User Manual

Manuals Brands Campbell Scientific Manuals Measuring instruments CR3000 Micrologger



CR3000 Measurement and

Control System

Revision: 5/13

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Summary of content (590 pages)

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CR3000 Measurement and Control System Revision: 5/13 C o p y r i g h t © 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 3 C a m p b e l l S c i e n t i f i c , I n c .
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Warranty The CR3000 Micrologger(R) is warranted for three (3) years subject to this limited warranty: “PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. are warranted by Campbell Scientific, Inc. (“Campbell”) to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for twelve (12) months from date of shipment unless otherwise specified in the corresponding Campbell pricelist or product manual.
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Assistance Products may not be returned without prior authorization. The following contact information is for US and International customers residing in countries served by Campbell Scientific, Inc. directly. Affiliate companies handle repairs for customers within their territories. Please visit www.campbellsci.com to determine which Campbell Scientific company serves your country. To obtain a Returned Materials Authorization (RMA), contact CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC., phone (435) 227-2342.
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Table of Contents Section 1. Introduction ...................................................27 1.1 HELLO ................................................................................................... 27 1.2 Typography ............................................................................................. 27 Section 2. Cautionary Statements.................................29 Section 3. Initial Inspection ...........................................31 Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial ...............
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Table of Contents 4.2.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 10 to 11)................................... 55 4.2.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 12 to 13)................................... 56 Section 5. System Overview ..........................................57 5.1 CR3000 Datalogger................................................................................. 58 5.1.1 Clock.............................................................................................. 59 5.1.2 Sensor Support........................
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Table of Contents Section 7. Installation.....................................................81 7.1 Moisture Protection................................................................................. 81 7.2 Temperature Range ................................................................................. 81 7.3 Enclosures ............................................................................................... 81 7.4 Power Sources....................................................................
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Table of Contents 7.7.3.1 Numerical Formats............................................................. 117 7.7.3.2 Structure ............................................................................. 117 7.7.3.3 Command Line................................................................... 119 7.7.3.3.1 Multiple Statements on One Line ............................. 120 7.7.3.3.2 One Statement on Multiple Lines ............................. 120 7.7.3.4 Single-Line Declarations...........................
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Table of Contents 7.8.2 Information Services.................................................................... 171 7.8.2.1 PakBus Over TCP/IP and Callback.................................... 172 7.8.2.2 Default HTTP Web Server................................................. 172 7.8.2.3 Custom HTTP Web Server ................................................ 173 7.8.2.4 FTP Server ......................................................................... 176 7.8.2.5 FTP Client...............................
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Table of Contents 7.8.12.3 Measurement Rate: 601 to 2000 Hz ................................. 240 7.8.13 String Operations ....................................................................... 241 7.8.13.1 String Operators ............................................................... 242 7.8.13.2 String Concatenation........................................................ 242 7.8.13.3 String NULL Character.................................................... 243 7.8.13.4 Inserting String Characters......
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Table of Contents 8.1.2.6.2 Ground Reference Offset Voltage ............................ 289 8.1.2.6.3 Background Calibration............................................ 289 8.1.2.7 Integration .......................................................................... 289 8.1.2.7.1 ac Power Line Noise Rejection ................................ 290 8.1.2.8 Signal Settling Time........................................................... 291 8.1.2.8.1 Minimizing Settling Errors..................................
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Table of Contents 8.2.4.3 Component-Built Relays .................................................... 334 8.2.5 Analog Control / Output Devices ................................................ 335 8.2.6 TIMs ............................................................................................ 335 8.2.7 Vibrating Wire............................................................................. 335 8.2.8 Low-level ac ................................................................................
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Table of Contents 8.6.1 DNP3 ........................................................................................... 369 8.6.1.1 Overview............................................................................ 369 8.6.1.2 Programming for DNP3 ..................................................... 369 8.6.1.2.1 Declarations.............................................................. 369 8.6.1.2.2 CRBasic Instructions ................................................ 370 8.6.1.2.
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Table of Contents Section 9. Maintenance ................................................421 9.1 Moisture Protection ............................................................................... 421 9.2 Replacing the Internal Battery............................................................... 421 9.3 Repair .................................................................................................... 424 Section 10. Troubleshooting........................................427 10.1 Status Table...
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Table of Contents Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions .....475 A.1 Program Declarations........................................................................... 475 A.1.1 Variable Declarations & Modifiers............................................. 476 A.1.2 Constant Declarations................................................................. 477 A.2 Data-Table Declarations....................................................................... 477 A.2.1 Data-Table Modifiers....................
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Table of Contents A.17 Modem Control .................................................................................. 524 A.18 SCADA .............................................................................................. 524 A.19 Calibration Functions ......................................................................... 525 A.20 Satellite Systems................................................................................. 526 A.20.1 Argos ....................................................
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Table of Contents F.8.4 Telephone .................................................................................... 570 F.8.5 Private Network Radios............................................................... 570 F.8.6 Satellite Transceivers .................................................................. 570 F.9 Data Storage Devices............................................................................ 570 F.10 Data Acquisition Support Software .................................................
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Table of Contents Figure 41: DevConfig Deployment tab ....................................................... 104 Figure 42: DevConfig Deployment | ComPorts Settings tab....................... 106 Figure 43: DevConfig Deployment | Advanced tab .................................... 107 Figure 44: DevConfig Logger Control tab .................................................. 108 Figure 45: "Include File" settings via DevConfig .......................................
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Table of Contents Figure 97: Panel-temperature gradients (high temperature to low)............. 310 Figure 98: Input error calculation................................................................ 313 Figure 99: Diagram of a thermocouple junction box .................................. 318 Figure 100: Pulse-sensor output signal types .............................................. 319 Figure 101: Switch-closure pulse sensor.....................................................
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Table of Contents Table 10. Formats for Entering Numbers in CRBasic................................. 117 Table 11. CRBasic Program Structure ........................................................ 118 Table 12. Data Types .................................................................................. 124 Table 13. Predefined Constants and Reserved Words................................. 128 Table 14. TOA5 Environment Line ............................................................ 131 Table 15.
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Table of Contents Table 64. Resistive-Bridge Circuits with Current Excitation1 .................... 302 Table 65. Analog Input-Voltage Range and Basic Resolution.................... 304 Table 66. StrainCalc() Instruction Equations .............................................. 305 Table 67. Limits of Error for Thermocouple Wire (Reference Junction at 0°C).................................................................................................. 311 Table 68.
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Table of Contents Table 117. CommsMemFree(1) Defaults and Use Example, TLS Active .. 437 Table 118. CR3000 Terminal Commands................................................... 446 Table 119. Arithmetic Operators................................................................. 495 Table 120. Compound-Assignment Operators ............................................ 497 Table 121. Derived Trigonometric Functions ............................................. 498 Table 122. Asynchronous-Port Baud Rates.........
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Table of Contents CRBasic Example 4. Inserting Comments .................................................. 115 CRBasic Example 5. Load binary information into a variable.................... 117 CRBasic Example 6. Proper Program Structure.......................................... 118 CRBasic Example 7. Using a Variable Array in Calculations .................... 122 CRBasic Example 8. Using Variable Array Dimension Indices ................. 122 CRBasic Example 9. Data Type Declarations........................
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Table of Contents CRBasic Example 58. BeginProg / Scan / NextScan / EndProg Syntax ..... 257 CRBasic Example 59. PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge............................ 264 CRBasic Example 60. PT100 in Three-wire Half-bridge............................ 266 CRBasic Example 61. PT100 in Four-Wire Full-Bridge............................. 268 CRBasic Example 62. PT100s with Current Excitation.............................. 270 CRBasic Example 63. Using TableFile() with Option 64 with CF Cards...
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Section 1. Introduction 1.1 HELLO Whether in extreme cold in Antarctica, scorching heat in Death Valley, salt spray from the Pacific, micro-gravity in space, or the harsh environment of your office, Campbell Scientific dataloggers support research and operations all over the world. Our customers work a broad spectrum of applications, from those more complex than any of us imagined, to those simpler than any of us thought practical. The limits of the CR3000 are defined by our customers.
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Section 1. Introduction Italic — titles of publications, software, sections, tables, figures, and examples. Bold italic — CRBasic instruction parameters and arguments within the body text. Blue — CRBasic instructions when set on a dedicated line. Italic teal — CRBasic program comments Lucida Sans Typewriter font — CRBasic code, input commands, and output responses when set apart on dedicated lines or in program examples.
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Section 2. Cautionary Statements The CR3000 is a rugged instrument and will give years of reliable service if a few precautions are observed: • Protect from over-voltage • Protect from water • Protect from ESD Disuse accelerates depletion of the internal battery, which backs up several functions. The internal battery will be depleted in three years or less if a CR3000 is left on the shelf. When the CR3000 is continuously used, the internal battery may last up to 10 or more years.
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Section 2.
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Section 3. Initial Inspection • The CR3000 datalogger ship with, o 1 each pn 8125 small, flat-bladed screwdriver o 1 each pn 1113 large, flat-bladed screwdriver o 1 each pn 3315 five-inch long, type-T thermocouple for use as a tutorial device o One datalogger program pre-loaded into the CR3000 o 4 each pn 505 screws for use in mounting the CR3000 to an enclosure backplate. o 4 each pn 6044 nylon hardware inserts for use in mounting the CR3000 to a Campbell Scientific enclosure backplate.
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Section 3.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial This tutorial presents an introduction to CR3000 data acquisition. 4.1 Primer – CR3000 Data-Acquisition Data acquisition with the CR3000 is the result of a step-wise procedure involving the use of electronic sensor technology, the CR3000, a telecommunications link, and datalogger support software (p. 76). 4.1.1 Components of a Data-Acquisition System A typical data-acquisition system is conceptualized in figure Data-Acquisition System Components (p. 34).
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial modems, radios, satellite transceivers, and TCP/IP network modems are available for the most demanding applications. Figure 1: Data acquisition system components 4.1.2 CR3000 Module and Power Supply The CR3000 module integrates measurement electronics with an integrated keyboard and multi-line display. 4.1.2.1 Wiring Panel As shown in figure CR3000 Wiring Panel (p. 35), the wiring panel provides terminals for connecting sensors, power and communications devices.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 2: Wiring panel 4.1.2.2 Power Supply The CR3000 is powered by a nominal 12 Vdc source. Acceptable power range is 10 to 16 Vdc. Many CR3000 are supplied with an integrated power supply base. Power to a power supply base is controlled by a manual switch on the right side of the case, below the keyboard display. External power connects through the green POWER IN on the face of the CR3000. The POWER IN connection is internally reverse-polarity protected. 4.1.2.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 4.1.3 Sensors Most electronic sensors, whether or not manufactured or sold by Campbell Scientific, can be interfaced to the CR3000. Check for on-line content concerning interfacing sensors at www.campbellsci.com, or contact a Campbell Scientific applications engineer for assistance. 4.1.3.1 Analog Sensors Analog sensors output continuous voltages that vary with the phenomena measured. Analog sensors connect to analog terminals.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Table 1. Single-Ended and Differential Input Channels Differential Channel Single-Ended Channel 1H 1 1L 2 2H 3 2L 4 3H 5 3L 6 4H 7 4L 8 5H 9 5L 10 6H 11 6L 12 7H 13 7L 14 8H 15 8L 16 9H 17 9L 18 10H 19 10L 20 11H 21 11L 22 12H 23 12L 24 13H 25 13L 26 14H 27 14L 28 4.1.3.2 Bridge Sensors Many sensors use a resistive bridge to measure phenomena. Pressure sensors and position sensors commonly use a resistive bridge.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial • A specific resistance in a pressure transducer strain gage correlates to a specific water pressure. • A change in resistance in a wind vane potentiometer correlates to a change in wind direction. 4.1.3.2.1 Voltage Excitation Bridge resistance is determined by measuring the difference between a known voltage applied to a bridge and the measured return voltage. The CR3000 supplies a precise scalable voltage excitation via excitation terminals.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 4.1.3.2.2 Current Excitation Resistance can be determined by supplying a precise current and measuring the return voltage. The CR3000 supplies a precise excitation current via current excitation terminals. Return voltage is measured on analog input terminals. Examples of bridge sensor wiring using current excitation are illustrated in figure Current Excitation -- PRT (p. 39). Note When using long leads with current excitation, consult Minimizing Settling Error (p. 292).
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 8: Pulse-sensor output signal types 4.1.3.3.2 Pulse-Input Channels Table Pulse-Input Channels and Measurements (p. 40) lists devices, channels and options for measuring pulse signals. Table 2.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial result. Some switch-closure sensors may require a pull-up resistor. Consult figure Connecting Switch Closures to Digital I/O (p. 323) for information on use of pull-up resistors. Figure 9: Pulse input wiring -- anemometer switch 4.1.3.4 RS-232 Sensors The CR3000 has 6 ports available for RS-232 input as shown in figure Location of RS-232 Ports (p. 41). Note With the correct adaptor, the CS I/O port can be used as an RS-232 I/O port.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 11: Use of RS-232 and digital I/O when reading RS-232 devices 4.1.4 Digital I/O Ports The CR3000 has eight digital I/O ports selectable as binary inputs or control outputs. These are multi-function ports. Edge timing, switch closure, and highfrequency pulse functions are introduced in Pulse Sensors (p. 39) and discussed at length in Pulse (p. 318). Other functions include device-driven interrupts, asynchronous communications and SDI-12 communications.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 4.1.5 SDM Channels SDM (Serial Device for Measurement) devices expand the input and output capacity of the CR3000. Brief descriptions of SDM device capabilities are found in the appendix Sensors and Peripherals. These devices connect to the CR3000 through C3ports SDM-C1, SDM-C2, and SDM-C3. 4.1.6 Input Expansion Modules Modules are available from Campbell Scientific to expand the number of input and digital I/O ports on the CR3000.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 4.2.2 Hardware Setup Note The thermocouple is attached to the CR3000 later. 4.2.2.1 Internal Power Supply With reference to figure Power and RS-232 Connections (internal-power supply) (p. 44), some CR3000 dataloggers are shipped with a power supply internal to the removable base. This internal power supply may use alkaline batteries or sealedrechargeable batteries. For more information and installation procedures, refer to the Alkaline Battery Base (p.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 5. Attach the black wire from the PS100 to the terminal labeled G on the green connector. 6. After confirming the correct polarity on the wire connections, insert the green power connector into its receptacle on the CR3000. 7. Connect the RS-232 cable between the RS-232 port on the CR3000 and the RS-232 port on the PC (or to the USB-to-RS-232 cable). 8. Move the on/off switch on the PS100 to the On position. Figure 14: Power and RS-232 connections (internal-power supply) 4.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 15: PC200W main window Table 3. PC200W EZSetup Wizard Example Selections Start the wizard to follow table entries. Screen Name Introduction Datalogger Type and Name Information Needed Provides and introduction to the EZSetup Wizard along with instructions on how to navigate through the wizard. Select the CR3000 from the scroll window. Accept the default name of "CR3000." Select the correct PC COM port for the RS-232 connection. Typically, this will be COM1.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Table 3. PC200W EZSetup Wizard Example Selections Start the wizard to follow table entries. Screen Name Information Needed wizard. After exiting the wizard, the main PC200W window becomes visible. The window has several tabs available. By default, the Clock/Program tab is visible. This tab displays information on the currently selected CR3000 with clock and program functions. The Monitor Data or Collect Data tabs may be selected at any time.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 16: Short Cut temperature sensor folder 4.2.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 7 to 9) 7. Double-click Wiring Panel Temperature to add it to Selected. Alternatively, single-click Wiring Panel Temperature, then click on . 8. Double-click Type T Thermocouple to add it to Selected. A prompt appears requesting the number of sensors. Enter "1." A second prompt will appear requesting the thermocouple reference temperature source.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 17: Short Cut thermocouple wiring 4.2.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 10 to 11) Historical Note In the space-race era, measuring thermocouples in the field was a complicated and cumbersome process incorporating a thermocouple wire with three junctions, a micro-voltmeter, a vacuum flask filled with an ice slurry, and a thick reference book. One thermocouple junction was connected to the microvoltmeter. Another sat in the vacuum flask.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 11. Outputs displays the list Selected Sensors on the left and data storage tables, under Selected Outputs, on the right. Figure 18: Short Cut outputs tab 4.2.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 12 to 16) 12. By default, there are two tables initially available. Both tables have a Store Every field and a along with a drop-down list from which to select the time units. These are used to set the time interval when data are stored. 13.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 19: Short Cut output table definition 4.2.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 17 to 18) 17. Click Finish to compile the program. Give the program the name QuickStart. A summary screen will appear showing the compiler results. Any errors during compiling will also be displayed.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial 18. Close this window by clicking on X in the upper right corner. 4.2.5 Send Program and Collect Data PC200W Support Software Objectives: This portion of the tutorial will use PC200W to send the program to the CR3000, collect data from the CR3000, and store the data on the PC. 4.2.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1) 1. From the PC200W Clock/Program tab, click on Connect button to establish communications with the CR3000.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial CR3000. To view the OneMin table, select an empty cell in the display area, then click Add. 4.2.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5) 5. In the Add Selection window Tables field, click on OneMin, then click Paste. The OneMin table is now displayed. Figure 22: PC200W Monitor Data tab – Public and OneMin Tables 4.2.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6) 6. Click on the Collect Data tab.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 23: PC200W Collect Data tab 4.2.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 9) 7. Click the OneMin box so a check mark appears in the box. Under What to Collect, select New data from datalogger. This selects the to be collected. 8. Click on Collect. A dialog box will appear prompting for a filename. Click Save to accept the default filename of CR3000_OneMin.dat. A progress bar will appear as data are collected, followed by a Collection Complete message. Click OK to continue. 9.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 24: PC200W View data utility 4.2.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 10 to 11) 10. Click on to open a file for viewing. In the dialog box, select the CR3000_OneMin.dat file and click Open. 11. The collected data are now shown.
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Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial Figure 25: PC200W View data table 4.2.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 12 to 13) 12. Click on any data column. To display the data in a new line graph, click on . Figure 26: PC200W View line graph 13. Close the Graph and View windows, and then close the PC200W program.
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Section 5. System Overview A Campbell Scientific data-acquisition system is made up of the following basic components: • Sensors • Datalogger o Clock o Measurement and control circuitry o Telecommunications circuitry o User-entered CRBasic program • Telecommunications device • Datalogger support software (p. 76) (computer or mobile) The figure Features of a Data-Acquisition System (p. 58) illustrates a common CR3000-based data-acquisition system.
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Section 5. System Overview Figure 27: Features of a data-acquisition system 5.1 CR3000 Datalogger The CR3000 datalogger is one part of a data acquisition system. It is a precision instrument designed for demanding, low-power measurement applications. CPU, analog and digital measurements, analog and digital outputs, and memory usage are controlled by the operating system in conjunction with the user program and on-board clock.
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Section 5. System Overview Sensors transduce phenomena into measurable electrical forms, outputting voltage, current, resistance, pulses, or state changes. The CR3000, sometimes with the assistance of various peripheral devices, can measure nearly all electronic sensors. The CR3000 measures analog voltage and pulse signals, representing the magnitudes numerically.
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Section 5. System Overview A library of sensor manuals and application notes are available at www.campbellsci.com to assist in measuring many sensor types. Consult with a Campbell Scientific applications engineer for assistance in measuring unfamiliar sensors. 5.1.3 CR3000 Wiring Panel The wiring panel of the CR3000 is the interface to many CR3000 functions. These functions are best introduced by reviewing features of the CR3000 wiring panel. The figure Wiring Panel (p.
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Section 5. System Overview as compared to pulse-count measurements. The frequency resolution of pulsecount measurements can be improved by extending the measurement interval by increasing the scan interval and by averaging. For information on frequency resolution, see Frequency Resolution. Pulse — 4 channels (P1 to P4) configurable for counts or frequency of the following signal types.
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Section 5. System Overview The number of CAO terminals can be expanded with peripheral CAO devices available from Campbell Scientific. Refer to the appendix CAO Modules (p. 565) for more information. • Current Excitation — three switched terminals (IX1, IX2, IX3) with return connecting to IXR terminal. Capable of driving between –2500 µA and 2500 µA. 5.1.3.3 Grounding Terminals Read More! See Grounding (p. 92). Proper grounding will lend stability and protection to a data acquisition system.
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Section 5. System Overview • Peripheral 12 Vdc Power Source — 2 terminals (12V) and associated grounds (G) supply power to sensors and peripheral devices requiring nominal 12 Vdc. This supply may drop as low as 9.6 Vdc before datalogger operation stops. Precautions should be taken to minimize the occurrence of data from underpowered sensors. • Peripheral 5-Vdc Power Source — 1 terminal (5V) and associated ground (G) supply power to sensors and peripheral devices requiring regulated 5 Vdc. 5.1.3.
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Section 5. System Overview the use of the keyboard display is available in the sections Read More! To implement custom menus, see CRBasic Editor Help for the DisplayMenu() instruction. CRBasic programming in the CR3000 facilitates creation of custom menus for the integrated keyboard / display. Figure Custom Menu Example (p. 70) shows windows from a simple custom menu named DataView. DataView appears as the main menu on the keyboard display.
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Section 5. System Overview with an upper input voltage limit of 15 Vdc may be damaged if connected to a CR3000 that is powered by 16 Vdc. 5.1.5 Programming The CR3000 is a highly programmable instrument, adaptable to the most demanding measurement and telecommunications requirements. 5.1.5.1 Operating System and Settings Read More! See CR3000 Configuration (p. 97). The CR3000 is shipped factory-ready with an operating system (OS) installed.
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Section 5. System Overview Note Once a Short Cut generated program has been edited with CRBasic Editor, it can no longer be modified with Short Cut. 5.1.6 Memory and Final Data Storage Read More! See Memory and Final Data Storage (p. 335). CR3000 memory is organized as follows. Memory size is posted in the Status table (see the appendix Status Table and Settings (p. 529) ).
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Section 5. System Overview Data files from TableFile() instruction (TOA5, TOB1, CSIXML and CSIJSON) o Keep memory (OS variables not initialized) o Dynamic runtime memory allocation Additional final data storage is available by using the optional CF (p. 451) card with a CF module listed in the appendix Card Storage Module, or with a mass storage device (see the appendix Mass Storage Devices ). 5.1.
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Section 5. System Overview data this way, stop the CR3000 program to ensure data are not written to the card while data are retrieved; otherwise, data corruption will result. Data stored on CF cards are retrieved through a telecommunication link to the CR3000 or by removing the card, carrying it to a computer, and retrieving the data via a third-party CF adapter. Retrieving data, especially large files, is much faster through a CF adapter than telecommunications with the CR3000.
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Section 5. System Overview • Routing — the CR3000 can act as a router, passing on messages intended for another logger. PakBus supports automatic route detection and selection. • Short distance networks with no extra hardware —-a CR3000 can talk to another CR3000 over distances up to 30 feet by connecting transmit, receive and ground wires between the dataloggers. PC communications with a PakBus datalogger via the CS I/O port, over phone modem or radio, can be routed to other PakBus dataloggers.
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Section 5. System Overview displays two values from CR3000 memory. PanelTemps shows the CR3000 wiring-panel temperature at each scan, and the one-minute sample of panel temperature. TCTemps displays two thermocouple temperatures. Figure 28: Custom menu example 5.1.9 Security CR3000 applications may include the collection of sensitive data, operation of critical systems, or networks accessible by many individuals. The CR3000 is supplied void of active security measures.
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Section 5. System Overview Note All security features can be subverted through physical access to the CR3000. If absolute security is a requirement, the CR3000 datalogger must be kept in a secure location. 5.1.9.1 Vulnerabilities While "security through obscurity" may have provided sufficient protection in the past, Campbell Scientific dataloggers increasingly are deployed in sensitive applications.
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Section 5. System Overview HTTP: • Send datalogger programs. • View table data. • Get historical records or other files present on the datalogger drive spaces. • More access is given when a .csipasswd is in place (so make sure users with administrative rights have strong log-in credentials) 5.1.9.2 Pass-code Lockout Pass-code lockouts (historically known simply as "security codes") are the oldest method of securing a Campbell Scientific datalogger.
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Section 5. System Overview Level 1 must be set before Level 2. Level 2 must be set before Level 3. If a level is set to 0, any level greater than it will also be set to 0. For example, if level 2 is 0 then level 3 is automatically set to 0. Levels are unlocked in reverse order: level 3 before level 2, level 2 before level 1. When a level is unlocked, any level greater than it will also be unlocked, so unlocking level 1 (entering the Level 1 security code) also unlocks levels 2 and 3.
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Section 5. System Overview 5.1.9.3.2 PakBus Instructions The following CRBasic PakBus instructions have provisions for password protection: • ModemCallBack() • SendVariable() • SendGetVariables() • SendFile() • GetVariables() • GetFile() • GetDataRecord() 5.1.9.3.3 IS Instructions The following CRBasic instructions that service CR3000 IP capabilities have provisions for password protection: • EMailRecv() • EMailSend() • FTPClient() 5.1.9.3.
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Section 5. System Overview One use of file encryption may be to secure proprietary code but make it available for copying. 5.1.9.5 Communications Encryption PakBus is the CR3000 root communication protocol. By encrypting certain portions of PakBus communications, a high level of security is given to datalogger communications. See PakBus Encryption (p. 368) for more information. 5.1.9.
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Section 5. System Overview 5.1.10.3 Calibration Read More! See Self-Calibration (p. 295). The CR3000 uses an internal voltage reference to routinely calibrate itself. Campbell Scientific recommends factory recalibration every two years. If calibration services are required, refer to the section entitled Assistance (p. 5) at the front of this manual. 5.1.10.4 Internal Battery Caution Misuse or improper installation of the lithium battery can cause severe injury.
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Section 5. System Overview applications in LoggerNet Remote are run on a separate computer, and are used to manage the LoggerNet Linux server. • VISUALWEATHER Weather Station Software supports Campbell Scientific weather stations. Version 3.0 or higher supports custom weather stations or the ET107, ET106, and MetData1 pre-configured weather stations. The software allows you to initialize the setup, interrogate the station, display data, and generate reports from one or more weather stations.
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Section 5.
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Section 6. CR3000 Specifications 1.1 CR3000 specifications are valid from ─25° to 50°C in non‐condensing environments unless otherwise specified. Recalibration is recommended every two years. Critical specifications and system configurations should be confirmed with a Campbell Scientific applications engineer before purchase.
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Section 6.
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Section 7. Installation 7.1 Moisture Protection When humidity tolerances are exceeded and condensation occurs, damage to CR3000 electronics can result. Effective humidity control is the responsibility of the user. Internal CR3000 module moisture is controlled at the factory by sealing the module with a packet of silica gel inside. The desiccant is replaced whenever the CR3000 is repaired at Campbell Scientific.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 29: Enclosure 7.4 Power Sources Note Reliable power is the foundation of a reliable data-acquisition system. When designing a power supply, consideration should be made regarding worstcase power requirements and environmental extremes. For example, the power requirement of a weather station may be substantially higher during extreme cold, while at the same time, the extreme cold constricts the power available from the power supply.
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Section 7. Installation Power supplies available from Campbell Scientific can be reviewed in the appendix Power Supplies (p. 566), or at www.campbellsci.com. Contact a Campbell Scientific application engineer if assistance in selecting a power supply is needed, particularly with applications in extreme environments. 7.4.1 CR3000 Power Requirement The CR3000 operates on dc voltage ranging from 9.6 to 16 Vdc. It is internally protected against accidental polarity reversal.
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Section 7. Installation 7.4.3.2 Internal Batteries Internal-power supplies have a thermal fuse that limits source current and minimizes the need for repair. If excessive current is drawn, the fuse gets hot, increases in resistance, and limits current. When the problem is fixed, the fuse cools and the resistance decreases, usually allowing current to eventually pass.
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Section 7. Installation 8. Check for normal datalogging function before leaving the site. Table 4. Alkaline Battery Service and Temperatures Temperature (°C) % of 20°C Service* 20 - 50 100 15 98 10 94 5 90 0 86 -10 70 -20 50 -30 30 *Data based on one "D" cell under conditions of 50-mA current drain with a 30-ohm load. As the current drain decreases, the percent service improves for a given temperature. Figure 30: Alkaline battery orientation 7.4.3.2.
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Section 7. Installation The charging source powers the CR3000 while float charging the batteries. The batteries power the CR3000 if the charging source is interrupted. The table Sealed Rechargeable Battery and AC Transformer Specifications (p. 87) lists the recommended operational temperature range and other specifications. Leads from the charging source connect to the CHARGING INPUT by way of two, screw-secured terminals on the connector. Polarities of the leads on these terminals do not matter.
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Section 7. Installation Sealed Rechargeable-Battery Safety There are inherent hazards associated with the use of sealed rechargeable batteries. Under normal operation, lead acid batteries generate small quantities of hydrogen gas. This gaseous by-product is generally insignificant because the hydrogen dissipates naturally before building-up to an explosive level (4%). However, if the batteries are shorted or overcharged, hydrogen gas may be generated at a rate sufficient to create a hazard.
PAGE 88

Section 7. Installation Figure 31: Sealed rechargeable battery wiring 7.4.3.2.3 Low Profile (No Battery) Base A CR3000 with the low-profile base (see the appendix Battery Bases (p. 567) ) will not have an internal power supply. In this configuration, power is supplied to the CR3000 by attaching an external 12-Vdc power source to the POWER IN connector on the lower left of the CR3000 face. The appendix Power Supplies (p.
PAGE 89

Section 7. Installation Figure 32: Connecting to vehicle power supply 7.4.5 Powering Sensors and Devices Read More! See Power Sources (p. 82). The CR3000 wiring panel is a convenient power distribution device for powering sensors and peripherals that require a 5- or 12-Vdc source. It has 2 continuous 12Vdc terminals (12V), one program-controlled switched 12 Vdc terminal (SW12V), and one continuous 5 Vdc terminal (5V).
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Section 7. Installation Table 6. Current Source and Sink Limits 1 Terminal 5 5V + CS I/O (combined) 1 Limit < 200 mA "Source" is positive amperage; "sink" is negative amperage (-). 2 Exceeding current limits limits will cause voltage output to become unstable. Voltage should stabilize once current is again reduced to within stated limits. 3 A polyfuse is used to limit power. Result of overload is a voltage drop. To reset, disconnect and allow circuit to cool.
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Section 7. Installation See Sensors Requiring Current Excitation (p. 330) for precautions when measuring resistances > 1000 Ω or sensors with leads > 50 feet. 7.4.5.3 Continuous Regulated (5 Volt) The 5V terminal is regulated and remains near 5 Vdc (±4%) so long as the CR3000 supply voltage remains above 9.6 Vdc. It is intended for power sensors or devices requiring a 5-Vdc power supply. It is not intended as an excitation source for bridge measurements.
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Section 7. Installation PortSet() is a measurement task instruction. Use it when powering analog input sensors that need to be powered just prior to measurement. A 12-Vdc switching circuit, designed to be driven by a digital I/O port, is available from Campbell Scientific and is listed in the appendix Relay Drivers (p. 565). Note The SW12V terminal supply is unregulated and can supply up to 900 mA at 20°C. See table Current Source and Sink Limits (p. 89).
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Section 7. Installation In laboratory applications, locating a stable earth ground is challenging, but still necessary. In older buildings, new ac receptacles on older ac wiring may indicate that a safety ground exists when, in fact, the socket is not grounded. If a safety ground does exist, good practice dictates the verification that it carries no current.
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Section 7. Installation Note Lightning strikes may damage or destroy the CR3000 and associated sensors and power supplies. In addition to protections discussed in ESD Protection (p. 92), use of a simple lightning rod and low-resistance path to earth ground is adequate protection in many installations. A lightning rod serves two purposes. Primarily, it serves as a preferred strike point. Secondarily, it dissipates charge, reducing the chance of a lightning strike. Figure Lightning-Protection Scheme (p.
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Section 7. Installation 7.5.2 Single-Ended Measurement Reference Low-level, single-ended voltage measurements are sensitive to ground potential fluctuations. The grounding scheme in the CR3000 has been designed to eliminate ground potential fluctuations due to changing return currents from 12V, SW12V, 5V, and C1 – C8 terminals. This is accomplished by utilizing separate signal grounds ( ) and power grounds (G).
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Section 7. Installation CR3000. Despite being tied to the same ground, differences in current drain and lead resistance result in different ground potential at the two instruments. For this reason, a differential measurement should be made on the analog output from the external signal conditioner. 7.5.4 Ground Looping in Ionic Measurements When measuring soil-moisture with a resistance block, or water conductivity with a resistance cell, the potential exists for a ground loop error.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 35: Model of a ground loop with a resistive sensor 7.6 CR3000 Configuration The CR3000 ships from Campbell Scientific to communicate with Campbell Scientific datalogger support software (p. 76) via RS-232. Some applications, however, require changes to the factory defaults. Most settings address telecommunication variations between the CR3000 and a network or PC.
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Section 7. Installation • Provide a terminal emulator useful in configuring devices not directly supported by DevConfig graphical user interface. • Show Help as prompts and explanations. Help for the appropriate settings for a particular device can also be found in the user manual for that device. • Update from www.campbellsci.com. As shown in figure DevConfig CR3000 Facility (p.
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Section 7. Installation If problems are encountered with a 2 MB CR3000, sending the OS over a direct RS-232 connection is usually successful. Since sending an OS to the CR3000 resets memory, data loss will certainly occur. Depending on several factors, the CR3000 may also become incapacitated for a time. Consider the following before updating the OS. 1. Is sending the OS necessary to correct a critical problem? -- If not, consider waiting until a scheduled maintenance visit to the site. 2.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 37: DevConfig OS download window Figure 38: Dialog box confirming OS download 7.6.2.2 Sending OS with Program Send Operating system files can be sent using the Program Send command.
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Section 7. Installation Program Send (p. 101), this has the benefit of usually (but not always) preserving CR3000 settings. Table 7. Operating System Version in which Preserve Settings via Program Send Instituted Datalogger OS Version / Date CR1000 16 / 11-10-08 CR800 7 / 11-10-08 CR3000 9 / 11-10-08 Campbell Scientific recommends upgrading operating systems only via a directhardwire link. However, the Send button in the datalogger support software (p. 404, p.
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Section 7. Installation Clicking the Factory Defaults button on the settings editor will send a command to the device to revert to its factory default settings. The reverted values will not take effect until the final changes have been applied. This button will remain disabled if the device does not support the DevConfig protocol messages. Clicking Save on the summary screen will save the configuration to an XML file.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 40: Summary of CR3000 configuration 7.6.3.1.1 Deployment Tab Illustrated in figure DevConfig Deployment Tab (p. 104), the Deployment tab allows the user to configure the datalogger prior to deploying it. Deployment tab settings can also be accessed through the Setting Editor tab and the Status table.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 41: DevConfig Deployment tab Datalogger Sub-Tab • Serial Number displays the CR3000 serial number. This setting is set at the factory and cannot be edited. • OS Version displays the operating system version that is in the CR3000. • Station Name displays the name that is set for this station. The default station name is the CR3000 serial number. • PakBus® Address allows users to set the PakBus® address of the datalogger. The allowable range is between 1 and 4094.
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Section 7. Installation • Beacon Interval sets the interval (in seconds) on which the datalogger will broadcast beacon messages on the port specified by Selected Port. • Verify Interval specifies the interval (in seconds) at which the datalogger will expect to have received packets from neighbors on the port specified by Selected Port.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 42: DevConfig Deployment | ComPorts Settings tab Advanced Sub-Tab • Is Router allows the datalogger to act as a PakBus® router. • PakBus Nodes Allocation indicates the maximum number of PakBus® devices the CR3000 will communicate with if it is set up as a router. This setting is used to allocate memory in the CR3000 to be used for its routing table. • Max Packet Size is the size of PakBus® packets transmitted by the CR3000.
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Section 7. Installation • Files Manager Setting specifies the number of files with the specified extension that will be saved when received from a specified node. Figure 43: DevConfig Deployment | Advanced tab 7.6.3.1.2 Logger Control Tab • Clocks in the PC and CR3000 are checked every second and the difference displayed. The System Clock Setting allows entering what offset, if any, to use with respect to standard time (Local Daylight Time or UTC, Greenwich mean time).
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Section 7. Installation Figure 44: DevConfig Logger Control tab 7.6.3.2 Settings via CRBasic Some variables in the Status table can be requested or set during program execution using CRBasic commands SetStatus() and SetSecurity(). Entries can be requested or set by setting a Public or Dim variable equivalent to the Status table entry, as can be done with variables in any data table. For example, to set a variable, x, equal to a Status table entry, the syntax is, x = Status.
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Section 7. Installation Campbell Scientific recommends implementing one or both of the provisions described in "Include" File (p. 109) and Default.cr3 File (p. 111) to help preserve remote communication, or other vital settings. 7.6.3.3.1 "Include" File The Include file is a CRBasic program file that resides in CR3000 memory and compiles as an insert to the user-entered program. It is essentially a subroutine stored in a file separate from the main program file.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 46: "Include File" settings via PakBusGraph CRBasic Example 1. Using an "Include File" to Control SW12V‐1 'Assumes that the Include file in CRBasic example "Include File" to Control SW12V-1 (p. 111) 'is loaded onto the CR3000 CPU: Drive. 'The Include file will control power to the cellular phone modem.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 2. "Include File" to Control SW12V‐1. '"Include File" "Add-on" Program 'Control Cellular modem power for the main program. 'Cell phone + to be wired to SW12V-1 terminal, - to G. '<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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Section 7. Installation the BeginProg statement. This allows the "Include" file to act both as an "Include" file and as the default program. 5. If the program listed in the Include File Name setting cannot be run or if no program is specified, the CR3000 will attempt to run the program named default.cr3 on its CPU: drive. 6. If there is no default.cr3 file or it cannot be compiled, the CR3000 will not automatically run any program. 7.6.3.5 Network Planner Figure 47: Network Planner Setup 7.6.3.5.
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Section 7. Installation Caveats • Network Planner aids in, but does not replace, the design process • It aids development of PakBus networks only. • It does not make hardware recommendations. • It does not generate datalogger programs. • It does not understand distances or topography; that is, it does not warn the user when broadcast distances are exceeded or identify obstacles to radio transmission.
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Section 7. Installation 7.7 Programming Programs are created with either Short Cut (p. 467) or CRBasic Editor (p. 114). Programs can be up to 490 kB in size; most programs, however, are much smaller. 7.7.1 Writing and Editing Programs 7.7.1.1 Short Cut Editor and Program Generator Short Cut is easy-to-use, menu-driven software that presents the user with lists of predefined measurement, processing, and control algorithms from which to choose.
PAGE 115

Section 7. Installation channels, and processing instructions that compress many common calculations used in CR3000 dataloggers. These four elements must be properly placed within the program structure. 7.7.1.2.1 Inserting Comments into Program Comments are non-executable text placed within the body of a program to document or clarify program algorithms. As shown in CRBasic example Inserting Comments (p. 115), comments are inserted into a program by preceding the comment with a single quote (').
PAGE 116

Section 7. Installation Note To retain data, Preserve data if no table changed must be selected whether or not CF card (CRD: drive) or Campbell Scientific mass-storage media (USB: drive) be connected. Regardless of the program-upload tool used, if any change occurs to data table structures listed in table Data Table Structures (p. 116), data will be erased when a new program is sent. Table 8.
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Section 7. Installation 7.7.3 Syntax 7.7.3.1 Numerical Formats Four numerical formats are supported by CRBasic. Most common is the use of base-10 numbers. Scientific notation, binary, and hexadecimal formats may also be used, as shown in table Formats for Entering Numbers in CRBasic (p. 117). Only standard, base-10 notation is supported by Campbell Scientific hardware and software displays. Table 10. Formats for Entering Numbers in CRBasic Format Example Base-10 Equivalent Value Standard 6.832 6.
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Section 7. Installation Table 11. CRBasic Program Structure Declarations Define CR3000 memory usage. Declare constants, variables, aliases, units, and data tables. Declare constants List fixed constants. Declare Public variables List / dimension variables viewable during program execution. Dimension variables List / dimension variables not viewable during program execution. Define Aliases Assign aliases to variables. Define Units Assign engineering units to variable (optional).
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Section 7. Installation 'Define public variables Public RefTemp Public TC(6) 'Define Units Units RefTemp = degC Units TC = DegC Declare public variables, dimension array, and declare units. 'Define data tables DataTable(Temp,1,2000) DataInterval(0,10,min,10) Average(1,RefTemp,FP2,0) Average(6,TC(),FP2,0) EndTable Declarations Define data table 'Begin Program BeginProg 'Set scan interval Scan(1,Sec,3,0) 'Measurements PanelTemp(RefTemp,250) TCDiff(TC()...
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Section 7. Installation operator is located in the Help files of CRBasic Editor, which is included with LoggerNet, PC400, and RTDAQ datalogger support software suites. 7.7.3.3.1 Multiple Statements on One Line Multiple short statements can be placed on a single text line if they are separated with a colon. This is a convenient feature in some programs. However, in general, programs that confine text lines to single statements are easier for humans to read.
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Section 7. Installation variables can be viewed through the integrated keyboard / display or software numeric monitors. Dim variables cannot. All user defined variables are initialized once when the program starts. Additionally, variables that are used in the Function() or Sub() declaration,or that are declared within the body of the function or subroutine are local to that function or subroutine.
PAGE 122

Section 7. Installation In this example, a For/Next structure with a changing variable is used to specify which elements of the array will have the logical operation applied to them. The CRBasic For/Next function will only operate on array elements that are clearly specified and ignore the rest. If an array element is not specifically referenced, e.g., TempC(), CRBasic references only the first element of the array, TempC(1). CRBasic Example 7.
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Section 7. Installation BeginProg Scan() aaa = 3 bbb = 2 ccc = 4 VariableName(aaa,bbb,ccc) = 2.718 NextScan EndProg Dimensioning Strings Strings can be declared to a maximum of two dimensions. The third "dimension" is used for accessing characters within a string. See String Operations (p. 241). String length can also be declared.
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Section 7. Installation Table 12. Data Types Name: Command or Argument FP2 Description / Word Size Campbell Scientific floating point / Where Used Final data storage 2 byte As Float IEEE Floating Point / Notes Default final storage data type. Use FP2 for stored data requiring 3 or 4 significant digits. If more significant digits are needed, use IEEE4 or an offset. Resolution / Range Zero Minimum Maximum 0.000 ±0.001 ±7999. Absolute Value Decimal Location 0 -- 7.999 X.XXX 8 -- 79.
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Section 7. Installation Table 12. Data Types Name: Command or Argument Description / Word Size As Boolean Signed Integer / BOOLEAN 4 byte Where Used Notes Resolution / Range Use to store TRUE or FALSE states, such as with flags and control ports. 0 is always false. -1 is always true. Depending on the application, any other number may be interpreted as true or false. See True = -1, False = 0 (p. 150).To save memory, consider using UINT2 or BOOL8.
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Section 7.
PAGE 127

Section 7. Installation Variable Initialization By default, variables are set equal to zero at the time the datalogger program compiles. Variables can be initialized to non-zero values in the declaration. Examples of syntax are shown in CRBasic example Initializing Variables (p. 127). CRBasic Example 11. Initializing Variables Public aaa As Long = 1 Public bbb(2) As String *20 = {"String_1", "String_2"} Public ccc As Boolean = True ‘Initialize variable ddd elements 1,1 1,2 1,3 & 2,1.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 12. Using the Const Declaration Public PTempC, PTempF Const CtoF_Mult = 1.8 Const CtoF_Offset = 32 BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) PanelTemp(PTempC,250) PTempF = PTempC * CtoF_Mult + CtoF_Offset NextScan EndProg Predefined Contants Several words are reserved for use by CRBasic. These words cannot be used as variable or table names in a program. Predefined constants include some instruction names, as well as valid alphanumeric names for instruction parameters.
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Section 7. Installation Table 13. Predefined Constants and Reserved Words mv50cR mv500c mv7_5 mv7_5c mvX10500 mv50R NSEC PROG SCAN mvX1500 Select STRING SUB sec TABLE TRUE TypeB SUBSCAN TypeJ TypeK TypeN TypeE TypeS TypeT UINT2 TypeR usec v10 v2 Until v2c v50 v60 v20 EX1 vX15 VX2 VX1 vX105 EX2 EX3 VX3 VX4 While 7.7.3.4.3 Alias and Unit Declarations A variable can be assigned a second name, or alias, by which it can be called throughout the program.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 13.
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Section 7. Installation • name of the CRBasic program running in the datalogger • name of the data table (limited to 20 characters) • alphanumeric field names to attach at the head of data columns This information is referred to as "table definitions." Table Typical Data Table (p. 132) shows a data file as it appears after the associated data table has been downloaded from a CR3000 programmed with the code in CRBasic example Definition and Use of a Data Table (p. 132).
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Section 7. Installation Table 15. Typical Data Table TOA5 CR3000 CR3000 1048 CR3000.Std.13.06 CPU:Data.cr3 TIMESTAMP RECORD BattVolt_Avg PTempC_Avg TempC_Avg(1) TempC_Avg(2) TS RN Volts Deg C Deg C Deg C Avg Avg Avg Avg 7/11/2007 16:10 0 13.18 23.5 23.54 25.12 7/11/2007 16:20 1 13.18 23.5 23.54 25.51 7/11/2007 16:30 2 13.19 23.51 23.05 25.73 7/11/2007 16:40 3 13.19 23.54 23.61 25.95 7/11/2007 16:50 4 13.19 23.55 23.09 26.05 7/11/2007 17:00 5 13.19 23.
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Section 7.
PAGE 134

Section 7. Installation • Size-Table size is the number of records to store in a table before new data begins overwriting old data. If "10" is entered, 10 records are stored in the table -- the eleventh record will overwrite the first record. If "-1" is entered, memory for the table is automatically allocated at the time the program compiles.
PAGE 135

Section 7. Installation lapse occurs, the SkippedRecords status entry is incremented, and a 16-byte subheader with time stamp and record number is inserted into the data frame before the next record is written. Consequently, programs that lapse frequently waste significant memory. If Lapses is set to an argument of 20, the memory allocated for the data table is increased by enough memory to accommodate 20 sub-headers (320 bytes).
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Section 7. Installation Data Output-Processing Instructions Final data storage processing instructions (aka "output processing" instructions) determine what data are stored in a data table. When a data table is called in the CRBasic program, final data storage processing instructions process variables holding current inputs or calculations. If trigger conditions are true, for example if the output interval has expired, processed values are stored, or output, into the data table.
PAGE 137

Section 7. Installation 7.7.3.5.2 Subroutines Read More! See Subroutines (p. 192) for more information on programming with subroutines. Subroutines allow a section of code to be called by multiple processes in the main body of a program. Subroutines are defined before the main program body of a program. Note A particular subroutine can be called by multiple program sequences simultaneously.
PAGE 138

Section 7. Installation Instructions or commands that are handled by each sequencer are listed in table Task Processes (p. 138). The measurement task sequencer is a rigidly timed sequence that measures sensors and outputs control signals for other devices. The digital task sequencer manages measurement and control of SDM devices.
PAGE 139

Section 7. Installation the sequence in which the instructions are executed may not be in the order in which they appear in the program. Therefore, conditional measurements are not allowed in pipeline mode. Because of the precise execution of measurement instructions, processing in the current scan (including update of public variables and data storage) is delayed until all measurements are complete.
PAGE 140

Section 7. Installation Note Measurement tasks have priority over other tasks such as processing and communication to allow accurate timing needed within most measurement instructions. Care must be taken when initializing variables when multiple sequences are used in a program. If any sequence relies on something (variable, port, etc.
PAGE 141

Section 7. Installation Table 19. Program Timing Instructions Instructions SubScan / NextSubScan General Guidelines Use when measurements or processing must run at faster frequencies than that of the main program. Syntax Form BeginProg Scan() '. '. '. SubScan() '. '. '. NextSubScan NextScan EndProg 7.7.3.7.
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Section 7. Installation allows the processing in the scan to lag behind measurements at times without affecting measurement timing. Use of the CRBasic Editor default size is normal. Refer to section SkippedScan (p. 429) for troubleshooting tips. • Count — number of scans to make before proceeding to the instruction following NextScan. A count of 0 means to continue looping forever (or until ExitScan). In the example in CRBasic example Scan Syntax (p.
PAGE 143

Section 7. Installation measurement hardware until the main scan, including measurements and processing, is complete. Main Scans Execution of the main scan usually occurs quickly, so the processor may be idle much of the time. For example, a weather-measurement program may scan once per second, but program execution may only occupy 250 ms, leaving 75% of available scan time unused. The CR3000 can make efficient use of this interstitial scan time to optimize program execution and communications control.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 49: Sequential-mode scan priority flow diagrams 7.7.3.8 Instructions In addition to BASIC syntax, additional instructions are included in CRBasic to facilitate measurements and store data. CRBasic Programming Instructions (p. 475) contains a comprehensive list of these instructions. 7.7.3.8.1 Measurement and Data-Storage Processing CRBasic instructions have been created for making measurements and storing data.
PAGE 145

Section 7. Installation PanelTemp is the keyword. Two parameters follow: Dest, a destination variable name in which the temperature value is stored; and Integ, a length of time to integrate the measurement. To place the panel temperature measurement in the variable RefTemp, using a 250-µs integration time, the syntax is as shown in CRBasic example Measurement Instruction Syntax (p. 145). CRBasic Example 17. Measurement Instruction Syntax PanelTemp(RefTemp, 250) 7.7.3.8.
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Section 7. Installation Table 20. Rules for Names Name 1 Category Maximum Length (number of characters) Data-table name 20 Field name 39 Field-name description 64 Allowed characters and other names. 1 Variables, constants, units, aliases, station names, field names, data table names, and file names can share identical names; that is, once a name is used, it is reserved only in that category. 7.7.3.8.4 Expressions in Arguments Read More! See Expressions (p.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 19. Use of Arrays as Multipliers and Offsets Public Pressure(3), Mult(3), Offset(3) DataTable(AvgPress,1,-1) DataInterval(0,60,Min,10) Average(3,Pressure(),IEEE4,0) EndTable BeginProg 'Calibration Factors: Mult(1)=0.123 : Offset(1)=0.23 Mult(2)=0.115 : Offset(2)=0.234 Mult(3)=0.114 : Offset(3)=0.
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Section 7. Installation Note Single-precision float has 24 bits of mantissa. Double precision has a 32-bit extension of the mantissa, resulting in 56 bits of precision. Instructions that use double precision are AddPrecise(), Average(), AvgRun(), AvgSpa(), CovSpa(), MovePrecise(), RMSSpa(), StdDev(), StdDevSpa(), and Totalize(). Floating-point arithmetic is common in many electronic, computational systems, but it has pitfalls high-level programmers should be aware of.
PAGE 149

Section 7. Installation BeginProg Fa = 0 Fb = 0.125 L = 126 Ba = Fa Bb = Fb Bc = L EndProg 'This will set Ba = False (0) 'This will Set Bb = True (-1) 'This will Set Bc = True (-1) FLOAT from LONG or Boolean When a LONG or Boolean is converted to FLOAT, the integer value is loaded into the FLOAT. Booleans are converted to -1 or 0. LONG integers greater than 24 bits (16,777,215; the size of the mantissa for a FLOAT) will lose resolution when converted to FLOAT.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 22. Constants to LONGs or FLOATs Public I As Long Public A1, A2 Const ID = 10 BeginProg A1 = A2 + ID I = ID * 5 EndProg In CRBasic example Constants to LONGs or FLOATs (p. 150), I is an integer. A1 and A2 are FLOATS. The number 5 is loaded As FLOAT to add efficiently with constant ID, which was compiled As FLOAT for the previous expression to avoid an inefficient runtime conversion from LONG to FLOAT before each floating point addition. 7.7.3.9.
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Section 7. Installation TRUE is safe, it may not always be the best programming technique. Consider the expression If Condition(1) then... Since = True is omitted from the expression, Condition(1) is considered true if it equals any non-zero value. Table 21.
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Section 7. Installation Table 22. Logical Expression Examples If X >= 5 AND Z = 2 then Y = 0 Sets Y = 0 only if both X >= 5 and Z = 2 are true. If 6 then Y = 0. If 6 is true since 6 (a non-zero number) is returned, so Y is set to 0 every time the statement is executed. If 0 then Y = 0. If 0 is false since 0 is returned, so Y will never be set to 0 by this statement. Z = (X > Y). Z equals -1 if X > Y, or Z will equal 0 if X <= Y. The NOT operator complements every bit in the word.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation Table 23. Abbreviations of Names of Data Processes Abbreviation Process Name Max Maximum Min Minimum SMM Sample at Max or Min Std Standard Deviation MMT Moment No abbreviation Sample Hst Histogram 1 H4D Histogram4D FFT FFT Cov Covariance RFH RainFlow Histogram LCr Level Crossing WVc WindVector Med Median ETsz ET RSo Solar Radiation (from ET) TMx Time of Max TMn Time of Min 1 Hst is reported in the form Hst,20,1.0000e+00,0.0000e+00,1.
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Section 7. Installation 7.7.3.11 System Signatures Signatures help assure system integrity and security. The following resources provide information on using signatures. • Signature() instruction in Diagnostics (p. 485). • RunSignature entry in table Status Table Fields and Descriptions (p. 530). • ProgSignature entry in table Status Table Fields and Descriptions (p. 530). • OSSignature entry in table Status Table Fields and Descriptions (p. 530). • Security (p.
PAGE 156

Section 7. Installation 7.8 Programming Resource Library This library of notes and CRBasic code addresses a narrow selection of CR3000 applications. Consult a Campbell Scientific applications engineer if other resources are needed. 7.8.1 Calibration Using FieldCal() and FieldCalStrain() Calibration increases accuracy of a sensor by adjusting or correcting its output to match independently verified quantities. Adjusting a sensor's output signal is preferred, but not always possible or practical.
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Section 7. Installation each with two supporting instructions: • LoadFieldCal() — an optional instruction that evaluates the validity of, and loads values from a CAL file. • SampleFieldCal — an optional data-storage output instruction that writes the latest calibration values to a data table (not to the CAL file).
PAGE 158

Section 7. Installation Mode Variable Interpretation > 0 and ≠ 6 calibration in progress <0 calibration encountered an error 2 calibration in process 6 calibration complete. 7.8.1.4.2 Two-point Calibrations (multiplier / gain) Use this two-point calibration procedure to adjust multipliers (slopes) and offsets (y-intercepts). See Two Point Slope and Offset (Option 2) (p. 164) and Two Point Slope Only (Option 3) (p. 166) for demonstration programs: 1.
PAGE 159

Section 7. Installation "offset" = "y‐ intercept" = "zero" "multiplier" = "slope" = "gain" 7.8.1.5.1 Zero or Tare (Option 0) Zero option simply adjusts a sensor's output to zero. It does not affect the multiplier. Case: A sensor measures the relative humidity (RH) of air. Multiplier is known to be stable, but sensor offset drifts and requires regular zeroing in a desiccated chamber. The following procedure zeros the RH sensor to obtain the calibration report shown.
PAGE 160

Section 7. Installation 5. To simulate conditions for a 30-day, service-calibration, again with desiccated chamber conditions, set variable KnownRH to 0.0. Change the value in variable CalMode to 1 to start calibration. When CalMode increments to 6, simulated 30-day, service zero calibration is complete. Calibrated Offset will equal -52.5%. CRBasic Example 26.
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Section 7. Installation Table 25. Calibration Report for Salinity Sensor Parameter Parameter at Deployment Parameter at 7-Day Service mV output 1350 mV 1345 mV KnownSalt (standard solution) 30 mg/l 30 mg/l Multiplier 0.05 mg/l/mV 0.05 mg/l/mV Offset -37.50 mg/l -37.23 mg/l RH reading 30 mg/l 30 mg/l 1. Send the program in CRBasic example FieldCal Offset Demo Program (p. 161) to the CR3000. An excitation channel has been programmed to simulate a sensor output. 2.
PAGE 162

Section 7. Installation BeginProg Multiplier = .05 Offset = 0 LoadFieldCal(true) 'Load the CAL File, if possible Scan(100,mSec,0,0) 'Simulate measurement by exciting channel VX1/EX1 ExciteV(Vx1,mV,0) 'Make the calibrated measurement VoltSE(SaltContent,1,mV5000,6,1,0,250,Multiplier,Offset) 'Perform a calibration if CalMode = 1 FieldCal(1,SaltContent,1,Multiplier,Offset,CalMode,KnownSalt,1,30) 'If there was a calibration, store it into a data table CallTable(CalHist) NextScan EndProg 7.8.1.5.
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Section 7. Installation Calibration Report for Pressure Transducer Parameter Measurement Before Zero Measurement After Zero Piezometer Output (digits) 8746 0 Piezometer Temperature (°C) 21.4 0 Barometer Pressure (mb) 991 0 1. Send CRBasic example FieldCal() Zero Basis Demo Program (p. 163) to the CR3000. 2. To simulate the pressure transducer in zero conditions: • Digits_Measured is set to 8746 automatically • Temp_Measured is set to 21.4 automatically • BP_Measured to 991 3.
PAGE 164

Section 7. Installation 'AVW200(AVWRC,Com1,0,200,VW(1,1),1,1,1,1000,4000,1,_60Hz,1,0) '<
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Section 7. Installation 4. When variable CalMode increments to 6, the deployment calibration is complete. Calibrated multiplier is -0.08. Calibrated offset is 53.978. 5. To continue this example, simulate a two-stage, 7-day service calibration wherein both multiplier and offset drift (output @ 30 l/s = 285 mV, output @ 10 l/s = 522 mV). a. Set variable SignalmV to 285. Set variable KnownFlow to 30.0. b. Start the 7-day, service calibration by setting variable CalMode = 1. c.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.1.5.5 Two-Point Slope Only (Option 3) Some measurement applications do not require determination of offset. Wave form analysis, for example, may only require relative data to characterize change. Case: A soil-water sensor is to be used to detect a pulse of water moving through soil. To adjust the sensitivity of the sensor, two soil samples, with volumetric water contents of 10% and 35%, will provide two known points.
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Section 7. Installation Scan(100,mSec,0,0) 'Simulate measurement by exciting channel VX1/EX1 ExciteV(Vx1,mV,0) 'Make the calibrated measurement VoltSE(RelH2OContent,1,mV5000,6,1,0,250,Multiplier,Offset) 'Perform a calibration if CalMode = 1 FieldCal(3,RelH2OContent,1,Multiplier,Offset,CalMode,KnownWC,1,30) 'If there was a calibration, store it into a data table CallTable(CalHist) NextScan EndProg 7.8.1.
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Section 7. Installation 4. The zero function of FieldCalStrain() allows the user to set a particular strain as an arbitrary zero, if desired. Zeroing is normally done after the shunt calibration. Zero and shunt options can be combined through a single CR3000 program. The following program is provided to demonstrate use of FieldCalStrain() features. If a strain gage configured as shown in figure Quarter-Bridge StrainGage Schematic (p.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 31.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.1.6.1 Quarter-Bridge Shunt (Option 13) With CRBasic example FieldCalStrain() Calibration Demo (p. 169) sent to the CR3000, and the strain gage stable, use the integrated keyboard / display or software numeric monitor to change the value in variable KnownRes to the nominal resistance of the gage, 1000 Ω, as shown in figure Strain-Gage Shunt Calibration Started (p. 170). Set Shunt_Mode to 1 to start the two-point shunt calibration.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 54: Starting zero procedure Figure 55: Zero procedure finished 7.8.2 Information Services Support of information services (FTP, HTTP, XML, POP3, SMTP, Telnet, NTCIP, NTP, HTML) is extensive in the CR3000, to the point of requiring another manual at least as thick as the CR3000 manual so fully cover applicable topics. This section only nicks the surface. The most up-to-date information on implementing IS services is contained in CRBasic Editor Help.
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Section 7. Installation • PakBus communication over TCP/IP.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 56: Preconfigured HTML Home Page 7.8.2.3 Custom HTTP Web Server Although the default home page cannot be accessed by the user for editing, it can be replaced with the HTML code of a customized web page. To replace the default home page, save the new home page under the name default.html and copy it to the datalogger. It can be copied to a CR3000 drive with File Control. Deleting default.html will cause the CR3000 to use its original, default home page.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 32. HTML 'NOTE: Lines ending with "+" are wrapped to the next line to fit on the printed page 'NOTE Continued: Do not wrap lines when entering program into CRBasic Editor. Dim Commands As String * 200 Public Time(9), RefTemp, Public Minutes As String, Seconds As String, Temperature As String DataTable(CRTemp,True,-1) DataInterval(0,1,Min,10) Sample(1,RefTemp,FP2) Average(1,RefTemp,FP2,False) EndTable 'Default HTML Page WebPageBegin("default.
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Section 7. Installation BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,3,0) PanelTemp(RefTemp,250) RealTime(Time()) Minutes = FormatFloat(Time(5),"%02.0f") Seconds = FormatFloat(Time(6),"%02.0f") Temperature = FormatFloat(RefTemp, "%02.02f") CallTable(CRTemp) NextScan EndProg 7.8.2.4 FTP Server The CR3000 automatically runs an FTP server. This allows Windows Explorer to access the CR3000 file system via FTP, with drives on the CR3000 being mapped into directories or folders. The root directory on the CR3000 can be any drive.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.2.9 Micro-Serial Server The CR3000 can be configured to allow serial communication over a TCP/IP port. This is useful when communicating with a serial sensor over ethernet via microserial server (third-party serial to ethernet interface) to which the serial sensor is connected. See the network-link manual and the CRBasic Editor Help for the TCPOpen() instruction for more information. Information on available network links is available in the appendix Network Links (p. 569). 7.
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Section 7. Installation • Programmed mode automates much of the SDI-12 protocol and provides for data recording. 7.8.3.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode System operators can manually interrogate and enter settings in probes using transparent mode. Transparent mode is useful in troubleshooting SDI-12 systems because it allows direct communication with probes. Transparent mode may need to wait for commands issued by the programmed mode to finish before sending responses.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.3.1.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode Commands Commands have three components: Sensor address (a) – a single character, and is the first character of the command. Sensors are usually assigned a default address of zero by the manufacturer. Wildcard address (?) is used in Address Query command. Some manufacturers may allow it to be used in other commands. Command body (e.g., M1) – an upper case letter (the “command”) followed by alphanumeric qualifiers.
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Section 7. Installation Table 27. Standard SDI-12 Command and Response Set Command Name Command Syntax 1 Response Start Concurrent Measurement aC! atttnn Additional Concurrent Measurements aC1! . . . aC9! atttnn atttnn atttnn atttnn atttnn aCC1! ... aCC9! atttnn Additional Concurrent Measurements and Request CRC Continuous Measurements Continuous Measurements and Request CRC aR0! ... aR9! aRC0! ...
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Section 7. Installation Serial number = 101 Start Measurement Commands (aM! & aC!) A measurement is initiated with M! or C! commands. The response to each command has the form atttnn, where • a = sensor address • ttt = time, in seconds, until measurement data are available • nn = the number of values to be returned when one or more subsequent D! commands are issued. Start Measurement Command (aMv!) Qualifier v is a variable between 1 and 9.
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Section 7. Installation Send Data Commands (aD0! to aD9!) These commands requests data from the sensor. They are normally issued automatically by the CR3000 after measurement commands aMv! or aCv!. In transparent mode, the user asserts these commands in series to obtain data. If the expected number of data values are not returned in response to a aD0! command, the data logger issues aD1!, aD2!, etc., until all data are received. In transparent mode, a user does likewise.
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Section 7. Installation is programmed with the M! command (note that the SDI-12 address is a separate instruction parameter), the CR3000 issues the aM! AND aD0! commands with proper elapsed time between the two. The CR3000 automatically issues retries and performs other services that make the SDI-12 measurement work as trouble free as possible. Table SDI-12Recorder() Commands (p. 183) summarizes CR3000 actions triggered by some SDI12Recorder() commands.
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Section 7. Installation Table 28. SDI12Recorder() Commands SDIRecorder() Instruction SDICommand Entry Actions Internal to CR3000 and Sensor 2 Use variable replacement in program to use same instance of SDI12Recorder() as issued aCV! (see the CRBasic example Using SDI12Recorder() C Command ).
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Section 7. Installation Scan(5,Sec,0,0) 'Non-SDI-12 measurements here NextScan SlowSequence Scan(5,Min,0,0) SDI12Recorder(Temp(1),1,0,"M!",1.0,0) SDI12Recorder(Temp(2),1,1,"M!",1.0,0) SDI12Recorder(Temp(3),1,2,"M!",1.0,0) SDI12Recorder(Temp(4),1,3,"M!",1.0,0) NextScan EndSequence EndProg However, problems 2 and 3 still are not resolved. These can be resolved by using the concurrent measurement command, C!.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 33.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation SlowSequence Do 'Note SDI12SensorSetup / SDI12SensorResponse must be renewed 'after each successful SDI12Recorder() poll.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 35. Using an SDI‐12 Extended Command 'SDI-12 extended command "XT23.61!" sent to CH200 Charging Regulator 'Correct response is "0OK", if zero (0) is the SDI-12 address. ' 'Declare Variables Public SDI12command As String Public SDI12result As String 'Main Program BeginProg Scan(20,Sec,3,0) SDI12command = "XT" & FormatFloat(PTemp,"%4.2f") & "!" SDI12Recorder(SDI12result,1,0,SDI12command,1.0,0) NextScan EndProg 7.8.3.2.
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Section 7. Installation CRBasic Example 36. SDI‐12 Sensor Setup Public PTemp, batt_volt Public Source(10) BeginProg Scan(5,Sec,0,0) PanelTemp(PTemp,250) Battery(batt_volt) Source(1) = PTemp 'temperature, deg C Source(2) = batt_volt 'primary power, Vdc Source(3) = PTemp * 1.8 + 32 'temperature, deg F Source(4) = batt_volt 'primary power, Vdc Source(5) = PTemp 'temperature, deg C Source(6) = batt_volt * 1000 'primary power, mVdc Source(7) = PTemp * 1.
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Section 7. Installation Example: Probe: Water Content Power Usage: • Quiescent: 0.25 mA • Measurement: 120 mA • Measurement Time: 15 s • Active: 66 mA • Timeout: 15 s Probes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are connected to SDI-12 / Control Port 1. The time line in table Example Power Usage Profile for a Network of SDI-12 Probes (p. 191) shows a 35-second power-usage profile example.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.4 Subroutines A subroutine is a group of programming instructions that is called by, but runs outside of, the main program. Subroutines are used for the following reasons: • To reduce program length. Subroutine code can be executed multiple times in a program scan. • To ease integration of proven code segments into new programs. • To compartmentalize programs to improve organization.
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Section 7. Installation 'Global variables (Used only outside subroutine by choice) 'Declare Counter in the Main Scan. Public counter(2) As Long 'Declare Product of PI * counter(2). Public pi_product(2) As Float 'Global variable (Used only in subroutine by choice) 'For / Next incrementor used in the subroutine.
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Section 7. Installation Table 31. OutputOpt Options Option Description (WVc() is the Output Array) WVc(1): Mean horizontal wind speed (S) WVc(2): Unit vector mean wind direction (Θ1) 0 1 WVc(3): Standard deviation of wind direction σ(Θ1). Standard deviation is calculated using the Yamartino algorithm. This option complies with EPA guidelines for use with straight-line Gaussian dispersion models to model plume transport.
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Section 7. Installation Standard deviation of horizontal wind fluctuations from sub-intervals is calculated as follows: where: is the standard deviation over the data-storage interval, and are sub-interval standard deviations. A sub-interval is specified as a number of scans.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 60: Mean wind-vector graph where for polar sensors: or, in the case of orthogonal sensors: Resultant mean wind direction, Θu: Standard deviation of wind direction, σ (Θu), using Campbell Scientific algorithm: The algorithm for σ (Θu) is developed by noting (FIGURE. Standard Deviation of Direction (p.
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Section 7. Installation Standard Deviation of Direction Figure 61: Standard Deviation of Direction The Taylor Series for the Cosine function, truncated after 2 terms is: For deviations less than 40 degrees, the error in this approximation is less than 1%. At deviations of 60 degrees, the error is 10%.
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Section 7. Installation and have never been greater than a few degrees. The final form is arrived at by converting from radians to degrees (57.296 degrees/radian). 7.8.6 Custom Menus Read More! More information concerning use of the keyboard is found in sections Using the Keyboard Display (p. 404) and Custom Keyboard and Display Menus (p. 510). Menus for the integrated keyboard / display can be customized to simplify routine operations.
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Section 7. Installation SubMenu() / EndSubMenu Defines the beginning and end of a second‐level menu. Note SubMenu() label must be at least 6 characters long to mask default display clock. CRBasic example Custom Menus (p. 201) lists CRBasic programming for a custom menu that facilitates viewing data, entering notes, and controlling a device. figure Custom Menu Example — Home Screen (p. 199) through figure Custom Menu Example — Control LED Boolean Pick List (p.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 69: Custom menu example — control-LED pick list Figure 70: Custom menu example — control-LED Boolean pick list Note See figures Custom Menu Example — Home Screen (p. 199) through Custom Menu Example — Control LED Boolean Pick List (p. 201) in reference to the following CRBasic example Custom Menus (p. 201). CRBasic Example 38.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation 'Measure Two Thermocouples TCDiff(TCTemp(),2,mV1000C,1,TypeT,RefTemp,True,0,250,1.
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Section 7. Installation Note Do not confuse CRBasic files with .DLD extensions with files of .DLD type used by legacy Campbell Scientific dataloggers.
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Section 7. Installation #ElseIf LoggerType = CR800 Const SourcSerialPort = Com1 #Else Const SourcSerialPort = Com1 #EndIf 'Public Variables Public ValueRead, SelectedSpeed As String * 50 'Main Program BeginProg 'Return the selected speed and logger type for display. #If LoggerType = CR3000 SelectedSpeed = "CR3000 running at " & Speed & " intervals." #ElseIf LoggerTypes = CR1000 SelectedSpeed = "CR1000 running at " & Speed & " intervals.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.8.1 Introduction Serial denotes transmission of bits (1s and 0s) sequentially, or "serially." A byte is a packet of sequential bits. RS-232 and TTL standards use bytes containing eight bits each. Imagine that an instrument transmits the byte "11001010" to the CR3000. The instrument does this by translating "11001010" into a series of higher and lower voltages, which it transmits to the CR3000. The CR3000 receives and reconstructs these voltage levels as "11001010.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.8.2 I/O Ports The CR3000 supports two-way serial communication with other instruments through ports listed in table CR3000 Serial Ports (p. 207). A serial device will often be supplied with a nine-pin D-type connector serial port. Check the manufacture's pinout for specific information. In most cases, the standard nine-pin RS-232 scheme is used. If that is the case then, • Connect sensor RX (receive, pin 2) to datalogger Tx (transmit, channel C1, C3, C5, C7).
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Section 7. Installation Note If an instrument or sensor optionally supports SDI-12, Modbus, or DNP3, consider using these protocols before programming a custom protocol. These higher-level protocols are standardized among many manufacturers and are easy to use, relative to a custom protocol. SDI-12, Modbus, and DNP3 also support addressing systems that allow multiplexing of several sensors on a single communications port, which makes for more efficient use of resources. 7.8.8.
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Section 7. Installation Marks and Spaces RS‐232 signal levels are inverted logic compared to TTL. The different levels are called marks and spaces. When referenced to signal ground, the valid RS‐232 voltage level for a mark is ‐3 to ‐25, and for a space is +3 to +25 with ‐3 to + 3 defined as the transition range that contains no information. A mark is a logic 1 and negative voltage. A space is a logic 0 and positive voltage. MSB Most significant bit (the leading bit).
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Section 7. Installation • BaudRrate — Baud rate mismatch is frequently a problem when developing a new application. Check for matching baud rates. Some developers prefer to use a fixed baud rate during initial development. When set to -nnnn (where nnnn is the baud rate) or 0, auto baud-rate detect is enabled. Autobaud is useful when using the CS I/O and RS-232 ports since it allows ports to be simultaneously used for sensor and PC telecommunications.
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Section 7. Installation • Buffer-size margin (one extra record + one byte). SerialOutBlock()1,3 • Binary • Can run in pipeline mode inside the digital measurement task (along with SDM instructions) if the COMPort parameter is set to a constant argument such as COM1, COM2, COM3, or COM4, and the number of bytes is also entered as constant. SerialOut() • Handy for ASCII command and a known response, e.g., Hayes-modem commands.
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Section 7. Installation • Does the record have a delimiter character, e.g. ",", spaces, or tabs? These delimiters are useful for parsing the record into usable numbers. • Will the sensor be sending multiple data strings? Multiple strings usually require filtering before parsing. • How fast will data be sent to the CR3000? • Is power consumption critical? • Does the sensor compute a checksum? Which type? A checksum is useful to test for data corruption. 2.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.8.5.3 Output Programming Basics Applications with the purpose of transmitting data to another device usually include the following procedures. Other procedures may be required depending on the application. 1. Open a serial port (SerialOpen() command) to configure it for communications. • Parameters are set according to the requirements of the communications link and the serial device. • Example: SerialOpen(Com1,9600,0,0,10000) • Designate the correct port in CRBasic.
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Section 7. Installation Example (humidity, temperature, and pressure sensor): SerialInString = "RH= 60.5 %RH T= 23.7 °C Tdf= 15.6 °C Td= 15.6 °C a= 13.0 g/m3 x= 11.1 g/kg Tw= 18.5 °C H2O= 17889 ppmV pw=17.81 hPa pws 29.43 hPa h= 52.3 kJ/kg dT= 8.1 °C" • Hex Pairs: Bytes are translated to hex pairs, consisting of digits 0 - 9 and letters a - f. Each pair describes a hexadecimal ASCII / ANSI code. Some codes translate to alpha-numeric values, others to symbols or non-printable control characters.
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Section 7. Installation • String declarations: String variables are memory intensive. Determine how large strings are and declare variables just large enough to hold the string. If the sensor sends multiple strings at once, consider declaring a single string variable and read incoming strings one at a time. The CR3000 adjusts the declared size of strings. One byte is always added to the declared length, which is then increased by up to another three bytes to make length divisible by four.
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Section 7. Installation Scan(5,Sec, 3, 0) 'Serial Out Code 'Transmits string "*27.435,56.789#" out COM1 SerialOpen(Com1,9600,0,0,10000) 'Open a serial port 'Build the output string SerialOutString = "*" & TempOut & "," & RhOut & "#" 'Output string via the serial port SerialOut(Com1,SerialOutString,"",0,100) 'Serial In Code 'Receives string "27.435,56.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 73: HyperTerminal COM-Port Settings Tab Click File | Properties | Settings | ASCII Setup... and set as shown.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.8.6.2 Create Send Text File Create a file from which to send a serial string. The file shown in figure HyperTerminal Send Text-File Example (p. 219) will send the string [2008:028:10:36:22]C to the CR3000. Use Notepad (Microsoft Windows utility) or some other text editor that will not place unexpected hidden characters in the file. Figure 75: HyperTerminal send text-file example To send the file, click Transfer | Send Text File | Browse for file, then click OK. 7.8.8.6.
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Section 7. Installation recognize the C command. CR3000 dataloggers, however, require custom programming to output and accept these same ASCII strings. A similar program can be used to emulate CR10X and CR23X dataloggers. Solution: CRBasic example Measure Sensors / Send RS-232 Data (p. 220) imports and exports serial data via the CR3000 RS-232 port. Imported data are expected to have the form of the legacy Campbell Scientific time set C command.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation 'If it is a leap year, use this section.
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Section 7.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.8.7 Q & A Q: I am writing a CR3000 program to transmit a serial command that contains a null character. The string to transmit is: CHR(02)+CHR(01)+"CWGT0"+CHR(03)+CHR(00)+CHR(13)+CHR(10) How does the logger handle the null character? Is there a way that we can get the logger to send this? A: Strings created with CRBasic are NULL terminated. Adding strings together means the 2nd string will start at the first null it finds in the first string.
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Section 7. Installation then TempData(1,1,2) = "TOP", TempData(1,1,3) = "OP", _ TempData(1,1,1) = "STOP" To handle single-character manipulations, declare the string with a size of 1. That single-character string can be used to search for specific characters. In the following example, the first character of a larger string is determined: Public TempData As String * 1 TempData = LargerString If TempData = "S" Then A single character can be retrieved from any position in a string using the third dimension.
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Section 7. Installation A: A common caution is, “The destination variable should not be used in more than one sequence to avoid using the variable when it contains old data.” However, there are more elegant ways to handle the root problem. There is nothing unique about SerialIn() with regard to understanding how to correctly write to and read from global variables using multiple sequences. SerialIn() is writing into an array of characters.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 77: Data from TrigVar program CRBasic Example 42. Using TrigVar to Trigger Data Storage 'In this example, the variable "counter" is incremented by 1 each scan. The data table 'is called every scan, which includes the Sample(), Average(), and Totalize() 'instructions. TrigVar is true when counter = 2 or counter = 3. Data are stored when 'TrigVar is true.
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Section 7. Installation • Placing a time stamp in a second position in a record. • Accessing a time stamp from a data table and subsequently storing it as part of a larger data table. Maximum(), Minimum(), and FileTime() instructions produce a time stamp that may be accessed from the program after being written to a data table. The time of other events, such as alarms, can be stored using the RealTime() instruction. • Accessing and storing a time stamp from another datalogger in a PakBus network. 7.
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Section 7. Installation 'Program BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) TimeVar = FirstTable.TimeStamp CallTable FirstTable CallTable SecondTable NextScan EndProg CRBasic Example 44. NSEC — Two Element Time Array 'TimeStamp is retrieved into variables TimeOfMaxVar(1) and TimeOfMaxVar(2). Because 'the variable is dimensioned to 2, NSEC assumes, '1) TimeOfMaxVar(1) = seconds since 00:00:00 1 January 1990, and '2) TimeOfMaxVar(2) = μsec into a second.
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Section 7. Installation 'Declarations Public rTime(9) As Long Public rTime2(7) As Long Dim x '(or Float) '(or Float) DataTable(SecondTable,True,-1) DataInterval(0,5,Sec,10) Sample(1,rTime,NSEC) Sample(1,rTime2,NSEC) EndTable 'Program BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) RealTime(rTime) For x = 1 To 7 rTime2(x) = rTime(x) Next CallTable SecondTable NextScan EndProg CRBasic Example 46.
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Section 7. Installation '3) sample time to three string forms using the TableName.FieldName notation. 'Form 1: "mm/dd/yyyy hr:mm:ss UTTime(1) = TimeTable.TimeLong(1,1) 'Form 2: "dd/mm/yyyy hr:mm:ss UTTime(2) = TimeTable.TimeLong(3,1) 'Form 3: "ccyy-mm-dd hr:mm:ss (ISO 8601 Int'l Date) UTTime(3) = TimeTable.TimeLong(4,1) NextScan EndProg 7.8.
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Section 7. Installation Variable aliasing (p. 129) can be employed in the CRBasic program to make the data more understandable.
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Section 7. Installation Figure 80: Bool8 data from bit-shift example (PC data file) CRBasic Example 47.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation FlagsBool8(1) FlagsBool8(2) FlagsBool8(3) FlagsBool8(4) = = = = Flags AND (Flags >> (Flags >> (Flags >> &HFF 8) AND &HFF 16) AND &HFF 24) AND &HFF 'AND 'AND 'AND 'AND 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 8 8 8 8 bits bits bits bits of of of of "Flags" "Flags" "Flags" "Flags" & & & & 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 CallTable(Bool8Data) NextScan EndProg 7.8.
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Section 7. Installation Table 34. TABLE. Summary of Analog Voltage Measurement Rates Maximum Rate Number of Simultaneous Channels Maximum Duty Cycle Maximum Measaurements Per Burst Description 100 Hz 600 Hz 2000 Hz Multiple channels Fewer channels One channel 100% < 100% < 100% N/A Variable 65535 Near simultaneous measurements on multiple channels Near simultaneous measurements on fewer channels Up to 8 sequential differential or 16 single-ended channels.
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Section 7. Installation BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0)'<<<
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Section 7. Installation Many variations of this 200-Hz measurement program are possible to achieve other burst rates and duty cycles. The SubScan() / NextSubScan instruction pair introduce added complexities. The SubScan() / NextSubScan Details, introduces some of these. Caution dictates that a specific configuration be thoroughly tested before deployment. Generally, faster rates require measurement of fewer channels.
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Section 7. Installation • One more way to view sub-scans is that they are a convenient (and only) way to put a loop around a set of measurements. SubScan() / NextSubScan specifies a timed loop for so many times around a set of measurements that can be driven by the task sequencer. 7.8.12.3 Measurement Rate: 601 to 2000 Hz To measure at rates greater than 600 Hz, VoltSE() is switched into burst mode by placing a dash (-) before the channel number and placing alternate arguments in other parameters.
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Section 7. Installation 200 Table 39. Parameters for Analog Burst Mode (601 to 2000 Hz) CRBasic Analog Voltage Description when in Burst Mode Input Parameters A variable array dimensioned to store all measurements from a single channel. For example, the command, Destination Dim FastTemp(500) dimensions array FastTemp() to store 500 measurements (one second of data at 500 Hz, one-half second of data at 1000 Hz, etc.) The dimension can be any integer from 1 to 65535.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.13.1 String Operators The table String Operators (p. 242) list and describes available string operators. String operators are case sensitive. Table 40. String Operators Operator & Description Concatenates strings. Forces numeric values to strings before concatenation. Example 1 & 2 & 3 & "a" & 5 & 6 & 7 = "123a567" + Adds numeric values until a string is encountered. When a string is encountered, it is appended to the sum of the numeric values.
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Section 7. Installation Table 41. String Concatenation Examples Expression Comments Result Str(1) = 5.4 + 3 + " Volts" Add floats, concatenate strings "8.4 Volts" Str(2) = 5.4 & 3 & " Volts" Concatenate floats and strings "5.43 Volts" Lng(1) = "123" Convert string to long 123 Lng(2) = 1+2+"3" Add floats to string / convert to long 33 Lng(3) = "1"+2+3 Concatenate string and floats 123 Lng(4) = 1&2&"3" Concatenate floats and string 123 7.8.13.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.13.4 Inserting String Characters CRBasic Example 48. Inserting String Characters Objective: Use MoveBytes() to change "123456789" to "123A56789" Given: StringVar(7) = "123456789" "123456789" 'Result is StringVar(7,1,4) = "A" "123A56789" 'Result is StringVar(7) = MoveBytes(Strings(7,1,4),0,"A",0,1) "123A56789" 'Result is Try (does not work): Instead, use: 7.8.13.
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Section 7. Installation 7.8.13.7 Formatting Strings Table 45. Formatting Strings Examples Expression Result Str(1)=123e4 Str(2)=FormatFloat(123e4,"%12.2f") Str(3)=FormatFloat(Values(2)," The battery is %.3g Volts ") Str(4)=Strings(3,1,InStr(1,Strings(3),"The battery is ",4)) Str(5)=Strings(3,1,InStr(1,Strings(3),"is ",2) + 3) Str(6)=Replace("The battery is 12.4 Volts"," is "," = ") Str(7)=LTrim("The battery is 12.4 Volts") Str(8)=RTrim("The battery is 12.4 Volts") Str(9)=Trim("The battery is 12.
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Section 7. Installation 'Data Tables 'Table output on two intervals depending on condition.
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Section 7. Installation scan times, two separate scans can be used with logic to jump between them. If a PulseCount() is used in both scans, then a PulseCountReset is used prior to entering each scan. 7.8.16 Program Signatures A program signature is a unique integer calculated from all characters in a given set of code. When a character changes, the signature changes. Incorporating signature data into a the CR3000 data set allows system administrators to track program changes and assure data quality.
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Section 7. Installation 'function Scan(1,Sec,0,0) ProgSig = Status.ProgSignature RunSig = Status.RunSignature x = 24 ExeSig(1) = Signature 'Set variable to Status table entry '"ProgSignature" 'Set variable to Status table entry '"RunSignature" 'signature includes code since initial 'Signature instruction y = 43 ExeSig(2) = Signature 'Signature includes all code since 'ExeSig(1) = Signature CallTable Signatures NextScan 7.8.17 Advanced Programming Examples 7.8.17.
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Section 7.
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Section 7. Installation Minimum(1,AirTemp_C,FP2,0,False) Sample(1,DeltaT_C, FP2) Sample(1,HowMany, FP2) 'Stores temperature minimum in low 'resolution format 'Stores temp difference sample in low 'resolution format 'Stores how many data events in low 'resolution format EndTable BeginProg 'A second way of naming a station is to load the name into a string variable. The is 'place here so it is executed only once, which saves a small amount of program 'execution time.
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Section 7. Installation 'Count how many times the DataEvent “DeltaT_C>=3” has occurred. The 'TableName.EventCount syntax is used to return the number of data storage events 'that have occurred for an event driven table. This example looks in the data 'table “Event”, which is declared above, and reports the event count. The (1,1) 'after EventCount just needs to be included. HowMany = Event.EventCount(1,1) 'Call Data Tables CallTable(OneMin) CallTable(Event) NextScan EndProg 7.8.17.
PAGE 252

Section 7. Installation 'Main Program BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) PanelTemp(PTemp,250) Counter1 = Counter1 + 1 NextScan 'Begin executable section of program 'Begin main scan 'End main scan SlowSequence 'Begin slow sequence 'Declare Public Variables for Secondary Scan (can be declared at head of program) Public Batt_Volt Public Counter2 'Declare Data Table DataTable(Test,1,-1) 'Data Table “Test” is event driven. 'The event is the scan.
PAGE 253

Section 7.
PAGE 254

Section 7. Installation '1 Minute Data Interval Scan(1,Min,0,70) Counter(4) = Counter(4) + 1 Battery(Batt_volt) PanelTemp(PTemp,250) TCDiff(Level,1,mV20,1,TypeT,PTemp,True ,0,250,1.0,0) If TimeIntoInterval(0,1,Min) Then TimeIntoTest = TimeIntoTest + 1 EndIf 'Call Output Tables CallTable LogTable NextScan '2 Minute Data Interval Scan(2,Min,0,200) Counter(5) = Counter(5) + 1 Battery(Batt_volt) PanelTemp(PTemp,250) TCDiff(Level,1,mV20,1,TypeT,PTemp,True ,0,250,1.
PAGE 255

Section 7. Installation '10 Minute Data Interval Scan(10,Min,0,0) Counter(6) = Counter(6) + 1 Battery(Batt_volt) PanelTemp(PTemp,250) TCDiff(Level,1,mV20,1,TypeT,PTemp,True,0,250,1.0,0) If TimeIntoInterval(0,1,Min) Then TimeIntoTest = TimeIntoTest + 1 EndIf 'Call Output Tables CallTable LogTable NextScan EndIf EndProg 7.8.17.5 Scaling Array CRBasic example Scaling Array (p. 255) demonstrates programming to create and use a scaling array.
PAGE 256

Section 7. Installation 'Begin Program BeginProg 'Load scaling array (multipliers and offsets) Mult(1) = 1.
PAGE 257

Section 7. Installation 'Declare Units Units PTemp_C = deg C Units AirTemp_C = deg C Units DeltaT_C = deg C 'Declare Output Table -- Output Conditional on Delta T >=3 'Table stores data at the Scan rate (once per second) when condition met 'because DataInterval instruction is not included in table declaration. DataTable(DeltaT,DeltaT_C >= 3,-1) Sample(1,Status.
PAGE 258

Section 7.
PAGE 259

Section 7. Installation non-standard types. Measured temperatures are compared against the ITS-90 scale, a temperature instrumentation-calibration standard. PRTCalc() follows the principles and equations given in the US ASTM E1137-04 standard for conversion of resistance to temperature. For temperature range 0 to 650 °C, a direct solution to the CVD equation results in errors < ±0.0005°C (caused by rounding errors in CR3000 math).
PAGE 260

Section 7. Installation Table 47. PRTCalc() Type-Code-1 Sensor IEC 60751:2008 (IEC 751), alpha = 0.00385. Now internationally adopted and written into standards ASTM E1137-04, JIS 1604:1997, EN 60751 and others. This type code is also used with probes compliant with older standards DIN43760, BS1904, and others. (Reference: IEC 60751. ASTM E1137) Constant Coefficient e 1.7584810E-05 f -1.1550000E-06 g 1.7909000E+00 h -2.9236300E+00 i 9.1455000E+00 j 2.5581900E+02 Table 48.
PAGE 261

Section 7. Installation Table 49. PRTCalc() Type-Code-3 Sensor US Industrial Standard, alpha = 0.00391 (Reference: OMIL R84 (2003)) Constant Coefficient i 8.8564290E+00 j 2.5190880E+02 Table 50. PRTCalc() Type-Code-4 Sensor Old Japanese Standard, alpha = 0.003916 (Reference: JIS C 1604:1981, National Instruments) Constant Coefficient a 3.9739000E-03 d -2.3480000E-06 e 1.8139880E-05 f -1.1740000E-06 g 1.7297410E+00 h -2.8905090E+00 i 8.8326690E+00 j 2.5159480E+02 Table 51.
PAGE 262

Section 7. Installation Table 52. PRTCalc() Type-Code-6 Sensor Standard ITS-90 SPRT, alpha = 0.003926 (Reference: Minco / Instrunet) Constant Coefficient a 3.9848000E-03 d -2.3480000E-06 e 1.8226630E-05 f -1.1740000E-06 g 1.6319630E+00 h -2.4709290E+00 i 8.8283240E+00 j 2.5091300E+02 7.8.18.2 Measuring PT100s (100-Ohm PRTs) PT100s (100-ohm PRTs) are readily available. The CR3000 can measure PT100s in several configurations, each with its own advantages.
PAGE 263

Section 7. Installation the measurement range is -10 to 40°C. The length of the cable from the CR3000 and the bridge resistors to the PRT is 500 feet. Figure PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge (p. 264) shows the circuit used to measure a 100-Ω PRT. The 10-kΩ resistor allows the use of a high excitation voltage and a low input range. This ensures that noise in the excitation does not have an effect on signal noise.
PAGE 264

Section 7. Installation calibrated multiplier. The 10 ppm/°C temperature coefficient of the fixed resistor will limit the error due to its change in resistance with temperature to less than 0.15°C over the -10 to 40°C temperature range. Because the measurement is ratiometric (RS/Rf), the properties of the 10-kΩ resistor do not affect the result. A terminal-input module (TIM) can be used to complete the circuit shown in figure PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge (p. 264).
PAGE 265

Section 7. Installation 7.8.18.2.3 PT100 in Three-Wire Half-Bridge Example shows: • How to measure a PRT in a three-wire half-bridge configuration. Advantages: • Uses half as many input channels as four-wire half-bridge. Disadvantages: • May not be as accurate as four-wire half-bridge. Example PRT specifications: • Alpha = 0.00385 (PRTType 1) The temperature measurement requirements in this example are the same as in PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge (p. 262).
PAGE 266

Section 7. Installation Figure 82: PT100 in three-wire half-bridge CRBasic Example 60. PT100 in Three‐wire Half‐bridge 'See FIGURE. PT100 in Three-Wire Half-Bridge (p. 266) for wiring diagram. Public Rs_Ro Public Deg_C BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) 'BrHalf3W(Dest,Reps,Range1,SEChan,ExChan,MPE,Ex_mV,True,0,250,100.93,0) BrHalf3W(Rs_Ro,1,mV50,1,Vx1,1,4400,True,0,250,100.93,0) 'PRTCalc(Destination,Reps,Source,PRTType,Mult,Offset) PRTCalc(Deg_C,1,Rs_Ro,1,1.0,0) NextScan EndProg 7.8.18.2.
PAGE 267

Section 7. Installation where, VS = measured bridge‐output voltage VX = excitation voltage or, X = 1000 (RS/(RS+R1)‐R3/(R2+R3)). With reference to figure PT100 in Four-Wire Full-Bridge (p. 268), the resistance of the PRT (RS) is calculated as: RS = R1 X' / (1‐X') where X' = X / 1000 + R3/(R2+R3) Thus, to obtain the value RS/R0, (R0 = RS @ 0°C) for the temperature calculating instruction PRTCalc(), the multiplier and offset used in BRFull() are 0.001 and R3/(R2+R3), respectively.
PAGE 268

Section 7. Installation Figure 83: PT100 in four-wire full-bridge CRBasic Example 61. PT100 in Four‐Wire Full‐Bridge 'See FIGURE. PT100 in Four-Wire Full-Bridge (p. 268) for wiring diagram. Public BrFullOut Public Rs_Ro Public Deg_C BeginProg Scan(1,Sec,0,0) 'BrFull(Dst,Reps,Range,DfChan,Vx1,MPS,Ex,RevEx,RevDf,Settle,Integ,Mult,Offset) BrFull(BrFullOut,1,mV50,1,Vx1,1,5000,True,True,0,250,.001,.
PAGE 269

Section 7. Installation Example PRT Specifications: • Alpha = 0.00392 (PRTType 2) Excitation Current Excitation current should be optimized such that when the sensor is at its maximum-expected resistance (maximum-expected temperature), the voltage across the resistor is close to, but does not exceed, the maximum allowed by one of the CR3000 analog-input voltage ranges. Excitation should be limited to avoid too much self heating.
PAGE 270

Section 7. Installation Conclusion: Limit is imposed by the resistance of the PRT. If resistance of 5 PRTs is expected to sum below 5000 Ω (below an average of ≈0°C), 5 PRTs can be accommodated. Figure 84: PT100s with current excitation CRBasic Example 62. PT100s with Current Excitation 'See FIGURE. PT100s with Current Excitation (p. 270) for wiring diagram.
PAGE 271

Section 7. Installation 7.8.19 Running Average The AvgRun() instruction calculates a running average of a measurement or calculated value. A running average is the average of the last N values where N is the number of values, as expressed in figure Running-Average Equation (p. 271), Figure 85: Running-average equation where XN is the most recent value of the source variable and XN-1 is the previous value (X1 is the oldest value included in the average, i.e., N-1 values back from the most recent).
PAGE 272

Section 7. Installation Input frequency to running average (normalized frequency) = 100 / 250 = 0.4 Sin(0.4π) / (0.4π) = 0.757 (or read from figure Running‐Average Frequency Response (p. 273), where the X axis is 0.4) For a 100‐Hz input signal with an Amplitude of 10‐V peak to peak, a running average outputs a 100‐Hz signal with an amplitude of 7.57‐V peak to peak. There is also a phase shift, or delay, in the AvgRun() output.
PAGE 273

Section 7. Installation Figure 86: Running-average frequency response Figure 87: Running-average signal attenuation 7.8.20 Writing High-Frequency Data to CF An advanced method for writing high-frequency time-series data to CompactFlash (CF) cards is now available for CR3000 dataloggers. It supports 16-GB or smaller CF cards. It improves the user interface by allowing smaller, userdetermined file sizes.
PAGE 274

Section 7. Installation 7.8.20.1 TableFile() with Option 64 Option 64 has been added as a format option for the CRBasic instruction TableFile(). It combines the speed and efficiency of the CardOut() instruction with the flexibility of the TableFile() instruction. CF cards up to 16 GB are supported. TableFile() with Option 64, TOB3 is now available in CR3000 operating systems 25 or greater. TableFile() is a CRBasic instruction that creates a file from a data table in datalogger CPU memory.
PAGE 275

Section 7. Installation DataTable(TableName,TriggerVariable,Size) TableFile(FileName...LastFileName) 'Output processing instructions go here EndTable For example, in micrometeorological applications, TableFile() with Option 64 is used to create a new high-frequency data file once per day. The size of the file created is a function of the datalogger scan frequency and the number of variables saved to the data table.
PAGE 276

Section 7. Installation data to be continuously and more quickly written to the card in ≈1 KB blocks. TOB3 binary format copies data directly from CPU memory to the CF card without format conversion, lending additional speed and efficiency to the data storage process. Note Pre-allocation of CF card files significantly increases run time write performance. It also reduces the risk of file corruption that can occur as a result of power loss or incorrect card removal.
PAGE 277

Section 7. Installation Q: Which CF memory card should I use? A: Campbell Scientific recommends and supports only the use of FMJ brand CF cards. These CF cards are industrial-grade and have passed Campbell Scientific hardware testing.
PAGE 278

Section 7. Installation card must be inserted before the data table in datalogger CPU memory rings2, or data will be overwritten and lost. For example, consider an application wherein the data table in datalogger CPU memory has a capacity for about 45 minutes of data3. The exchange must take place anytime before the 45 minutes expire.
PAGE 279

Section 8. Operation 8.1 Measurements Several features give the CR3000 the flexibility to measure many sensor types. Contact a Campbell Scientific applications engineer if assistance is required in assessing CR3000 compatibility to a specific application or sensor type. Some sensors require precision excitation or a source of power. See Powering Sensors and Devices (p. 89). 8.1.1 Time Measurement of time is an essential function of the CR3000.
PAGE 280

Section 8. Operation basic code requirements. The DataTime() instruction is a more recent introduction that facilitates time stamping with system time. See Data Table Declarations (p. 477) and CRBasic Editor Help for more information. CRBasic Example 64.
PAGE 281

Section 8. Operation instructions BrFull(), BrFull6W(), BrHalf4W(), TCDiff(), VoltDiff () and Resistance () instructions instructions perform DIFF voltage measurements. Figure 88: PGI amplifier A PGIA processes the difference between the H and L inputs, while rejecting voltages that are common to both inputs. Figure PGIA with Input Signal Decomposition (p. 281), illustrates the PGIA with the input signal decomposed into a common-mode voltage (Vcm) and a DIFF-mode voltage (Vdm).
PAGE 282

Section 8. Operation is reduced to ±2.5 Vdc, whereas input limits are always ±5 Vdc. Hence for nonnegligible DIFF signals, "input limits" is more descriptive than "common-mode range." Note Two sets of numbers indicate analog channel assignments. When differential channels are identified, analog channels are numbered 1 - 14. Each differential channel has two inputs: high (H) and low (L). Single-ended channels are identified by the number set 1-28. Caution Sustained voltages in excess of ±8.
PAGE 283

Section 8. Operation Sensors with a low signal-to-noise ratio, such as thermocouples, should normally be measured differentially. However, if the measurement to be made does not require high accuracy or precision, such as thermocouples measuring brush-fire temperatures, a single-ended measurement may be appropriate. If sensors require differential measurement, but adequate input channels are not available, an analog multiplexer should be acquired to expand differential input capacity.
PAGE 284

Section 8. Operation Table 53. CRBasic Parameters Varying Measurement Sequence and Timing CRBasic Parameter Description MeasOfs Correct ground offset on single-ended measurements. RevDiff Reverse high and low differential inputs. SettlingTime Sensor input settling time. Integ Duration of input signal integration. RevEx Reverse polarity of excitation voltage. 8.1.2.
PAGE 285

Section 8. Operation = ±2 mV and Offset Error = 1.5 • Differential (DF) Resolution + 1 µV = (1.5 • 167 µV) + 1 µV = 2515 µV = 0.252 mV Therefore, Error = Gain Error + Offset Error = ±2 mV + 0.251 mV = ±2.252 mV In contrast, the error for a 1000-mV input under the same constraints is ±0.451 mV. Figure Voltage Measurement Accuracy (p. 285) illustrates the total error with respect to voltage measurements for the ±5000-mV and ±1000-mV ranges.
PAGE 286

Section 8. Operation 8.1.2.5 Voltage Range In general, a voltage measurement should use the smallest fixed-input range that will accommodate the full-scale output of the sensor being measured. This results in the best measurement accuracy and resolution. The CR3000 has fixed input ranges for voltage measurements and an auto range to automatically determine the appropriate input voltage range for a given measurement. The table Analog Voltage Input Ranges with CMN / OID (p.
PAGE 287

Section 8. Operation mV and -1090 mV. The CR3000 indicates a measurement over-range by returning a NAN (not a number) for the measurement. 8.1.2.5.3 Common Mode Null / Open Input Detect For floating differential sensors, such as thermocouples, nulling of any residual common-mode voltage prior to measurement pulls the H and L input amplifier (IA) inputs within the ±5-V Input Limits.
PAGE 288

Section 8. Operation Table 55.
PAGE 289

Section 8. Operation excitation "on time" for each polarity is exactly the same to ensure that ionic sensors do not polarize with repetitive measurements. Read More! A white paper entitled "The Benefits of Input Reversal and Excitation Reversal for Voltage Measurements" is available at www.campbellsci.com. 8.1.2.6.2 Ground Reference Offset Voltage When MeasOff is enabled (= True), the CR3000 measures the offset voltage of the ground reference prior to each VoltSe() or TCSe() measurement.
PAGE 290

Section 8. Operation 8.1.2.7.1 ac Power Line Noise Rejection Grid or mains power (50 or 60 Hz, 230 or 120 Vac) can induce electrical noise at integer multiples of 50 or 60 Hz. Small analog voltage signals, such as thermocouples and pyranometers, are particularly susceptible. CR3000 voltage measurements can be programmed to reject (filter) 50-Hz or 60-Hz related noise.
PAGE 291

Section 8. Operation approximately 170 µs, leaving a maximum input-settling time of approximately 8160 µs (8333 µs - 170 µs). If the maximum input-settling time is exceeded, 60Hz line-noise rejection will not occur. For 50-Hz rejection, the maximum input settling time is approximately 9830 µs (10,000 µs - 170 µs). The CR3000 does not prevent or warn against setting the settling time beyond the half-cycle limit. Table ac Noise Rejection on Large Signals (p.
PAGE 292

Section 8. Operation The CR3000 delays after switching to a channel to allow the input to settle before initiating the measurement. The SettlingTime parameter of the associated measurement instruction is provided to allow the user to tailor measurement instruction settling times with 100 µs resolution up to 35000 µs. Default settling times are listed in table CRBasic Measurement Settling Times (p. 292), and are meant to provide sufficient signal settling in most cases.
PAGE 293

Section 8. Operation • When relatively large resistances are measured (> 1000 ohms), or relatively long cable lengths are used (> 50 foot) with sensors requiring current excitation, a 0.1-µf feed-forward capacitor should be placed between IX and IXR to prevent excessive ringing (p. 465). With this capacitor present a minimum of 3 ms is recommended for the SettlingTime parameter in the measurement instruction. The capacitor simply connects between the chosen IX output terminal and the IXR return terminal.
PAGE 294

Section 8. Operation BrFull(PT(7),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,700,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(8),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,800,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(9),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,900,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(10),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,1000,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(11),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,1100,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(12),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,1200,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(13),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,1300,250,1.0,0) BrFull(PT(14),1,mV20,1,Vx1,1,2500,True,True,1400,250,1.
PAGE 295

Section 8. Operation 8.1.2.9 Self-Calibration Read More! Related topics can be found in Offset Voltage Compensation (p. 287). The CR3000 self-calibrates to compensate for changes induced by fluctuating operating temperatures and aging. Without self-calibration, measurement accuracy over the operational temperature range is worse by about a factor of 10. That is, over the extended temperature range of -40°C to 85°C, the accuracy specification of ±0.
PAGE 296

Section 8. Operation If this rate of update for measurement channels is too slow, the Calibrate() instruction can be used. The Calibrate() instruction computes the necessary G and B values every scan without any low-pass filtering. For a VoltSe() instruction, B is determined as part of self-calibration only if the parameter MeasOff = 0. An exception is B for VoltSe() on the ±2500 mV input range with 250 μs integration, which is always determined in self-calibration for use internally.
PAGE 297

Section 8. Operation Table 61.
PAGE 298

Section 8. Operation Table 61.
PAGE 299

Section 8. Operation Table 62. Calibrate() Instruction Results Array Cal() Element Descriptions of Array Elements Differential (Diff) Single-Ended (SE) Offset or Gain ±mV Input Range Integration Typical Value Gain 200 60-Hz Rejection -0.00667 mV/LSB 24 25 SE Offset 50 60-Hz Rejection ±30 LSB 26 Diff Offset 50 60-Hz Rejection ±30 LSB Gain 50 60-Hz Rejection -0.
PAGE 300

Section 8. Operation 8.1.3 Resistance Measurements Many sensors detect phenomena by way of change in a resistive circuit. Thermistors, strain gages, and position potentiometers are examples. Resistance measurements are special-case voltage measurements. By supplying a precise, known voltage to a resistive circuit, and then measuring the returning voltage, resistance can be calculated. Read More! Available resistive bridge completion modules are listed in the appendix Signal Conditioners (p. 563).
PAGE 301

Section 8. Operation Table 63. Resistive-Bridge Circuits with Voltage Excitation Resistive-Bridge Type and Circuit Diagram Three-Wire Half-Bridge CRBasic Instruction and Fundamental Relationship Relationships 1,3 CRBasic Instruction: BrHalf3W() 2 Fundamental Relationship : 1,3 Four-Wire Half-Bridge CRBasic Instruction: BrHalf4W() 2 Fundamental Relationship : 1,3 Full-Bridge CRBasic Instruction: BrFull() These relationships apply to BrFull() and BrFull6W().
PAGE 302

Section 8. Operation Table 63. Resistive-Bridge Circuits with Voltage Excitation Resistive-Bridge Type and Circuit Diagram CRBasic Instruction and Fundamental Relationship Relationships 1 Key: Vx = excitation voltage; V1, V2 = sensor return voltages; Rf = "fixed", "bridge" or "completion" resistor; Rs = "variable" or "sensing" resistor. 2 Where X = result of the CRBasic bridge measurement instruction with a multiplier of 1 and an offset of 0. 3 See the appendix Resistive Bridge Modules (p.
PAGE 303

Section 8. Operation 'Main Program BeginProg R2 = 1000 R3 = 1000 R4 = 1000 'Resistance of R2 'Resistance of R3 'Resistance of R4 Scan(500,mSec,1,0) 'Full Bridge Measurement: BrFull(X,1,mV2000,1,1,1,2500,True,True,0,_60Hz,1.0,0.0) X1 = ((-1 * X) / 1000) + (R3 / (R3 + R4)) R1 = (R2 * (1 - X1)) / X1 NextScan EndProg 8.1.3.1 ac Excitation Some resistive sensors require ac excitation. These include electrolytic tilt sensors, soil moisture blocks, water conductivity sensors, and wetness sensing grids.
PAGE 304

Section 8. Operation • Offset = 3 x Basic Resolution + 5.0 µV if the measurement is of a singleended input channel The following table lists basic resolution values. Table 65. Analog Input-Voltage Range and Basic Resolution Range (mV) Basic Resolution (µV) ±5000 ±1000 ±200 ±50 ±20 167 33.3 6.67 1.67 0.
PAGE 305

Section 8. Operation Figure 94: Deriving ∆V1 8.1.3.3 Strain Calculations Read More! The FieldCalStrain() Demonstration Program (p. 158) section has more information on strain calculations. A principal use of the four-wire full bridge is the measurement of strain gages in structural stress analysis. StrainCalc() calculates microstrain, με, from an appropriate formula for the particular strain bridge configuration used. All strain gages supported by StrainCalc() use the full-bridge schematic.
PAGE 306

Section 8. Operation Table 66. StrainCalc() Instruction Equations StrainCalc() BrConfig Code Configuration Half-bridge strain gage. One gage parallel to + , the other parallel to : 3 Full-bridge strain gage. Two gages parallel to + , the other two parallel to - : 4 Full-bridge strain gage. Half the bridge has two gages parallel to + and and : - , and the other half to + 5 Full-bridge strain gage.
PAGE 307

Section 8. Operation Scientific strongly encourages any user of thermocouples to carefully evaluate Error Analysis (p. 307). An introduction to thermocouple measurements is located in Hands-on Exercise: Measuring a Thermocouple (p. 43). The micro-volt resolution and low-noise voltage measurement capability of the CR3000 is well suited for measuring thermocouples. A thermocouple consists of two wires, each of a different metal or alloy, joined at one end to form the measurement junction.
PAGE 308

Section 8. Operation specification of 0.1°C for temperatures between 0 and 70°C. Below freezing and at higher temperatures, this specification is degraded. Combined with possible errors in the completion-resistor measurement and the Steinhart and Hart equation used to calculate the temperature from resistance, the accuracy of panel temperature is estimated in figure Panel Temperature Error Summary (p. 309). In summary, error is estimated at ± 0.1°C over -0 to 40°C, ± 0.3°C from -25 to 50°C, and ± 0.
PAGE 309

Section 8.
PAGE 310

Section 8.
PAGE 311

Section 8. Operation 8.1.4.1.2 Thermocouple Limits of Error The standard reference that lists thermocouple output voltage as a function of temperature (reference junction at 0°C) is the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Monograph 175 (1993). ANSI (American National Standards Institute) has established limits of error on thermocouple wire which is accepted as an industry standard (ANSI MC 96.1, 1975). Table Limits of Error for Thermocouple Wire (p.
PAGE 312

Section 8. Operation 8.1.4.1.3 Thermocouple Voltage Measurement Error Thermocouple outputs are extremely small — 10 to 70 µV per °C. Unless high resolution input ranges are used when programming, the CR3000, accuracy and sensitivity are compromised. Table Voltage Range for Maximum Thermocouple Resolution (p. 312) lists high resolution ranges available for various thermocouple types and temperature ranges.
PAGE 313

Section 8. Operation Figure 98: Input error calculation Input Error Examples: Type T Thermocouple @ 45°C These examples demonstrate that in the environmental temperature range, inputoffset error is much greater than input-gain error because a small input range is used. Conditions: CR3000 module temperature,‐25 to 50°C Temperature = 45°C Reference temperature = 25°C Delta T (temperature difference) = 20°C Thermocouple output multiplier at 45°C = 42.4 µV °C‐1 Thermocouple output = 20°C * 42.4 µV °C‐1 = 830.
PAGE 314

Section 8. Operation Error Calculations with Input Reversal = True µV error = gain term + offset term = (830.7 µV * 0.07%) + (1.5 * 0.67 µV + 1.0 µV) = 0.581 µV + 2.01 µV = 2.59 µV (= 0.061 °C) Error Calculations with Input Reversal = False µV Error = gain term + offset term = (830.7 µV * 0.07%) + (3 * 0.67 µV + 2.0 µV) = 0.581 µV + 4.01 µV = 4.59 µV (= 0.
PAGE 315

Section 8. Operation Error Calculations with Input Reversal = False µV error = gain term + offset term = (44500 µV * 0.07%) + (3 * 6.67 µV + 2.0 µV) = 31.2 µV + 22.0 µV = 1.52 µV (= 1.52 °C) 8.1.4.1.4 Ground Looping Error When the thermocouple measurement junction is in electrical contact with the object being measured (or has the possibility of making contact), a differential measurement should be made to avoid ground looping. 8.1.4.1.
PAGE 316

Section 8. Operation Table 69. Limits of Error on CR3000 Thermocouple Polynomials TC Type Limits of Error °C Relative to NIST Standards Range °C K -130 to 200 ±0.005 200 to 1000 ±0.02 -50 to 1372 -50 to 950 ±0.01 950 to 1372 ±0.04 8.1.4.1.7 Reference-Junction Error Thermocouple instructions TCDiff() and TCSe() include the parameter TRef to incorporate the reference-junction temperature into the measurement.
PAGE 317

Section 8. Operation The magnitude of the errors discussed in Error Analysis (p. 307) show that the greatest sources of error in a thermocouple measurement are usually, • The typical (and industry accepted) manufacturing error of thermocouple wire • The reference temperature The table Thermocouple Error Examples (p. 317) tabulates the relative magnitude of these errors.
PAGE 318

Section 8. Operation greater than the extension-wire range. In any case, errors can arise if temperature gradients exist within the junction box. Figure Diagram of a Thermocouple Junction Box (p. 318) illustrates a typical junction box wherein the reference junction is the CR3000. Terminal strips are a different metal than the thermocouple wire.
PAGE 319

Section 8. Operation Figure 100: Pulse-sensor output signal types Figure 101: Switch-closure pulse sensor Table 72.
PAGE 320

Section 8. Operation 8.1.5.1 Pulse-Input Channels (P1 - P4) Read More! Review pulse counter specifications at CR3000 Specifications. Review pulse counter programming in CRBasic Editor Help for the PulseCount() instruction. Dedicated pulse-input channels (P1 through P4), as shown in figure Pulse-Input Channels (p. 320), can be configured to read high-frequency pulses, low-level ac signals, or switch closures. Note Input-channel expansion devices for all input types are available from Campbell Scientific.
PAGE 321

Section 8. Operation 8.1.5.1.2 Low-Level ac (P1 - P4) Rotating magnetic-pickup sensors commonly generate ac output voltages ranging from thousandths of Volts at low rotational speeds to several volts at high rotational speeds. Pulse channels contain internal signal-conditioning hardware for measuring low-level ac-output sensors. When configured for low-level ac, P1 through P4 measure signals ranging from 20-mV RMS (±28 mV peak) to 14-V RMS (±20 V peak).
PAGE 322

Section 8. Operation Edge Counting (C1 - C8) Rising edges (transitions from <1.5 Vdc to >3.5 Vdc) or falling edges (transitions from >3.5 Vdc to <1.5 Vdc) of a square-wave signal can be counted. Switch Closure (C1 - C8) Two schemes are available for connecting switch-closure sensors to the CR3000. If a switch is to close directly to ground, an external pull-up resistor is should be used as shown in figure Using a Pull-up Resistor on Digital I/O Channels C1 - C8 (p. 323).
PAGE 323

Section 8. Operation calibrated in terms of frequency (Hz (p. 458) ) so are usually measured using the PulseCount() frequency option. • Accuracy of PulseCount() is limited by a small scan-interval error of ±(3 ppm of scan interval + 10 µs), plus the measurement resolution error of ±1 / (scan interval). The sum is essentially ±1 / (scan interval). • Use the LLAC4 (p. 562) module to convert non-TTL level signals, including low-level ac signals, to TTL levels for input into digital I/O channels C1 – C8.
PAGE 324

Section 8. Operation 8.1.5.3.1 Frequency Resolution Frequency resolution of a PulseCount() frequency measurement is calculated as where: FR = Resolution of the frequency measurement (Hz) S = Scan Interval of CRBasic Program Resolution of TimerIO() instruction is: where: FR = Frequency resolution of the measurement (Hz) R = Timing resolution of the TimerIO() measurement = 540 ns136 ns P = Period of input signal (seconds). For example, P = 1 / 1000 Hz = 0.
PAGE 325

Section 8. Operation Table 74. Frequency Resolution Comparison PulseCount(), POption=1 TimerIO(), Function=2 0.5 s Scan 5.0 s Scan FR = 2 Hz FR = 0.2 Hz FR = 0.0011 Hz FR = 0.
PAGE 326

Section 8. Operation Input filters, however, attenuate the amplitude (voltage) of the signal. The amount of attenuation is a function of the frequency passing through the filter. Higher-frequency signals are attenuated more. If a signal is attenuated enough, it may not pass the state transition thresholds required by the detection device (listed in table Pulse-Input Channels and Measurements (p. 40) ). To avoid over attenuation, sensor output voltage must be increased at higher frequencies.
PAGE 327

Section 8. Operation Figure 104: Amplitude reduction of pulse-count waveform (before and after 1-µs time constant filter) 8.1.5.4.3 Switch Bounce and NAN NAN will be the result of a TimerIO() measurement if one of two conditions occurs: 1. timeout expires 2. a signal on the channel is too fast (> 3 KHz) When the input channel experiences this type of signal, the CR3000 operating system disables the interrupt that is capturing the precise time until the next scan is serviced.
PAGE 328

Section 8. Operation input conditioning circuitry. The threshold allows direct connection of standard digital signals, but it is not recommended for small amplitude sensor signals. For sensor amplitudes less than 20 mV peak-to-peak, a dc blocking capacitor is recommended to center the signal at CR3000 ground (threshold = 0) because of offset voltage drift along with limited accuracy (±10 mV) and resolution (1.2 mV) of a threshold other than zero. Figure Input Conditioning Circuit for Period Averaging (p.
PAGE 329

Section 8. Operation 8.1.8 RS-232 and TTL Read More! Serial Input / Output Instructions (p. 512) and Serial I/O (p. 205). The CR3000 can usually receive and record RS-232 and 0 – 5 Vdc logic data from sensors designed to transmit via these protocols. Data are received through the CS I/O port with the proper interface (see the appendix CS I/O Serial Interfaces (p. 569) ), the RS-232 port, or the digital I/O communication ports (C1 & C2, C3 & C4, C5 & C6, C7 & C8).
PAGE 330

Section 8. Operation 8.1.10.1 Analog Sensor Cables Cable length in analog sensors is most likely to affect the signal settling time. For more information, see Signal Settling Time (p. 291). 8.1.10.2 Sensors Requiring Current Excitation When relatively large resistances are measured (> 1000 ohms), or relatively long cable lengths are used (> 50 foot) with sensors requiring current excitation, a 0.1µf feed-forward capacitor should be placed between IX and IXR to prevent excessive ringing (p. 465).
PAGE 331

Section 8. Operation multiple CR3000s. Techniques outlined below enable network administrators to synchronize CR3000 clocks and measurements in a CR3000 network. Care should be taken when a clock-change operation is planned. Any time the CR3000 clock is changed, the deviation of the new time from the old time may be sufficient to cause a skipped record in data tables.
PAGE 332

Section 8. Operation With any synching method, care should be taken as to when and how things are executed. Nudging the clock can cause skipped scans or skipped records if the change is made at the wrong time or changed by too much. 5. GPS – clocks in CR3000s can be synchronized to within about 10 ms of each other using the GPS() instruction. CR3000s built since October of 2008 (serial numbers ≥ 3168) can be synchronized within a few microseconds of each other and within ≈200 µs of UTC.
PAGE 333

Section 8. Operation 8.2.4 Control Outputs Controlling power to an external device is a common function of the CR3000. On-board control terminals and peripheral devices are available for binary (on / off) or analog (variable) control. A switched, 12-Vdc channel is also available. See Switched Unregulated (Nominal 12 Volt) (p. 91). 8.2.4.
PAGE 334

Section 8. Operation 8.2.4.3 Component-Built Relays Figure Relay Driver Circuit with Relay (p. 334) shows a typical relay driver circuit in conjunction with a coil driven relay which may be used to switch external power to some device. In this example, when the control port is set high, 12 Vdc from the datalogger passes through the relay coil, closing the relay which completes the power circuit and turns on the fan.
PAGE 335

Section 8. Operation 8.2.5 Analog Control / Output Devices The CR3000 can scale measured or processed values and transfer these values in digital form to either its on-board CAO ports or to an analog output device. The analog output device performs a digital-to-analog conversion to output an analog voltage or current. The output level is maintained until updated by the CR3000. Refer to the appendix Continuous Analog Output (CAO) Modules (p.
PAGE 336

Section 8. Operation Table 78. CR3000 Memory Allocation Memory Comments Sector Internal battery-backed See table CR3000 SRAM Memory (p. 337) for detail. 1 SRAM 4 MB* Internal Flash 2 Operating system 2 MB Internal Serial Flash 3 12 kB: Device Settings 500 kB: CPU: drive External Flash (Optional) 2 GB: USB: drive External CompactFlash (Optional) ≤ 16 GB: CRD: drive Device Settings — A backup of settings such as PakBus address, station name, beacon intervals, neighbor lists, etc.
PAGE 337

Section 8. Operation Table 79. CR3000 SRAM Memory Use Static Memory ---------------------------------Operating Settings and Properties ---------------------------------CRBasic Program Operating Memory ---------------------------------Variables & Constants ---------------------------------Final-Storage Data Tables Comments Operational memory used by the operating system regardless of the user program. This sector is rebuilt at power-up, program re-compile, and watchdog events. "Keep" memory.
PAGE 338

Section 8. Operation 8.3.1.1 Data Storage Data-storage drives are listed in table CR3000 Memory Drives (p. 338). Data-table SRAM and the CPU: drive are automatically partitioned for use in the CR3000. The USR: drive can be partitioned as needed. The USB: drive is automatically partitioned when a Campbell Scientific mass-storage device is connected.The CRD: drive is automatically partitioned when a CF card is installed. Table 80. Data-Storage Drives Drive Recommended File Types 1 cr3, .
PAGE 339

Section 8. Operation configured using DevConfig settings or SetStatus() instruction in a CRBasic program. Partition USR: drive to at least 11264 bytes in 512-byte increments. If the value entered is not a multiple of 512 bytes, the size is rounded up. Maximum size of USR: is the total RAM size less 400 kB; i.e., for a CR3000 with 4-MB memory, the maximum size of USR: is about 3.6 MB. USR: is not affected by program recompilation or formatting of other drives.
PAGE 340

Section 8. Operation 8.3.1.1.5 CRD: Drive CRD: drive uses CompactFlash® (CF) memory cards exclusively. Its primary purpose is the storage of binary data files. See File-System Errors (p. 352) for explanation of error codes associated with CRD: use. Caution When installing or removing card-storage modules, first turn off CR3000 power. Removing a card from the module while the CF card is active can cause data corruption and may damage the card.
PAGE 341

Section 8. Operation then copy a small file to the card, and then delete the file (while still in the PC). Copying the file to the freshly formatted card forces the PC to update the info sector. The PC is much faster than the datalogger at updating the info sector. 8.3.1.1.6 Data File Formats TableFile() instruction data-file formats contain time-series data and may have an option to include header, time stamp and record number. Table TableFile()Instruction Data-File Formats (p.
PAGE 342

Section 8. Operation Table 81. TableFile()-Instruction Data-File Formats Elements Included TableFile() Format Option Base File Format 35 CSIJSON 64 2 Header Information Time Stamp Record Number X TOB3 1 Formats compatible with datalogger support software (p. 76) data-viewing and graphing utilities 2 SeeWriting High-Frequency Data to CF Cards (p. 273) for more information on using option 64. Data-File Format Examples TOB1 TOB1 files may contain an ASCII header and binary data.
PAGE 343

Section 8. Operation CR1000.Std.20 CPU:file format.CR1 13.2921.04 13.2921.04 13.2921.
PAGE 344

Section 8. Operation will be represented by four field names: “values(1,1)”, “values(1,2)”, “values(2,1)”, and “values(2,2)”. Scalar (non‐array) variables will not have subscripts. Line 3 – Data Units Includes the units associated with each field in the record. If no units are programmed in the CR3000 CRBasic program, an empty string is entered for that field. Line 4 – Data-Processing Descriptors Entries describe what type of processing was performed in the CR3000 to produce corresponding data, e.g.
PAGE 345

Section 8. Operation Read More! More information on string variable-memory use and conservation is available in String Operations (p. 241). 8.3.3 Memory Reset Four features are available for complete or selective reset of CR3000 memory. 8.3.3.1 Full Memory Reset Full memory reset occurs when an operating system is sent to the CR3000 using DevConfig or when entering 98765 in the Status table field FullMemReset.
PAGE 346

Section 8. Operation associated with the program are erased. Drive formatting is performed through datalogger support software (p. 571) Format (p. 456) command. 8.3.4 File Management As summarized in table File Control Functions (p. 346), files in CR3000 memory (program, data, CAL, image) can be managed or controlled with datalogger support software (p. 76), CR3000 web API, or CoraScript. Use of CoraScript is described in the LoggerNet software manual, which is available at www.campbellsci.com.
PAGE 347

Section 8. Operation Table 82. File-Control Functions File-Control Functions Accessed Through 6 Create a data file from a data table TableFile() JPEG files manager integrated keyboard / display , LoggerNet | PakBusGraph, web API NewestFile Hiding files Web API FileControl Encrypting files Web API FileControl Abort program on power-up Hold DEL down on datalogger keypad 1 Datalogger support software (p. 76) Program Send command 2 Datalogger support software File Control (p.
PAGE 348

Section 8. Operation Table 83. CR3000 File Attributes Attribute Function Attribute for Programs Sent to CR3000 with: 2 a) File Control with Run Now checked. Run Now Runs only when file sent to CR3000 b) CF card (CRD: drive) or Campbell Scientific 3 mass-storage media (USB: drive) power-up using commands 6 & 14 (see TABLE. Powerup.ini Commands (p. 350) ).
PAGE 349

Section 8. Operation in the file automatically uploading to the CR3000 and running. Powerup.ini options also allow final-data storage management comparable to the support software File Control (p. 456) feature. The CRD: drive has precedence over USB: drive. Caution Test Power-up options in the lab before going to the field. Always carry a laptop or palm PC into difficult- or expensive-to-access places as backup. Power-up functions include • Sending programs to the CR3000.
PAGE 350

Section 8. Operation powerup.ini file in the CR3000 with the integrated keyboard / display to see what the CR3000 actually sees. Comments can be added to the file by preceding them with a single-quote character ('). All text after the comment mark on the same line is ignored. Syntax Syntax for the powerup.ini file is: Command,File,Device where, • Command = one of the numeric commands in table Powerup.ini Commands (p. 350). • File = accompanying operating system or user program file.
PAGE 351

Section 8. Operation • Command 6 Copies the specified program to the designated drive and sets the run attribute of the program to Run Now. Data on a CF card from the previously running program will be preserved. • Command 7 Copies the specified file to the designated drive with no run attributes. • Command 13 Copies the specified program to the designated drive and sets the run attribute of the program to Run Always. Data on a CF card from the previously running program will be erased.
PAGE 352

Section 8. Operation Powerup.ini Example 'Run a program file now, erase data now. 14,run.cr1,cpu: 8.3.4.4 File Management Q & A Q: How do I hide a program file on the CR3000 without using the CRBasic FileManage() instruction? A: Use the CoraScript File-Control command, or the Web API FileControl command. 8.3.5 File Names The maximum size of the file name that can be stored, run as a program, or FTP transferred in the CR3000 is 59 characters.
PAGE 353

Section 8. Operation Table 85.
PAGE 354

Section 8. Operation 8.4 Telecommunications and Data Retrieval Telecommunications, in the context of CR3000 operation, is the movement of information between the CR3000 and another computing device, usually a PC. The information can be programs, data, files, or control commands. Telecommunications systems require three principal components: hardware, carrier signal, and protocol. For example, a common way to communicate with the CR3000 is with PC200W software by way of a PC COM port.
PAGE 355

Section 8. Operation Satellite System Satellite Transceiver RF CompactFlash (CF) card Direct connect through CF module connected to peripheral port Parallel Comms CS Mass Storage Device Direct Connect CS I/O Serial Comms Audible Report Land-line Telephone Voice Heads-Up Display Direct Connect CS I/O Serial Comms Digital Display Direct Connect CS I/O Serial Comms integrated keyboard / display Integrated ® 8.4.2 Protocols The CR3000 communicates with datalogger support software (p.
PAGE 356

Section 8. Operation Though usually unnoticed, a short burst of SDC communication occurs at power-up and other times when the datalogger is reset, such as when compiling a program or changing settings that require recompiling. This SDC activity is the datalogger querying the SDC to see if the integrated keyboard / display is available. When DevConfig and PakBus Graph retrieve settings, the CR3000 queries the SDC to determine what SDC devices are connected.
PAGE 357

Section 8. Operation • • Leaf nodes are measurement devices at the end of a branch of the PakBus® web. o Leaf nodes can be linked to any router. o A leaf node cannot route packets but can originate or receive them. Routers are measurement or telecommunications devices that route packets to other linked routers or leaf nodes. o Routers can be branch routers. Branch routers only know as neighbors central routers, routers in route to central routers, and routers one level outward in the network.
PAGE 358

Section 8. Operation Table 87.
PAGE 359

Section 8. Operation • hello-request • CVI • beacon To form a network, nodes must establish links with neighbors (neighbors are adjacent nodes). Links are established through a process called discovery. Discovery occurs when nodes exchange hellos. A hello-exchange occurs during a hello-message between two nodes. 8.5.3.1 Hello-message (two-way exchange) A hello-message is an interchange between two nodes that negotiates a neighbor link.
PAGE 360

Section 8. Operation 8.5.3.6 Maintaining Links Links are maintained by means of the CVI (communications verification interval). The CVI can be specified in each node with the Verify Interval setting in DevConfig (ComPorts Settings). The following rules apply: Note During the hello-message, a CVI must be negotiated between two neighbors. The negotiated CVI is the lesser of the first node's CVI and 6/5ths of the neighbor's CVI. • If Verify Interval = 0, then CVI = 2.
PAGE 361

Section 8. Operation Hence, the size of the responses to the file-receive commands that the CR3000 sends is governed by the Max Packet Size setting for the datalogger as well as that of any of its parents in the LoggerNet network map. Note that this calculation also takes into account the error rate for devices in the link. BMP5 data-collection transaction does not provide any way for the client to specify a cap on the size of the response message.
PAGE 362

Section 8. Operation Figure 112: Flat Map Figure 113: Tree Map 8.5.6 PakBus LAN Example To demonstrate PakBus® networking, a small LAN (Local Area Network) of CR3000s can be configured as shown in figure Configuration and Wiring of PakBus LAN (p. 363). A PC running LoggerNet uses the RS-232 port of the first CR3000 to communicate with all CR3000s. All LoggerNet functions, such as send programs, monitor measurements and collect data, are available to each CR3000.
PAGE 363

Section 8. Operation Figure 114: Configuration and wiring of PakBus LAN 8.5.6.2 LAN Setup Configure CR3000s before connecting them to the LAN: 1. Start Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig). Click on Device Type: CR3000. Follow on-screen instructions to power CR3000s and connect them to the PC. Close other programs that may be using the PC COM port, such as LoggerNet, PC400, PC200W, HotSync, etc. 2. Click on the Connect button at the lower left. 3.
PAGE 364

Section 8.
PAGE 365

Section 8. Operation Figure 117: DevConfig Deployment | Advanced tab Table 89. PakBus-LAN Example Datalogger-Communications Settings Software→ Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) Tab→ Deployment Sub-Tab→ Datalogger Setting→ PakBus Adr Sub-Setting→ Advanced ComPort Settings COM1 Baud Rate Datalogger ↓ Is Router COM2 Neighbors 1 Baud Rate Begin: End: CR3000_1 1 115.2K Fixed 2 2 115.2K Fixed CR3000_2 2 115.2K Fixed 1 1 Disabled CR3000_3 3 115.2K Fixed 1 1 115.
PAGE 366

Section 8. Operation 8.5.6.3 LoggerNet Setup Figure 118: LoggerNet Network-Map Setup: COM port In LoggerNet Setup, click Add Root and add a ComPort. Then Add a PakBusPort, and (4) CR3000 dataloggers to the device map as shown in figure LoggerNet Device-Map Setup (p. 366).
PAGE 367

Section 8. Operation Figure 119: LoggerNet Network-Map Setup: PakBusPort As shown in figure LoggerNet Device Map Setup: PakBusPort (p. 367), set the PakBusPort maximum baud rate to 115200. Leave other settings at the defaults.
PAGE 368

Section 8. Operation As shown in figure LoggerNet Device-Map Setup: Dataloggers (p. 367), set the PakBus® address for each CR3000 as listed in table PakBus-LAN Example Datalogger-Communications Settings (p. 365). 8.5.7 PakBus Encryption PakBus encryption allows two end devices to exchange encrypted commands and data. Routers and other leaf nodes do not need to be set for encryption. The CR3000 has a setting accessed through DevConfig that sets it to send / receive only encrypted commands and data.
PAGE 369

Section 8. Operation Note Setting the encryption key for a PakBus port device will force all messages it sends to use encryption. 8.6 Alternate Telecommunications The CR3000 communicates with datalogger support software (p. 76) and other Campbell Scientific dataloggers (p. 565) using the PakBus (p. 463) protocol (PakBus Overview (p. 356) ). Modbus, DNP3, and Web API are also supported. CAN bus is supported when using the Campbell Scientific SDM-CAN communications module. 8.6.1 DNP3 8.6.1.
PAGE 370

Section 8. Operation Table 90. DNP3 Implementation — Data Types Required to Store Data in Public Tables for Object Groups Data Type Group Description Boolean 1 Binary input 2 Binary input change 10 Binary output 12 Control block 30 Analog input 32 Analog change event 40 Analog output status 41 Analog output block 50 Time and date 51 Time and date CTO Long 8.6.1.2.2 CRBasic Instructions Complete descriptions and options of commands are available in CRBasic Editor Help.
PAGE 371

Section 8. Operation 8.6.1.2.3 Programming for Data-Acquisition As shown in CRBasic example Implementation of DNP3 (p. 371), program the CR3000 to return data when polled by the DNP3 master using the following three actions: 1. Place DNP() at the beginning of the program between BeginProg and Scan(). Set COM port, baud rate, and DNP3 address. 2. Setup the variables to be sent to the master using DNPVariable(). Dual instructions cover static (current values) and event (previous ten records) data.
PAGE 372

Section 8.
PAGE 373

Section 8. Operation Table 91. Modbus to Campbell Scientific Equivalents Modbus Domain Data Form Campbell Scientific Domain Coils Single Bit Ports, Flags, Boolean Variables Digital Registers 16-bit Word Floating Point Variables Input Registers 16-bit Word Floating Point Variables Holding Registers 16-bit Word Floating Point Variables RTU / PLC CR3000 Master Usually a computer Slave Usually a CR3000 Field Instrument Sensor 8.6.2.2.
PAGE 374

Section 8. Operation 8.6.2.3 Programming for Modbus 8.6.2.3.1 Declarations Table CRBasic Ports, Flags, Variables, and Modbus Registers (p. 374) shows the linkage between CR3000 ports, flags and Boolean variables and Modbus registers. Modbus does not distinguish between CR3000 ports, flags, or Boolean variables. By declaring only ports, or flags, or Boolean variables, the declared feature is addressed by default.
PAGE 375

Section 8. Operation 8.6.2.3.3 Addressing (ModbusAddr) Modbus devices have a unique address in each network. Addresses range from 1 to 247. Address 0 is reserved for universal broadcasts. When using the NL100, use the same number as the Modbus and PakBus® address. 8.6.2.3.4 Supported Function Codes (Function) Modbus protocol has many function codes. CR3000 commands support the following. Table 93.
PAGE 376

Section 8. Operation 8.6.2.5 Modbus over IP Modbus over IP functionality is an option with the CR3000. Contact Campbell Scientific for details. 8.6.2.6 Modbus tidBytes Q: Can Modbus be used over an RS‐232 link, 7 data bits, even parity, one stop bit? A: Yes. Precede ModBusMaster() / ModBusSlave() with SerialOpen() and set the numeric format of the COM port with any of the available formats, including the option of 7 data bits, even parity.
PAGE 377

Section 8. Operation Scan(1,Sec,0,0) 'In the case of the CR3000 being the ModBus master then the 'ModbusMaster instruction would be used (instead of fixing 'the variables as shown between the BeginProg and SCAN instructions). ModbusMaster(Result,COMRS232,-115200,5,3,Register(),-1,2,3,100) 'MoveBytes(DestVariable,DestOffset,SourceVariable,SourceOffSet, 'NumberOfBytes) MoveBytes(Combo,2, Register_LSW,2,2) MoveBytes(Combo,0, Register_MSW,2,2) NextScan EndProg 8.6.
PAGE 378

Section 8. Operation Four levels of access are available through Basic Access Authentication: • all access denied (Level 0) • all access allowed (Level 1) • set variables allowed (Level 2) • read-only access (Level 3) Multiple user accounts and security levels can be defined. .csipasswd is created and edited in the Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) (p. 97) software Net Services tab, Edit .csipasswd File button. When in Datalogger .
PAGE 379

Section 8. Operation and arguments and the commands wherein they are used. Parameters and arguments for specific commands are listed in the following sections. Table 94.
PAGE 380

Section 8. Operation p2 DataQuery Specifies ending date and/or time when using date-range argument. time expressed in defined format (see Time Syntax (p. 380) section) value SetValueEx Specifies the new value. numeric or string time ClockSet Specifies set time. time in defined format action FileControl Specifies FileControl action. 1 through 20 file FileControl Specifies first argument of FileControl action.
PAGE 381

Section 8. Operation Table 95. BrowseSymbols API Command Parameters uri Optional. Specifies the URI (p. 472) for the data source. When querying a CR3000, uri source, tablename and fieldname are optional. If source is not specified, dl (CR3000) is assumed. A field name is always specified in association with a table name. If the field name is not specified, all fields are output. If fieldname refers to an array without a subscript, all fields associated with that array will be output.
PAGE 382

Section 8. Operation is_read_only Boolean value that is set to true if the symbol is considered to be read-only. A value of false would indicate an expectation that the symbol value can be changed using the SetValueEx command. can_expand Boolean value that is set to true if the symbol has child values that can be listed using the BrowseSymbols command. If the client specifies the URI for a symbol that does not exist, the server will respond with an empty symbols set.
PAGE 383

Section 8. Operation BallastLinedl:BallastLine6truefalsetrue Publicdl:Public6truefals etrue XML Response When xml is entered in the BrowseSymbols format parameter, the response will be formated as CSIXML (p. 68) with a BrowseSymbolsResponse root element name. Following is an example response. Example page source output: ..
PAGE 384

Section 8. Operation is_read_only="false" can_expand="true"/> JSON Response When json is entered in the BrowseSymbols format parameter, the response will be formated as CSIJSON (p. 68). Following is an example response.
PAGE 385

Section 8. Operation Table 97. DataQuery API Command Parameters uri Optional. Specifies the URI (p. 472) for data to be queried. Syntax: dl:tablename.fieldname. Field name is optional. Field name is always specified in association with a table name. If field name is not specified, all fields are collected. If fieldname refers to an array without a subscript, all values associated with that array will be output. Table name is optional.
PAGE 386

Section 8. Operation http://192.168.24.106/?command=DataQuery&uri=dl:MainData.Cond41& format=html&mode=most-recent&p1=70 Response: collect the five most recent records from table MainData* http://192.168.24.106/?command=DataQuery&uri=dl:MainData.Cond41& format=html&mode=since-time&p1=2012-09-14T8:00:00 Response: collect all records of field Cond41 since the specified date and time* http://192.168.24.106/?command=DataQuery&uri=dl:MainData.
PAGE 387

Section 8. Operation 2012-08-21 22:41:50.0 104 66 2012-08-21 22:42:00.0 105 66 2012-08-21 22:42:10.0 106 66 2012-08-21 22:42:20.
PAGE 388

Section 8. Operation JSON Response When json is entered in the DataQuery format parameter, the response will be formatted as CSIJSON. Following is an example response: { .."head": { ...."transaction": 0, ...."signature": 26426, ...."environment": { ......"station_name": "Q2", ......"table_name": "BallastLine", ......"model": "CR1000", ......"serial_no": "18583", ......"os_version": "CR1000.Std.25", ......"prog_name": "CPU:IndianaHarbor_081712.CR1" ....}, ...."fields": [{ ......"name": "Induced_Water", ....
PAGE 389

Section 8. Operation "2012-05-03 19:00:00",2,0,-0.9210536,-0.9679532,-0.9106316,0.8637322,72.297,0 "2012-05-03 20:00:00",3,0,-0.8624293,-0.9145398,-0.8624293,0.8311631,72.68445,0 "2012-05-03 21:00:00",4,0,-0.8949984,-0.9471089,-0.9002095,0.8585211,72.79237,0 "2012-05-03 22:00:00",5,0,-0.9262648,-0.9731642,-0.9158427,0.8793653,72.75194,0 "2012-05-03 23:00:00",6,0,-0.8103188,-0.8624293,-0.8103188,0.7686304,72.72644,0 "2012-05-04 00:00:00",7,0,-0.9158427,-0.9627421,-0.9158427,0.8689431,72.
PAGE 390

Section 8. Operation "SECONDS","NANOSECONDS","RN","","" "","","","Min","Smp" "ULONG","ULONG","ULONG","FP2","FP2" 376 }Ÿp' E1HŒŸp' E1H›Ÿp' E1HªŸp' E1H¹Ÿp' E1H 8.6.3.5 Control CRBasic program language logic can be configured to allow remote access to many control functions by means of changing the value of a variable. 8.6.3.5.1 SetValueEx Command SetValueEx allows a web client to set a value in a host CR3000 CRBasic variable. http://ip_address/?command=SetValueEx&uri=dl:table.variable&valu e=x.
PAGE 391

Section 8. Operation SetValueEx Response The SetValueEx format parameter determines the format of the response.. If a format is not specified, the format defaults to HTML For more detail concerning data response formats, see the Data File Formats section. Responses contain two fields. In the XML output, the fields are attributes. Table 99.
PAGE 392

Section 8. Operation XML Response When xml is entered in the SetValueEx format parameter, the response will be CSIXML with a SetValueExResponse root element name.. Following is an example response: JSON Response When json is entered in the SetValueEx format parameter, the response will be CSIJSON. Following is an example response: { "outcome": outcome-code, "description": description } 8.6.3.
PAGE 393

Section 8. Operation ClockSet Response The ClockSet format parameter determines the format of the response. If a format is not specified, the format defaults to HTML. For more detail concerning data response formats, see the Data File Formats section. Responses contain three fields as described in the following table: Table 101.
PAGE 394

Section 8. Operation JSON Response When json is entered in the ClockSet format parameter, the response will be formated as CSIJSON (p. 68). Following is an example response. {"outcome": 1,"time": "2011-12-01T11:40:32.61","description": " The clock was set"} 8.6.3.6.2 ClockCheck Command ClockCheck allows a web client to read the real-time clock from the host CR3000. DataQuery takes the form: http://ip_address/?command=ClockCheck&format=html ClockCheck requires a minimum .
PAGE 395

Section 8. Operation 2 time Specifies the current value of the CR3000 real-time clock . This value will only be valid if the value of outcome is set to 1. This value will be formatted in the same way that record time stamps are formatted for the DataQuery response. description A text string that describes the outcome.
PAGE 396

Section 8. Operation 8.6.3.7 Files Management Web API commands allow a web client to manage files on host CR3000 memory drives. Camera image files are examples of collections often needing frequent management. 8.6.3.7.1 Sending a File to a Datalogger A file can be sent to the CR3000 using an HTTPPut request. Sending a file requires a minimum .csipasswd access level of 1 (all access allowed). Unlike other web API commands, originating a PUT request from a browser address bar is not possible.
PAGE 397

Section 8. Operation *Done waiting for 100-continue
PAGE 398

Section 8. Operation Table 105. FileControl API Command Parameters 1 — Compile and run the file specified by file and mark it as the program to be run on power up. 2 — Mark the file specified by file as the program to be run on power up. 3 — Mark the file specified by file as hidden. 4 — Delete the file specified by file. 5 — Format the device specified by file. 6 — Compile and run the file specified by file without deleting existing data tables. 7 — Stop the currently running program.
PAGE 399

Section 8. Operation FileControl Response All output formats contain the following parameters. Any action (for example, 9) that performs a reset, the response is returned before the effects of the command are complete. Table 106. FileControl API Command Response outcome A response of zero indicates success. Non-zero indicates failure. holdoff Specifies the number of seconds that the web client should wait before attempting more communication with the station.
PAGE 400

Section 8. Operation Examples: http://192.168.24.106/?command=ListFiles Response: returns the drive structure of the host CR3000 (CPU:, USR:, CRD:, and USB:). http://192.168.24.106/CPU/?command=ListFiles Response: lists the files on the host CR3000 CPU: drive. ListFiles Response The format of the response depend on the value of the format parameter in the command request. The response provides information for each of the files or directories that can be reached through the CR3000 web server.
PAGE 401

Section 8. Operation HTML page source:

PAGE 402

Section 8. Operation Page source template: ListFiles Response

ListFiles Response

Path	Is Directory	Size	Last Write	Run Now	Run On Power Up	Read Only	Paused
CPU:	true	50000	YYYY-mm-dd hh:mm:ss. PAGE 403 Section 8. Operation path="CPU:lights-web.cr1" last_write="yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.xxx" size="16994" run_now="true" run_on_power_up="true" read_only="false" paused="false"/> JSON Response When json is entered in the ListFiles format parameter, the response will be formated as CSIJSON (p. 68). Following is an example response. { "files": [ { "path": "CPU:", "is_dir": true, "size": 50000, "last_write": "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss. PAGE 404 Section 8. Operation Table 109. NewestFile API Command Parameters Specifies the complete path and wildcard expression for the 1 desired set of files . expr=USR:.jpg selects the newest of the collection of files on the USR: drive that have a .jpg extension. expr 1 The PC based web server will restrict the paths on the host computer to those that are allowed in the applicable site configuration file (.sources.xml). This is done to prevent web access to all file systems accessible to the host computer. PAGE 405 Section 8. Operation Table 110. PAGE 406 Section 8. PAGE 407 Section 8. Operation 8.8. PAGE 408 Section 8. Operation 8.8.1.1 Real-Time Tables and Graphs Figure 123: Real-time tables and graphs 8.8.1.2 Real-Time Custom The integrated keyboard / display can be configured with a user-defined, real-time display. The CR3000 will keep the setup if the same program is running, or until it is changed by the user. Read More! Custom menus can also be programmed. See Custom Menus (p. 198) for more information. PAGE 409 Section 8. PAGE 410 Section 8. Operation 8.8.1. PAGE 411 Section 8. Operation 8.8. PAGE 412 Section 8. Operation 8.8.3 File Display Figure 127: File display 8.8.3.1 File: Edit The CRBasic Editor is recommended for writing and editing datalogger programs. When making minor changes in the field with the integrated keyboard / display, restart the program to activate the changes. PAGE 413 Section 8. PAGE 414 Section 8. Operation 8.8.4 PCCard (CF Card) Display Figure 129: PCCard (CF Card) display 8.8.5 Ports and Status Read More! See the appendix Status Table and Settings (p. 529). PAGE 415 Section 8. Operation 8.8.6 Settings Figure 131: Settings 8.8.6.1 Set Time / Date Move the cursor to time element and press Enter to change it. Then move the cursor to Set and press Enter to apply the change. 8.8.6.2 PakBus Settings In the Settings menu, move the cursor to the PakBus® element and press Enter to change it. After modifying, press Enter to apply the change. PAGE 416 Section 8. Operation 8.8.7 Configure Display Figure 132: Configure display 8.9 Program and OS File Compression Q: What is Gzip? A: Gzip is the GNU zip archive file format. This file format and the algorithms used to create it are open source and free to use for any purpose. Files with the .gz extension have been passed through these data compression algorithms to make them smaller. For more information, go to www.gnu.org. PAGE 417 Section 8. Operation Q: Does my CR3000 support Gzip? A: Version 25 of the standard CR3000 operating system supports receipt of Gzip compressed program files and OSs. Q: How do I Gzip a program or operating system? A: Many utilities are available for the creation of a Gzip file. This document specifically addresses the use of 7-Zip File Manager. 7-Zip is a free, open source, software utility compatible with Windows®. Download and installation instructions are available at http://www.7-zip.org/. PAGE 418 Section 8. Operation c) When prompted, set the archive format to “Gzip”. d) Select OK. The resultant file names will be of the type “myProgram.cr3.gz” and “CR3000.Std.25.obj.gz”. Note that the file names end with “.gz”. The ".gz” extension must be preceded with the original file extension (.cr3, .obj) as shown. Q: How do I send a compressed file to the CR3000? A: A Gzip compressed file can be sent to a CR3000 datalogger by clicking the Send Program command in the datalogger support software (p. 76). PAGE 419 Section 8. Operation 8.10 CF Cards & Records Number The number of records in a data table when CardOut() or TableFile() with Option 64 is used in a data-table declaration is governed by these rules: 1. Both CF card memory (CRD: drive) and internal memory (CPU) keep copies of data tables in binary TOB3 format. Collectible numbers of records for both CRD: and CPU are reported in DataRecordSize entries in the Status table. 2. In the table definitions advertised to datalogger support software (p. PAGE 420 Section 8. Operation the CPU buffer before final-data storage stops altogether, resulting in a few more records than advertised able to be collected. PAGE 421 Section 9. Maintenance Temperature and humidity can affect the performance of the CR3000. The internal lithium battery must be replaced periodically. 9.1 Moisture Protection When humidity tolerances are exceeded and condensation occurs, damage to CR3000 electronics can result. Effective humidity control is the responsibility of the user. Internal CR3000 module moisture is controlled at the factory by sealing the module with a packet of silica gel inside. PAGE 422 Section 9. Maintenance o Time. Clock will need resetting when the battery is replaced. o Final-storage data tables. A replacement lithium battery (pn 13519) can be purchased from Campbell Scientific or another supplier. Table Internal Lithium-Battery Specifications (p. 422) lists battery specifications. Table 112. Internal Lithium-Battery Specifications Manufacturer Tadiran Model TL-5902S (3.6 V) Capacity 1. PAGE 423 Section 9. Maintenance Figure 134: Remove back cover retainer screw Invert the module onto a non-abrasive surface. Remove the five cover retainer screws. Carefully remove the cover. Gentle use of a small flat point screwdriver to work the cover out of its seat may help. PAGE 424 Section 9. Maintenance Figure 135: Remove and replace battery Remove the lithium battery by gently prying it out with a small flat point screwdriver. Reverse the disassembly procedure to reassemble the CR3000. Take particular care to ensure the back cover is seated tightly before replacing the retainer screws. 9.3 Repair Occasionally, a CR3000 requires repair. Consult with a Campbell Scientific applications engineer before sending any product for repair. PAGE 425 Section 9. Maintenance write this number clearly on the outside of the shipping container. Campbell Scientific's shipping address is: CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. RMA#_____ 815 West 1800 North Logan, Utah 84321‐1784 For all returns, the customer must fill out a "Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination" form and comply with the requirements specified in it. The form is available from our web site at www.campbellsci.com/repair. A completed form must be either emailed to repair@campbellsci. PAGE 426 Section 9. PAGE 427 Section 10. Troubleshooting Some troubleshooting tools, concepts, and hints are provided here. If a Campbell Scientific system is not operating properly, please contact a Campbell Scientific applications engineer for assistance. When using sensors, peripheral devices, or telecommunications hardware, look to the manuals for those products for additional help. Note If a Campbell Scientific product needs to be returned for repair or recalibration, a Return Materials Authorization (p. PAGE 428 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.3.1.1 CompileResults Reports messages generated by the CR3000 at program upload and compile-time. A message will report that the program compiled OK, provide warnings about possible problems, or indicate there are run-time errors. Error messages may not be obvious because the display column is too short. Messages report variables that caused out-of-bounds conditions, watchdog information, and memory errors. Messages may be tagged onto this line as the program runs. PAGE 429 Section 10. Troubleshooting Table 113. Warning Message Examples Example of Warning Message Meaning Warning: Machine self-calibration failed. Indicates a problem with the analog measurement hardware during the self calibration. An invalid external sensor signal applying a voltage beyond the internal ±8-Vdc supplies on a voltage input can induce this error. Removing the offending signal and powering up the logger will initiate a new self-calibration. PAGE 430 Section 10. Troubleshooting incremented by all events that leave gaps in data, including cycling power to the CR3000. 10.3.1.5 ProgErrors If not zero, investigate. 10.3.1.6 MemoryFree A number less than 4 kB is too small and may lead to memory buffer-related errors. 10.3.1.7 VarOutOfBounds When programming with variable arrays, care must be taken to match the array size to the demands of the program. PAGE 431 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.3.1.8.2 Watchdoginfo.txt File A CPU: WatchdogInfo.txt file is created on the CPU: drive when the CR3000 experiences a software reset (as opposed to a hardware reset that increment the Status-table WatchdogError register). Postings of WatchdogInfo.txt files are rare. Please consult with a Campbell Scientific applications engineer at any occurrence. Debugging beyond the source of the watchdog is quite involved. Please contact Campbell Scientific for assistance. PAGE 432 Section 10. Troubleshooting results can be difficult due to the multitasking nature of the logger, but it can be a useful tool for fine tuning a program. 10.3.4 NAN and ±INF NAN (not-a-number) and ±INF (infinite) are data words indicating an exceptional occurrence in datalogger function or processing. NAN is a constant that can be used in expressions as shown in CRBasic example Using NAN in Expressions (p. 432).. PAGE 433 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.3.4.3 Data Types, NAN, and ±INF NAN and ±INF are presented differently depending on the declared-variable data type. Further, they are recorded differently depending on the final-storage data type chosen compounded with the declared-variable data type used as the source (table Variable and FS Data Types with NAN and ±INF (p. 433) ). For example, INF in a variable declared As LONG is represented by the integer -2147483648. PAGE 434 Section 10. Troubleshooting 0/0 1 except Average() outputs NAN 2 except Average() outputs 0 NAN NAN NAN 65535 2147483648 NAN TRUE TRUE -2147483648 10.3.4.4 Output Processing and NAN When a measurement or process results in NAN, any output process with DisableVar = FALSE that includes an NAN measurement, e.g., Average(1,TC_TempC,FP2,False) will result in NAN being stored as final-storage data for that interval. PAGE 435 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.4 Communications 10.4.1 RS-232 Baud rate mis-match between the CR3000 and datalogger support software is often the root of communication problems through the RS-232 port. By default, the CR3000 attempts to adjust its baud rate to that of the software. However, settings changed in the CR3000 to accommodate a specific RS-232 device, such as a smart sensor, display or modem, may confine the RS-232 port to a single baud rate. PAGE 436 Section 10. Troubleshooting CommsMemFree(1) = tiny + lil100 + mid10000 + med1000000 + lrg100000000 where, tiny = number of 16‐byte packets available lil = number of little (≈100 bytes) packets mid = number of medium size (≈530 bytes) packets med = number of big (≈3 kB) packets lrg = number of large (≈18 kB) packets available, primarily for TLS. PAGE 437 Section 10. Troubleshooting Table 117. CommsMemFree(1) Defaults and Use Example, TLS Active Example Condition: TLS enabled, no active TLS connections. Connected to LoggerNet on TCP/IP. Buffer Count: CommsMemFree(1) = 228968437. Buffer Category Condition: reset, TLS active. Buffer count: CommsMemFree(1) = 230999960. PAGE 438 Section 10. Troubleshooting queue, 14 bigfreeq packets are free (one in use), and 28 lilfreeq are free (two in use). These three pieces of information are also reported in the IP trace (p. 459) information every 30 seconds as lilfreeq, bigfreeq, and recvdq. If lilfreeq or bigfreeq free packets drop and stay near zero, or if the number in rcvdq climbs and stays high (all are rare occurrences), please contact a Campbell Scientific application engineer as the operating system may need adjustment. PAGE 439 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.5.2 Troubleshooting Power at a Glance Symptoms: Possible symptoms include the CR3000 program not executing; Low12VCount of the Status table displaying a large number. Affected Equipment: Batteries, charger/regulators, solar panels, transformers Likely Cause: Batteries may need to be replaced or recharged; charger/regulators may need to be fixed or recalibrated; solar panels or transformers may need to be fixed or replaced. PAGE 440 Section 10. Troubleshooting Battery Test If using a rechargeable power supply, disconnect the charging source (i.e., solar panel or AC transformer) from the battery pack. Wait 20 minutes before proceeding with this test. Test Voltage at Charging Regulator Set a voltmeter to read DC voltage as high as 15 Vdc. Measure the voltage between a 12V and G terminal on the charging regulator. Is the voltage > 11.0 Vdc? No Yes Test the Battery Under Load Program the CR3000 to measure battery voltage using a 0. PAGE 441 Section 10. Troubleshooting Charging Regulator with Solar-Panel Test Disconnect any wires attached to the 12V and G (ground) terminals on the PS100 or CH100 charging regulator. Unplug any batteries. Connect the solar panel to the two CHG terminals. Polarity of inputs does not matter. Only the solar panel should be connected. Set the charging-regulator power switch to OFF. NOTE This test assumes the solar panel has an unregulated output. Solar Panel Test Set a voltmeter to measure DC voltage. PAGE 442 Section 10. Troubleshooting 10.5.3.3 Charging Regulator with Transformer Test The procedure outlined in this flow chart tests PS100 and CH100 charging regulators that use ac/ac or ac/dc transformers as power source. If a need for repair is indicated after following the procedure, see Warranty and Assistance (p. 3) for information on sending items to Campbell Scientific. PAGE 443 Section 10. Troubleshooting Charging Regulator with ac or dc Transformer Test Disconnect any wires attached to the 12V and G (ground) terminals on the PS100 or CH100 charging regulator. Unplug any batteries. Connect the power input ac or dc transformer to the two CHG terminals. Polarity of the inputs does not matter. Only the transformer should be connected. Set the charging-regulator power switch to OFF. Connect the transformer to mains power. PAGE 444 Section 10. Troubleshooting Adjusting Charging Circuit 1) Place a 5-kΩ resistor between a 12V terminal and a G (ground) ground terminal on the charging regulator. Use a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the 5-kΩ resistor. 2) Connect a power source that supplies a voltage >17 V to the input CHG terminals of the charging regulator. 3) Adjust pot R3 (see FIGURE. Potentiometer R3 on PS100 and CH100 Charging Regulators (p. 445) ) so that voltage across the 5-kΩ resistor is 13.3 Vdc. PAGE 445 Section 10. Troubleshooting Figure 136: Potentiometer R3 on PS100 and CH100 Charger / Regulator 10.6 Terminal Emulator CR3000 terminal mode includes command prompts designed to aid Campbell Scientific engineers in operating system development. It has some features that advanced users may find useful for troubleshooting. Terminal commands should not be relied upon to have exactly the same features or formats from version to version of the OS, however. Table Terminal Emulator Menu (p. PAGE 446 Section 10. Troubleshooting As shown in figure DevConfig Terminal Emulator (p. 448), after entering a terminal emulator, press Enter a few times until the prompt CR3000> is returned. Terminal commands consist of a single character and Enter. Sending an H and Enter will return the terminal emulator menu (p. 446). ESC or a 40-second timeout will terminate on-going commands. Concurrent terminal sessions are not allowed. Table 118. PAGE 447 Section 10. Troubleshooting Table 118. CR3000 Terminal Commands Option Description Use REBOOT Program recompile Typing “REBOOT” rapidly will recompile the CR3000 program immediately after the last letter, "T", is entered. Table memory is retained. NOTE When typing REBOOT, characters are not echoed (printed on terminal screen). SDI12 SDI12 talk through Issue commands from keyboard that are passed through the CR3000 SDI-12 port to the connected device. Similar in concept to Serial Talk Through. PAGE 448 Section 10. Troubleshooting Figure 137: DevConfig terminal emulator tab 10.6.1 Serial Talk Through and Sniffer In the P: Serial Talk Through and W: Serial Comms Sniffer modes, the timeout can be changed from the default of 40 seconds to any value ranging from 1 to 86400 seconds (86400 seconds = 1 day). When using options P or W in a terminal session, consider the following: 1. Concurrent terminal sessions are not allowed by the CR3000. 2. PAGE 449 Section 11. Glossary 11.1 Terms ac See Vac (p. 472). accuracy A measure of the correctness of a measurement. See also the appendix Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution (p. 473). A/D Analog‐to‐digital conversion. The process that translates analog voltage levels to digital values. Amperes (Amps) Base unit for electric current. Used to quantify the capacity of a power source or the requirements of a power‐consuming device. analog Data presented as continuously variable electrical signals. PAGE 450 Section 11. Glossary Asynchronous Accepted abbreviation for "gauge." AWG is the accepted unit when identifying wire diameters. Larger AWG values indicate smaller cross‐ sectional diameter wires. Smaller AWG values indicate large‐diameter wires. For example, a 14 AWG wire is often used for grounding because it can carry large currents. 22 AWG wire is often used as sensor leads since only tiny currents are carried when measurements are made. PAGE 451 Section 11. Glossary Cache Data The data cache is a set of binary files kept on the hard disk of the computer running the datalogger support software. A binary file is created for each table in each datalogger. These files are set up to mimic the storage areas in datalogger memory, and by default are two times the size of the storage area. When the software collects data from a CR3000, the data are stored in the binary file for that CR3000. PAGE 452 Section 11. Glossary CompactFlash CompactFlash® (CF) is a memory‐card technology utilized by Campbell Scientific card‐storage modules. CompactFlash® is a registered trademark of the CompactFlash® Association. Compile The software process of converting human‐readable program code to binary machine code. CR3000 user programs are compiled internally by the CR3000 operating system. PAGE 453 Section 11. Glossary CRBasic Editor Compile, Save and Send CRBasic Editor menu command that compiles, saves, and sends the program to the datalogger. CRD An optional memory drive that resides on a CF card. See CompactFlash (p. 451). CS I/O Campbell Scientific Input / Output. A proprietary serial communications protocol. CVI Communications verification interval. The interval at which a PakBus® device verifies the accessibility of neighbors in its neighbor list. PAGE 454 Section 11. Glossary DCE Data communications equipment. While the term has much wider meaning, in the limited context of practical use with the CR3000, it denotes the pin configuration, gender, and function of an RS‐232 port. The RS‐232 port on the CR3000 and on many third‐party telecommunications devices, such as a digital cellular modems, are DCE. Interfacing a DCE device to a DCE device requires a null‐modem cable. desiccant A material that absorbs water vapor to dry the surrounding air. PAGE 455 Section 11. Glossary DTE Data terminal equipment. While the term has much wider meaning, in the limited context of practical use with the CR3000, it denotes the pin configuration, gender, and function of an RS‐232 port. The RS‐232 port on the CR3000 and on many third‐party telecommunications devices, such as a digital cellular modems, are DCE. Attachment of a null‐modem cable to a DCE device effectively converts it to a DTE device. Duplex Can be half or full. PAGE 456 Section 11. Glossary execution time Time required to execute an instruction or group of instructions. If the execution time of a program exceeds the Scan() Interval, the program is executed less frequently than programmed. expression A series of words, operators, or numbers that produce a value or result. Glossary. File Control File Control is a feature of LoggerNet, PC400 and RTDAQ (p. 76) datalogger support software. PAGE 457 Section 11. Glossary FP2 Two‐byte floating‐point data type. Default CR3000 data type for stored data. While IEEE four‐byte floating point is used for variables and internal calculations, FP2 is adequate for most stored data. FP2 provides three or four significant digits of resolution, and requires half the memory as IEEE4. FTP File Transfer Protocol. A TCP/IP application protocol. full duplex Systems allow communications simultaneously in both directions. garbage The refuse of the data communication world. PAGE 458 Section 11. Glossary Hertz Abbreviated "Hz." Unit of frequency described as cycles or pulses per second. HTML Hypertext Markup Language. A programming language used for the creation of web pages. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A TCP/IP application protocol. IEEE4 Four‐byte, floating‐point data type. IEEE Standard 754. Same format as Float. Float is the name used when declaring data type for Public or Dim declared variables. Glossary. PAGE 459 Section 11. Glossary intermediate storage The portion of memory allocated for the storage of results of intermediate calculations necessary for operations such as averages or standard deviations. Intermediate storage is not accessible to the user. IP Internet Protocol. A TCP/IP internet protocol. IP address A unique address for a device on the internet. IP Trace IP trace is a CR3000 function associated with IP data transmissions. PAGE 460 Section 11. Glossary loop A series of instructions in a program that are repeated a prescribed number of times and followed by an "end" instruction which exits the program from the loop. loop counter Increments by one with each pass through a loop. manually initiated Initiated by the user, usually with a integrated keyboard / display, as opposed to occurring under program control. MD5 digest 16‐byte checksum of the VTP configuration. milli The SI prefix denoting 1/1000s of a base SI unit. PAGE 461 Section 11. Glossary multi‐meter An inexpensive and readily available device useful in troubleshooting data‐acquisition system faults. multipler a term, often a parameter in a CRBasic measurement instruction, to designate the slope, scaling factor, or gain in a linear function. For example, when converting °C to °F, the equation is °F = °C1.8 + 32. The factor 1.8 is the multiplier. mV The SI abbreviation for milliVolts. NAN Not a number. A data word indicating a measurement or processing error. PAGE 462 Section 11. Glossary offset a term, often a parameter in a CRBasic measurement instruction, to designate the y‐intercept, shifting factor, or zeroing factor in a linear function. For example, when converting °C to °F, the equation is °F = °C1.8 + 32. The factor 32 is the offset. Ohm The unit of resistance. Symbol is the Greek letter Omega (Ω). 1.0 Ω equals the ratio of 1.0 Volt divided by 1.0 Amp. Ohm's Law Describes the relationship of current and resistance to voltage. PAGE 463 Section 11. Glossary output processing instructions Process data values and generate output arrays. Examples of output processing instructions include Totalize(), Maximize(), Minimize(), Average(). The data sources for these instructions are values in variables. The results of intermediate calculations are stored in memory to await the output trigger. PAGE 464 Section 11. Glossary Ping A software utility that attempts to contact another specific device in a network. Poisson Ratio A ratio used in strain measurements equal to transverse strain divided by extension strain. v = ‐(εtrans / εaxial). precision A measure of the repeatability of a measurement. Also see the appendix Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution (p. 473). PreserveVariables PreserveVariables instruction protects Public variables from being erased when a program is recompiled. PAGE 465 Section 11. Glossary pulse An electrical signal characterized by a sudden increase in voltage follow by a short plateau and a sudden voltage decrease. regulator A record is a complete line of data in a data table or data file. All data on the line share a common time stamp. regulator A device for conditioning an electrical power source. Campbell Scientific regulators typically condition ac or dc voltages greater than 16 Vdc to about 14 Vdc. PAGE 466 Section 11. Glossary RS‐232 Recommended Standard 232. A loose standard defining how two computing devices can communicate with each other. The implementation of RS‐232 in Campbell Scientific dataloggers to PC communications is quite rigid, but transparent to most users. Implementation of RS‐232 in Campbell Scientific datalogger to RS‐232 smart‐sensor communications is quite flexible. sample rate The rate at which measurements are made. PAGE 467 Section 11. Glossary This is the principle behind thermocouple temperature measurement. It also causes small, correctable voltage offsets in CR3000 measurement circuitry. Semaphore (Measurement Semaphore) In sequential mode, when the main scan executes, it locks the resources associated with measurements, i.e., it acquires the measurement semaphore. PAGE 468 Section 11. Glossary skipped scans Occurs when the CR3000 program is too long for the scan interval. Skipped scans can cause errors in pulse measurements. slow sequence A usually slower secondary scan in the CR3000 CRBasic program. The main scan has priority over a slow sequence. SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. A TCP/IP application protocol. SNP Snapshot file SP Space state Whether a device is on or off. PAGE 469 Section 11. Glossary Station Status command A command available in most datalogger support software available from Campbell Scientific. The following figure is a sample of the Station Status output. string A datum consisting of alphanumeric characters. PAGE 470 Section 11. Glossary support software Includes PC200W, PC400, RTDAQ, LoggerNet, and LoggerNet clients. Brief descriptions are found in Datalogger Support Software (p. 76). A complete listing of datalogger support software available from Campbell Scientific can be found in the appendix Software (p. 571). Software manuals can be found at www.campbellsci.com. synchronous The transmission of data between a transmitting and a receiving device occurs as a series of zeros and ones. PAGE 471 Section 11. Glossary terminal emulator is available in most datalogger support software available from Campbell Scientific. thermistor A thermistor is a resistive element whose change in resistance with temperature is wide, stable, and well‐characterized. It can be used as a device to measure temperature. The output of a thermistor is usually non‐linear, so measurement requires linearization, usually by means of the Steinhart‐Hart or another polynomial equation. PAGE 472 Section 11. Glossary User Program The CRBasic program written by the CR3000 user in the CRBasic Editor or the Short Cut program generator. USR: A portion of CR3000 memory dedicated to the storage of image or other files. URI uniform resource identifier URL uniform resource locater variable A packet of CR3000 memory given an alphanumeric name, which holds a potentially changing number or string. Vac Volts alternating current. Also VAC. PAGE 473 Section 11. Glossary watchdog timer An error‐checking system that examines the processor state, software timers, and program‐related counters when the datalogger is running its program. If the processor has bombed or is neglecting standard system updates or if the counters are outside the limits, the watchdog timer resets the processor and program execution. Voltage surges and transients can cause the watchdog timer to reset the processor and program execution. PAGE 474 Section 11. Glossary group of measurements. Resolution is a measure of the fineness of a measurement. Together, the three define how well a data-acquisition system performs. To understand how the three relate to each other, consider "target practice" as an analogy. Figure Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution (p. 473) shows four targets. The bull's eye on each target represents the absolute correct measurement. Each shot represents an attempt to make the measurement. PAGE 475 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Read More! Parameter listings, application information, and code examples are available in CRBasic Editor (p. 114) Help. All CR3000 CRBasic instructions are listed in the following sub-sections. Select instructions are explained more fully, some with example code, in Programming Resource Library (p. 156). Example code is throughout the CR3000 manual. Refer to the table of contents Example index. A. PAGE 476 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Syntax Sub subname (argument list) [statement block] Exit Sub [statement block] End Sub WebPageBegin / WebPageEnd See Information Services (p. 171). A.1.1 Variable Declarations & Modifiers Alias Assigns a second name to a variable. Syntax Alias [variable] = [alias name]; Alias [array(4)] = [alias name], [alias name(2)], [alias name] As Sets data type for Dim or Public variables. PAGE 477 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions ReadOnly Flags a comma separated list of variables (Public or Alias name) as read‐only. Syntax ReadOnly [variable1, variable2, ...] Units Assigns a unit name to a field associated with a variable. Syntax Units [variable] = [unit name] A.1.2 Constant Declarations Const Declares symbolic constants for use in place of numeric entries. PAGE 478 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions DataInterval Sets the time interval for an output table. Syntax DataInterval(TintoInt, Interval, Units, Lapses) FillStop Sets a data table to fill and stop. Syntax FillStop Note To reset a table after it fills and stops, use ResetTable() instruction in the user program or the support software Reset Tables command. OpenInterval Sets time‐series processing to include all measurements since the last time data storage occurred. PAGE 479 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions TableFile Writes a file from a data table to a CR3000 memory drive. Syntax TableFile("FileName", Options, MaxFiles, NumRecs / TimeIntoInterval, Interval, Units, OutStat, LastFileName) A.2.3 Final Data Storage (Output) Processing Read More! See Data Output Processing Instructions (p. 136). FieldNames Immediately follows an output processing instruction to change default field names. Syntax FieldNames("Fieldname1 : Description1, Fieldname2 : Description2…") A.2. PAGE 480 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Moment Stores the mathematical moment of a value over the output interval. Syntax Moment(Reps, Source, Order, DataType, DisableVar) PeakValley Detects maxima and minima in a signal. Syntax PeakValley(DestPV, DestChange, Reps, Source, Hysteresis) Sample Stores the current value at the time of output. Syntax Sample(Reps, Source, DataType) SampleFieldCal Writes field calibration data to a table. See Calibration Functions (p. 525). PAGE 481 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions WindVector Processes wind speed and direction from either polar or orthogonal sensors. To save processing time, only calculations resulting in the requested data are performed. Syntax WindVector(Repetitions, Speed/East, Direction/North, DataType, DisableVar, Subinterval, SensorType, OutputOpt) Read More! See Wind Vector (p. 193). A.3 Single Execution at Compile Reside between BeginProg and Scan Instructions. PAGE 482 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions CallTable Calls a data table, typically for output processing. Syntax CallTable [TableName] Delay Delays the program. Syntax Delay(Option, Delay, Units) Do / Loop Repeats a block of statements while a condition is true or until a condition becomes true. PAGE 483 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions -orIf [condition 1] Then [then statements] ElseIf [condition 2] Then [elseif then statements] Else [else statements] EndIf Scan / ExitScan / ContinueScan / NextScan Establishes the program scan rate. ExitScan and ContinueScan are optional. See Faster Measurement Rates (p. 236) for information on use of Scan() / NextScan in burst measurements. PAGE 484 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions TriggerSequence Used with WaitTriggerSequence to control the execution of code within a slow sequence. Syntax TriggerSequence(SequenceNum, Timeout) WaitTriggerSequence Used with TriggerSequence to control the execution of code within a slow sequence. Syntax WaitTriggerSequence WaitDigTrig Triggers a measurement scan from an external digital trigger. PAGE 485 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SemaphoreGet Acquires semaphore (p. 467) 1‐3 to avoid resource conflicts. Syntax SemaphoreGet() SemaphoreRelease Releases semaphore (p. 467) previously acquired with SemaphoreGet (). Syntax SemaphoreRelease() ShutDownBegin Begins code to be run in the event of a normal shutdown such as when sending a new program. Syntax ShutDownBegin ShutDownEnd Ends code to be run in the event of a normal shutdown such as when sending a new program. Syntax ShutDownEnd A. PAGE 486 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions PanelTemp This instruction measures the panel temperature in °C. Syntax PanelTemp(Dest, Integ) Signature Returns the signature for program code in a datalogger program. Syntax variable = Signature A.5. PAGE 487 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions BrFull6W Measures ratio of Vdiff2 / Vdiff1 of a six‐wire full‐bridge. Reports 1000 (Vdiff2 / Vdiff1). Syntax BrFull6W(Dest, Reps, Range1, Range2, DiffChan, Vx/ExChan, MeasPEx, ExmV, RevEx, RevDiff, SettlingTime, Integ, Mult, Offset) BrHalf Measures single‐ended voltage of a three‐wire half‐bridge. Delay is optional. PAGE 488 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SW12 Sets a switched 12‐Vdc terminal high or low. Syntax SW12(State) A.5.6 Pulse and Frequency Read More! See Pulse (p. 318). Note Pull-up resistors are required when using digital I/O (control) ports for pulse input (see Pulse Input on Digital I/O Channels C1 - C8 (p. 321) ). PeriodAvg Measures the period of a signal on any single‐ended voltage input channel. PAGE 489 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.5.7.1 Control PortSet Sets the specified port high or low. Syntax PortSet(Port, State) PulsePort Toggles the state of a control port, delays the specified amount of time, toggles the port, and delays a second time. Syntax PulsePort(Port, Delay) WriteIO WriteIO is used to set the status of selected control I/O channels (ports) on the CR3000. Syntax WriteIO(Mask, Source) A.5.7.2 Measurement PWM Performs a pulse‐width modulation on a control I/O port. PAGE 490 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.5.9 Specific Sensors ACPower Measures real ac power and power‐quality parameters for single‐, split‐, and three‐phase 'Y' configurations. Syntax ACPower(DestAC, ConfigAC, LineFrq, ChanV, VMult, MaxVrms, ChanI, IMult, MaxIrms, Reps) DANGER ac power can kill. User is responsible for ensuring connections to ac power mains conforms to applicable electrical codes. PAGE 491 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions GPS Used with a GPS device to keep the CR3000 clock correct or provide other information from the GPS such as location and speed. Proper operation of this instruction may require a factory upgrade of on‐board memory. Syntax GPS(GPS_Array, ComPort, TimeOffsetSec, MaxErrorMsec, NMEA_Sentences) Note To change from the GPS default baud rate of 38400, specify the new baud rate in the SerialOpen() instruction. PAGE 492 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.5.9.1 Wireless Sensor Network ArrayIndex Returns the index of a named element in an array. Syntax ArrayIndex(Name) CWB100 Sets up the CR3000 to request and accept measurements from the CWB100 wireless sensor base. Syntax CWB100(ComPort, CWSDest, CWSConfig) CWB100Diagnostics Sets up the CR3000 to request and accept measurements from the CWB100 wireless sensor base. PAGE 493 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions CDM_VW300Config Configures the CDM_VW300 Dynamic Vibrating Wire Module. Syntax CDM_VW300Config(DeviceType, CPIAddress, SysOptions, ChanEnable, ResonAmp, LowFreq, HighFreq, ChanOptions, Mult, Offset, SteinA, SteinB, SteinC, RF_MeanBins, RF_AmpBins, RF_LowLim, RF_HighLim, RF_Hyst, RF_Form) CDM_VW300Dynamic Captures dynamic vibrating‐wire sensor readings from the CDM_VW300. PAGE 494 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SDMCD16AC Controls an SDM‐CD16AC, SDM‐CD16, or SDM‐CD16D control device. Syntax SDMCD16AC(Source, Reps, SDMAddress) SDMCD16Mask Controls an SDM‐CD16AC, SDM‐CD16, or SDM‐CD16D control device. Unlike the SDMCD16AC, it allows the CR3000 to select the ports to activate via a mask. Commonly used with TimedControl(). Syntax SDMCD16Mask(Source, Mask, SDMAddress) SDMCVO4 Control the SDM‐CVO4 four‐channel, current/voltage output device. PAGE 495 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SDMTrigger Synchronize when SDM measurements on all SDM devices are made. Syntax SDMTrigger SDMX50 Allows individual multiplexer switches to be activated independently of the TDR100 instruction. Syntax SDMX50(SDMAddress, Channel) TDR100 Directly measures TDR probes connected to the TDR100 or via an SDMX50. PAGE 496 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions + Add - Subtract = Equal to <> Not equal to > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to A.6.3 Bitwise Operators Bitwise shift operators (<< and >>) allow the program to manipulate the positions of patterns of bits within an integer (CRBasic Long type). PAGE 497 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions >> Bitwise right shift Syntax Variable = Numeric Expression >> Amount & Bitwise AND assignment ‐‐ Performs a bitwise AND of a variable with an expression and assigns the result back to the variable. A.6.4 Compound-assignment operators Table 120. Compound-Assignment Operators Symbo l CRBasic Example 71. PAGE 498 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions EQV Performs a logical equivalence on two expressions. Syntax result = expr1 EQV expr2 NOT Performs a logical negation on an expression. Syntax result = NOT expression OR Performs a logical disjunction on two expressions. Syntax result = expr1 OR expr2 XOR Performs a logical exclusion on two expressions. Syntax result = expr1 XOR expr2 IIF Evaluates a variable or expression and returns one of two results based on the outcome of that evaluation. PAGE 499 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Table 121. PAGE 500 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of an expression or value. Syntax x = SINH(Expr) TAN Returns the tangent of an angle. Syntax x = TAN(source) TANH Returns the hyperbolic tangent of an expression or value. Syntax x = TANH(Source) A.6.7 Arithmetic Functions ABS Returns the absolute value of a number. Syntax x = ABS(source) ABSLong Returns the absolute value of a number. Returns a value of data type Long when the expression is type Long. PAGE 501 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions INTDV Performs an integer division of two numbers. Syntax X INTDV Y LN or LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Ln and Log perform the same function. Syntax x = LOG(source) x = LN(source) Note LOGN = LOG(X) / LOG(N) LOG10 The LOG10 function returns the base‐10 logarithm of a number. Syntax x = LOG10 (number) MOD Modulo divide. Divides one number into another and returns only the remainder. PAGE 502 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.6.8 Integrated Processing DewPoint Calculates dew point temperature from dry bulb and relative humidity. Syntax DewPoint(Dest, Temp, RH) PRT Calculates temperature from the resistance of an RTD. This instruction has been superseded by PRTCalc() in most applications. Syntax PRT(Dest, Reps, Source, Mult) PRTCalc Calculates temperature from the resistance of an RTD according to a range of alternative standards, including IEC. PAGE 503 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions CovSpa Computes the spatial covariance of sets of data. Syntax CovSpa(Dest, NumOfCov, SizeOfSets, CoreArray, DatArray) FFTSpa Performs a Fast Fourier Transform on a time series of measurements. Syntax FFTSpa(Dest, N, Source, Tau, Units, Option) MaxSpa Finds the maximum value in an array. Syntax MaxSpa(Dest, Swath, Source) MinSpa Finds the minimum value in an array. PAGE 504 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions of the array. The results will be a running aerage of a spatial average on the various source array's elements. Randomize Initializes the random‐number generator. Syntax Randomize(source) RND Generates a random number. Syntax RND(source) A.6.10.1 Histograms Histogram Processes input data as either a standard histogram (frequency distribution) or a weighted‐value histogram. PAGE 505 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.7 String Functions Read More! See String Operations (p. 241) & Concatenates string variables. + Concatenates string and numeric variables. - Compares two strings, returns zero if identical. A.7.1 String Operations String Constants Constant strings can be used in expressions using quotation marks. For example: FirstName = "Mike" String Addition Strings can be concatenated using the '+' operator. PAGE 506 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions CheckSum Returns a checksum signature for the characters in a string. Syntax Variable = CheckSum(ChkSumString, ChkSumType, ChkSumSize) CHR Inserts an ANSI character into a string. Syntax CHR(Code) FormatFloat Converts a floating‐point value into a string. Replaced by SPrintF(). Syntax String = FormatFloat(Float, FormatString) FormatLong Converts a LONG value into a string. Replaced by SPrintF(). PAGE 507 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Len Returns the number of bytes in a string. Syntax Variable = Len(StringVar) LowerCase Converts a string to all lowercase characters. Syntax String = LowerCase(SourceString) Mid Returns a substring that is within a string. Syntax String = Mid(SearchString, Start, Length) Replace Searches a string for a substring and replaces that substring with a different string. PAGE 508 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Trim Returns a copy of a string with no leading or trailing spaces. Syntax variable = Trim(TrimString) UpperCase Converts a string to all uppercase characters Syntax String = UpperCase(SourceString) A.8 Clock Functions Within the CR3000, time is stored as integer seconds and nanoseconds into the second since midnight, January 1, 1990. PAGE 509 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions IfTime Returns a number indicating True (‐1) or False (0) based on the datalogger's real‐ time clock. Syntax If (IfTime(TintoInt, Interval, Units)) Then -orVariable = IfTime(TintoInt, Interval, Units) PakBusClock Sets the datalogger clock to the clock of the specified PakBus device. Syntax PakBusClock(PakBusAddr) RealTime Parses year, month, day, hour, minute, second, micro‐second, day of week, and/or day of year from the datalogger clock. PAGE 510 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions VoiceBeg, EndVoice Marks the beginning and ending of voice code executed when the CR3000 detects a ring from a voice modem. Syntax VoiceBeg [voice code to be executed] EndVoice VoiceHangup Hangs up the voice modem. Syntax VoiceHangup VoiceKey Recognizes the return of characters 1 ‐ 9, *, or #. VoiceKey is often used to add a delay, which provides time for the message to be spoken, in a VoiceBegin/EndVoice sequence. PAGE 511 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Figure Custom Menu Example (p. 70) shows windows from a simple custom menu named DataView. DataView appears as the main menu on the keyboard display. DataView has menu item Counter, and submenus PanelTemps, TCTemps and System Menu. Counter allows selection of one of four values. Each submenu displays two values from CR3000 memory. PanelTemps shows the CR3000 wiring-panel temperature at each scan, and the one-minute sample of panel temperature. PAGE 512 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SubMenu / EndSubMenu Define the beginning and ending of a second‐level menu for a custom menu. Syntax: DisplayMenu("MenuName", 100) SubMenu("MenuName") [menu definition] EndSubMenu EndMenu A.11 Serial Input / Output Read More! See Serial I/O (p. 205). MoveBytes Moves binary bytes of data into a different memory location when translating big‐endian to little‐endian data. PAGE 513 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions SerialInRecord Reads incoming serial data on a COM port and stores the data in a destination variable. Syntax SerialInRecord(COMPort, Dest, BeginWord, NBytes, EndWord, NBytesReturned, LoadNAN) SerialOpen Sets up a datalogger port for communication with a non‐PakBus device. Syntax SerialOpen(ComPort, BaudRate, Format, TXDelay, BufferSize) SerialOut Transmits a string over a datalogger communication port. PAGE 514 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions • Com2 (C3,C4) • Com3 (C5,C6) • Com4 (C7,C8) • Com32 – Com46 (available when using a single-channel expansion peripheral. See the appendix Serial Input Expansion Modules ) Baud rate on asynchronous ports (ComRS-232, ComME, Com1, Com2, Com3, Com4, and Com32 - Com46) default to 9600 unless set otherwise in the SerialOpen() instruction, or if the port is opened by an incoming PakBus® packet at some other baud rate. Table Asynchronous Port Baud Rates (p. PAGE 515 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions DialSequence / EndDialSequence Defines the code necessary to route packets to a PakBus device. Syntax DialSequence(PakBusAddr) DialSuccess = DialModem(ComPort, DialString, ResponseString) EndDialSequence(DialSuccess) GetDataRecord Retrieves the most recent record from a data table in a remote PakBus datalogger and stores the record in the CR3000. PAGE 516 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Routes Returns a list of known dynamic routes for a PakBus datalogger that has been configured as a router in a PakBus network. Syntax Routes(Dest) SendData Sends the most recent record from a data table to a remote PakBus device. Syntax SendData(ComPort, RouterAddr, PakBusAddr, DataTable) SendFile Sends a file to another PakBus datalogger. PAGE 517 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Table 122. Asynchronous-Port Baud Rates 1 -nnnn (autobaud starting at nnnn) 0 (autobaud starting at 9600) 300 1200 4800 9600 (default) 19200 38400 57600 76800 115200 1 autobaud: measurements are mode on the communications signal and the baud rate is determined by the CR3000. CRBasic Example 72. Retries in PakBus Communications. For I = 1 to 3 GetVariables(ResultCode,….) If ResultCode = 0 Exit For Next A. PAGE 518 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions Move Moves the values in a range of variables into different variables or fills a range of variables with a constant. Syntax Move(Dest, DestReps, Source, SourceReps) A.14 File Management Commands to access and manage files stored in CR3000 memory. CalFile Stores variable data, such as sensor calibration data, from a program into a non‐ volatile CR3000 memory file. CalFile pre‐dates and is not used with the FieldCal function. PAGE 519 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions FileOpen Opens an ASCII text file or a binary file for writing or reading. Syntax FileHandle = FileOpen("FileName", "Mode", SeekPoint) FileRead Reads a file referenced by FileHandle and stores the results in a variable or variable array. Syntax FileRead(FileHandle, Destination, Length) FileReadLine Reads a line in a file referenced by a FileHandle and stores the result in a variable or variable array. PAGE 520 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions RunProgram Runs a datalogger program file from the active program file. Syntax RunProgram("Device:FileName", Attrib) A.15 Data-Table Access and Management Commands to access and manage data stored in data tables, including Public and Status tables. FileMark Inserts a filemark into a data table. Syntax FileMark(TableName) GetRecord Retrieves one record from a data table and stores the results in an array. May be used with SecsSince1990(). PAGE 521 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions TableName.Record Determines the record number of a specific data table record. Syntax TableName.Record(1,n) TableName.TableFull Indicates whether a fill‐and‐stop table is full or whether a ring‐mode table has begun overwriting its oldest data. Syntax TableName.TableFull(1,1) TableName.TableSize Returns the number of records allocated for a data table. Syntax TableName.TableSize(1,1) TableName. PAGE 522 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions EMailSend Sends an email message to one or more email addresses via an SMTP server. Syntax variable = EMailSend("ServerAddr", "ToAddr", "FromAddr", "Subject", "Message", "Attach", "UserName", "PassWord", Result) EthernetPower Controls power state of all Ethernet devices. Syntax EthernetPower(state) FTPClient Sends or retrieves a file via FTP. PAGE 523 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions IPTrace Writes IP debug messages to a string variable. Syntax IPTrace(Dest) NetworkTimeProtocol Synchronizes the datalogger clock with an Internet time server. Syntax variable = NetworkTimeProtocol(NTPServer, NTPOffset, NTPMaxMSec) PingIP Pings IP address. Syntax variable = PingIP(IPAddress, Timeout) PPPOpen Establishes a PPP connection with a server. Syntax variable = PPPOpen PPPClose Closes an opened PPP connection with a server. PAGE 524 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions HTTPOut(" html string to output " + variable + " additional string to output ") HTTPOut(" html string to output " + variable + " additional string to output ") WebPageEnd XMLParse() Reads and parses an XML file in the datalogger. Syntax XMLParse(XMLContent, XMLValue, AttrName, AttrNameSpace, ElemName, ElemNameSpace, MaxDepth, MaxNameSpaces) A. PAGE 525 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions DNPUpdate Determines when the DNP slave will update arrays of DNP elements. Specifies the address of the DNP master to send unsolicited responses. Syntax DNPUpdate(DNPAddr) DNPVariable Sets up the DNP implementation in a DNP slave CR3000. Syntax DNPVariable(Array, Swath, Object, Variation, Class, Flag, Event Expression, Number of Events) ModBusMaster Sets up a datalogger as a ModBus master to send or retrieve data from a ModBus slave. PAGE 526 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions NewFieldCal Triggers storage of FieldCal values when a new FieldCal file has been written. Syntax DataTable(TableName, NewFieldCal, Size) SampleFieldCal EndTable SampleFieldCal Stores the values in the FieldCal file to a data table. Syntax DataTable(TableName, NewFieldCal, Size) SampleFieldCal EndTable A.20 Satellite Systems Instructions for GOES, ARGOS, INMARSAT-C, OMNISAT. Refer to satellite transmitter manuals available at www.campbellsci.com. A.20. PAGE 527 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.20.2 GOES GOESData Sends data to a Campbell Scientific GOES satellite data transmitter. Syntax GOESData(Dest, Table, TableOption, BufferControl, DataFormat) GOESGPS Stores GPS data from the satellite into two variable arrays. Syntax GOESGPS(GoesArray1(6), GoesArray2(7)) GOESSetup Programs the GOES transmitter for communication with the satellite. PAGE 528 Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions A.20.4 INMARSAT-C INSATData Sends a table of data to the OMNISAT‐I transmitter for transmission via the INSAT‐1 satellite. Syntax INSATData(ResultCode, TableName, TX_Window, TX_Channel) INSATSetup Configures the OMNISAT‐I transmitter for sending data over the INSAT‐1 satellite. Syntax INSATSetup(ResultCode, PlatformID, RFPower) INSATStatus Queries the transmitter for status information. Syntax INSATStatus(ResultCode) A. PAGE 529 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings The CR3000 Status table contains system operating-status information accessible via the integrated keyboard / display (p. 569), DevConfig (p. 97), or datalogger support software (p. 76). Table Common Uses of the Status Table (p. 529) lists some of the more common uses of Status-table information. Table Status-Table Fields and Descriptions (p. 530) is a comprehensive list of Status-table registers with brief descriptions. PAGE 530 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 123. Common Uses of the Status Table Feature or Suspect Constituent Status Field(s) to Consult RS-232Handshaking RS-232Timeout CommActive CommConfig Baudrate PakBus IsRouter PakBusNodes (p. 437) (see CommsMemFree(2) (p. 437) ) CentralRouters Beacon Verify MaxPacketSize CRBasic Program ProgSignature CompileResults ProgErrors VarOutofBound SkippedScan SkippedSlowScan PortStatus PortConfig Measurements ErrorCalib Data SkippedRecord DataFillDays Table 124. PAGE 531 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type xxx.yyy RevBoard xxx = hardware revision number; yyy = clock chip software revision; stored in FLASH memory. Integer Status StationName1 Sets a name internal to the CR3000. Stored in flash memory. Not to be confused with the station name set in datalogger support software. See foot note for limitations. PAGE 532 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Low12VCount5 Number of times system voltage dropped below 10 between resets. When this condition is detected, the CR3000 ceases measurements and goes into a low-power mode until proper system voltage is restored. Integer 0 0-99 Low5VCount Number of occurrences of the 5V supply dropping below a functional threshold. PAGE 533 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type MemoryFree Bytes of unallocated memory on the CPU (SRAM). All free memory may not be available for data tables. As memory is allocated and freed, holes of unallocated memory, which are unusable for final storage, may be created. Integer CPUDriveFree Bytes remaining on the CPU: drive. This drive resides in the serial FLASH and is always present. PAGE 534 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type FullMemReset A value of 98765 written to this location will initiate a full memory reset. Full memory reset will reinitialize RAM disk, final storage, PakBus memory, and return parameters to defaults. Integer DataTableName Programmed name of data table(s). Each table has its own entry. PAGE 535 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type MeasureTime Time (μs) required to make the measurements in this scan, including integration and settling times. Processing occurs concurrent with this time so the sum of measure time and process time is not the time required in the scan instruction. This is a static value calculated at compile time. PAGE 536 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type MaxSlowProcTime9,13 The maximum time (μs) required to process SlowSequence scan(s). Integer array PortStatus Array of Boolean values posting the state of control ports. Values updated every 500 ms. Boolean array of 8 False True or False PortConfig Array of strings explaining the use of the associated control port. PAGE 537 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type Array of Boolean values telling if communications are currently active on the corresponding port. PAGE 538 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname CentralRouters 18 Description Array of (8) PakBus addresses for central routers. Variable Type Default Range Integer array of 8 0 Integer array of 9 0 0 - approx. 65,500 Integer array of 9 0 0 - approx. 65,500 Edit? Info Type Yes Config PB Yes Config PB Array of Beacon intervals (in seconds) for comms ports. PAGE 539 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default TCPPort Specifies the port used for Ethernet socket communications. Long 6785 pppInterface Controls which datalogger port PPP service is configured to use. Warning: If this value is set to CS I/O ME, do not attach any other devices to the CS I/O port. PAGE 540 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 124. Status-Table Fields and Descriptions Fieldname Description Variable Type Default Range Edit? Info Type CalSeOffSet Calibration table of singleended offset values. Each integration / range combination has a singleended offset associated with it. These numbers are updated by the background slow sequence if needed in the program. Integer array of 18 close to 0 Calib CalDiffOffset Calibration table of differential offset values. PAGE 541 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings 9 If no user-entered SlowSequence scans are programmed, this variable is not listed in the table. If multiple user-entered SlowSequence scans are programmed, this variable becomes an array with a value for each scan. 10 The order of tables is the order in which they are declared. 11 CF card bytes free is set to -1 when no CF card is present. 12 Displays a large number until a SlowSequence scan runs. 13 Displays 0 until a SlowSequence scan runs. PAGE 542 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Description OS Version Specifies the version of the operating system currently in the CR3000. Serial Number Specifies the CR3000 serial number assigned by the factory when the CR3000 was calibrated. PAGE 543 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. PAGE 544 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Neighbors Allowed RS232 ME SDC7 SDC8 SDC10 SDC11 COM1 COM2 COM3 COM4 Description This setting specifies, for a given port, the explicit list of PakBus® node addresses that the CR3000 will accept as neighbors. PAGE 545 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Description Default Entry This read-only setting lists the routes, in the case of a router, or the router neighbors, in the case of a leaf node, that were known to the CR3000 at the time the setting was read. PAGE 546 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Description FilesManager := { "(" pakbus-address "," name-prefix "," number-files ")" }. pakbus-address := number. ; 0 < number < 4095 name-prefix := string. number_files := number. PAGE 547 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Description Default Entry This setting specifies the name of a file to be implicitly included at the end of the current CRBasic program or can be run as the default program. PAGE 548 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting PPP IP Address Description Specifies the IP address that is used for the PPP interface if that interface is active (the PPP interface setting needs to be set to something other than Inactive). PAGE 549 Appendix B. Status Table and Settings Table 125. CR3000 Settings Settings are accessed through the Campbell Scientific Device Configuration Utility (DevConfig) via direct-serial and IP connections, or through PakBusGraph via most CR3000 supported telecommunications options. Setting Description Default Entry Telnet Enabled Set to 1 if the Telnet service should be enabled. This service is disabled by default. PAGE 550 Appendix B. PAGE 551 Appendix C. Serial Port Pinouts C.1 CS I/O Communications Port Pin configuration for the CR3000 CS I/O port is listed in table CS I/O Pin Description (p. 551). Table 126. CS I/O Pin Description ABR: Abbreviation for the function name. PIN: Pin number. O: Signal Out of the CR3000 to a peripheral. I: Signal Into the CR3000 from a peripheral. PIN ABR I/O 1 5 Vdc O 2 SG 3 RING I Ring: Raised by a peripheral to put the CR3000 in the telecommunications mode. PAGE 552 Appendix C. Serial Port Pinouts as a connection to a computer DTE device. A standard DB9-to-DB9 cable can connect the computer DTE device to the CR3000 DCE device. The following table describes RS-232 pin function with standard DCE-naming notation. Note Pins 1, 4, 6, and 9 function differently than a standard DCE device. This is to accommodate a connection to a modem or other DCE device via a null modem. Table 127. CR3000 RS-232 Pin-Out PIN: pin number O: signal out of the CR3000 to a RS-232 device. PAGE 553 Appendix C. Serial Port Pinouts Table 128. PAGE 554 Appendix C. PAGE 555 Appendix D. PAGE 556 Appendix D. PAGE 557 Appendix D. PAGE 558 Appendix D. PAGE 559 Appendix E. FP2 Data Format FP2 data are two-byte big-endian values. Representing bits in each byte pair as ABCDEFGH IJKLMNOP, bits are described in table FP2 Data-Format Bit Descriptions (p. 559). Table 129. FP2 Data-Format Bit Descriptions Bit A Description Polarity, 0 = +, 1 = – B, C Decimal locaters as defined in the table FP2 Decimal Locater Bits. D-P 13-bit binary value, D being the MSB (p. 209). PAGE 560 Appendix E. PAGE 561 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products Campbell Scientific products expand the measurement and control capability of the CR3000. Consult product literature at www.campbellsci.com or a Campbell Scientific applications engineer to determine what products are most suited to particular applications. The following listings are intensionally not exhaustive, but are current as of the manual publication date. F.1 Sensors Most electronic sensors, regardless of manufacturer, will interface with the CR3000. PAGE 562 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network Wireless sensors use the Campbell wireless sensor (CWS) spread-spectrum radio technology. The following wireless sensor devices are available. Table 132. Wireless Sensor Modules Model Description CWB100 Series Radio-base module for datalogger. CWS655 Series Near-surface volumetric soil water-content sensor CWS900 Series Configurable, remote sensor-input module Table 133. PAGE 563 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.2.2 Pulse / Frequency Input Expansion Modules These modules expand and enhance pulse- and frequency-input capacity. Table 135. Pulse / Frequency Input-Expansion Modules Model Description SDM-INT8 Eight-channel interval timer SDM-SW8A Eight-channel, switch-closure module LLAC4 Four-channel, low-level ac module F.2.3 Serial Input Expansion Peripherals Serial i/o peripherals expand and enhance input capability and condition serial signals. Table 136. PAGE 564 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products 4WHB10K 10-kΩ, four-wire, half-bridge TIM module 4WPB100 100-Ω, four-wire, PRT-bridge TIM module 4WPB1K 1-kΩ, four-wire, PRT-bridge TIM module F.2.5.2 Voltage Dividers Table 139. Voltage Dividers Model Description VDIV10:1 10:1 voltage divider VDIV2:1 2:1 voltage divider CVD20 Six-channel 20:1 voltage divider F.2.5.3 Current-Shunt Modules Table 140. Current-Shunt Modules Model Description CURS100 100-ohm current-shunt module F.2. PAGE 565 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.4 Control Output Modules F.4.1 Digital I/O (Control Port) Expansion Digital I/O expansion modules expand the number of channels for reading or outputting or 5-Vdc logic signals. Table 143. Digital I/O Expansion Modules Model Description SDM-IO16 16-channel I/O expansion module F.4. PAGE 566 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products CR3000 acting as a master, peer, or slave. Dataloggers communicate in a network via PakBus®, Modbus, DNP3, RS-232, SDI-12, or CANbus using the SDM-CAN module. Table 146. PAGE 567 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.6.2 Batteries Table 148. Batteries Model Description BPALK D-cell, 12-Vdc alkaline battery pack BP12 12-Ahr, sealed-rechargeable battery (requires regulator & primary source). Includes mounting bracket for Campbell Scientific enclosures. BP24 24-Ahr, sealed-rechargeable battery (requires regulator & primary source). Includes mounting bracket for Campbell Scientific enclosures. PAGE 568 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.6.5 Primary Power Sources Table 151. Primary Power Sources Model Description 9591 18-Vac, 1. PAGE 569 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.8 Telecommunications Products Many telecommunications devices are available for use with the CR3000 datalogger. F.8.1 Keyboard Display Table 154. Keyboard Displays Keyboard displays are either integrated into the datalogger or communicate through the CS I/O port. Model Compatible Keyboard Display CR800 CR1000KD, CD100 CR850 Integrated keyboard display, CR1000KD, CD100 CR1000 CR1000KD, CD100 CR3000 Integrated keyboard display F.8. PAGE 570 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products F.8.4 Telephone m Table 157. Telephone Modems Model Description COM220 9600 baud COM320 9600 baud, synthesized voice RAVENX Series Cellular network link F.8.5 Private Network Radios m Table 158. Private Network Radios Model Description RF400 Series Spread-spectrum, 100-mW, CS I/O connection to remote CR3000 datalogger. Compatible with RF430. RF430 Series Spread-spectrum, 100-mW, USB connection to base PC. Compatible with RF400. PAGE 571 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products Table 161. CF-Card Storage Module Model Description CFM100 CF card slot only NL115 Network link with CF card slot F.10 Data Acquisition Support Software F.10.1 Starter Software Short Cut, PC200W, and VisualWeather are designed for novice integrators but still have features useful in advanced applications. Table 162. PAGE 572 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products Table 163. Datalogger Support Software Software Compatibility Description RTDAQ PC, Windows Datalogger support software for industrial and real time applications. VisualWeather PC, Windows Datalogger support software specialized for weather and agricultural applications. Palm, Handspring, Palm OS 3.3 or later. Datalogger support software for Palm or Handspring PDA. Serial connection to datalogger only. MS Pocket PC or Windows Mobile. PAGE 573 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products Table 164. LoggerNet Adjuncts and Clients1,2 Software Description RTMCRT Allows viewing and printing multi-tab displays of real-time data. Displays are created in RTMC or RTMC Pro. RTMC Web Server Converts real-time data displays into HTML files, allowing the displays to be shared via an Internet browser. CSIWEBS Web server 1 Clients require that LoggerNet -- purchased separately -- be running on the PC. PAGE 574 Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products Table 166. Software Development Kits 574 Software Compatibility Description JAVA-SDK PC, Windows Allows software developers to write Java applications to communicate with dataloggers. PAGE 575 Index 1 12V Terminal..................................................64 12‐Volt Supply ...............................................93 5 5 V‐Low ..........................................................532 50 Hz Rejection ..............................................84, 292 5‐V Pin............................................................553 5V Terminal....................................................64 5‐Volt Supply .................................................93 6 60‐Hz Rejection.......... PAGE 576 Index B C Background Calibration................................. 141, 289, 291, 297, 532 Backup........................................................... 35, 78 Backup Battery.............................................. 35, 78 Battery .......................................................... 35, 66, 84, 85, 192, 424, 441, 487, 532 Baud .............................................................. 45, 99, 437, 515, 526 Baud Rate...................................................... PAGE 577 Index Communications Memory Free .....................437, 532 Communications Ports ..................................532 CompactFlash ................................................103, 275, 350, 416 Compile Errors ...............................................430, 432, 433 Compile Program ...........................................205 Compile Results .............................................532 ComPortIsActive ............................................487 Compression ............................. PAGE 578 Index DaylightSavingUS .......................................... 510 dc .................................................................. 455 dc Excitation.................................................. 92 DCE................................................................ 65, 456, 457, 463 Debounce...................................................... 327 Debugging ..................................................... 429 Declaration.................................................... PAGE 579 Index Expression ‐ String .........................................154 Extended Commands ‐‐ SDI‐12 ......................190 External Power Supply...................................64 F False...............................................................153 FAT.................................................................340 FFT .................................................................481 FFTSpa............................................................504 Field ............................... PAGE 580 Index Hello Request................................................ 361 Hertz ............................................................. 460 HEX................................................................ 507 Hexadecimal.................................................. 119 HexToDec ...................................................... 507 Hidden Files................................................... 72 High Frequency ............................................. 322, 324 Histogram............... PAGE 581 Index J Junction Box...................................................320 K Keyboard Display ...........................................71, 72, 200, 406, 512 L LAN ‐ PakBus..................................................364 Lapse..............................................................136 Large Program ...............................................355 Lead ...............................................................293 Lead Length ................................................... PAGE 582 Index Move ............................................................. 519 MoveBytes .................................................... 376, 514 MovePrecise ................................................. 483 MSB............................................................... 211 Multi‐meter................................................... 463 Multiple Lines................................................ 122 Multiple Scans............................................... 253 Multiple Statements ..... PAGE 583 Index PC Support Software......................................78 PC200W .........................................................45 PDM ...............................................................63, 335 PeakValley .....................................................481 Peer‐to‐peer ..................................................519 Period Average ..............................................39, 62, 329, 330, 465, 490 PeriodAvg ......................................................490 Peripheral . PAGE 584 Index Protection ..................................................... 77 PRT ................................................................ 260, 504 PRTCalc ......................................................... 504 PTemp ........................................................... 309 Public............................................................. 466, 478 Pull into Common Mode............................... 288 Pulse.............................................................. PAGE 585 Index Sample Rate...................................................468 SampleFieldCal ..............................................481, 527 SampleMaxMin..............................................481 Satellite..........................................................528 SatVP..............................................................504 SCADA ............................................................71, 371, 374, 526 Scaling Array ..................................................257 Scan ........ PAGE 586 Index Skipped Scan ................................................. 136, 429, 470, 532 Skipped Slow Scan......................................... 532 Skipped System Scan..................................... 532 Slope ............................................................. 148, 149 Slow Sequence .............................................. 144 SlowSequence............................................... 144, 470, 483, 532 SMTP ............................................................. PAGE 587 Index Telnet Settings ...............................................544 Temperature Range.......................................83 Terminal Emulator .........................................447 Terminal Emulator Menu...............................448 Terminal Input Module..................................337 Termination Character...................................227 TGA ................................................................492 Therm107 ...................................................... PAGE 588 Index VoiceSpeak.................................................... 511 Volt Meter..................................................... 474 Voltage.......................................................... 282 Voltage Measurement .................................. 282, 317, 488 VoltDiff.......................................................... 488 Volts .............................................................. 474 VoltSE............................................................ 488 W WaitDigTrig . PAGE 589 PAGE 590 Campbell Scientific Companies Campbell Scientific, Inc. (CSI) 815 West 1800 North Logan, Utah 84321 UNITED STATES www.campbellsci.com • info@campbellsci.com Campbell Scientific Africa Pty. Ltd. (CSAf) PO Box 2450 Somerset West 7129 SOUTH AFRICA www.csafrica.co.za • cleroux@csafrica.co.za Campbell Scientific Australia Pty. Ltd. 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