSP go to the next step. If the result is fail, the Radio Led “RX2” becomes red and the DSP stops. The LINUX processor should start the DSP again in 5-10 sec. This condition (DSP continuous restarting) is maintained until this test is surpassed. If this condition appears, it’s very probable an HW problem on RX parts. Please contact Factory for repairing the unit. 4.
station). At the same time the DSP synchronizes the internal time and clock on the defined source (e.g.: GPS receiver). See the main paragraph “Frontal Panel” for the table explaining the meaning of these led during the regular functioning. Note: Special version or customized SW may differ in indications. 3.2.5 Maintenance status See the “IP discover procedure” described in a following paragraph to enter into the maintenance status and the related led signaling. 3.
∞ Expansion connector - 6 pins. This connector holds the signals for GPS interfacing and for 1+1 assembly realizations. For further information about the use of these I/O see the related paragraph. ∞ Power supply – 2 pins. A 13,2Vdc @5A max should be applied to this connector. The polarity is indicated in the panel. Finally don’t forget to connect a ground cable to the GND Ø5MA nut to avoid lightning and rescue problems. 3.3.
The internal isolation between the Diversity channel and the TX is around 80dB. This allow special realization like a duplex/simplex station: This realization allow to operate like a normal duplex station on f1=f_rx and f2=f_tx, and also in simplex/direct mode at f2. The soft diversity feature, obviously, in this special application is lost. More details can be asked to Factory. 3.3.2 TX output specifications Direct and reflected output powers are measured by a directional coupler.
Power amplifier works in C class and ensures a very high efficiency, lowering the needed power from supply system and lowering the thermal dissipation inside the cabinet. When used at full power and high duty cycle rate, the temperature of the equipment can increase some tens of °C over the ambient temperature.
The PPS acquire time is around 1 minute with good GPS signals (the frontal led “RX1” flashes red until the PPS is ready). Once the PPS is acquired (the frontal led “RX1” flashes orange), another minute is request to synchronize in time and frequency the equipment (than the frontal led “RX1” flashes green synchronously with the arriving PPS). KAIROS has the ability to automatic switch the synch source selecting the best available.
In the example above, 4 KAIROS are assembled in the same cabinet. Two GPS antennas are used realizing a 1+1 redundancy in the synchronization source. The timing signal, sent out from both KAIROS equipped with the GPS receiver, is used from all the other ones. A special protocol on the 1-wire timing bus allows automatic 1+1 redundancy management.
3rd choice Internal ref (full) 4th choice Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Insulated 3.3.3.2 GPS sharing in RF linked stations The main synchronization source in a RF linked simulcast network should be the GPS. In case of GPS failure, the link transceiver is able to recover a time and frequency reference from the DMR signaling coming from the Master station.
PPS to rear plug Internal ref Internal ref Slave Master 1st choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full) 2nd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 4th choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) PPS to rear plug Insulated Insulated Slave Master 1st choice Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) Internal PPS (GPS/GLONASS) 2nd choice External PPS (full) External PPS (full) 3rd choice Internal ref (full) Internal ref (full) 4th
Internal power supply is not isolated. KAIROS must be supplied by an isolated power supply (from mains) with a minimum isolation equal to the one of an IEC 61558-2-6 compliant safety transformer or equivalent. The power supply input has the following characteristics: Input Voltage Max ripple Polarity reversal protection Power supply protections 10.8 – 15.6 Vdc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.
3.3.5.1 Digital I/O The I/O output pins (PWR_GOOD, M_1, M_2, PTT_OUT_conn, I/O_OUT_1, ALR_OUT, FAN, OUT_1+1_MNG_CONN) are open collector type able to switch up to 20mA/40Vdc. A 470 Ohm resistor limits the maximum current and a 47K resistor refers the output to the internal 3.3V. The I/O input pins (REMOTE_OFF, E_1, E_2, I/O_IN_2, I/O_IN_3, ALR_IN1, ALR_IN2, PPS_IN_CONN) are internally pull-upped to the 3.3V. A pair of diodes protect the input from voltage below zero.
ALR_OUT : [OUT] it is open from GND when the equipment detects an alarm condition. Power off is an alarm condition. FAN : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the temperature of the internal RF power amplifier rises above the threshold (typ 65°C). It can be used to switch on cooling fans in a cabinet. PTT_OUT_conn : [OUT] it is closed to GND when the transmitter goes on air. It is possible to insert a pre-time to allow the right switching on time to an external RF power amplifier.
∞ Audio Line 1 is the audio port for Console; it is a PM (phase modulated = the incoming audio is emphasized) audio port ∞ Audio Line 2 is the audio port for External modem (e.g.: paging interface); this port is a FM (frequency modulated = the incoming audio is “flat”) audio port In digital communication, if the AMBE option board is installed, these ports have the following roles: ∞ Audio Line 1: this port is connected to the DMR timeslot 1.
The option boards are automatically detected and recognized at the equipment power on. 4 Installation and maintenance 4.1 Improper use It is recommended to install the equipments in closed cabinet, to allow only authorized people to access to them, in order to avoid handling or improper use of equipments and to avoid accidental contact with hot surfaces. 4.
entry) and back or side panels (for air to exit). The cabinet must have a least 15 cm (6 inches) of open space between the air vents and any wall or other objects.
If an external branching is connected to the equipment, it must be designed to ensure minimum reflected power at the TX port (VSWR referenced to 50 Ohm less than 1.3) and the needed isolations between transmitter and receivers. See the branching paragraph in the engineering specification appendix. 4.4.1 Maximum permitted antenna gain for mobile usage Please note that there is an ERP limit in both SRSP-500 specifications by IC and in FCC Part 90 I, equal to 30 Watts (that is 44.
4.8 PPS signal For applications in simulcast networks where the source of synchronization is the PPS signal by GPS, if this signal is missing, the radio coverage of the areas which are reached by several repeaters with the same field strength, is not ensured. Attention must be paid in choosing and placing the GPS antenna. The GPS quality and the effective antenna efficiency can be checked connecting to the equipment through the setup tool. 4.
with the branching filters. The S/N should be better than 20dB with a RF field of -110dBm @12.5KHz of channelization. ∞ RX de-sensitivity; this measure verify the RF pollution that influences the antenna. Connect the RX input to the antenna inserting a directional coupler. The sensitivity measured with the antenna and substituting it with a dummy load should differ for few dB (typical value: 2-6 dB @160MHz, 1-3dB @450MHz).
4.11 Preventive Maintenance KAIROS does not require a scheduled preventive maintenance program; however, periodic visual inspection and cleaning is recommended. Check that the external surfaces of the radio are clean, and that all external controls and switches are functional. It is not recommended to inspect the interior electronic circuitry. Radio Activity S.r.l.
5 Parameters configuration and Remote Control Working parameter of the station are completely programmable through a SW package and a PC connection. The visible (and programmable) parameters set is very wide and extends from radio channel setting to tuning voltage measure of each local oscillator. The software is called KAIROS_Manager for single base-stations or DMR_NetControl for network systems. Remote diagnostic of radio stations from PC can be performed through the Ethernet interface of the station.
5.1 SIP/RTP Gateway KAIROS can run an optional “DMR Gateway” agent to interface Analog and DMR radio systems to several external networks (the AMBE codec option board is requested). It allows radio users to easily communicate and interoperate with: ∞ External telephone applications like conventional PSTN equipments (external interface needed) and VoIP systems (SIP PABX, SIP Hardphones, Softphones, Open Source SIP platforms).
6 Engineering specifications KAIROS VS RA-XXX COMPARISON The main differences between the RA-XXX and the KAIROS families are: Mechanic Weight Operative System Internal Memory (RAM/FLASH) Diversity RX Power supply RX power consumption TX Power Simulcast Channelization Bands Dual mode DMR/Analog DMR TIER 3 Operation Vehicular/mobile repeater Built in audio lines User I/O Internal GPS Receiver Internal GSM for remote Control SIP/RTP Gateway 1+1 (Main/Spare) operation RS232 Serial port USB Port Design year Ra
6.1 Radio frequency Radio Transceiver model KA080, KA160, KA350, KA450, KA500, KA900, typical values. 6.1.1 Transmitter Output power at the connector Connector RF final transistor protection to high temperature Available modulation Modulation bandwidth Synthesis step Transmitting duty cycle ROS protection Adjacent channel noise FM distortion Noise Frequency stability (without GPS) Max reverse input signal Emission Designator (ITU) 6.1.
Blocking protection Intermodulation protection Intercept 3° order IP3in Distortion Noise 80 dB 75 dB +15 dBm <2 % @1KHz -53 dBp @25 KHz / -47 dBp @12.5 KHz Frequency stability 0.5 p.p.m. (without digital correction) 6.2 6.2.
6.2.3 LAN requirements Jitter (deviation of averaged packet The Base Station is able to compensate Jitter delay up to 200 ms. time delay) The total delay averaged + jitter must not exceeds 400ms (each way) Maximum delay The Base Station is able to compensate round trip delay less then 900ms (jitters included) Packet loss < 0.
Impedance Sensitivity Tracking Antenna gain Frequency band Maximum Noise Figure DC Voltage 50 Ohm up to -159 dBm From 20 to 45 dB, depending on cable length, to obtain a total gain between 12 dB and 26 dB (assumes a 3 dBic patch antenna). A typical value of 25 dB is best in most cases. GPS L1 1575.42 +/- 10 MHz < 2.
6.5 6.5.1 Branching requirements TX to antenna duplex isolation requirements @10W TX RF power TX RX main Band UHF – HH UHF – H/L VHF – H VHF – L 6.5.2 +/-40MHz 75dB 75dB 75dB 75dB +/-9MHz +/-4.5MHz +/-3MHz +/-1.5MHz +/-0.8MHz 76dB 75dB 75dB 76dB 75dB 78dB 75dB 81dB 78dB 85dB 81dB Suggested RX max input limits on unwanted signals TX RX main Band UHF – HH UHF – H/L VHF – H VHF – L 6.6 6.6.
6.6.2 Power supply Input Voltage 10.8 – 15.6 Vcc, neg. ground, Nominal 13.
∞ EN 300 086-2: Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment for analogue speech. ∞ EN 300 113-2: Technical characteristics and test conditions for non speech radio equipment for the transmission of data. ∞ FCC: Part 90; subpart I ∞ IC: RSS119 ∞ ETSI TS 102361 (part 1;2;3): Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) Systems.
The following table shows the list of EU Countries where the equipment is intended to be used: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR 7.2 Notice for US users This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standards. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and 2.
7.4 Notice for Chinese users China ROHS caution : Radio Activity S.r.l.
