Test and Measurement Division Operating Manual Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH 1145.5850.03 1145.5850.13 1145.5850.23 1145.5850.06 1145.5850.26 1145.5973.
Dear Customer, R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 1145.5973.
R&S FSH Contents Contents Specifications Safety Instructions Certificate of Quality EC-Certificate of Conformity Support Center Address List of R&S Representatives 1 Putting into Operation ..............................................................................................................1.1 Front view..........................................................................................................................................1.1 Putting into Operation................................
Contents R&S FSH 2 Getting Started ............................................................................................................................2.1 Measurements on CW Signals ........................................................................................................2.1 Level measurement ....................................................................................................................2.1 Setting the Reference Level...............................................
R&S FSH Contents 3 Operation .......................................................................................................................................3.1 Screen Layout ...................................................................................................................................3.1 Screen layout for spectrum-mode measurements without markers ...........................................3.1 Screen layout when the marker mode is selected ......................................
Contents R&S FSH 4 Instrument Functions ...............................................................................................................4.1 Instrument Default Setup.................................................................................................................4.1 Status Display...................................................................................................................................4.1 Setting the Frequency............................................
R&S FSH Contents Using the Display Line ...................................................................................................................4.35 Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ..........................................................................4.36 Measuring the channel power of continuously modulated signals............................................4.36 Power measurements on TDMA signals ..................................................................................
Contents R&S FSH Deleting saved data sets..............................................................................................................4.126 Deleting all data sets...............................................................................................................4.126 Printing out Measurement Results .............................................................................................4.127 Measurements .....................................................................
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Specifications Specifications are valid under the following conditions: 15 minutes warm-up time at ambient temperature, specified environmental conditions met and calibration cycle adhered to. Data without tolerances: typical values. Data designated as "nominal": design parameters, i.e. not tested.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Specification ® Condition ® R&S FSH3 R&S FSH6 <-105 dBm, typ. -114 dBm <-105 dBm, typ. -112 dBm Displayed average noise level resolution bandwidth 1 kHz, video bandwidth 10 Hz, reference level ≤ -30 dBm 10 MHz to 3 GHz 3 GHz to 5 GHz <-103 dBm, typ. -108 dBm 5 GHz to 6 GHz <-96 dBm, typ. -102 dBm With preamplifier 10 MHz to 2.5 GHz 2.5 GHz to 3 GHz only models 1145.5850.032), 1145.5850.23, 1145.5850.06 and 1145.5850.26 <-120 dBm, typ.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Specification Data Sheet ® Condition ® R&S FSH3 R&S FSH6 Markers Number of markers or delta markers Marker functions max.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Accessories ® ® Power Sensors R&S FSH-Z1 and R&S FSH-Z18 Frequency range ® R&S FSH-Z1 10 MHz to 8 GHz ® R&S FSH-Z18 10 MHz to 18 GHz VSWR 10 MHz to 30 MHz 30 MHz to 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz to 8 GHz 8 GHz to 18 GHz Maximum input power <1.15 <1.13 <1.20 <1.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Range of typical measurement error with modulation FM, PM, FSK, GMSK 0 % of measured value (0 dB) AM (80 %) ±3 % of measured value (±0.13 dB) 2 CW carriers with identical *) if standard is selected ® power on the R&S FSH EDGE, TETRA ±2 % of measured value (±0.09 dB) Temperature coefficient 25 MHz to 40 MHz ±0.5 % of measured value (±0.02 dB) *) 0.40 %/K (0.017 dB/K) 40 MHz to 1 GHz 0.25 %/K (0.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Power-handling capacity Dimensions 120 mm x 95 mm x 39 mm, connecting cable 1.5 m Weight 1145.5973.12 0.65 kg TI.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet ® Directional Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z44 Frequency range 200 MHz to 4 GHz Power measurement range 30 mW to 300 W VSWR referenced to 50 Ω 200 MHz to 3 GHz <1.07 <1.12 3 GHz to 4 GHz Power-handling capacity depending on temperature and matching (see diagram below) Insertion loss 200 MHz to 1.5 GHz 120 W to 1000 W <0.06 dB 1.5 GHz to 4 GHz <0.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Measurement uncertainty 18 °C to 28 °C Error limits of peak hold circuit for burst signals Duty cycle ≥ 0.1 and repetition rate ≥ 100/s video bandwidth same as for average power plus effect of peak hold circuit 4 kHz 200 kHz 4 MHz 20/s ≤ repetition rate < 100/s 0.001 ≤ duty cycle < 0.1 Burst width ≥ 0.5 µs Burst width ≥ 0.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Power-handling capacity PEAK (max 10 ms), SWR < 3 1000 Forward power 800 600 AVG -10 °C to 35 °C SWR < 1.5 AVG -10 °C to 35 °C SWR < 3 400 AVG 35 °C to 50 °C SWR < 3 200 100 0,2 0,4 0,7 1 2 3 4 GHz Frequency Dimensions 120 mm x 95 mm x 39 mm, connecting cable 1.5 m Weight 1145.5973.12 0.65 kg TI.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet ® VSWR Bridge and Power Divider R&S FSH-Z2 Frequency range 10 MHz to 3 GHz 50 Ω Impedance VSWR bridge Directivity 10 MHz to 1 GHz 1 GHz to 3 GHz Directivity, corrected 10 MHz to 3 GHz Return loss at test port Return loss, corrected typ. 30 dB typ. 25 dB ® option R&S FSH-K2 typ. 43 dB typ. 20 dB ® option R&S FSH-K2 Insertion loss typ. 35 dB typ. 9 dB Power divider Return loss at test port typ.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Specification Data Sheet ® Condition ® R&S FSH3 R&S FSH6 ® ® Transmission measurements (only with R&S FSH3 models 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 and R&S FSH6 model 1145.5850.26) Frequency range Dynamic range 10 MHz to 2.2 GHz 2.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet General data Display Resolution Memory Settings and traces 14 cm (5.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet Order No. ® 1145.5850.03 ® 1145.5850.13 ® 1145.5850.23 ® 1145.5850.06 Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH6 100 kHz to 6 GHz, with tracking generator and preamplifier ® 1145.5850.
R&S® FSH3 and R&S® FSH6 Data Sheet ® ® 1145.5780.02 ® 1145.5796.02 ® 1145.5809.02 ® 1145.5815.02 ® 1145.5821.02 ® 1145.5838.02 Spare 50 Ω Load Standard for R&S FSH-Z2 for VSWR and DTF calibration R&S FSH-Z31 Spare Battery Pack R&S FSH-Z32 R&S FSH-Z33 Spare AC Power Supply Spare RS-232-C Optical Cable R&S FSH-Z34 ® Spare CD-ROM with Control Software R&S FSH View and documentation R&S FSH-Z35 Spare Headphones R&S FSH-Z36 1145.5973.12 TI.
Safety Instructions This unit has been designed and tested in accordance with the EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a condition fully complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, the user must observe all instructions and warnings given in this operating manual.
Safety Instructions 11. The outside of the instrument is suitably cleaned using a soft, lint-free dustcloth. Never use solvents such as thinners, acetone and similar things, as they may damage the front panel labeling or plastic parts. 12. Any additional safety instructions given in this manual are also to be observed.
R&S FSH Certificate of quality Certificate of quality Dear Customer, You have decided to buy a Rohde & Schwarz product. You are thus assured of receiving a product that is manufactured using the most modern methods available. This product was developed, manufactured and tested in compliance with our quality management system standards. The Rohde & Schwarz quality management system is certified according to ISO 9001. Certified Quality System ISO 9001 DQS REG.
EC Certificate of Conformity Certificate No.: 2002-41 This is to certify that: Equipment type Stock No. Designation FSH3 FSH6 1145.5850.03/.13/.23 1145.5850.06/.26 Handheld Spectrum Analyzer FSH-Z1 FSH-Z18 FSH-Z2 FSH-Z32 FSH-Z33 FSH-Z44 1155.4505.02 1165.1909.02 1145.5767.02 1145.5796.02 1145.5809.02 1165.2305.
R&S FSH Support Center Support Center Should you have any technical questions concerning this Rohde & Schwarz product, please contact the hotline of Rohde & Schwarz Vertriebs-GmbH, Support Center. Our hotline team will answer your questions and find solutions to your problems. You can reach the hotline Monday through Friday from 8:00 until 17:00. If you need assistance outside office hours, please leave a message or send us a fax or e-mail. We will contact you as soon as possible.
Adressen/Addresses FIRMENSITZ/HEADQUARTERS (Tel) Phone (Fax) Fax E-mail (Tel) +49 (89) 41 29-0 (Fax) +49 89 4129-121 64 info@rohde-schwarz.com Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Mühldorfstraße 15 · D-81671 München Postfach 80 14 69 · D-81614 München Austria (Tel) +43 (1) 602 61 41-0 Rohde & Schwarz-Österreich Ges.m.b.H. (Fax) +43 (1) 602 61 41-14 Am Europlatz 3 rs-austria@rsoe.rohde-schwarz.
Adressen/Addresses China Rohde & Schwarz China Ltd. Representative Office Chengdu Unit G, 28/F, First City Plaza 308 Shuncheng Avenue Chengdu 610017 (Tel) +86 (28) 86 52 76 06 (Fax) +86 (28) 86 52 76 10 sophia.chen@rsbp.rohdeschwarz.com Rohde & Schwarz China Ltd. Representative Office Xian Room 603, Jin Xin International No. 99 Heping Road Xian 710001 (Tel) +86 (29) 87 41 53 77 (Fax) +86 (29) 87 20 65 00 sherry.yu@rsbp.rohde-schwarz.
Adressen/Addresses India Indonesia Iran Rohde & Schwarz India Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai Office B-603, Remi Bizcourt, Shah Industrial Estate, Off Veera Desai Road Andheri West Mumbai - 400 058 (Tel) +91 (22) 26 30 18 10 (Fax) +91 (22) 26 73 20 81 rsindiam@rsnl.net PT Rohde & Schwarz Indonesia Graha Paramita 5th Floor Jln. Denpasar Raya Blok D-2 Jakarta 12940 (Tel) +62 (21) 252 36 08 (Fax) +62 (21) 252 36 07 sales@rsbj.rohdeschwarz.com·services@rsbj.rohdeschwarz.
Adressen/Addresses Netherlands Rohde & Schwarz Nederland B.V. Perkinsbaan 1 3439 ND Nieuwegein New Zealand Nichecom 1 Lincoln Ave. Tawa, Wellington (Tel) +31 (30) 600 17 00 (Fax) +31 (30) 600 17 99 info@rsn.rohde-schwarz.com (Tel) +64 (4) 232 32 33 (Fax) +64 (4) 232 32 30 rob@nichecom.co.nz Nicaragua siehe/see Mexico Nigeria Ferrostaal Abuja Plot 3323, Barada Close P.O.
Adressen/Addresses Taiwan Rohde & Schwarz Taiwan (Pvt.) Ltd. (Tel) +886 (2) 28 93 10 88 Floor 14, No. 13, Sec. 2, Pei-Tou Road (Fax) +886 (2) 28 91 72 60 Taipei 112 celine.tu@rstw.rohde-schwarz.com Tanzania SSTL Group P.O. Box 7512 Dunga Street Plot 343/345 Dar Es Salaam Thailand Rohde & Schwarz International Thailand 2nd floor Gems Tower Bangrak, Suriyawong Bangkok 10600 (Tel) +255 (22) 276 00 37 (Fax) +255 (22) 276 02 93 sstl@ud.co.tz Schmidt Electronics (Thailand) Ltd.
R&S FSH Front view 1 Putting into Operation Front view RF input N connector External trigger /external reference input BNC connector Connector for power sensor Connector for headphones Generator output N connector Connector for AC power supply Display RS-232-C optical interface Softkey labels Softkeys Setup key Function keys Status key Alphanumeric keypad Rotary knob On/off button Preset key Entry keys Cursor keys Unit keys 1145.5973.12 1.
Putting into Operation R&S FSH Putting into Operation The following section describes how to put the handheld spectrum analyzer into operation and how to connect external devices, e.g. printers. Section 2 describes the operation of the spectrum analyzer using simple measurements as examples. Unpacking the Instrument The R&S FSH comes in formfitting packaging that consists of upper and lower shells. The two shells are held together by tape. The packaging contains all accessories supplied.
R&S FSH Putting into Operation Setting up the Instrument The Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH has been designed for operation in labs as well as for onsite use for service and maintenance applications. For any application, the R&S FSH can be set up to optimize ease of operation and the viewing angle of the display. When used as a desktop instrument, the R&S FSH can either be laid flat or it can be propped up using the fold-out support at the back. The R&S FSH can be laid flat for operation from above.
Putting into Operation R&S FSH Switching on the Spectrum Analyzer The R&S FSH can be powered using either the included power supply unit or internal battery. When fully charged, the built-in nickel metal hydride battery provides an operating time of about four hours. On delivery, the battery in the R&S FSH may be flat. Therefore, it must be charged before the R&S FSH can be used. If the instrument is switched off, the charging time is four hours.
R&S FSH Putting into Operation Spectrum Analyzer Connectors The R&S FSH has the following connectors: RF input Connect the RF input via a cable with an N connector to the DUT. Make sure that it is not overloaded. The maximum permissible continuous power at the RF input is 20 dBm (100 mW). It can be loaded with up to 30 dBm (1 W) for a maximum of three minutes. If the instrument is loaded with 1 W for longer, it heats up to such an extent that it may be destroyed. Caution! The RF input is AC-coupled.
Putting into Operation R&S FSH Tracking generator output (models 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 and 1145.5850.26 only) Connect the tracking generator output to the DUT via an N connector. The nominal output level is -20 dBm (100 µW). With the R&S FSH3 model 1145.5850.23, the level can be switched between -20 dBm and 0 dBm (1 mW). Up to 3 GHz, the R&S FSH6 model 1145.5850.26 supplies an output level of -10 dBm; above 3 GHz, the level is -20 dBm.
R&S FSH Putting into Operation Screen Settings The R&S FSH’s screen is a transflective, passive color LCD. Indoors, its brightness depends on the intensity of the backlighting. If light irradiation is strong, the ambient light supports readability. The viewing angle can be optimized by adjusting the contrast. To achieve maximum contrast, the screen can be switched from color display to black-and-white display.
Putting into Operation R&S FSH Setting the screen color ¾ Press the SETUP key. ¾ Press the DISPLAY softkey. The submenu with the contrast, lighting and color settings opens. ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select TYPE... and confirm with the ENTER key or by pressing the DISPLAY softkey again. ¾ In the submenu that opens, select COLOR or BLACK/WHITE. ¾ Confirm with the ENTER key or by pressing the DISPLAY softkey again. The R&S FSH switches to the selected color settings. 1145.5973.12 1.
R&S FSH Putting into Operation Country-Specific Settings The R&S FSH is “multilingual” and can display text in the language of your choice. The softkey lettering is always in English. The default setting (factory-setting) is also English. Selection ¾ Press the SETUP key. The R&S FSH displays all default settings. The last two lines indicate the current language and the date format. ¾ Press the LOCAL SETTINGS softkey. A submenu with the LANGUAGE..., DATE FORMAT... and UNIT OF LENGTH... entries opens.
Putting into Operation R&S FSH Setting the Date and Time The R&S FSH has an internal clock that can apply a date and time stamp, e.g. for output to a printer or stored data records. The user can reset the date and time. Setting the date ¾ Press the SETUP key. ¾ Press the GENERAL softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select DATE... from the menu and confirm with the ENTER key.
R&S FSH Charging the Battery Charging the Battery The R&S FSH is fitted with a nickel metal hydride battery. The operating time is approx. four hours at room temperature if the battery is fully charged. Note: The battery in the R&S FSH is not charged when it leaves the factory. It must therefore be charged after delivery. When stored over an extended period, self-discharging reduces the battery charge.
Selecting the Instrument Default Setup R&S FSH The auto power down mode is set as follows: ¾ Press the GENERAL key. The R&S FSH opens the submenu with the general settings. The cursor is positioned to POWER DOWN in the menu. ¾ Confirm the POWER DOWN selection by pressing the ENTER key. The R&S FSH opens a selection window with the settings: 5 minutes, 30 minutes and DISABLE. ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select the setting you want and confirm by pressing the ENTER key or the GENERAL softkey.
R&S FSH External Reference / External Trigger Switchover ¾ Press the SAVE/PRINT key. ¾ Press the RECALL softkey. All stored data sets are displayed. The status of the data set is indicated in the status field: P: Preset setting Data set overwritable Data set not overwritable or deletable : Data set disabled User-defined default setup Status field If no data sets are stored in the R&S FSH, the message "No datasets available" is output instead of the list of data sets.
Using a Preamplifier R&S FSH ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select LOW NOISE or LOW DISTORTION. Confirm with the ENTER key or the HARDWARE SETUP softkey. Using a Preamplifier (Only models 1145.5850.03, 1145.5850.23, 1145.5850.06 and 1145.5850.26.) The R&S FSH models 1145.5850.03, 1145.5850.23, 1145.5850.06 and 1145.5850.26 come with an internal preamplifier for increasing sensitivity. Depending on the frequency, this amplifier has 15 dB to 18 dB gain and increases sensitivity by 10 to 15 dB.
R&S FSH PIN Entry PIN Entry To prevent unauthorized use, the R&S FSH can be protected with a personal identification number (PIN). When the R&S FSH is delivered, the PIN is set to 0000 and PIN entry is disabled when the R&S FSH is switched on. A PIN, i.e. a four-digit number, can be re-entered whenever you wish. But it is not activated until the PIN mode has been enabled. A new PIN is entered as follows: ¾ Press the SETUP key to call up the SETUP menu and the instrument settings.
PIN Entry R&S FSH The selected PIN is now activated. The next time you switch on the R&S FSH, you must enter the PIN before you can operate the instrument. If you enter an incorrect PIN , the R&S FSH again prompts you for the PIN code. After three attempts with an incorrect PIN, the R&S FSH prompts you for the master PIN. Note: The R&S FSH comes with labels reading ‘PIN Code protected’. If the instrument is protected with a PIN, affix one of these labels to the instrument.
R&S FSH Connecting Printers Connecting Printers The R&S FSH can output a screenshot to a printer equipped with an RS-232-C interface. The Serial/Parallel Converter R&S FSH-Z22 is available as an accessory for printers with a parallel interface. A printer with an RS-232-C interface can be directly connected using the RS-232-C optical interface cable that is supplied. ¾ Fold out the stand at the rear of the R&S FSH.
Connecting Printers Note: R&S FSH The R&S FSH-Z22 is designed for a data transmission rate of max. 38 400 baud (= default setting). Therefore, set the baud rate (PRINTER BAUD RATE) in the SETUP menu to 38 400 baud. The baud rates 9600 baud and 19 200 baud can also be set on the R&S FSH-Z22 by opening its housing. Selecting a printer ¾ Press the SETUP key on the R&S FSH. The R&S FSH displays the selected printer and its baud rate in the setup settings.
R&S FSH Setting the Baud Rate for Remote Control Setting the Baud Rate for Remote Control The R&S FSH offers different baud rates for remote control. The desired baud rate is set via the setup menu. ¾ Press the SETUP key. ¾ Press the GENERAL softkey. ¾ Use the rotary knob or the cursor keys to select SERIAL BAUD... from the menu and confirm the selection with the ENTER key. The selection box for the available baud rates (9600 baud to 115200 baud) opens.
Checking the Installed Options R&S FSH Checking the Installed Options The R&S FSH displays the installed options in the Setup menu so you can check them: ¾ Press the SETUP key. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, scroll the status display downwards. The R&S FSH displays all available options together with their current status. 1145.5973.12 1.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals 2 Getting Started This section explains the basic operation of the Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S FSH using some simple measurements as examples. A more detailed description of operation and functions, such as selecting menus and setting measurement parameters, is provided in section 3 of this manual. Measurements on CW Signals A basic task performed by spectrum analyzers is measuring the level and frequency of sinewave signals.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Enter “100” using the numeric keypad and confirm the entry with the MHz key. ¾ Press the SPAN key. ¾ Enter “10” using the numeric keypad and confirm the entry with the MHz key. The R&S FSH now displays the generator signal with a higher resolution. The R&S FSH has markers for reading off signal levels and frequencies. Markers are always positioned on the trace. Both the level and frequency at their current positions are displayed on the screen.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Using markers is also an effective way to shift the trace maximum so that it coincides with the top of the measurement diagram. If the marker is positioned on the trace maximum (as in the example), the reference level can be set to the marker level by entering the following keystrokes: ¾ Press the MARKER key. ¾ Press the SET MARKER softkey. ¾ Select REF LVL = MRK LVL in the submenu by using the rotary knob or the cursor keys. ¾ Press the ENTER key.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH Harmonic Measurements of a Sinewave Signal Since a spectrum analyzer can resolve different signals in the frequency domain, it is ideal for measuring harmonic levels or harmonic ratios. To speed up these operations, the R&S FSH has marker functions that deliver fast results with only a few keystrokes. As above, a signal generator with a 100 MHz output frequency and an output level of –20 dBm is used in the following measurement example.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Power Measurements Using the Power Sensor For highly accurate power measurements, the R&S FSH provides the Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z1 or R&S FSH-Z18 as options. They measure power in the span 10 MHz to 8 GHz or 10 MHz to 18 GHz, respectively. The Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z1 or R&S FSH-Z18 is controlled and powered via a special RS-232-C interface at the top of the instrument.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH ¾ Press the ZERO softkey. The R&S FSH outputs a message telling you not to apply any signals to the power meter while zeroing is being performed. ¾ Disconnect the power sensor from any signal sources. ¾ Start zeroing with the first or second softkey (CONTINUE). The R&S FSH immediately starts power meter zeroing. While this process is being performed, the R&S FSH outputs the message “Zeroing power sensor, please wait..”.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Power and Return Loss Measurements with the R&S FSH-Z14 or the R&S FSH-Z44 The Directional Power Sensors R&S FSH-Z14 and R&S FSH-Z44 are connected between the source and the load and measure the power flux in both directions, i.e. from the source to the load (forward power) and from the load to the source (reverse power). The ratio between reverse power and forward power is a measure of the load matching and is displayed as the return loss or standing wave ratio.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH The R&S FSH opens the screen and the menu for the power measurement. If no power sensor is connected, no measured value is displayed. If a power sensor is connected, the R&S FSH establishes a connection to the power sensor via the interface and, after a few seconds, displays the connected power sensor type (R&S FSH-Z14 or R&S FSH-Z44) as well as the measured forward power and return loss of the load. Before performing the power measurement, zero the power sensor.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Two-Port Transmission Measurements (Only for R&S FSH with tracking generator: order no. 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 or 1145.5850.26.) For measurements of the gain or attenuation of two-port devices, the R&S FSH provides a tracking generator which generates a sinewave signal exactly at the receive frequency of the R&S FSH. ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the MEASURE softkey. The measurement function menu opens.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH When calibration has been completed, the R&S FSH outputs the message "Transm. calibrated" for 3 seconds. The R&S FSH now displays Transmission in the upper right-hand corner of the measurement diagram. This tells you that the R&S FSH has been calibrated for transfer function measurements. In addition, the TRANS CAL softkey label is highlighted in green. ¾ Connect the DUT between the RF input and the generator's output.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Measurement of Return Loss (Only for R&S FSH with tracking generator: order no. 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 or 1145.5850.26.) For reflection measurements, the VSWR Bridge and Power Divider R&S FSH-Z2 and a short standard (supplied with the R&S FSH-Z2) are needed. The R&S FSH-Z2 is screw-connected to the RF input connector and the generator’s output.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH Calibrate the R&S FSH for the return loss measurement. The following example shows a scalar measurement of return loss. If the option R&S FSH-K2 is installed, measurement must first be switched to scalar. ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the MEAS MODE softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select SCALAR. ¾ Confirm with the ENTER key or the MEAS MODE softkey. ¾ In the main menu for the tracking generator, press the REFLECT CAL softkey.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals ¾ Connect the DUT to the measurement port of the VSWR bridge. The R&S FSH displays the return loss of the DUT. The transmission calibration remains valid until the R&S FSH’s center frequency or span is changed. If calibration becomes invalid, the R&S FSH displays Track Gen Uncal in the upper right-hand corner of the screen. If the reference is changed after calibration, a larger measurement uncertainty must be anticipated.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH Performing Distance-To-Fault Measurements (Only for the R&S FSH with the tracking generator (order no. 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 or 1145.5850.26), installed option R&S FSH-B1 (distance-to-fault measurement) and VSWR Bridge and Power Divider R&S FSH-Z2.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals To perform distance-to-fault cable measurements, the R&S FSH needs to be informed about the type of cable and its approximate length. Frequency-dependent cable models can be generated with the supplied R&S FSH View software for Windows and loaded onto the R&S FSH. The procedure is described in the R&S FSH View manual. The cable parameters for a frequency can also be entered directly. Selecting a cable model from the list: ¾ Press the MEAS key.
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH Please refer to the cable manufacturer's data sheet for the velocity factor (= speed of the wave in the cable relative to the speed of light) and the attenuation of the cable per meter or per foot at the specified frequency. ¾ Use the EXIT softkey to exit the menu for defining the cable model. The analyzer returns to the DTF measurement menu and displays the cable used for the measurement in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Calibrating the test setup: The test setup must be calibrated before any measurements are performed. ¾ Press the DTF CAL softkey. The R&S FSH opens a text window that prompts you to terminate the measurement cable with a SHORT. ¾ Firmly screw the SHORT to the output end of the measurement cable. ¾ Press the CONTINUE softkey to start the SHORT calibration. While the SHORT calibration is in progress, the R&S FSH outputs the message "Calibrating SHORT, please wait...".
Measurements on CW Signals R&S FSH ¾ Press the ENTER key or the LIST VIEW softkey again. The R&S FSH displays a table listing all the return losses that are above the threshold, sorted according to distance from the measurement plane. ¾ To close the list and to return to the graphical display mode, press the EXIT softkey. The distance to the cable faults or the distance between any two faults can also be read out with the marker. ¾ Press the MARKER key.
R&S FSH Measurements on CW Signals Checking the return loss of the cable under test: ¾ Press the MEAS MODE softkey. ¾ Select REFLECTION using the rotary knob or the cursor keys. ¾ Confirm by pressing the MEAS MODE softkey again or by pressing the ENTER key. The R&S FSH measures the return loss over the span that has been selected for the distance-to-fault cable measurement. To indicate that the R&S FSH is measuring return loss, DTF refl. cal is displayed in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.
Operation in Receiver Mode R&S FSH Operation in Receiver Mode (Available only if the option R&S FSH-K3 is installed.) To provide a means of measuring levels at a specific frequency, the R&S FSH offers the receiver mode as an option (option R&S FSH-K3). With this option, the R&S FSH functions like a receiver that measures the level at a predefined frequency. Switching on the receiver mode: ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the MEASURE softkey. The R&S FSH opens the menu for measurement functions.
R&S FSH Operation in Receiver Mode ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Press the FREQ STEPSIZE softkey. ¾ Set the required step size in the selection table. ¾ Confirm with the ENTER key. ¾ You can set any step size you want by using MANUAL.... ¾ To do so, select MANUAL... for the step size in the selection table. ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, change the tuned step size and confirm with the ENTER key, or, using the numeric keypad, manually enter a step size and confirm by pressing the units key.
Operation in Receiver Mode R&S FSH ¾ Enter the number of the first channel and confirm with the ENTER key. ¾ Press the DEFINE USER TAB softkey. ST ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select 1 with the ENTER key. CHANNEL FREQ... from the menu and confirm ¾ Enter the frequency for the first channel number. ¾ Press the DEFINE USER TAB softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select NO OF CHANNELS... from the menu and confirm with the ENTER key.
R&S FSH Operation in Receiver Mode Setting the detector: The receiver mode of the R&S FSH offers a peak detector, average detector, RMS detector and quasipeak detector. Set the detector either from the main menu of the receiver mode or by using the TRACE key. ¾ Press the DETECTOR softkey in the main menu of the receiver mode, or press first the TRACE key and then the DETECTOR softkey ¾ Using the rotary knob or cursor keys, select a detector from the selection list. ¾ Press the ENTER softkey.
Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio R&S FSH Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (Available as of firmware version 8.0 or higher.) The R&S FSH offers a carrier/noise measurement for measuring the ratio of carrier power to noise power. It performs the measurement in two steps. First, the carrier power of a transmission channel is measured or a reference power determined which is then used for C/N calculation.
R&S FSH Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Reference power/reference level To determine the reference, you need to enter the type of reference measurement, the reference channel and the channel bandwidth of the reference channel. Selecting the reference measurement: ¾ Press the SELECT MEASURE softkey.
Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio R&S FSH Measuring the noise power Enter an unoccupied transmission channel and its channel bandwidth to determine the noise power. Selecting the result display: ¾ Press the SELECT MEASURE softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the desired result display (C/N or C/N0) and confirm your choice with the ENTER key or the F1 softkey. The R&S FSH outputs the power ratio according to the selected result display.
R&S FSH Saving and Recalling Settings and Test Results Saving and Recalling Settings and Test Results Instrument settings and results can be saved to the R&S FSH’s internal CMOS RAM. Results and settings are always stored together, allowing them to be interpreted in context when recalled. The R&S FSH can store a maximum of 100 data sets, each with a unique name. Saving Measurement Results ¾ Press the SAVE / PRINT key. ¾ Press the SAVE softkey.
Saving and Recalling Settings and Test Results R&S FSH ¾ Insert a new letter or number at the cursor position using the alphanumeric keypad. ¾ Press the BACK key to delete the letter or digit to the left of the cursor. Saving Calibration Data When performing scalar transmission or return loss measurements, the R&S FSH can store the calibration data along with the settings and results. Saving the settings and results with calibration data requires twice as much memory space as without it.
R&S FSH Saving and Recalling Settings and Test Results Recalling Measurement Results Use the R&S FSH’s recall function to review previously saved measurement results and settings. ¾ Press the SAVE / PRINT key. ¾ Press the RECALL softkey. A list of all saved data sets opens. The red selection bar marks the last data set to be saved. ¾ Select a data set from the list using the rotary knob. ¾ Confirm your selection by pressing the RECALL softkey.
Printing Out Measurement Results R&S FSH Printing Out Measurement Results The R&S FSH can send screenshots to a printer equipped with a serial interface. The type of printer and the baud rate of the serial interface can be defined in the setup menu (SETUP key) by using the GENERAL softkey and selecting 'PRINTER BAUD...' and 'PRINTER TYPE...' from the menu. For printers with a parallel interface, a serial/parallel converter (R&S FSH-Z22) is available.
R&S FSH Screen Layout 3 Operation Screen Layout Screen layout for spectrum-mode measurements without markers Detector display Trace mode display Trigger display Parameter uncoupled Display of resolution bandwidth (RBW), video bandwidth (VBW) and sweep time (SWT) Reference level display Invalid-trace symbol Grid Level-axis scale Trace Value entry box X-axis scale Softkey labelling Status message 1145.5973.12 Battery charge-level indicator 3.
Screen Layout R&S FSH Screen layout when the marker mode is selected Marker-value readout Display: Setting not coupled Marker Delta marker Selected menu item Softkey menu Softkey function on Softkey activated for entry The colour of the softkey labelling and its background indicate the status of the softkey function in question: Softkey colour Meaning Blue background, white labelling Softkey function is turned off Blue background, grey labelling In the current setting, this softkey function is
R&S FSH Entering Measurement Parameters Entering Measurement Parameters Settings and texts are entered either by directly calling the functions or by entering values, units or texts separately. The R&S FSH has a variety of operating modes. Rotary knob Alphanumeric keypad Unit keys BACK key Cursor keys CANCEL key ENTER key Entering values and texts Values are entered using the number keys (0 to 9), the decimal point key (.) and the minus key (-) in the alphanumeric keypad.
Entering Measurement Parameters R&S FSH Entering units To enter a unit for a value entry, terminate the entry with a unit key. Use the unit keys down the righthand side of the alphanumeric keypad. These keys have multiple assignments which depend on the unit entry expected by the R&S FSH. GHz, -dBm, V, s MHz, dBm, dBmV, mV, ms kHz, dBµV, µV, µs kHz, nV, ns The relative unit dB can be entered with any of the unit keys. 1145.5973.12 3.
R&S FSH Menu Overview Menu Overview Frequency entry FREQ CENTER FREQ CF STEPSIZE START FREQ STOP FREQ FULL SPAN ZERO SPAN LAST SPAN RANGE UNIT REF OFFSET FREQ OFFSET 0.1 x SPAN =CENTER MANUAL... Frequency span entry SPAN MANUAL SPAN Level entry AMPT REF 10 dB/DIV 5 dB/DIV 2 dB/DIV 1 dB/DIV LIN 0 - 100% VSWR 1-61) VSWR 1-21) VSWR 1-1.51,2) VSWR 1-1.21,2) SMITH CHART 1) 2) 1) 2) RF INPUT 50 Ω 75 Ω dBm dBmV dBµV V W Only models 1145.5850.13, 1145.5850.23 and 1145.5850.26.
Menu Overview R&S FSH Sweep entry MANUAL SWPTIME SWEEP AUTO SWPTIME CONT SWEEP SINGLE SWEEP TRIGGER FREE RUN VIDEO... EXTERN EXTERN DELAY... Trace settings TRACE MODE TRACE CLEAR/WRITE AVERAGE MIN HOLD MAX HOLD VIEW 1145.5973.12 TRACE-> MEMORY SHOW MEMORY DETECTOR AUTO SELECT AUTO PEAK MIN PEAK MAX PEAK SAMPLE RMS 3.
R&S FSH Menu Overview Measurement functions MEAS MEASURE TRANS DUCER ANALYZER RECEIVER TRACKING GEN POWER SENSOR CARRIER / NOISE CHANNEL POWER OCCUPIED BW TDMA POWER DISTANCE TO FAULT CABLE MODEL DISPLAY LINE LIMIT LINES DISTANCE TO FAULT REFLECTION SPECTRUM CABLE LENGTH DTF CAL MEAS MODE THRES HOLD STANDARD LIST VIEW LIST -> PRINTER EXIT LIST -> PRINTER SELECT SELECT USER MOD EXIT DEFINE USER MOD LEVEL ADJUST MANUAL SWPTIME MEAS TIME PWR DISP ON/OFF CHANNEL BW OBW DISP ON/OFF C
Menu Overview R&S FSH Power sensor menus Transducer menus MEAS 1145.5973.12 MEASURE TRANS DUCER LIMIT LINES DISPLAY LINE TRANSD TRANSD dB EXIT TRD'S OFF SELECT TRANSD OFF EXIT 3.
R&S FSH Menu Overview Limit line menus MEAS MEASURE TRANS DUCER LIMIT LINES DISPLAY LINE BEEP... MESSAGE... UPPER LIMIT Smith Chart Option FSH-K2 VSWR LIMIT LOWER LIMIT EXIT LIMITS OFF SELECT LIMIT OFF EXIT EXIT OPTIONS LIST -> PRINTER OPTIONS BEEP... MESSAGE... 1145.5973.12 3.
Menu Overview R&S FSH Markers Analyzer mode: MARKER MARKER DELTA MARKER SET MARKER PEAK NEXT PEAK MINIMUM CENTER = MRK FREQ REF LVL = MRK LVL ALL MKR TO PEAK MARKER MODE NORMAL NOISE FREQ COUNT MULTIMARKER MARKER DEMOD OFF AM FM TIME... VOLUME...
R&S FSH Menu Overview Save and print menu SAVE/ PRINT SAVE DELETE DELETE ALL DELETE {Data Set Name} RECALL SCREEN-> PRINTER EXIT RECALL LIST -> PRINTER EXIT ACTIVATE SCREEN-> PRINTER Instrument setup SETUP GENERAL DISPLAY HARDWARE SETUP LOCAL SETTINGS SETUP -> PRINTER SAVE CAL DATA... CONTRAST... PREAMP... *) LANGUAGE... POWER DOWN... LIGHT… EXT REF DATE FORMAT... DATE... EXT TRIG UNIT OF LENGTH... TYPE... TIME... *) Models 1145.5850.03, .23 SERIAL BAUD…. and 1145.5850.06, .
Menus in the Receiver Mode (Option R&S FSH-K3) R&S FSH Menus in the Receiver Mode (Option R&S FSH-K3) Main menu: MEAS MEASURE TRANS DUCER LIMIT LINES DISPLAY LINE REF LEVEL BAND WIDTH DETECTOR MEAS TIME FREQ STEPSIZE FREQ MODE CHANNEL MODE CHANNEL TABLE FREQ STEPSIZE FREQ MODE CHANNEL MODE CHANNEL TABLE FREQ SCAN SCAN START SCAN STOP SCAN STEP ANALYZER RECEIVER TRACKING GEN POWER SENSOR CHANNEL POWER OCCUPIED BW TDMA POWER DISTANCE TO FAULT FREQ FREQ key Frequency entry: FREQ FREQ
R&S FSH Menus in the Receiver Mode (Option R&S FSH-K3) Frequency scan: FIXED FREQ FREQ SCAN SCAN START SCAN STOP FIXED CHANNEL CHANNEL SCAN FREQ START FREQ STOP FIXED CHANNEL CHANNEL SCAN FREQ START FREQ STOP REF RANGE UNIT REF OFFSET SPAN SCAN STEP Channel entry: SPAN Channel scan: SPAN AMPT key AMPT 100 dB 50 dB 20 dB 10 dB LINEAR VSWR 1-6 VSWR 1-2 VSWR 1-1.5 VSWR 1-1.
Menus in the Receiver Mode (Option R&S FSH-K3) R&S FSH Trace key Measurement at a fixed frequency: TRACE MODE TRACE TRACE-> MEMORY SHOW MEMORY DETECTOR TRACE STYLE PEAK AVERAGE RMS QUASI-PEAK Scan mode: TRACE MODE TRACE CLEAR/WRITE AVERAGE MIN HOLD MAX HOLD VIEW 1145.5973.12 TRACE-> MEMORY SHOW MEMORY DETECTOR PEAK AVERAGE RMS QUASI-PEAK 3.
R&S FSH Instrument Default Setup 4 Instrument Functions Instrument Default Setup When you press the PRESET key, the R&S FSH is set to its default setup or presets. It is best to select the PRESET when you are going to perform a new measurement task. The new settings can then be made on the basis of the more familiar default setup without the old settings affecting the measurement. Operating sequence: ¾ Press the PRESET key (green key below and to the right of the rotary knob).
Setting the Frequency R&S FSH Setting the Frequency The R&S FSH's frequency is set with the FREQ key. The frequency can be specified in terms of the center frequency (center freq. = frequency at the center of the frequency axis in the measurement diagram) or the start and stop frequency for a particular span. It is best to enter the center frequency when a signal is to be measured at a known frequency. When you are investigating signals, e.g.
R&S FSH ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Press the FREQ OFFSET softkey. Setting the Frequency The R&S FSH opens the frequency offset entry field. ¾ Enter the required frequency offset and terminate with the corresponding unit. The R&S FSH adds the frequency offset to the set center frequency. The center frequency display is marked by a red dot to indicate that a frequency offset has been set. The frequency offset can be reversed if an offset of 0 Hz is entered.
Setting the Frequency R&S FSH Entering the start and stop frequency ¾ Press the START FREQ softkey. The value entry box for the start frequency opens. The box displays the current frequency. ¾ Enter a new start frequency with the number keys and terminate the entry with one of the unit keys or ¾ Adjust the start frequency with the rotary knob or the cursor keys and terminate the entry with the ENTER key. The R&S FSH sets the new start frequency.
R&S FSH Setting the Frequency Working with channel tables Almost all transmission systems divide their assigned frequency ranges into channels, with a specific frequency assigned to each channel. The R&S FSH therefore allows users to define channel assignments using familiar terms to keep operation simple. Channel tables are defined with the R&S FSH View software and loaded into the spectrum analyzer.
Setting the Span R&S FSH Setting the Span The span is the frequency range centered on the center frequency which a spectrum analyzer displays on the screen. What span should be selected for a particular measurement depends on the signal to be investigated. A rule of thumb is that it should be at least twice the bandwidth occupied by the signal. For frequency domain measurement the R&S FSH3 has a minimum span of 10 kHz and a maximum span of 3 GHz.
R&S FSH Setting the Amplitude Parameters Setting the Amplitude Parameters All R&S FSH settings referred to the level display are made with the AMPT key. The reference level (REF) is the level represented by the uppermost grid line in the measurement diagram. The input signal gain up to the display stage is set with the reference level. If the reference level is low, the gain is high, which means that even weak signals are clearly displayed.
Setting the Amplitude Parameters R&S FSH A reference offset (REF OFFSET) can be defined for the reference level. The reference offset is a way of increasing the reference level by a certain amount. This is useful if, for example, an attenuator or amplifier has been inserted before the RF input. The R&S FSH automatically takes the loss or gain into account when the level is displayed and no manual calculations are necessary.
R&S FSH Setting the Amplitude Parameters Setting the reference level ¾ Press the AMPT key. The reference level entry is activated immediately. The REF LEVEL softkey label is highlighted in red. ¾ Enter a reference level with the number keys and either terminate the entry with one of the unit keys (-dBm or dBm for relative measurements or (), m, µ, n for absolute measurements) or press the ENTER key, or ¾ Adjust the reference level with the rotary knob or the cursor keys.
Setting the Amplitude Parameters R&S FSH Entering the display unit ¾ Press the AMPT key. ¾ Press the UNIT softkey. A submenu opens. The various unit options for the reference level are displayed. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the unit you want and confirm your selection by pressing the ENTER key. The reference level unit is immediately set on the R&S FSH. Entering the reference offset ¾ Press the AMPT key. ¾ Press the REF OFFSET softkey.
R&S FSH Setting the Bandwidths Setting the Bandwidths A key feature of a spectrum analyzer is that it can display the frequency spectrum of a signal. The resolution bandwidth determines how well a spectrum analyzer can separate adjacent frequencies. Spectrum analyzers usually also have switchable video bandwidths. The video bandwidth is determined by the cutoff frequency of the lowpass used to filter the video voltage before it is displayed.
Setting the Bandwidths R&S FSH Operating sequence: ¾ Press the BW key. The menu for setting the bandwidth opens. If the default setting is activated, the softkey label for automatically setting the bandwidth is highlighted in green. ¾ Resolution bandwidth uncoupled Resolution bandwidth display Press the MANUAL RES BW softkey The softkey label is highlighted in red and the value entry box for the resolution bandwidth (RBW) indicates the current bandwidth.
R&S FSH Setting the Bandwidths Video bandwidth The video bandwidth smoothes the trace by reducing noise. When the filtered IF signal is envelopedetected, an IF sine signal becomes a DC voltage in the video signal. If the sine signal is amplitudemodulated, a signal whose frequency is the same as the AM frequency is produced in the video signal apart from the DC voltage from the carrier. The Fig. below shows an RF signal modulated with a sine signal and the corresponding video signal in the time domain.
Setting the Bandwidths R&S FSH Operating sequence: ¾ Press the BW key. The menu for setting bandwidths opens. When the default setting has been selected, the softkey label for setting the bandwidth automatically is highlighted in green. ¾ Press the MANUAL VIDEO BW softkey. The softkey label is highlighted in red and the video bandwidth value entry box (VBW) indicates the current bandwidth.
R&S FSH Setting the Sweep Setting the Sweep If the span is > 0, the sweep time is the time the spectrum analyzer takes to traverse the displayed span to measure the spectrum. Certain boundary conditions must be met if a spurious spectrum is not to be displayed. One boundary condition is the resolution bandwidth. If the resolution filter is to settle, the dwell time within the filter bandwidth must have the right value.
Setting the Sweep R&S FSH Sweep mode When the default settings are activated, the R&S FSH is in the continuous sweep mode, i.e. when one sweep of the span has been completed, the sweep is automatically repeated from the start of the span. The trace is refreshed after each sweep. The continuous mode may not be needed for some applications, e.g. when a single event is to be recorded on certain trigger conditions being met. The R&S FSH, therefore, has a SINGLE SWEEP mode.
R&S FSH Setting the Sweep Trigger To respond to events, the R&S FSH has a variety of trigger functions. The trigger can either be external or generated internally. • FREE RUN A new sweep starts on completion of the previous sweep. This is the default setting for the R&S FSH. • VIDEO A sweep starts when the video voltage exceeds a settable value. Video triggering is only available when span = 0 Hz.
Setting the Sweep ¾ R&S FSH Change the video-trigger threshold with the cursor keys or the rotary knob (0 to 100 %). The trigger threshold is set immediately after entry. ¾ Terminate the trigger threshold entry with the ENTER key or the TRIGGER softkey. The value entry box is then closed. ¾ If a trigger delay is required, press the TRIGGER softkey. ¾ Using the cursor keys or the rotary knob, select DELAY... and confirm with the ENTER key or the DELAY... softkey.
R&S FSH Trace Settings Trace Settings The R&S FSH provides one measurement trace and a reference trace in memory. Trace mode A variety of display modes can be selected for the trace: • CLEAR/WRITE The R&S FSH clears the old trace during a new sweep. This is the default setting. • AVERAGE The R&S FSH takes the level average over consecutive traces. In the default setting, averaging is on a pixel-by-pixel basis, sliding over the ten previous traces.
Trace Settings R&S FSH Operating sequence: ¾ Press the TRACE key. ¾ Press the TRACE MODE softkey. The submenu for setting the trace mode opens. ¾ Using the cursor keys or the rotary knob, select the trace mode you want and confirm with the ENTER key or the TRACE MODE softkey. The "Trace:" display at the center of the top of the display shows the trace mode that has been selected. If TRACE MODE AVERAGE is selected, the AVG COUNT entry field opens, which displays the set number of averagings.
R&S FSH Trace Settings Detector The detector processes a spectrum analyzer’s video voltage before it is displayed. The detector is pixeloriented, i.e. it determines how the level at each pixel will be displayed. The R&S FSH always measures the whole spectrum. However, the trace only has 301 pixels in the x direction for displaying results. If a large span is selected, all the spectrum information must somehow be represented using only 301 points. Each pixel represents a frequency range equal to span/301.
Trace Settings R&S FSH To obtain the true power, the video bandwidth (VBW) too should be selected to be greater than the resolution bandwidth (RBW). Otherwise, an averaging effect caused by video bandlimiting comes into play before the RMS value is calculated. Both automatic operation and manual operation are available for setting the detector. In automatic operation, the R&S FSH selects the detector that is suitable for the trace mode that is set.
R&S FSH Trace Settings Trace memory The R&S FSH can transfer a trace to the trace memory and also display the current trace and the trace in the trace memory for comparison. The saved trace is always displayed in white to distinguish it from the current trace. Operating sequence: ¾ Press the TRACE key. ¾ Press the TRACE -> MEMORY softkey. The R&S FSH transfers the currently displayed trace to the trace memory. ¾ Press the SHOW MEMORY softkey. The R&S FSH displays the saved trace in white.
Using the Markers R&S FSH Using the Markers The R&S FSH has a marker and a delta marker to make it easier to read off trace values. The markers cannot leave the trace and indicate the frequency and level of the point they are positioned on. The frequency indicated by a marker is shown by a vertical line which extends from the top to the bottom of the measurement diagram. The numeric frequency and level readouts are displayed in the top left-hand corner of the screen.
R&S FSH Using the Markers Controlling the delta marker: ¾ Press the MARKER key. ¾ Press the DELTA softkey. The R&S FSH turns on the delta marker and places it on the second largest signal on the trace. The frequency and level displayed at the top of the screen are relative to the main marker, i.e. the R&S FSH always outputs the frequency difference and the level difference between the points marked by the main marker and the delta marker.
Using the Markers R&S FSH Automatic marker positioning The R&S FSH has functions that make setting markers easier or allow instrument settings to be made on the basis of the current marker position: • PEAK This function places the marker or the delta marker on the highest value of the trace. The function acts on the active marker, whose associated softkey labelling is highlighted in red.
R&S FSH Using the Markers ¾ Press the SET MARKER softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select SEARCH RANGE LIMITS. ¾ Confirm your choice with the SET MARKER softkey or the ENTER key. The R&S FSH opens a submenu for setting the start and stop frequencies for the marker search range. ¾ For entering the start of the search range, select the START SEARCH menu item with the rotary knob or the cursor keys and confirm your choice by pressing the SET MARKER softkey or the ENTER key.
Using the Markers R&S FSH Using more than one marker at a time (multimarker mode) To measure different signals in a trace, the R&S FSH has the multimarker function. Up to six different markers are available in the multimarker mode. Marker 1 measures in absolute units. Markers 2 to 6 can measure in absolute units (marker) as well as relative units (delta). The reference for delta markers is always marker 1. Operating sequence: ¾ Press the MARKER key. ¾ Press the MARKER MODE softkey.
R&S FSH Using the Markers The R&S FSH opens the entry box for the frequency of the selected marker or the spacing between the delta marker and the reference marker M1. ¾ Using the cursor keys, place the marker or delta marker near the position you want. The step width here is 10 % of the X axis. ¾ Then use the rotary knob to fine-tune the marker or delta marker to the signal The step width corresponds to the pixel spacing of the trace.
Using the Markers R&S FSH Displaying all multimarker values: The R&S FSH can display a list of all activated markers and their values. ¾ Press the MKR LIST VIEW softkey. The R&S FSH displays a list of all activated markers and delta markers. If you press the MKR LIST VIEW softkey again or any other softkey in the marker menu, the R&S FSH closes the marker table. Deactivating markers: In multimarker mode, markers can be deactivated one at a time or all at once.
R&S FSH Using the Markers Deactivating all markers or delta markers: ¾ Press the MARKER or DELTA softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select ALL MARKERS OFF or DELTA OFF. ¾ Press the ENTER key or the MARKER or DELTA softkey to deactivate all markers or delta markers. Note: When the markers are deactivated, the R&S FSH also deactivates all delta markers, because they use marker 1 as a reference. Exiting the multimarker mode: ¾ Press the MARKER key.
Using the Markers R&S FSH Marker functions Apart from displaying the level and frequency at the marker position (NORMAL setting), the R&S FSH can also perform other forms of analysis at the marker position. For example, the R&S FSH can calculate the noise power density referred to 1 Hz bandwidth (NOISE function) or measure the frequency of a signal at the marker position (FREQ COUNT function).
R&S FSH Using the Markers Measuring the frequency The FREQ COUNT function is used to measure the frequency at the marker position. The accuracy of the marker frequency readout is then no longer dependent on the pixel resolution of the trace, but only on the accuracy of the internal reference frequency. The R&S FSH calculates the marker frequency from the center frequency, the span and the frequency of the trace pixel on which the marker is positioned.
Using the Markers R&S FSH AF demodulation The R&S FSH has an AM and FM demodulator for audiomonitoring signals. The demodulated AF signal can be listened to with headphones (supplied accessories). The headphones are connected to the 3.5 mm jack on the left-hand side of the carrying handle. As the R&S FSH makes the uncontrolled video voltage audible in the case of AM demodulation, it is advisable to set the reference level so that the level of the signal to be demodulated is near the reference level.
R&S FSH Using the Display Line Using the Display Line In addition to the markers, the R&S FSH provides a horizontal line for determining the signal level in the display. ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the DISPLAY LINE softkey. The R&S FSH displays a horizontal line across the entire diagram. To distinguish it from other lines, it is labelled 'L'. The Y position of the line is indicated at the top left of the diagram (Line: -53 dBm in the diagram shown at the right).
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions If you want to perform complex measurements, the R&S FSH provides measurement functions which perform certain measurement tasks with a minimum of keystrokes or, in conjunction with various accessories, will allow you to perform advanced measurements.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions The R&S FSH displays the softkey menu for setting the channel power measurement. Two vertical lines in the measurement diagram indicate the channel bandwidth. The measured channel power is shown in large letters below the measurement diagram. Standard Channel bandwidth Power readout Channel bandwidth display The default setting is power measurement for 3GPP WCDMA signals. 1145.5973.12 4.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Selecting the standard: The R&S FSH has a channel power measurement default setting for various standards. It is also possible to define and save user-specified configurations. ¾ Press the STANDARD softkey. A submenu with the available standards opens. ¾ Select the standard you want using the rotary knob or the cursor keys. ¾ Confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the STANDARD softkey. The R&S FSH sets the selected standard.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Renaming the USER standard: The setting for the USER standard can be assigned a user-defined name. Thus, the setting used by the R&S FSH in the USER setting is immediately clear. The name entered as the USER standard also appears on the screen, thus making it possible to document the setting along with the measurement. Press the STANDARD softkey. ¾ A table with the available standards opens.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the reference level: When selecting the reference level, ensure that the R&S FSH is not overdriven. As the power is measured with a resolution bandwidth that is small in comparison with the signal bandwidth, the R&S FSH may still be overdriven even though the trace is still within the measurement diagram. To prevent the R&S FSH from being overdriven, the signal can be measured at the largest resolution bandwidth possible using the peak detector.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Changing the span: The span set by the R&S FSH yields extremely precise measurement results. However, signals in the environment of the measurement channel are no longer detectable. To enable users to see the spectrum outside the measurement channel, the span can be changed up to a factor of ten times the channel bandwidth during the channel power measurement. Operation: ¾ Press the SPAN key.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Unit for power display: The R&S FSH can use different units for power output. The basic unit is dBm. ¾ Press the PWR UNIT softkey. The R&S FSH opens the submenu with the units: dBm, dBmV and dBµV. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the required unit. ¾ Confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the PWR UNIT softkey. The R&S FSH displays the power level in the selected unit. 1145.5973.12 4.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Power measurements on TDMA signals When TDMA (time division multiple access) methods are used, e.g. for GSM, several users share a channel. Each user is assigned a period of time or timeslot. The R&S FSH’s TDMA POWER function measures the power over one of these timeslots. This is a time-domain measurement (span = 0 Hz). The power measurement is started on an external trigger or the video trigger. The power measurement time is selected with MEAS TIME.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Press the STANDARD softkey. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the USER menu item. ¾ Confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the STANDARD softkey. R&S FSH The USER STANDARD settings that have already been stored are set on the R&S FSH. When the USER STANDARD is called for the first time, it sets the measurement parameters for the GSM/EDGE standard.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Setting the measurement time: The measurement time (MEAS TIME) is the time over which the R&S FSH performs a power measurement. A value less than or equal to the sweep time can be selected. ¾ Press the MEAS TIME softkey. The value entry box measurement time opens.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Power readout: The R&S FSH displays the measured power at the bottom of the measurement diagram (Power = nn.n dBm). Usually the trace is not obscured. However, if the trace is in this area of the screen, the power readout can be removed from the screen. Simply press the PWR DISP ON/OFF softkey. If the softkey label is highlighted in green, the power readout is on.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Measuring the occupied bandwidth Ensuring the proper operation of a transmission network requires that all transmitters adhere to the bandwidths assigned to them. This is checked by measuring the occupied bandwidth, which is defined as the bandwidth in which a specified percent (99 %) of power is transmitted. One of the measurement functions of the R&S FSH is the measurement of occupied bandwidth.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Selecting a standard: The R&S FSH offers a default for measuring the occupied bandwidth for different standards. It is also possible to define and save user-specific configurations. ¾ Press the STANDARD softkey. A table with the available standards opens. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the appropriate standard. ¾ Confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the STANDARD softkey. The selected standard is set.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Renaming the USER standard: The setting for the USER standard can be assigned a user-defined name. The name entered as the USER standard also appears on the screen, thus making it possible to document the setting along with the measurement. ¾ Press the STANDARD softkey. A table with the available standards opens. ¾ Select Rename USER with the rotary knob or the cursor keys. ¾ Confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the STANDARD softkey.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the reference level: When selecting the reference level, ensure that the R&S FSH is not overdriven. As the power is measured with a resolution bandwidth that is small in comparison with the signal bandwidth, the R&S FSH may still be overdriven even though the trace is within the measurement diagram. To prevent the R&S FSH from being overdriven, the signal can be measured at the largest resolution bandwidth possible using the peak detector.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Displaying the occupied bandwidth: The R&S FSH now displays the occupied bandwidth (OBW: nnn.nn kHz) at the bottom of the measurement diagram. Usually the trace is not obscured. However, if the trace is in this area, the display of the occupied bandwidth can be turned off. Simply press the OBW DISP ON/OFF key. If the softkey is highlighted in green, display of the occupied bandwidth is on.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (Available as of firmware version 8.0 or higher.) The R&S FSH offers a carrier/noise measurement for measuring the ratio of carrier power to noise power. The R&S FSH performs the measurement in two steps. First, it measures the carrier power of a transmission channel, or you determine a reference power which is then used for C/N calculation.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions The major measurement parameter settings are available directly in the main menu of the carrier/noise measurement or can be entered using the corresponding function keys. Determining the reference: Before the carrier-to-noise power ratio can be determined, the reference power or the reference level must be specified.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH ANALOG TV mode: In the ANALOG TV operating mode, the maximum power in the reference channel is measured. It is then used as the carrier power (reference) for determining the carrier-to-noise ratio. To measure the peak power of the vision carrier, the settings for span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth and sweep time are optimally preset by the R&S FSH.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions • The peak detector is recommended. It ensures that the peak power of the vision carrier is correctly measured. • The sweep time is coupled to span, resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth. Set the sweep time in such a way that the filters can settle. Too short a sweep time distorts the measurement result. ¾ Press the SELECT MEASURE softkey. The menu for selecting the reference measurement opens.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the reference channel: The reference channel is set by entering the channel number in accordance with the selected channel/frequency table or by entering the channel center frequency. In the DIGITAL Tx operating mode, the 8VSB/ATSC pilot frequency can also be entered. In the ANALOG TV operating mode, you can additionally enter the vision carrier frequency. ¾ Press the REF MEASURE softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Operating sequence: ¾ If the reference measurement is active, press the CHANNEL BW softkey. An entry box showing the current channel bandwidth setting opens. ¾ Enter the reference channel bandwidth using the numeric keys and terminate your entry with the appropriate unit key, or ¾ Set the channel bandwidth with the rotary knob or the cursor keys. The R&S FHS automatically adapts the span to the set channel bandwidth.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Inserting the C/N reference: If the reference measurement has been activated, the R&S FSH inserts the reference power or the reference level at the bottom of the measurement diagram. Usually this does not obscure the trace. However, if the trace is in this area of the screen, the reference display can be blanked out. Switch off the reference display. ¾ Press the REF MEASURE softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Measuring the noise channel power and calculating the carrier power/noise power: The noise channel power is measured in an unoccupied transmission channel. The R&S FSH measures the spectrum within the channel using a resolution bandwidth that is small in comparison with the channel bandwidth. The measured values on the trace are then integrated to form the total power.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the noise channel: The noise channel is set by entering the channel number in accordance with the selected channel/frequency table, or by entering the channel center frequency, the vision carrier frequency or the 8VSB/ATSC pilot frequency. ¾ Press the NOISE MEASURE softkey. The R&S FSH starts the noise channel measurement in the noise channel last set and opens the NOISE MEASURE menu for setting a new channel.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Setting the R&S FSH reference level during noise channel measurement: When selecting the reference level, make sure that the R&S FSH is optimally set with regard to the input signal. It must be set to be as sensitive as possible (corresponds to a low reference level) without being overdriven to ensure optimum C/N measurement results. This is the case when the measured noise power is at its lowest or the C/N ratio at its highest.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH C/N measurement result display: If the noise channel measurement is active, the R&S FSH inserts the C/N measurement result at the bottom of the measurement diagram. Usually this does not obscure the trace. However, if the trace is in this area of the screen, the display can be blanked out. Switch off the C/N measurement result. ¾ Press the NOISE MEASURE softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Using the R&S FSH in receiver mode (only available if option R&S FSH-K3 is installed) The receiver mode (option R&S FSH-K3) is used for measuring levels on individual frequencies. In this mode, the R&S FSH functions as a receiver and measures the level on a prescribed frequency. In addition, it is possible to perform measurements on several frequencies with a graphical display of the levels.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the frequency The frequency is set either in the main menu of the receiver mode or by using the FREQ key. Frequency entry is active immediately after the receiver mode has been called. The receiving frequency can be changed with the rotary knob, the cursor keys or by entering a numeric value. If the R&S FSH is not in the main menu, the receiving frequency can be changed as follows: ¾ Press the MEAS key. Frequency entry is activated.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Frequency tuning in channel spacings: For measurement in channel spacings, it is possible to enter a frequency channel instead of the frequency. A simple channel table can be defined directly from the R&S FSH's front panel. Complicated channel tables, e.g. ones with gaps in the channel numbers or the frequency, must be defined using the R&S FSH View software and loaded into the R&S FSH's memory. ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Press the CHANNEL MODE softkey.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH To define a user table, proceed as follows: ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Press the CHANNEL TABLE softkey. ¾ Press the SELECT USER TAB softkey. ¾ Press the DEFINE USER TAB softkey. The R&S FSH opens the submenu for entering the different parameters of the channel table. A channel table is defined by the number used for the first channel and the associated frequency, and by the number of channels and their frequency spacing. ST ¾ Select 1 CHANNEL NO...
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Setting the reference level The reference level is set either in the receiver main menu or by using the AMPT key. This level is the maximum level of the analog bar graph display. Set the reference level such that the analog bar graph display is within its scale. However, make sure the reference level is so low that the measurement signal does not disappear in the inherent noise. This can be checked, for example, by removing the input signal.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Setting the bandwidth The same bandwidths available in the analyzer mode are also available in the receiver mode. In addition, the R&S FSH provides the bandwidths 200 Hz, 9 kHz, 120 kHz and 1 MHz for measuring electromagnetic interference according to CISPR16. In contrast to the analyzer bandwidths, which are defined as 3 dB bandwidths, the CISPR bandwidths are 6 dB bandwidths. ¾ Press the BW key.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Setting the detector The following detectors are available in the receiver mode: Peak The peak detector displays the highest level during the set measurement time. Average The average detector displays the linear average of the measurement signal within the selected measurement time. RMS The RMS detector takes the rms value of the measurement signal during the set measurement time.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Measurement on multiple frequencies or channels (scan) In a scan, the R&S FSH sequentially measures the levels in predefined channels and graphically displays the measurement results. The length of time the scan dwells on a frequency is determined by the measurement time. The measurement channels are specified by the selected channel table. ¾ Press the SPAN key. ¾ Press the FREQ SCAN softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Press the CHANNEL MODE softkey. ¾ Press the SPAN key. ¾ Press the CHANNEL SCAN key. The R&S FSH now scans across the channels of the active channel table. The frequency range for the scan is set using the START SCAN and STOP SCAN softkeys. The channel table used can be displayed with the FREQ key and the CHANNEL TABLE softkey. It is highlighted in red in the table of channel tables.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Measurements using the power sensor For even more accurate power measurements, the R&S FSH can be used with the Power Sensors R&S FSH-Z1 and R&S FSH-Z18. Their frequency ranges are 10 MHz to 8 GHz and 10 MHz to 18 GHz, respectively. This means that both sine signals and modulated signals can be measured precisely over a large dynamic range.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Operating sequence: ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the MEASURE softkey. The measurement function submenu opens. ¾ Using the cursor keys or the rotary knob, select the POWER SENSOR menu item and confirm your selection with the ENTER key or the MEASURE softkey. The R&S FSH opens the screen for power measurements. If no power sensor is connected, no measured value is displayed.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Screen layout for power-sensor measurements: Power offset Measurement time Power sensor type in use Reference for relative power measurement Readout of measured power 0 dBm marker for sensor input level Analog readout of measured power Measurement frequency The power sensor has a memory containing frequency-dependent correction values. This means that the highest accuracy is reached for signals whose frequency is known.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Zeroing the power sensor Offset voltages and currents have most effect on the power readout when low powers are being measured. Zeroing is used to compensate for these offsets. The power sensor zeroes itself automatically when instructed to do so by the user. No power may be applied when zeroing is being performed, as the power sensor cannot distinguish between external powers and internal offsets. ¾ Press the ZERO softkey.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH If the unit dB REL... has been selected, the reference level value entry box opens. ¾ Enter the reference level (REFERENCE) with the number keys and terminate entry with the appropriate unit or change the reference level using the rotary knob or cursor keys. The current level reading can be made the reference level by just pressing the ->REF softkey. ¾ Press the ->REF softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Taking additional loss or gain into account At high powers which cause the R&S FSH-Z1’s maximum input level to be exceeded or at very low levels which are below the instrument's minimum sensitivity, the R&S FSH can take additional loss or gain introduced between the DUT and the power sensor into account. These are defined in terms of an offset in dB relative to the measured level. A positive offset corresponds to a loss and a negative offset to a gain.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Measuring forward and reflected power with the Directional Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z14 or R&S FSH-Z44 The Directional Power Sensors R&S FSH-Z14 and R&S FSH-Z44 are connected between the source and the load and measure the power flow in both directions, i.e. from the source to the load (forward power) and from the load to the source (reflected power). The ratio of forward to reflected power indicates how well a load is matched to the source.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Operating sequence: ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the MEASURE softkey. The measurement functions submenu opens. ¾ Using the cursor keys or the rotary knob, select the POWER SENSOR menu item and confirm with the ENTER key or the MEASURE softkey. The R&S FSH opens the screen for power measurements. If no power sensor is connected, it does not display any measured value and outputs Power Sensor (unknown) in the status field.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Screen layout for measurements with Directional Power Sensors R&S FSH-Z14 and R&S FSH-Z44: Selected transmission standard Power offset Reference display for relative power measurement Display of the power sensor type Readout of forward power (dBm, W or dB, relative) Readout of matching value (VSWR or return loss) Analog indication of matching (VSWR or return loss) Analog indication of forward power Measurement frequency The power sensors contain
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Zeroing the power sensor Offset voltages and currents have the greatest effect on the power readout when low powers are being measured. Zeroing is used to compensate for these offsets. The power sensor automatically performs zeroing when the corresponding function is activated by the user. No power must be applied to the sensor while zeroing is being performed, since the sensor cannot distinguish between external powers and internal offsets.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH The R&S FSH displays the set weighting under the heading forward power on the screen: Forward power (AVG) = average power Forward power (PEP) = peak envelope power Selecting the unit for the power readout The R&S FSH displays the measured forward power as a logarithmic level value in dBm (relative value) or as a linear value in W or mW (absolute value).
R&S FSH ¾ Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Press the ->REF softkey. The R&S FSH accepts the currently measured level as the reference level and displays the measured level difference relative to the reference level in dB. The unit (UNIT) is automatically set to dB REL... . The reference level is displayed in the upper left corner of the screen (in this case: Ref: -4.8 dBm).
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Taking additional attenuation into account When the directional power sensor is connected to a test point not directly but via a cable, the influence of cable attenuation can be taken into account. For this purpose, the cable attenuation for the measurement frequency in question is to be entered, i.e.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Two-port measurements with the tracking generator (Only for R&S FSH with tracking generator: R&S FSH3 order No. 1145.5850.13 and 1145.5850.23, R&S FSH6 order No. 1145.5850.26) The R&S FSH can be supplied with an optional tracking generator to measure the transfer functions of two-ports or the reflection coefficients of one-ports and two-ports. The tracking generator outputs a signal at the current R&S FSH frequency.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions 0 dB reference R&S FSH Tracking generator mode display Softkey menu for tracking generator Softkeys for scalar mode Softkeys for vector mode (Option FSH-K2) Model 1145.5850.23 only When the tracking generator is switched on, the R&S FSH displays Track Gen Uncal . This indicates that tracking generator measurements are uncalibrated. The level axis is in the relative unit dB. Apart from the level values, the 0 dB reference is also displayed.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Measuring the transfer function of two-ports To perform a transfer function measurement, connect the input of the DUT to the generator output and the DUT’s output to the RF input of the R&S FSH. The R&S FSH measures the magnitude of the DUT’s transfer function. The operating sequence is explained below using a transfer function measurement on a SAW filter with a center frequency of 380 MHz and a bandwidth of approx. 4 MHz as an example.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH When calibration is over, the R&S FSH displays Transmission in the top right-hand corner of the measurement diagram. This tells the user that the R&S FSH has been calibrated for transfer function measurements. The softkey label TRANSM CAL is highlighted in green. ¾ Connect the DUT between the RF input and the generator's output. The R&S FSH displays the magnitude of the transfer function. Values can be read off with, for example, the markers.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Press the AMPT key. ¾ Press the REF softkey. ¾ Change the reference using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, or enter a new reference via the numeric keypad. ¾ Confirm the entry with the ENTER key or the REF softkey. When performing measurements on amplifiers, make sure the R&S FSH is not overdriven. The risk of overdriving is eliminated when the trace is within the display area on the screen (with REF POSITION = 0 dB and TRACE OFFSET = 0 dB).
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Vector measurement of transfer function (only with option R&S FSH-K2) With vector measurements, the R&S FSH analyzes both magnitude and phase of the receive signal, thus correcting the influence it has on the measurement result by means of the complex correction values obtained from the calibration routines with correct phase. Reference is made to the calibration standards used (through connection and 50 Ω termination).
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions The R&S FSH then requests to terminate the output of the tracking generators into 50 Ω. ¾ Connect the generator 50 Ω termination. output with ¾ Press the F1 or F2 (CONTINUE) softkey. the During calibration, the R&S FSH outputs the message "Calibrating LOAD, please wait". When calibration is over, Transm (vect) is displayed in the top right-hand corner to indicate that the R&S FSH is vector-calibrated for transfer measurement.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Reflection measurements The VSWR Bridge R&S FSH-Z2 should be used for reflection measurements. However, an equivalent bridge (e.g. the ZRB2 from Rohde & Schwarz) can be used. The R&S FSH-Z2 bridge is directly screwed to the RF input connector and the generator’s output. ¾ Connect the control cable of the R&S FSH-Z2 with the socket Power Sensor of the R&S FSH.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Connect a short to the measurement input of the bridge. ¾ Using CONTINUE start the SHORT calibration. ¾ Calibration can be aborted with CANCEL. Note: Instead of a SHORT, the R&S FSH can be calibrated again with an OPEN. As the R&S FSH only measures the magnitude of the reflected voltage, it cannot distinguish between a SHORT and an OPEN.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH To display the (VSWR), the measurement range must be switched over. ¾ Press the AMPT key. ¾ Press the RANGE softkey. The submenu for selecting the display ranges opens. There are two ranges for displaying VSWR. For DUTs with good matching, the VSWR display range 1 to 2 is best. If matching is less good, there is a larger range with VSWR = 1 to 6. Select the range you want with the cursor keys or the rotary knob.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Vector measurement of reflection (only available with option R&S FSH-K2) Unlike with scalar measurement, the R&S FSH corrects the waveform reflected by the DUT according to magnitude and phase by means of the correction values obtained from calibration. In addition to calibration with open circuit and short circuit, calibration with a 50 Ω termination is necessary.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH When the open-circuit calibration is over, the R&S FSH outputs a message requesting the termination of the measurement port into a short circuit. ¾ Terminate the measurement input of the bridge or the end of the measurement cable into a short circuit. ¾ Start the short-circuit calibration by pressing the first or the second softkey (CONTINUE). During calibration, the R&S FSH outputs the message "Calibrating SHORT, please wait...".
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Display of reflection in vector measurement Since the R&S FSH also evaluates the magnitude and phase during measurements following vector calibration, additional display capabilities are available as compared to scalar measurement. Owing to the larger dynamic range, the display ranges for the standing wave ratio (VSWR) and VSWR 1 –1.5 and VSWR 1 –1.1 are expanded.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH The markers in a Smith chart As in scalar measurements, all marker functions (marker, delta marker, multi-markers) are available in the Smith chart. ¾ Press the MARKER key. The R&S FSH activates the marker menu and a marker. Using the rotary knob, cursor keys or numeric entry, move the marker on the complex impedance trace.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions To deactivate the VSWR limit value: ¾ If starting from the main menu for the tracking generator, press the MEAS key. If starting from any other menu, press the MEAS key twice. ¾ Press the LIMIT LINES softkey. The VSWR LIMIT softkey label is highlighted in green. ¾ Press the LIMIT LINES softkey twice. The VSWR limit value is now deactivated.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH One-Port Measurement of Cable Loss (Available ony if the option R&S FSH-K2 is installed.) When measuring return loss at the end of short-circuited or open-circuit cables, cable loss can be calculated on the basis of the following aspect: A short circuit or an open circuit at the end of the cable completely reflects the traversing wave.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Cable Measurements (Only for R&S FSH with tracking generator (R&S FSH3 order No. 1145.5850.13 or 1145.5850.23, R&S FSH6 order No. 1145.5850.26) and with option R&S FSH-B1 (Distance-To-Fault Measurements) installed). Measurements to determine the characteristics of cables to the antenna are key tasks when transmission equipment is being installed or maintained.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Cable type DTF status Cable length Softkey menu for DTF measurements To perform distance-to-fault measurements, the R&S FSH needs to “know” the type of cable and its approximate length. The cable type must be known to determine the speed of propagation and so the distance to any fault along the cable. The attenuation of the cable must be known to determine the size of the fault correctly.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Selecting a cable model from a predefined list: ¾ Press the CABLE MODEL softkey. The R&S FSH displays the list of cable models. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the appropriate cable model. ¾ Using the softkey, activate the cable model you have selected. The R&S FSH returns to the DTF measurement function and displays the cable used for the measurement in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Press the DEFINE USER MOD softkey. ¾ Select ATTENUATION... and confirm with the ENTER key. R&S FSH The current cable attenuation is displayed in the value entry box in dB/m or dB/ft, depending on the unit of length selected in the setup menu. ¾ Confirm the current cable attenuation with the ENTER key or enter a new cable attenuation and confirm with the ENTER key or the DEFINE USER MOD softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions If the cable attenuation exceeds 10 dB, the R&S FSH outputs a warning indicating that the cable attenuation is too high. It also indicates the maximum recommended cable length for obtaining accurate results. Pressing CONTINUE accepts the entry. Selecting the frequency range: In the default setting, the R&S FSH automatically selects the frequency range around the set center frequency on the basis of the cable length and cable model.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions ¾ Press the FREQ key. ¾ Using either the numeric keys, the cursor keys or the rotary knob, set the desired frequency. ¾ Confirm the entry with the ENTER key or the CENTER FREQ softkey. R&S FSH Calibrating the test setup: The test setup must be calibrated before any measurements are performed. To perform calibration, a SHORT is required at the output of the 1 m measurement cable. An OPEN can be used instead of a SHORT.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions When calibration is over, the R&S FSH displays DTF CAL in the top right-hand corner of the screen. The REFLECT CAL softkey label is highlighted in green to indicate that calibration has been successfully completed. The trace displays cable reflections versus distance from the measurement plane. Note to Calibration: Calibration is performed over the entire R&S FSH frequency range.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH Alternatively to the return loss, the R&S FSH can also show the VSWR of the faults. Pressing the AMPT key switches to the VSWR display. ¾ Press the AMPT key. ¾ Press the RANGE softkey. ¾ From the list of possible range settings, select VSWR 1-6, VSWR 1-2, VSWR 1-1.5 or VSWR 1-1.1. (The ranges VSWR 1-1.5 and VSWR 1-1.1 are available only if the R&S FSH-K2 option is installed.) ¾ Confirm your choice with the ENTER key or the RANGE softkey.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Locating cable faults by means of the marker function The distance to cable faults or the distance between any two faults can also be read off with the marker. ¾ Press the MARKER key. The R&S FSH opens the marker menu and places the marker on the fault with the largest reflection. The marker readout gives the distance of the fault from the measurement plane in meters and its return loss.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH As is the case with spectrum analysis, the R&S FSH provides functions to automatically position the marker or the marker offset on the trace. These can all be accessed by pressing the SET MARKER softkey. ¾ Press the SET MARKER softkey. The R&S FSH opens the submenu for automatically setting the active marker. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the menu item you want.
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions The screenshot on the right shows the fault from the preceding measurement zoomed by the factor 6. Faults mainly at the end of the cable can thus be clearly distinguished. Switch the zoom function off as follows: ¾ Press the MARKER MODE softkey in the marker menu. ¾ Using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, select the ZOOM OFF menu item. ¾ Confirm with the ENTER key or by pressing the MARKER MODE softkey again.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH With the MARKER OFFSET function, a new reference plane can be defined for the distance-to-fault measurement. If a marker offset is defined, all distance values output by the R&S FSH are referenced to the position of the offset marker. Automatic marker positioning (PEAK, NEXT PEAK, MINIMUM) is always performed on the active marker. The active marker is indicated ahead of the selected function (example: D1: PEAK).
R&S FSH Setting and Using the Measurement Functions Further information Setting the span: If automatic setting (AUTO SPAN) is used, the R&S FSH automatically selects the span based on the cable length and cable model entered. The shorter the cable under test, the greater the selected span. If the center frequency is too high or too low for the cable length in question, the R&S FSH automatically adapts it to the required span.
Setting and Using the Measurement Functions R&S FSH The trace on the right shows the fault location at the end of the cable clearly wider than the left one which was measured with optimum span. The reason is the reduced number of points in the calculation with reduced span.
R&S FSH Using Limit Lines Using Limit Lines Limit lines are used to set limits for level characteristics versus time or versus frequency on the screen; they must not be exceeded. For instance, the upper limits of permissible spurious or harmonics of a DUT are marked by limit lines. In the R&S FSH, the upper and lower limit value can be preset by way of limit lines.
Using Limit Lines ¾ R&S FSH Depending on the application, press the UPPER LIMIT or LOWER LIMIT softkey. The R&S FSH displays a list of available limit lines. If no limit line is switched on, the first value in the list is marked. If a limit line has been switched on, the cursor is on the selected item. If no limit lines are stored in the R&S FSH, NO LIMIT LINES is displayed. The unit of the limit line and the unit currently set on the x axis must be identical.
R&S FSH Using Limit Lines After a limit line has been switched on, the R&S FSH returns to the menu and the selected line is displayed in the diagram. The name and type of the limit line are also marked (UPPER for an upper limit line and LOWER for a lower line). To show which limit line is active, the respective softkey (UPPER LIMIT or LOWER LIMIT) is displayed in green. If the limit line menu is quit with EXIT or with a key that opens another menu, the information on the limit line disappears.
Using Limit Lines R&S FSH Definition range of limit lines: If a limit line is not defined in the entire frequency range or displayed span, a check is not performed outside the definition range. Data sets containing limit lines: The R&S FSH stores data sets together with any limit lines that may have been active for the measurement in question. When such a data set is recalled, the associated limit lines are available too. They do however not appear in the list of limit lines. 1145.5973.12 4.
R&S FSH Measuring with Transducer Factors Measuring with Transducer Factors The frequency-dependent transducer factor of transducers and antennas can be directly considered in the measurement result. A transducer factor consists of a numeric values and a unit. The R&S FSH corrects the level values of the trace by the values of the transducer. At the same time, the unit of the transducer is assigned to the level axis.
Measuring with Transducer Factors R&S FSH Operating sequence: ¾ Press the MEAS key. ¾ Press the TRANSDUCER softkey. The softkey menu for operation of transducer factors is displayed on the screen. N.B : Transducer factors are not available for measurements with the tracking generator and the Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z1. The TRANSDUCER softkey is therefore interactive. Two transducer factors can be switched on with the TRANSD and TRANSD dB softkeys.
R&S FSH Measuring with Transducer Factors If a transducer is switched on, TRD is displayed in the top right-hand corner of the diagram on the R&S FSH. The complete name of the selected transducer is displayed in the status line (press the STATUS key and scroll downward in the list), or in the list of transducer factors (entry highlighted in red). The example (Fig. right) shows the transducer factor of the R&S HL223 antenna, which is defined as between 200 MHz and 1300 MHz.
Measuring with Transducer Factors R&S FSH Frequency range of transducer: If the set frequency range is wider than the span in which a transducer is defined, the R&S FSH assumes the transducer values outside the defined range to be zero. Data sets containing transducer factors: The R&S FSH stores data sets together with any transducer factors that may have been active for the measurement in question. When such a data set is recalled, the associated transducer factor(s) are switched on as well.
R&S FSH Saving and Loading Instrument Settings and Measurement Results Saving and Loading Instrument Settings and Measurement Results The R&S FSH’s settings and measurement results can be saved to the internal memory and recalled at a later date. Using the R&S FSH View software package, these data sets can also be saved to a PC from the R&S FSH or downloaded onto the R&S FSH from a PC.
Saving and Loading Instrument Settings and Measurement Results R&S FSH The data set name comprises a text section and a numeric extension, which are separated by a full stop. The data set name suggested by the R&S FSH is derived from the name of the data set last stored, the numeric extension being incremented by 1 in each case. This means that consecutive data set names can be assigned by simply saving with SAVE or ENTER.
R&S FSH Saving and Loading Instrument Settings and Measurement Results Loading measurement results Previously saved measurement results and settings can be recalled with the R&S FSH’s recall function. ¾ Press the RECALL softkey. The R&S FSH opens a list of all the data sets that have been saved (DATASET LIST). The red selection bar indicates the last data set to have been saved. Using the cursor keys, you can position the selection bar at the top or bottom of the page.
Deleting saved data sets R&S FSH Deleting saved data sets Saved data sets can be selected from the DATASET LIST and individually deleted. The R&S FSH marks the selected data set with the red selection bar. Using the cursor keys, the selection bar is placed at the top or the bottom of the page. This facilitates fast scrolling if many data sets are stored in the R&S FSH’s memory. The displayed data set list can be printed out by pressing the LIST->PRINTER softkey.
R&S FSH Printing out Measurement Results Printing out Measurement Results An R&S FSH screenshot can be printed out on a printer. The printer type and the baud rate for the serial connection can be selected in the setup menu using the GENERAL / PRINTER... softkey. ¾ Press the SAVE / PRINT key. The R&S FSH opens the SAVE / PRINT menu and the printout function offers to print out the current screen to a printer. Instrument settings can also be saved and data sets loaded or deleted.
Measurements R&S FSH Measurements How a spectrum analyzer operates Basically, an RF signal can either be analyzed in the time domain or in the frequency domain. In the time domain, how the signal varies with time can be observed on an oscilloscope, for example. In the frequency domain, a spectrum analyzer can be used to display the frequency components of a signal. Both modes are essentially equivalent because applying the Fourier transform to any signal converts it into its spectral components.
R&S FSH Measurements The block diagram below shows how a spectrum analyzer works. RF input Input precis. attenuator Mixer Envelope detector IF filter Video filter Screen Detector Y deflection Local oscillator Sawtooth generator (for sweep) X deflection The precision attenuator at the input of the spectrum analyzer adjusts the level of the measurement signal to the level range that the mixer can handle without overdriving it.
Measurements R&S FSH Input frequency range 0 Hz Input frequency fin Intermediate Local frequency oscillator fIF fLO Image frequency fimage Frequency The first local oscillator is tuned with a sawtooth which simultaneously acts as the x deflection voltage for the display. In practice, synthesizer technology is used to generate the frequency of the first local oscillator and for a digital display. The instantaneous sawtooth voltage therefore determines the input frequency of the spectrum analyzer.
R&S FSH Measurements The video filter comes after the envelope detector. The filter is a lowpass with an adjustable cutoff frequency which limits the bandwidth of the video signal. It is particularly useful when sine signals are to be measured in the vicinity of the spectrum analyzer’s intrinsic noise. The sine signal produces a video signal that is a DC voltage.
Measurements R&S FSH The Fig. above shows 30 measured values which are represented by a single pixel. The peak detector determines and displays the maximum measured value. The Auto Peak detector takes the maximum and minimum and displays them together. The two values are joined by a vertical line segment. This gives a good indication of the level variation over the measured values represented by a single pixel.
