User Manual
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controllable attitude is: Just set the angle of J4 equal to-(J2 angle + 
J3 angle). 
2.4. Singularity 
1.Concept 
Singularities occur when the axes of any two joints of a robotic arm 
are on the same straight line. At the singularity point, the robot's 
degrees of freedom will be degraded, which will cause the angular 
velocity of some joints to be too fast, leading to loss of control. A 
common situation is that when the wrist joint (the penultimate one) 
is  at  or  near  the  axis  of  the  first  joint,  singularity  point  will  also 
appear  (see  Figure  2.1),  so  the  robotic  arm  should  try  to  avoid 
passing  directly  the  central  area  near  the  base,  which  is likely  to 
cause 1st Joint speed too high. 










