Version 1.05 September 27, 2007 XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide BreadCrumb is a registered trademark of Rajant Corporation.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Note: This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the device is operated in a commercial environment.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Table of Contents Contents Page 1.0 PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 USER INFORMATION................................................................................
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide 3.9 MAPPING WITH FUGAWI TRACKER ..................................................................................................... 35 4.0 DEPLOYING THE BREADCRUMB WIRELESS LAN ........................................................................... 36 4.1 OVERVIEW OF BCWL DEPLOYMENT ................................................................................................... 36 4.2 DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS .................................
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation List of Figures Figure Page FIGURE 1. XL, XLE, XLV FRONT PANEL..............................................................................................................11 FIGURE 2. XL, XLE, XLV REAR PANEL ...............................................................................................................11 FIGURE 3. 2-PIN POWER CONNECTOR ..................................................................................................
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide 1.0 PREFACE 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use Rajant Corporation’s BreadCrumb® Wireless Network devices ("BreadCrumb® devices"). This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Wireless Network and a brief overview of the various BreadCrumb device models available.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 2.0 INTRODUCTION Rajant Corporation's (www.rajant.com) XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb integrates Ethernet and wireless IEEE 802.11b/g connectivity with mesh networking protocols. The network is mobile, self-integrating, self-meshing, self-healing, full-duplex and secure. An internal Li Ion rechargeable standby battery can power the unit when external power is unavailable. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide 2.1.4 WIRED NETWORK EXTENSION Networks in which two or more wired LANs at different locations must be connected wirelessly (e.g., to securely connect combat service support computers with logistics bases). 2.1.5 ANY COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE Most BreadCrumb deployments include elements from more than one of the above scenarios.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Example 1 Suppose you have three BreadCrumb devices, called A, B, and C. Each has two radios. BreadCrumb device A’s radios are on channels1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and C’s are on 1 and 11. All three BreadCrumb devices are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb".
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide 2.3 DESCRIPTION OF XL, XLE & XLV BREADCRUMBS 2.3.1 FEATURES The BreadCrumb XL is a long-range model, capable of 11 Mbits/s communications at distances of 7 miles (11.2 km) or more, and lower-speed communications at even greater range. As examples, BreadCrumb XLs have been rapidly deployed: In Air Traffic Control towers On mountain tops On ships NOTE: The range-extending circuitry within a BreadCrumb XL is permanently tuned to 802.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide 2.3.2 FRONT PANEL FEATURES Figure 1. XL, XLE, XLV Front Panel A. Status LED Built In test and evaluation indicator (BITE) - status light B. Power Switch C. Composite Video Input (BNC) (only available on the XLE model) D. Antenna Connector (N-Type) E. Secondary DC Input Power 12 VDC F. Primary DC Input Power 12 VDC 2.3.3 REAR PANEL FEATURES Figure 2. XL, XLE, XLV Rear Panel A. External Ethernet B.
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide 2.4 NETWORK FEATURES Each BreadCrumb XL, XLE, XLV device has one IEEE 802.11b/g wireless NICs (network interface cards), one externally accessible Ethernet port. The wireless NIC, enables the BCWL components to communicate and form the wireless LAN, as well provide access for wireless clients to connect and communicate. The Ethernet ports provide hardwired connections to auxiliary network devices and clients.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide 32-PIN CONNECTOR Figure 4.
Rajant Corporation XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide Table 3.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.0 USING BCADMIN™ Note: Some portions of this section assume a working knowledge of TCP/IP networking, including DHCP, NAT, and DNS. While the network lay person may be able to perform some BCWN management tasks, it is recommended that network configuration be performed by experienced network administrators.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.1 SCREEN LAYOUT When BCAdmin is launched the screen will initially look like this: The large area on the left is the Topology Area, showing the current shape of the network at any given time. The Info Area to the right shows detailed information for BreadCrumb devices, client devices, and wireless links. Figure 5. BCAdmin Initial Screen at Startup Note: If your BCAdmin workstation does not have a network address in the 10.0.0.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 6. BCAdmin Screen at Startup (No Network Address in the 10.0.0.0/8 Range) When BCAdmin is able to communicate to a BCWN, the network topology is shown in the Topology Area, as below (your network will look different). 3.1.1 TOPOLOGY AREA The Topology Area shows the topology (logical shape) of your network as it changes. BreadCrumb devices and client devices (laptops, etc.) are shown graphically, as well as the links between them.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Detailed information for a BreadCrumb device can be viewed in the Info Area by selecting the BreadCrumb device in the Topology Area. A BreadCrumb device can be selected by single-clicking it with your mouse. The selected BreadCrumb device will be highlighted with a dashed border. A description of the detailed information is provided later in this chapter. 3.1.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Tip: The amount of information displayed for each BreadCrumb device can be changed by rightclicking on a BreadCrumb device and choosing Show More Detail or Show Less Detail. The detail level for the entire network can be changed via the View Menu at the top of the window. The above figure shows BCAdmin’s the default level of detail. 3.1.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Table 5. BCAdmin Line Styles Legend Link Speed (Mbps) 11 or higher 5.5 2 1 Line Style Solid Dashed Dot-Dash Dotted 3.2.1 ASYMMETRIC CONNECTIONS For a variety of environmental reasons (antenna placement, radio reflections, interference, etc.), asymmetric connections are sometimes formed between BreadCrumb devices.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation The following figure illustrates an asymmetric link: Figure 9. Assymetric Links 3.2.2 INFO AREA The Info Area shows detailed information specific to the currently selected BreadCrumb device, if any. Select a BreadCrumb device in the Topology Area by single-clicking it with your mouse. The selected BreadCrumb device will be highlighted with a dashed border.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation The same information is available in each list. The following figure shows an example listing of BreadCrumb connections. Figure 11. Example Listing of BreadCrumb Connections Tip: Place your mouse over the connection detail in the Info Area to highlight the corresponding line in the Topology Area. 3.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 12. BreadCrumb Properties – General Tab 3.3.1.1.BATTERY WARNING (MINUTES) Each BreadCrumb device includes a battery timer that monitors run time. When batteries are changed, the battery timer should be reset (by right-clicking on the BreadCrumb box and choosing Diagnostics and Maintenance, then Reset Battery Timer).
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.3.1.5. IMCrypto Encryption: AES-256 and Set Access ID IMCrypto encryption is not available on the XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb. 3.4 RADIO SETTINGS The ‘Radios’ tab contains controls for configuring each of the BreadCrumb device’s IEEE 802.11b radios: Figure 13. BreadCrumb Properties – Radios Tab The available settings for the radio are: 1.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.5 REACHBACK SETTINGS The ‘Reachback’ tab contains controls for configuring the BreadCrumb device’s interconnection with other networks, both wired and wireless: Figure 14. BreadCrumb Properties – Reachback Tab The available settings are: 3.5.1. REACHBACK INTERFACE This dropdown selects the network interface on the BreadCrumb device that will connect to the other network. Available options are (depending upon the BreadCrumb model and options): a.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation d. Radio2 (ad hoc) Reachback will be configured to use the BreadCrumb device’s second radio (if any) in IEEE 802.11b ad hoc mode. 3.5.2. MODE This dropdown selects the type of reachback to configure. Available options are: a. Automatic In Automatic Mode, the interface attempts to obtain an IPv4 address using DHCP. If it obtains an address, reachback is configured to use Gateway Mode; if it does not, reachback is configured to use Bridge Mode. b.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.5.6. IP ADDRESS CONFIGURATION If 'Obtain an IP Address Automatically’ is selected for a Gateway Mode, the BreadCrumb device will obtain its IPv4 address on its reachback interface using DHCP. If ‘Use the Following:’ is selected for a Gateway Mode, the following must be set manually: • • • • a. IP Address b. Subnet Mask c. Default Gateway d. DNS Server (You may need to contact your network administrator in order to determine the correct settings.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation To forward traffic through a BreadCrumb device in Gateway Mode or Gateway (Ingress) mode, you must know: • • • • The IPv4 port(s) used by the forwarded traffic (e.g., 25 for SMTP, 80 for HTTP, etc.). The TCP protocol(s) used by the forwarded traffic (TCP and/or UDP). The IPv4 address to which the forwarded traffic is to be forwarded.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.7.1 WEP WEP (Wired Equivalency Protocol) was the first scheme to provide security for IEEE 802.11 communications. Although since its release it has been determined to contain serious weaknesses, WEP remains an effective means to prevent casual eavesdropping. WEP settings are made network-wide; all BreadCrumb devices and wireless clients must agree on a WEP key in order to establish and maintain communications.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 17. Access Control Settings Window 3.7.3.1. POLICY This dropdown allows the administrator to select from three different policies: No access control (allow all devices) This disables ACLs on the BCWN. Deny by default (allow only permitted devices) This policy only allows devices in the Permitted Devices, Administrators, or BreadCrumbs lists to connect to the BCWN.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Warning Be sure to include the BCAdmin workstation in the ACL so that you can continue administering the network! 3.7.3.2.2 Setting the Access ID The Access ID is a shared credential used by the IMCrypto client to negotiate encryption keys. All devices that are to communicate with one another must share a common Access ID.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.7.5 ZEROIZING THE ACCESS ID/FACTORY RESET The user will see the LED cycling through all seven (7) colors. When the LED finishes cycling through all seven (7) of its colors, it means that the zeroizing/factory reset is complete. Note: If there is no cycling of the colors, it means that a problem exists and that the unit should be returned to Rajant for repair. After the zeroize/factory reset, the unit will boot up automatically.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 19. Change Access ID/Key Window If the button is disabled, check to ensure that you are communicating with the BreadCrumb device via its Ethernet interface. You must know the current Key in order to set a new one. The default Key on a BreadCrumb device is ‘0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000’ (64 zeros). You must supply the new Key twice in order to prevent the inadvertent setting of an unknown Key.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.7.10 HARRIS SecNET11 For security exceeding AES-256 encryption, Rajant provides support for Harris Corporation’s SecNet11 product family. You must specify when ordering your BreadCrumb devices that you require this feature; each BreadCrumb radio will be replaced with a SecNet11 Plus PC card. The SecNet11 Plus PC card has been certified as part of the National Security Agency(NSA) Commercial COMSEC Evaluation Program (CCEP).
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 3.8.2 GPS STALENESS WARNING THRESHOLD (MINUTES) For GPS-enabled BreadCrumb devices, position information shown in BCAdmin is marked as ‘stale’ if it has not been updated for this period of time (for example, if the BreadCrumb device’s GPS receiver is no longer able to determine its location). 3.8.3 DEFAULT BATTERY WARNING THRESHOLD (MINUTES) For BreadCrumb devices with no battery warning threshold set, this setting will be used. 3.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 4.0 DEPLOYING THE BREADCRUMB WIRELESS LAN 4.1 OVERVIEW OF BCWL DEPLOYMENT There are many factors which need to be taken into account when deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless LAN. Section 2.2 details some of the most commonly occurring environmental factors that will have a major impact on the performance of the BCWL. Section 2.3 details two common BCWL deployment configurations. Section 3.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 4.3 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS By default, BreadCrumb devices use channels 1 and 11 upon startup. BreadCrumb devices can be configured via BCAdmin to choose their radio channels automatically upon startup instead. With this feature enabled, combinations of channels 1, 8, and 11 are automatically chosen using a process designed to provide a robust mesh.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation until acceptable connection is achieved. If poor or no connection is made at even relatively close distances, you should refer to the troubleshooting section of this guide. • When the connection quality is found to be acceptable from BCAdmin, the distance of the BreadCrumb from the network can be increased until an optimal balance between distance, connectivity and tactical placement is achieved.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 4.5.1 DEPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION – COVERAGE AREA This section illustrates the placement of BCWL components to provide wireless network connectivity throughout a chosen coverage area. As illustrated in Figure 21, the BCWL components are deployed in a diamond pattern. The distances shown are good starting points if the BCWL components are placed directly on the ground.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide 350 ft. Rajant Corporation Laptop 350 ft. RCHPT02 BC 350 ft. RCHPT03 BC 350 ft. RCHPT04 BC 0 ft . 350 ft. RCHPT05 BC Tablet PC 35 RCHPT01 GC 350 ft. 35 0 ft 350 ft. . Figure 22. Deployment Configuration - Reach Area RCHPT01 in could be the command post at an incident, placed a safe distance from the threat. Each of the remaining BCWL components would provide continuity of the wireless network into the threat area.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 4.6.2 DEPLOYMENT METHODOLOGY The steps detailed in this section should assist you in successfully deploying the BCWL. 1. Scan the terrain on which the BCWL will be deployed. a. Determine the initial distances for Crumbs referring to the distance table of section 3.2.2. b. Note any LOS obstructions, and plan BreadCrumb placement to work around them. 2. Identify the PC on which BCAdmin will be run. a.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. i. Alternatively, the BCAdmin PC can be stationary with one person monitoring BCAdmin while another deploys the Crumbs. This method requires some form of communication (radio, cell phone, etc.) between the two persons. Determine the location of the first two Crumbs. Power ON the device. Wait approximately 90 seconds for the device to boot. Power ON the BCAdmin PC. Start BCAdmin.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Rajant Corporation Power ON the device. Wait approximately 90 seconds for the device to boot. Power ON the BCAdmin PC. Start BCAdmin. The BCAdmin console should display the first BreadCrumb. Install the batteries in the second BreadCrumb. Proceed to the location for this BreadCrumb, observing the network in BCAdmin as you progress. a.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 4.6.3 BITE LED The LED function on the BreadCrumb indicates the current status of the BreadCrumb. The LED has three colors: Red, Blue and Green. Their color code indicators are given in the table below: Table 6.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 5.0 BREADCRUMB SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE 5.1 BREADCRUMB FIRMWARE 5.1.1 INTRODUCTION Each BreadCrumb relies on low-level software known as firmware for proper execution. Rajant periodically releases updated BreadCrumb firmware. The updated firmware must be obtained from Rajant.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 5.1.4 UPGRADING THE FIRMWARE 1) Obtain the desired firmware from Rajant Corporation for the version of your device board type. Create a directory named ‘rajant’ on a USB storage device (of at least 256 MB) that must be VFAT formatted and copy the firmware file into the created ‘rajant’ directory. 2) Turn off power to the BreadCrumb. 3) Attach the USB programming cable to the 15-pin connector. 4) Insert the USB storage device into the USB cable.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation The installation will proceed as illustrated in Figure 24 thru Figure 27. Figure 24. Installation Screen #1 – Welcome to BCAdmin Setup Wizard Figure 25.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 25. BCAdmin Installation Screen #1 – Welcome to BCAdmin Setup Wizard Figure 26.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 27. BCAdmin Installation Screen #3 – Select Start Menu Folder Figure 28. BCAdmin Installation Screen #4 – Select Destination Directory BCAdmin automatically uninstalls any previous version of BCAdmin on the computer, before installing the new version of BCAdmin.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Figure 29. BCAdmin Installation Screen #5 – Select Additional Tasks Figure 30. BCAdmin Installation Screen #6 – Completing the BCAdmin Setup Wizard 4. Installation of the BCAdmin software is now complete.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 5.3 PORT FORWARDING Port forwarding forwards all packets intended for one forwarding port on the gateway from the external networks to be routed on a specified port on one of the internal BreadCrumbs. It is a kind of traffic redirection to some other BreadCrumb, providing a particular service. An example of this would be a web server running on a BreadCrumb.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 6.0 Troubleshooting 6.1 BREADCRUMB WIRELESS NETWORK 6.1.1 SPORADIC NETWORK CONNECTIVITY Table 7. Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues Problem Resolution As a BreadCrumb device’s battery approaches exhaustion, network connectivity will become sporadic for the BreadCrumb device and its associated wireless clients. Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation 6.1.2 BREADCRUMB DEVICE CANNOT CONNECT TO BCWN Table 8. BreadCrumb Device Cannot Connect to BCWN Problem Resolution Discharged batteries can cause the BreadCrumb device to appear to power up, but not be able to establish connectivity to the BCWN. When deploying the BCWN, ensure that the batteries should be fully charged.
XL, XLE, XLV BreadCrumb® User Guide Rajant Corporation Customer Service Please contact Rajant Tech Support at +1 484-585-1020 to assist you through any issues you encounter regarding this release. Please forward all feedback regarding the BreadCrumb system functionality to . Other than speaking with a Rajant representative, this is the best way to communicate with us any operational issues you may find. Thank you for your on going business and support.
